Qolteifla

TN PRACTICAL

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USH

Shorfen ed Instructions
Plesse do not reod
the entire booklef of one fime. As o beginning,

Complete
on pose

the first four poges

will suffice !
fhis shorf

introduction will

tell you in

rotpid

foshion oll you need lo know when you toke

the comero in hond for the first time. At the
some lime if is on outline of lhe confenfs of
fhe poges which follow.

You wil! find o complete, illvstraled description of the Rolleiflex T

in use, olso fhe necessory technicol explonofions
ond fobles which will be so hondy to you loter on.

Looding fhe Camero:

9 Unlotchbock @ ond open.
Removethe new-comero-seol
ribbon.
9 P u l l o u t t h e f i l m s p o o l r e t o i n e rk n o b @
o n d i n s e r tt h e f i l m .
S l i p t h e l e o d i n ge d g eo f t h e f i l m p r o t e c t i v e
poper into the long slot of the empty
spool.
l0

Wind the film until the storting morks ore

opposite the red dots @ - Stop!

l0

Close the bock ond lotch.

fhe elecfric exposure meler ond mosk set "16"

ore imporlonf
Accordingly,

occessories for the Rolleiflex f.

they ore olso deolf with in this

booklet. The Procticol Accessoriesbooklef gives

10 Film counter on No. l: Wind cronk until

it stops ond then bock to stop. The shutter

defoiled informotion on the mony speciol Rollei

is now outomqticolly cocked, the comero

occessories.

reody for shooting.

FRANKE & HEIDECKE

BRAUNSCHWEIG

i
i
I

l'l

After eoch shot: Wind cronk os before;

forword to stop, bock to stop.

f
i
|
*
I

for Quick Reoding

ffifli

Comolete
on poge:
lmmediqtely

ofter looding:

l0 Se l fi lm r em inder lo D IN /AS A s p e e d ro ti n g
( 3 . | )b V t u r n i n g b o r o f f i l m r e m i n d e r d i o l t o
t h e r i g h t @ . S e t t h e f i l m t y p e ( o r t h o ,p o n ,
r n d o o ro r o u t d o o r c o l o r ) b y t u r n i n gi o t h e
l e ft .

Unloodingthe Comero:
ll

R o l l t h e e x p o s e df i l m u p b y t u r n i n g c r o n k
f o u r c o m p l e t er o i o t i o n s( ' ' i n f i l m c o u n t e r
window).

il

U n l o t c hb o c k o n d o p e n .

il

Pull out the fiim spool knob @, remove

film ond seol with sticker.
I n s e r tt h e n o w e m p t y l o w e r s p o o l i n t h e
u p p e r c h o m b e r k, e y s l o t t o t h e r i g h t .

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Poge

Selting the Exposure Volue:

1 7 A s c e r t oi n t h e e x p o s u r e v o l u e f r o m i h e
30 ioble on the cemero bock or from on
exposure meter.
1 2 P u l l o u t l e v e r@ o n d s e t t h e e x p o s u r ev o l u e
on scol" @ (go bock over scole if need be).
Diophrogm - ShutterSpeed Setting:
1 2 U s e l e v e r@ ,

without pulling, for setting

t h e d e s i r e dd i o p h r o g m- s h u t t e rs p e e d c o m b i notion @: the speed is olwoys sei so ihot
the figure is in the middle of the window.

l3

The white figures of the scole-

outo-

moticoily timed froctions of o second in

d e s c e n d i n go r d e r , t h e g r e e n f i g u r e s - f u l l

t0 -

seconds for time exposuresby hond.

Focusing:

9g'

l4 Open hood by lifting reor edge @.

14 R o i s e m o g n i f i e r b y o s l i g h t p u s h i n w o r d s
of ponel@.

l4 Turn focusing knob @ uniii ground gloss

shows obiect with moximum shorpness.

Poge
19 When required: Check depth of field @
ond if necessory refocus.
Check o selected oreo on the ground gloss,
stroightening the comero in occordonce
with the grid lines.
14 When needed, open the sports frome
finder by pushing the ponel @ inwords
until it cotches. Releose by slight finger
pressure ogoinst hood's right ponel.

