Chae 1

YHP Academy

Contributor: Min Byung Chae

Credentials:
800 on SAT US History Subject Test
800 on SAT Math Level 2 Subject Test
A* on IGCSE History Exam
A* on IGCSE Spanish Foreign Language Exam
A* on IGCSE Int'l Mathematics Exam
A* on IGCSE First Language English Exam
Note: This is a revision note that I compiled while studying for the IGCSE History exam in May
2014. Some of the topics covered in this revision note maybe relevant to other courses as well,
such as AP European History and IB History. The notes are divided according to the Focus
Points and Specified Content as stated in the Cambridge IGCSE History (0470) curriculum.
Please note that the same IGCSE curriculum went through a heavy revision in the 2014-15
season; nonetheless, the majority of the content presented in this document is still relevant.
Table of Contents:
CORE CONTENT
1. Were the Revolutions of 1848 important? ... page 2
2. How was Germany unified? ... page 19
3. Why was there a civil war in the United States? ... page 32
4. How effectively had Japan modernised itself by 1914? ... page 35
5. What caused the First World War? ... page 41
Depth Study A: Germany, 191845 ... page 50
1. Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?
2 .Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?
3. The Nazi regime
(a) How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 193345?
(b) What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?

Chae 2
1 Were the Revolutions of 1848 important?
Focus Points
Why were there so many revolutions in 1848?
Did the revolutions have anything in common?
Why did most of the revolutions fail?
Did the revolutions change anything?
Specified Content
The nature of revolutions in 1848, and the influence of liberalism and nationalism
Context of 1848 Revolutions
Concentrated upheaval in Europe except England and Russia
Crucial moment
The four -isms provided fertile soil for the revolutions of 1848.
The Four -isms
Liberalism
Knowledge is knowable & containable.
thus Society is improvable.
e.g. painting -> light can be observed, charted, and understood.
Philosophy of liberalism began with the Enlightenment.
Key Components
LIBERTY
EQUALITY
FRATERNITY (brotherhood)
Human connections We are Free, equal, united
-> not only to the elite, but all levels of society exposed to the
concepts.
Nationalism
Philosophy of nationalism began with the Renaissance.
Development of Nationalism
Renaissance: beginning of the Vernacular
Reformation: people identified with the local church than
the Pope in Rome
Enlightenment: further identification with the government
(Social Contract)
French Revolution: People identify more with nationality
than their hometown. Bigger than a monarch.
-> prominent in France, symbols of national identity e.g.
Tricolor
Industrialism
Urbanization - shift in society
New social structure

Chae 3
Working Class = less/not educated
Middle Class = employing the Working Class and
exercising control/ownership over them
Income - opportunity to make money by yourself instead of living
off of what your father had left behind
thus, wealth - economy becomes more important by 1848.
How had industrialization changed society?
society based on manual labour => things made by
machines
e.g. leather wallet makers
before: family-owned cows, threads, sold wallets to the
local market
after: made in factories
-> caused urbanization, with the population moving to the
CITIES
Development of cities and metropoleis
Socialism
A political system that aims to create a society in which everyone
has equal opportunities and in which the most important industries
are owned or controlled by the whole community
Karl Marxs publication of The Communist Manifesto in 1848
Key Focus of socialism
Reaction to Industrialism
Being communal in existence
Planned economy - to produce what people need
to orchestrate the economy/society
Connection to Enlightenment ideals (Rousseau) = necessity
& equality
Eliminates the gap between social classes
FOCUS is in the SOCIETY, not the INDIVIDUAL
to benefit the entire society than one individual part
WHOLE PICTURE than the individual
Why did the idea of socialism develop?
Side-effects of Industrialism
Child labour
poor wage
poor attitude
Thus, people were frustrated.
NB. Socialism =/= Communism!