't5
15

Releosing the shutter

Swing out shuiter releose guord @.
(with Time
Press releose button @
exposures: hold ond releose only ofter
d e s i r e d i n t e r v o l h o s e l o p s . e d .l f n e c e s s o r y :
'
.
lock releose with guord).
Secure releose.

l 5 For deloyed oction pictures: Pull knob @

ond swing lever io V, releose shutter os

I' 5

Forf urther informotion, pleose

Poge:
8 Evereody cose
1 6 E x p o s u r eo n d E x p o s u r eV o l u e
1 7 E x p o s u r eT o b l e
l8 Moving obiects ond shutter speed
1 9 D e p t h - o f - fi e l d
20 Depth-of-fieldtobles
24 Flosh shots
28 Chongingcomero bock
28 Mosks for 16 exposures
30 Exposuremeter
3 2 R e f l e c t e dl i g h i m e o s u r e m e n t
33

Incidenilight meosurement

3 3 F i l m s p e e d s( c o m p o r e d )
34 Chonging mognifiers
34 Tripod pictures
3 4 Q u i c k s n o p s h o ts e t t i n g s
34 Core of the Rolleiflex
'
35 RolleiService
35 The Procticol Accessories

usuol.

ffi

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"-l

Descripfion
1
2
3
4
5
6

Hood
Locking device for focusing hood
L o c k i n gc l i p f o r b o c k h i n g e
Neck-stropholder
Film frome counler
S y n c h r o l e v e r ( X - M ) , o l s o f o r t e n s i o nIin g
self-timer (V)
7 Film odvonce ond shulter tensioning
cronk
8 S h u t t e r r e l e o s ew i t h c o b l e s o c k e t
9 Shutter releoseguord
l0 Groove for use with Rolleifix or
Ponoromo Heod
l l P i n - s o c k e tf o r d i r e c t v i e w f i n d e r m o s k
12 Direct view finder flop
13 Retoining screws for photo electric
exposure meter
'14
Indicotor window for shutter
speed/diophrogm combinotions
1 5 E x p o s u r eV o l u e w i n d o w
16 Viewing fens Heidosmot 1 :2.8/75 mm
- ongle of view 56o
l7 Double boyonetmountfor Rolleiflosh
o n d R o l l e i n o r ( B o y o n e ts i z e l )
18 Setting lever for exposurevolued i o p h r o g m - s h u t t e ri p e e d
'19
T o k i n g l e n s Z e i s s T e s s o r I : 3 . 5 / 7 5m m
- ongle of view 560
20 Double boyonet mount for lens
o c c e s s o r i e so n d l e n s h o o d ( B o y o n e t s i z e l f

of the Camera

>14
>29
>28
>8
> 1 0 ,t l

> 15,24
>r0
>15
>Is
> u ,3 5
>n
>14
>39

21 Flosh coble socket

22 Lockingdevice for flosh cord plug
2 3 F o s i e n i n gg r o o v e f o r R o l l e i f i x t r i p o d
ollochment
24 Toke-up spool knob (empty spool)
25 Supply spool knob
26 Tripod socket
27 Sofety clip for bock locking lever
28 Bock locking lever

>34
>9
>9
>s4
>9
>9

2 9 S p r i n g l o o d e d r e t o i n i n g s o c k e tf o r
loke-up spool
3 0 A u t o m o f i c s e t t i n g l e v e r f o r f i l m c o u n t e rg e o r
3l Anti-reflection boffles
'16-exposure
32 Automotic switch for
operotion
>28
33 Storting morks for 120(B tl 8) roll film

> 1 2 , 1 3 34 Depth-of-field scole

> 1 2 , 1 3 3 5 F o c u s i n gs c o l e
36 Focusingknob

37 Adiustment of film reminder diol

38 Reioining screwsfor film reminder diol

>12

() pose)
>24
>24

3 9 F o c u s i n gm o g n i f i e r ( m o g n i f i c o t i o n
obout 2.5 x)
40 Reor sight ior direct view finder
4 l E x p o s u r et o b l e
4 2 F o c o l p l o n e ( f o c u s i n qd i s t o n c e s
m e o s u r e df r d m t h i s i i n e )

>r0
>19
>19
>14
> 3,31
>14,U
>14
>17

.nffi
26
27 34

28l;
29 37
30 38

3l
32
33

18 25
l9
20
2l
22

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Evereody Cose

To O pen: lif f t he to p fro m th e re o r o n d f o l d

fo rwor d ond down O .

sides together ond

upw ord.

Re m ov ingt he Cqm e rq : s w i n g l o c k i n g l e v e r o n
e i t h e r s i d e@ d o w n w o r d . L i f t c r o n k o u t w o r d .
Spreodthe sidesof the cose slightlyo n d p u l l
co me r o f or wor d @ .

D etochi ngthe Front (i f requi red): press cl i p

@
dow nw ord, remove the front fl op. To Attoch: Insertthe front flop in hinge ond
c l o s e e v e r e o d yc o s e .

In ser t ingt he Cqm e rd : s p re o d th e tw o s i d e s o f

the cqse slightly, guide the roised cronk
t h r o u g ho p e n i n g f r o m t h e i n s i d eo n d l o w e r t h e
co mer o boc k wor ds i n to th e c o s e . p re s s th e

R el eqse of N eck S trop: press the retoi ni ng

p r o n g st o g e t h e r @ o n d p u l l s t r o p .- T o F o s t e n :
Insert the retoining prongs into the strop
h o l d e r sw h e r e t h e y s n o p i n t o p o s i t i o n .

swing locking levers

Looding the Camero

C h o n g i n gf i l m s h o u l do l w o y sb e d o n e i n s h o d c
o r s u b d u e dl i g h t ,n e v e ri n d i r e c ts u n l i g h t !
Open i n g b qc k : T ur n t he s o fe ty b o c k l o c k c l i p
@ in directionof orrow, lift bock lock lever
@ ond pull bock open @.
E m p t y s p o o l ( u p p e r s p o o l c h o m b e r ) ,W i l l b e
otherwise
found inserted in new comeros

i n s e r to s w i t h n e w f i l m s p o o l , k e e p i n g k e y s l o t
to the right @.
tn serti ng new fi l m spool (l ow er chomber):P ul l
o u t f i l m s p o o l k n o b , i n s e r tf i l m , r i g h t s i d e f i r s t
@ ond ollow film knob to return to position'
The topered leoding edge of the film bocking
p o p e r m u s t p o i n t i n t h e d i r e c t i o ni t w i l l g o o s
the film is run off.

T h e d e s i g n o t i o n sl e f t , r i g h t , f o r w o r d , b o c k , o b o v e , b e l o w o p p l y t o c o m e r o i n n o r m o l
- cronk side,etc.
o p e r o t i n g p o s i t i o n .A c c o r d i n g l y :l e f t - f o c u s i n gs i d e , r i g h t

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(Loading the Camera)

Sto r t ing t he f ilm . B re o k th e p o p e r s e o l o n d

C l ose the bqck by pressi ng the bock w i th t h e

pull the film bocking poper up to the empty

pol m of the hond, fol d dow n the bock l ock

spool; insert the topered end into the long

l ever @ ond turn bock the bock l ock cl i p

slot @. Turn the cronk,while broking the full

W i ndi ng fi l m to shooti ng posi ti on: Turn cronk

s p o o l w i t h t h e l e f t h o n d t h u m b- w i n d u n t i l t h e

forw ord to stop ond bock ogoi n i n opposi te

two

direction to stop @.

printed triongulor morks (or double

@.

Film frome counfer

o rrows ) or e oppos i te th e re d d o ts o t th e s i d e s

i n d i c o t e sN o . 1 , s h u t t e r i s c o c k e d .

o f the f ilm oper t u re fro m e @ - S to p !

S etti ngthe fi l m type remi nder( )poge 3,30/31).