Chae 4
Communism = a system of government in which the state plans
and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party
holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social
order in which all goods are equally shared by the people. The
Marxist-Leninist version of Communist doctrine advocates the
overthrow of capitalism by the revolution of the proletariat.
Wise words from Einstein:
A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs
of the community, would distribute the work to be done
among all those able to work and would guarantee a
livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education
of the individual would attempt to develop in him a sense
of responsibility for his fellow men in place of the
glorification of power and success in our present society.
Causes and events of revolutions in France, Italy, Germany and the Austrian Empire
French Revolution of 1848: France revolts again.
3rd major revolution - France sneezes, and Europe catches the cold.
France kicks off the Revolutions of 1848, and leaves a huge impact.
Background
Louis Philippe, King of the French (1830-1848)
Known as an economic king
Hugh understanding of Economics driven by the bottom
line of money
His focus point = How can France have more money?
How to create a sustained economy
Division of French society
Beneficiaries of King louis Philippes policies
Monarchists
Landowners
Bankers (MLB)
Generally, people with money
Those that felt cut-off/frustrated from governments
decisions
Petty bourgeoisie (some access, petty middle
class)
Factory workers
Tenant farmers (those with traditional value system)
(PFT)
Generally, people without money

Chae 5
Voting rights were only given to those with access to
money.
Louis Philippe focused and benefitted the French economy,
but he cut away a huge chunk of population by doing so.
Protesting
Banquets in France from Oct 1847 to Feb 1848
Organised protests and political gatherings were
illegal.
P.F.T. had no say in the government. Legal
proceedings and writings were only accessible by
the M.L.B.
=> Campaign of Banquets
People gathered for banquets to discuss
political matters.
CIRCUMVENTS the law, and people manage to
get together.
Louis Philippe outlawed banquets in February because he
got tired of them.
This made people REALLY angry.
This meant a huge portion of the society had
absolutely no say in the decision-making!
People protested on February 22, 1848.
Events of February 23, 1848 in Paris, France
Noon: Protesters flood into the streets and demand Louis
Philippe and his right-hand man to resign.
Ready to tear down the monarchy.
Soon armed guards fire into the crowd surrounding Louis
Philippes office. This killed 52 people.
Galvanized crowd storms the office.
Louis Philippe flees Paris and moves to London.
Events of February 26, 1848
A new provisional government is established in Paris.
It enfranchised the rest of the society by granting voting
rights.
The provisional government became very popular.
A new divisive government policy
Provisional government divides France.
Right to work slogan produces National Workshops.
Government ensuring that people receive income
through work

Chae 6
Anyone who was unemployed can get a job.
Slogan influenced by SOCIALISM.
To pay for the wages in National Workshops, the
government increases taxes.
The M.L.B. and the P.T. all have to pay more taxes.
People are frustrated because the same problem (division of
society) under Louis Philippe occurred. Furthermore,
MORE TAXES.
The M.L.B. and the P.T. side against the Factory workers.
(F)
Result: Huge shift
Petty Bourgeoisie and Tenant Farmers move toward the
right, siding with the M.L.B. against the Factory workers.
Swamps the ability of the Provisional Government to even
function.
December 10, 1848
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected as president by popular
vote. Wins by a landslide.
Soon he declares himself Emperor Napoleon III.
Conservative, Imperial France returns: dissolution of
democracy BY THE CHOICE OF THE PEOPLE.
February - December 1848. Short-lived February Revolution.
BACK TO THE STATUS QUO.
Italian Revolutions of 1848:
Italy was not a united nation; rather, a collection of many different states
(e.g. cities), controlled by several different forces.
Background
Forces uniting the various parts of Italy
Geography
Language
Control/Influence
Northern Italy = Austria
Middle Italy = Papacy/Rome
Southern Italy = France
Causes
Liberalism from Rome
Religious leaders; Pious IX
Not just Enlightenment ideals
Upset by External Control
Historical Precedent

Chae 7
NB. Causes were the constant change happening around
Europe at that time.
We used to think that revolutions are the cause of change.
Actually its the other way around -- change prepares the
ground for revolution. - Hoffer
Metternich & Congress of Vienna (1815)
Klemens von Metternich = negotiator for Austria
Pulling factors -> Result of Metternichs diplomacy
(Austria)
Metternich carved off the northern part of Italy and gave it
to Austria.
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was in alliance with and
loosely controlled by France.
Metternichs resignation becomes a trigger for the
Revolution.
The Sicilian Revolution (January 12, 1848 - May 15, 1849; 18 months)
Still separate from Northern revolutions.
Sicily never agreed to Sardinias support.
Causes
Working class got tired of:
heavy taxes
not being represented in the government
Working class rose up and stormed the government
buildings.
Bourbon authorities pitched in quickly.
King Ferdinand of Sicily agreed to the constitution. He was
a traditionalist.
Results
Writing of a constitution
Setting up of National Assembly
Republic
FACT: Sicily revolted and quickly established free rule
from France. => Set precedent for rest of Italy.
Metternichs concern
Italian Peninsula is at the percy of flagrant revolutionaries.
The revolution in Sicily (far south) will spread to Northern
Italy under Austrian control.
Metternich - the guy who:
redrew the map of Europe and
helped Napoleons empire to be divided