IO

Unlodding

Winding the film

After eqch shol: Turn cronk os before, forword

t o sto p ping point , bock o g o i n to s to p @ '

the Csmera

A f t e r t h e l o s t e x p o s u r e ,t h e t e r m i n o t i n gm o r k
( O ) w i l l o p p e o r i n f i l m c o u n t e rw i n d o w ' T h e
f i l m i s f i n i s h e do n d t h e c r o n k i s n o l o n g e r

D o u b l e e x p o s u r e so n d b l o n k s o r e e l i m i n o t e d '
C r o n k w i l l t u r n o n l y o f t e r r e l e o s i n gs h u t t e r .A
simple rule: turn cronk if it con be turned
- fo rwor d ond boc k to l o c k . l f i t i s l o c k e d
co me ro is r eody f or s h o t.
Th e cro nk need not be fo l d e d d o w n o fte r e o c h
shot when shooting in ropid sequence.

l ocked.
Roll up remoining bocking poper with four
f u l l r e v o l u t i o n s .O p e n b o c k i n s u b d u e d l i g h t '
Pull out upper spool knob ond remove film
f rom the l eft @ . Fol d bocki ng poper crosswi se @ ond fosten dow n w i th sti cker. R eturn
e x p o s e df i l m t o o r i g i n o l P o c k i n g .

il

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seffing Exposu re value ond Diaphragmlshutter speed

The lever @ octs os on outomotic coupling

d e vi ce f or diophr ogm o n d s h u tte rs p e e d s c o l e s .
Pu l l i n g lev er out w o rd u n c o u p l e s s c o l e s ,

2. Setting diophrogm / shutter speed: Move

l ever @ unti l desi red di ophrogm-shutterspeed

re l e o sing lev er r ec ou p l e s th e m .

c o m b i n o t i o no p p e o r si n t h e w i n d o w @ . A l w o y s
set so thot shutter speed i s i n mi ddl e of
i n d i c o t o rw i n d o w l

Setting Exposure Vqlue: pull the lever,

u n c o u p l i n gt h e s c o l e s ,o n d s l i d e i t u p o r d o w n
O u n til or r ow @ po i n ts to d e s i re d e x p o s u re

3. S peci ol C qse: S etti ng shutter speed ond

di ophrogm stop i ndependentl y(w i thout regord

l.

vo l u e . lf m or e m ov e me n t i s n e e d e d to b ri n g
u p th e des ir ed v olue , re -e n g o g e s c o l e s , s l i d e
b o ck, then r epeot ope ro ti o n .

to exposure vol ue, for exompl e, os i n fl osh

s h o t s ) : F i r s t s e f t h e s p e e d ( i f n e c e s s q r yg o
qnd set
b q c k o v e r s c o l e ) t, h e n u n c o u p l e
o
diophrogm.
t2

ExposureVolue
T h e e x p o s u r ev o l u e p r o v i d e st h e b o s i c s e t t i n g o f t h e
c o m e r o t o t h e d e s i r e d e x p o s u r e( ) p o g e 1 6 ) , o u t o m o t i c c o u p l i n g k e e p s e x p o s u r ec o n s t o n t .
H o l f e x p o s u r ev o l u e s m o y b e u s e d . S e t i i n g s c o l e i o
n e x t l o w e r n u m b e rd o u b l e s e x p o s u r e .

'S,,@,u'S,,@,tO,O,O,
Diophrogm

T h e S h u t t e rS p e e d m u s t b e c h o s e nt o s u i t t h e s u b i e c t
'18)'
1 / 6 0 t hs e c . i s t h e s p e e d m o s t
m o v e m e n t( ) p o g e
c o m m o n l y u s e d , m i n i m i z i n g c o m e r o m o v e m e n ti n

S t o p p i n gd o w n i n c r e o s e sd e p t h - o f - f i e l d( ) p o g e 1 9 ) '
Full diophrogmstops (from 4 lo 22) os well os holf
stops (strokes between numbers) moy be set' Holf
diophrogm stops ore obtoined when working with
h o l f e x p o s u r ev o l u e s . T h e f / 3 . 5 d i o p h r o g m m o r k i n g
r e p r e s e n t so h o l f s t o p l y i n g b e t w e e ns t o p 4 o n d 2 ' 8

snopshots.

o f t h e l n t e r n o t i o n oDl i o p h r o g mS c o l e .