Chae 8
The Three Forces created the climate for revolution in Italy.
Metternich Resigns!
under pressure from Austrian and German revolutionaries.
OMG
Sicilian Constitution is Recognised by King Ferdinand!
a monarch and a traditionalist recognised a Republican
constitution.
Pius IX Prays for ITALY!
Italy was not recognized as a single entity. Rather as
Italian Peninsula
but Pope Pius IX prayed for Italy as if it were a single
entity.
This sparked nationalism & pride.
Oppressed working class was inspired by the Italian
identification.
Pope Pius IX = Liberal Pope
Adventures of King Charles Albert
Ruler of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, one of few self-ruling
Italian states
Desperately resisting the ruling of Austria & France
Amasses a large army
plays on with French & Austrian
plays on with Native Italians -> listening to cry for
democracy, Italy, etc.
Milan Revolts
Milan was under Austrian control
Charles Albert takes over Milan.
Dont worry. Im trying to help out.
Charles Albert lays siege on Milan and Lombardy.
Declaring the intention of United Italy against
Austria
At first, his efforts were well-received. Pope also praised
him.
But small states started questioning Piedmont-Sardinias
motive.
Hang on a minute for Italy or Kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia?
The small states lost confidence in Charles Albert.
Charles Alberts plan against Austria ultimately fails. Why?
Small states started backing up.

Chae 9
No support from small states which questioned
Charles Alberts motives.
Infighting begins.
Austrian army overwhelms Piedmont-Sardinia.
Charles Albert flees and never returns to Italy.
Significance & Results of 1848 Revolutions in Italy
A grand attempt to set themselves free from external aggressors.
(especially Austria)
Because of:
the Austrian forces,
the inability of Italians to agree on a common goal, &
Middle class, working class, Milan etc. not wanting to
exchange one ruler (Austria) for another ruler (Charles
Albert)
Revolution failed.
Conflict of Interest
Charles Albert: Imma Italian
Others: Well really? Youre the next Napoleon,
conquering and conquering others.
By mid-1849, all revolts in Italy were completely suppressed,
including Sicily. (reconquered by France)
WENT BACK TO THE FREAKING STATUS QUO
German States Revolt in 1848: Revolutions in Prussia
Focus on the relationship between Berliners & Prince Wilhelm (there were
other revolutions in other German states)
Four Causes of the 1848 Revolution in Prussia
Pan-Germanism
(Like Italy) A conglomeration of small states into one
single identity bound by LANGUAGE and GEOGRAPHY
Sense of unity: People wanted a unified Germany
Working class unrest (COMMON CAUSE OF ALL
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848)
During Industrialization & Urbanization, huge working
class in big cities.
The working class does not feel adequately represented in
the government (lack of voice) in post-Vienna government
system
Pursuit of voice in some way
Democracy
Ideals of Enlightenment still undercurrent

Chae 10
People ask questions of Democracy
Burden of Taxation
Taxation without representation (oppressed by; mandatory)
leads into social unrest.
Taxation without representation: consensual
Tension between the people and the government (social
contract)
Background - Government in Berlin
Reactionary Forces
Frederick William IV of Prussia
Head of Reaction
Focused on maintaining the status quo (back to
feudal society)
Most German states controlled by Prussia
Establishment of aristocracy
Fear of New Thinking = Enlightenment
Thus, anti-Enlightenment, anti-Napoleon
Structure of the Society
King - religious & political
Lords & Aristocrats
Old Way
Knights Peasants/Serfs Middle Class = Urban Workers, small business
owners (bourgeoisie) = most Berliners: new way &
new category of people
Frustration -> Middle/Lower Classes reacting
against tight grip/control Upper Class had on the
society.
Four Demands of Berliners
Constitution
Freedom of Press, Speech, and Religion
Elected Parliament
Disbanding of Feudalism
Initial Results of the Revolt
Metternich resigns.
Government easily capitulated
People take control of the government
=> Fuels the success of German revolution -> but in the right
direction?

Chae 11
Prince Wilhelm wanted to oppress it, so he sent an army.
Berlin: heart of Germany; smaller states under control of Prussia, yet still
independent.
Sequence of Events
Berliners wanted a unified Germany into larger kingdom with
Enlightenment ideals
Frederick William doesnt like it.
Nonetheless, he still accepts all revolutionary demands. As long
as I am still at the top of your system as an authority figure.
There is infighting in the New German National Assembly
(FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT) with different representatives
wanting to do different things.
So it couldnt do much.
Frederick William anticipated this.
Aristocrats regain power.
May 1849 - Frankfurt Parliament figured out the Constitution, but
other revolutions have already subsided. Not much fervour
Frankfurt Parliament asks FW to be the King of Pan-Germany
William rejects a crown from the gutter and ideas of the new
government.
Frankfurt Parliament is dissolved.
BACK TO THE FREAKING STATUS QUO.
More information in German Unification unit.
Austrian Revolution of 1848: the Faded Year
Austria Propers Revolution impacted revolutions in Hungary, Italy, &
Germany.
Who is Klemens von Metternich, and why is he such an important person?
Reactionary to Napoleon and Enlightenment
Conservative
Diplomat and Chancellor of Austria
So not democratic; not liberal;
Hierarchial
Through Congress of Vienna, reorganized Europe -> made sure
that the control was done by the powerhouses.
Figurehead in Europe
Stood as the pillar of doing old things.
Huge setback for reactionary forces when he was ousted
from power.
Background
Austrias geographic position

Chae 12

VERY central
South - Italian states
West - France
Northwest - German Confederation
East - Russia & Ottoman Empire
Thus, any event (e.g. revolution) that happens in
Continental Europe affects Austria.
Austria = Conglomeration of different people
10 distinct languages and people groups
Tension between Austrian Empire vs. people in Austrian
Empire who didnt want to be governed by a greater entity.
Austria was very difficult to manage.
Hungarian Revolution of 1848
In March 1848, people revolted in Pest, Hungary (part of
Austrian Empire), East of Austria.
People demanded the following:
Constitution (local government decision to adopt
one)
Freedom of Religion & Press
Abolishing Serfdom
Serfs served there for the entirety of their
lives
Economic, social, and religious status bound
there.
Modern: still land, but more factories.
Leaders of Pest realised that the old serfdom
system does not work in the modern society.
Liberal Monarchy (constitutional)
NB. France revolted in February 1848. Austria was
squished in between revolutions its west and east.
March 1848 Revolution in Vienna
Sequences of Events
Factory workers and students protested the traditional
conservative government headed by Metternich.
Guards open fire to the crowd to protect the government
people.
This threw the crowd off. They swarmed the Chancellery
Building and demanded Metternichs resignation.
Metternich did not have many supporters, and people were
afraid of the crowd.

Chae 13
King Ferdinand I fired Metternich and granted a new
constitution.
Need for a concession to calm down the crowd.
Metternich resigns and flees Austria.
Provisional government institutes sweeping reforms.
Gains from the constitution
Ratified in April 1848
Freedom of religion and press
Constitutional monarchy, a radical idea
Abolishment of Serfdom - people were violent and
passionate about abolishing serfdom.
Four Ruling Troubles of Austria
Austria had been powerful from the outside.
The only stable empire during Napoleons conquest
Great external reputation.
Austria cracks in the inside.
Caused Turmoil
Exacerbated the Revolution
Central Problem
When other countries were revolting, Austria was impacted.
Diversity
Rise of nationalism, independence, and liberal ideals
Diversity in the empire undermined its control.
Oldness
Stuck in the old, conservative ways
Majority of the people wanted to institute new & liberal
ideals
Ferdinand (King-Emperor)
Mentally incapable of ruling
Only a ruler because his father was a ruler
Before his father died, he left the control of Austria to
others.
Ferdinand was thus an emperor only in name.
Not a figurehead whom people could rally for.
Huge part in why Austria was having a hard time.
Franz Joseph I & Reactionaries strike back.
Ferdinand I abdicates in December 1848 in favour of 18-years-old
Franz Joseph I (nephew & young)
Franz Joseph I squashes the rebellion.
An astute military leader.