T h e w h i t e s e c t i o no f t h e s c o l e d e n o t e sf r o c t i o n so f
o s e c o n d ,f o r e x o m p l e 3 0 = 1 / 3 0 t hs e c . I n t e r m e d i o t e
be used.
v o l u e sb e t w e e nc l i c k sc o n n o t

Closing down the diophrogmlo the next full volue

cuts the effective light possing through exoctly in
h o l f . T o m o i n t o i n e x p o s u r ec o n s t o n t w o u l d r e q u i r e
d o u b l i n g t h e t i m e s h u t t e ri s o p e n - t h i s o u t o m o t i c o l l y
t o k e s p l o c e b e c o u s eo f t h e c o u p l i n g ,e x p o s u r ev o l u e

Durotion of Exposure

The g r e e n section of the scole is for time

e x p o s u r e sT. h e n u m b e r si n d i c o t e f u l l s e c o n d sf o r u p
to 60 seconds.

A u t o m o t i c ,s h u t t e rt i m e d e x p o s u r e s

T i m ee x p o s u r eb y h o n d
60

30

l5

r e m o i n st h e s o m e .

2 | i

1 /2 1 /4 1 /8 1/1s

1i30 l/60

T r i p o ds h o l s

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1t125

1/250 l/500 sec.

Hond held shots

Focusing

Op e n th e hood: Lif t b o c k o f c o v e r@ o n d ro i s e
to upright position.
To Cl o s e: F old in t wo s i d e s@ , p rl l b o c k fro n t.
To R o i s eM ognif ier : G ri p u p p e r e d g e o f h o o d
w i t h t h u m b o n d f o r e fi n g e r , p r e s s p o n e l @
gently inword.
To Close: Push mognifier support down @.
G e n e r o l F o c u s i n gR u l e :
keep principle subiecr in shorpesr
flHr:]t

T o F o c u s :T u r n f o c u s i n gk n o b w h i l e s i m u l t o n e ously exomining ground gloss imoge for

shorpness. When needed, use mognifier,
holding it close to the eye. Footogenumbers
on the focusingknob should be used only to
o s c e r f o i n d e p t h - o f - f i e l d( ) p o g e 1 g ) .
To Open S ports Fi nder: P ressponel @ ol l the
Woy, unti l i t cotches.
To Close: Top the right hood woll @ firmly.
I4

Releosing

To Unlock Shutter Releqse: Swing the sofety

l e v e r f o r w o r d @ ( r " e dm o r k v i s i b l e ) .
Sn o p sh ot E x pos ur e: P re s s s h u tte r re l e o s e
i n wo rd @, s elec t ed s p e e d g o e s o ff o u to moticolly.
Time Exposure:Press releose ond hold for
required time. Shutter will close when you
let go.
L o n g Tim e E x pos ur e s : P re s s re l e o s e @ o n d
l o ck wi th s of et y guor d @ . T e rm i n o tee x p o s u re
b y r e l e o s i n gl o c k@ .

Cobl e R el eqse: Insert i n rel eose socket w i th

sofety guord l ocked.
S e t t i n g t h e S e l f - T i m e r :o f t e r w i n d i n g f i l m ,
pull knob @ ond set on V.
To R eteoseS el f' Ti mer:P ressthe shutterrel eose
shutter will open ofter opproximotely
@
l0 seconds.
S peedsfrom l /500th to 1 sec. con be used'
F l o s h c o n t o c t - X s e t t i n g( t ) - c o n b e u s e d
(> poge 27).
S h u t t e ro n d s e l f - i i m e rm o y b e l e f t t e n s i o n e d
spring
even when comero is not in use
s t r e n g t hw i l l n o t d e t e r i o r o t e .

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Exposure ond Exposure Volue

recolculote ond wilhout donger of chonging the

bosic

Exposure is odiusted in occordonce with

the
prevoiling illuminotion (more exoctly; occording to

exposure,

the brillionce of the light reflected by the subiect)

ond the sensitivily of the film. The exposure volue
-

formerly colled the lighi volue meosure of lhe torrect exposure.

serves os the

The exposure volue for the given light condition

ond
the sensitivity of the film in use is reod off from the
exposure roble ()

poge lZ) or from lhe exposure

poge 30) ond then set on the scole of
the comero () poge 12). The toble covers generol
meter ()

light
The exposure vo'lue regulotes lhe correcl combinotion
of diophrogm ond shutterspeed within the permissible
working ronge. The outomolic coupling insures these
setlings ond mokes possible ioint or simulloneous
settingsof both diophrogm ond shutter. The procticol
odvontoge obtoined is thot one is immediotely oble
to chonge from one speed or diophrogm stop
to
onother, whether for motion stopping purposes or
for depth-of-f ield differences, without

S u b i e cB
t rishtness
\ ,
F i l mS e n s i t i v i t y I '

bothering to

Exposure Volue

I
t

conditions ond

exposure.

Exoct

eliminoles gross

results

however,

errors

in

especiolly

in

criticol coses, con only be ochieved with on eleclric

exposure meter.
When using filters, exposure is exlended occording
io the type ond density of the filter. Accordingly
minus volues ore supplied with the filters to be used
for

correciing the exposure volues. The originolly

chosenexposure volue is decreosed by this correction
v o Iu e .

Shutter Speed
Diophrcgm

S h o r p n e s so f M o v i n g O b i e c t s
Depth of Field

The Exposurefoble
S u b i e c tb r i g h t n e s si s e o s i l y i u d g e d o n d c l o s s i f i e db y
meons of the five stondord lighting conditions
r e p r e s e n t e db y t w o i l l u s t r o t i o n s .
F i l m s p e e di s i n d i c o t e do t t h e l e f t b y A S A f i g u r e so n d
o t t h e r i g h t b y D I N v o l u e s( ) t o b l e p o g e 3 3 ) '
E x p o s u r ev o l u e i s f o u n d w h e r e b r i g h t n e s so n d f i l m
s p e e d c o l u m n sc r o s s .
Exposurevqlue adiustment,due to overcost sky or
w h e n s u n i s l o w e r i n t h e s k y , i s m o d e b y u s eo f l o w e r
scole. Upper scole: full sunshine lower scqle:
overcost sky. The length ond intensity of your own
body's shodow will give some ideo of light cond i t i o n s .T h e o b i l i t y t o e s t i m o t eo n d c h o o s et h e c o r r e c t
e x p o s u r ev o l u e s f o r v o r i o u s l i g h t i n g c o n d i t i o n so n d
time of doy will soon comewhen you begin working
o n s u n n y o n d c l o u d Yd o Y s .
'100
A S A ( 2 1 oD I N ) , l o n d s c o p e
E x o m p l e :C o l o r f i l m
w i t h f o r e g r o u n d ,s u n n y n o o n t i m e( s h o d o w ss h o r t , n o
l i g h t v o l u e o d i u s t m e n t ) :l i g h t v o l u e 1 3 . A v o i l o b l e
diophrogm-speedcombinotions: l/500-f24, 1/250-l:5.6'
e t c . S o m e s u b i e c ti n t h e o f t e r n o o n , l o n g e r s h o d o w s ,
'13
w o u l d r e q u i r e o d i u s t e dv o l u e , p e r h o p s - 1 = 1 2 '
17

Explonolionsof the Picture Exomples:

A : H i g h m o u n t o i n s( s n o w )w i t h o u t f o r e g r o u n d 'O p e n
b e o c h .- B : S p o r i s c e n e s .B r i g h t s t r e e t so n d s q u o r e s ,
s ith foreground'
o p e n l o n d s c o p e s-. C : L o n d s c o p e w
Groups in open oir' - D: Groups in shode' Street
s c e n e sw i t h s h o d e . - E : G r o u p s u n d e r t r e e s , l i g h t l y
s h o d e d .G r o u p s i n g l o s s r o o f e dh o l l s '

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Speed of Moving Subiectsond ShufterSpeeds

Exomple

lt

3 mph

5 mph

P e d e s t r i on s

Runners
Moving oir

1/eo

'I eo

1/oo

Miles per hour opproximotely

12mph
30 mph
Automobiles
Roilwoy Troins
R o c in g

Bicycles
Windy

Lloo
Itlns

1 2 0m p h

1/rgs 1/grn
|

rlzsolLlsoo

Motor Rocing

50

lr I tzsltl rro

25

12

LJ

o
9
E

o
+
.9

o
o

8
4

'l nsltleso r/soo

I

o
.2
o

Moving Objects require short

shutter speeds in
order to be reproduced shorply. For this purpose the
toble contoinscomputed minimum
volues,
depending on the foctors: speed, distonce ond
direction.

of these normolly correct figures, it is often possible

in octuol photogrophy to use longer shutter speeds.
This is becouse the eye interpretsslight unshorpness
o s g i v i n g o n o d d e d i m p r e s s i o no f s p e e d .

Toking distonce: the yord column on the le f t stonds

f o r s u f f i c i e n t s h o r p n e s s ( f / 1 4 0 0 ) ,t h e y o r d c o l u m n o n
t h e r i g h t f o r i n c r e o s e d s h o r p n e s s ( f / 2 O O O )I .n s p i t e

s h o r t o r r o w = t o k i n g d i r e c fi o n ( ) u p t o l 0 o ,
n up to 30o ond A up to 90o fo the direction of
m o v e m e n i ).

Long orrow :

direction of movement.

l8

Depth of Field lndicotor

is necessory
requires on extended depih of field' it
t o c h o n g e t h e d i o p h r o g m - s h u t t e rs p e e d c o m b i n o t i o n
bock with
to one with o smoller stop or to move
the comero.
The Depth of Field Indicolor consists of the speciol
scole
diophrogm scole locoted next to the distonce
morks
ond the distonce scole itself' Two stroke
opening.
outline the zone covered by eoch diophrogm
distonce
t
h
e
o
f
s
i
d
e
e
i
t
h
e
r
o
n
l
o
c
o
t
e
d
o
r
e
m
o
r
k
s
The
"behind" focus'
indicotor V, showing "before" ond
the stops
T h e u n n u m b e r e dd i o p h r o g m m o r k s r e p r e s e n t
4,8 ond 16, resPectivelY'
both
To Use: To find the limits of the depth of field'
o
fter
f
o
c
u
s
'
o
f
p
l
o
n
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
o
l
before ond behind the
focusing ond ofter choosingthe diophrogm opening'
is reod
The beginning ond end of the depth of field
b
etween
l
i
e
s
o
r
e
o
s
h
o
r
p
T
h
e
s
c
o
l
e
'
d
i
s
t
o
n
c
e
t
h
e
o
n
off
from
the distonces brocketed by the morks extending
f
i
g
u
r
e
'
o
P
e
n
i
n
g
the diophrogm
l9

l . E x o m p l e : f o c u s i n g t o 1 5 f t w i t 'h1 0d i o p h r o g m o p e n i n g
ft to 30 ft opprox''
11 gives o depth of field from
gives
focusing io 15ft with diophrogm opening f ' 22
t
o oo
f
t
8
r
o
m
f
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
d
e
p
t
h
o
h
o
n
d
on the other
field')
opprox. (Stoppingdown improves the depth of
greotly inConsideroble stopping down necessitotes
with
creosed exposure time. To obtoin depth of field
d
i
f
f
e
rent
o
o
p
e
n
i
'
g
,
the lorgest possible diophrogm
method of focusing must be employed:
from 7 ft
2. Exomple: the subiect requires shorpness
reod
to l0 ft. (Other distonces, if unknown, con be
the
t
o
s
e
p
o
r
o
t
e
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
f
t
e
r
s
c
o
l
e
directly off the
knob is
limits required). Procedure: the focusing
opposite
turned until both footoge volues ore locoted
this woy
i d e n t i c o I d i o p h r o g m o p e n i n g s ,o n d i n
diophrogm opening is
the most f ovouroble
(
) poge 34)'
'
8
f
c
o
s
e
t
h
i
s
i
n
obtoined,

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