Chae 14
Things must happen if Austria was to stay together.
Grants a conservative constitution.
To pacify the angry Austrians to accept him as the
leader, UNCONDITIONALLY.
To get rid of everything in the old, liberal
constitution except for abolishing serfdom ->
Modernises Austria
Russia helps him to stop a civil war/revolution in Hungary.
Austria suppresses all revolts in German and Italian states
to protect themselves from French madness.
Manipulates his way around dealing with Austrian
Revolution.
Comparisons of the Revolutions
Common aspects in the Revolutions (4 Ds)
DEMOCRATIC Movement (self-rule, political equality)
DISSATISFACTION with the leadership
DEMANDS of the working class (factory workers & students)
DEFAULT to reactionary forces, thus the failure of revolutions
France = Democratic Movement
Political policies alienated huge segments of the population.
Voice was only given to the very wealthy & land-owners; a
stagnant system.
This angered the people:
Students
Tenant Farmers
Factory Workers
Petty Bourgeoisie
Italy = Dissatisfaction with the Leadership
Control by foreign countries and a desire for self-rule motivated
rebellion.
Sicilian Revolution
Tired of French control (Bourbon Empire)
Sicilians felt France was incompetent because its so far
away.
Adopted new system of government for 18 months.
Northern Italy
Split up by Austria
Desired self-rule
Pan-Italian sentiments, exacerbated by Pius IXs Italian
sympathy

Chae 15
Piedmont-Sardinia vs. Austrian Empire
THEIR AUTHORITIES ARE QUESTIONED.
Germany = Demands of the Working Class
Frustration felt by the Working Class
Reasons
Heavy taxes by Prussian King, who wanted to industrialize
his country
Rapid industrialization with trains and factories
Working class was taxed, built these, and worked
the systems.
Power was being handed over to working class enmasse due to the industrialization.
Terrible working and living conditions of workers
Traditional agriculture overwhelmed by industrialization
Angst frustration
Austria = Default to Reactionary Forces
All except France reverted to conservative monarchies after a short
period of success following 1848 revolutions.
Catastrophic failure; resulted in nothing.
Metternich at the Congress of Vienna divided up Europe
No more democratic/Enlightenment movements
Actually worked and prevented unification
Exacerbated the reasons toward 1848 Revolutions
Conflict arises within revolutionary ranks
France -> National Workshops conflict
Italy -> Dissent over Charles Alberts rule
Germany -> Confusion of Frankfurt Parliament
Austria -> Hungarian civil war
Franz Josephs Constitution
People were willing to default because it accepted some
of the new ideals e.g. abolishing serfdom.
Concessions < Demands, yet it still pacified the people.
Austria crushes its opposition.
ZEITGEIST of 1848 (The Spirit of the time)
FIVE driving forces
Liberalism (attitude of Enlightenment from Renaissance &
Scientific Revolution)
Nationalism
Industrialism
Socialism

Chae 16
New economic system
judicious distribution of finances
Conservatism
Reaction against the four above -isms
Pervasive attitude of ruling class during 1848 in
Europe
Working class willing to default if given small
concessions.
Drove the emotional fervour of the revolutionaries.
Change is scary.
When people are scared, they tend to do violent things.
Reasons for the failure of the revolutions.
A lot of stuff happened. 1848 was a volatile year.
Were the 1848 Revolutions a success? (Part C question for example)
Success
Potential Progress
History was advanced. Ideas
developed and flourished.

Failure
Decisive failure in the context of
Revolution
Not helpful to society or historys
progress.

The Three Fs of 1848 Revolutions

Split FOCUS
That the revolutionaries are a single, unified entity (e.g. students in
a school) is a misconception.
They all had different dreams.
Their reasons for revolt:
Strong belief in nationalism (Italy & Germany)
-> idealistic POV
Places already united by geography and language to
be united in law
Difficult life within a new industrialized society
Coal mines, factories; terrible working conditions
To desperately survive; lack of food, education, etc.
Practical POV
Idealized the concepts of Enlightenment (liberalism)
New Utopia
New concept of Socialism (Marx)
Not just economic but political idea

Chae 17
People at the bottom of the society have the right to overthrow the
society (rulers); violent overthrow.
Shallow FRATERNITY
Caused Revolutions to shatter & break apart
Limited Unity; only unified in protest
Case of France
Mixture of People
Factory workers (worked 13hrs/day)
Shopkeepers & petty bourgeoisie (perhaps wealthy?)
Students
Farmers
Politicians
Radicals
This shallow brotherhood meant not a united goal/front, and
change was disparate. Led to the failure of Revolutions
Limited FORESIGHT
Fear of revolutionaries (i.e. Napoleon Is conquest) drove
reactionary policies.
Congress of Vienna created a stagnant society where change cant
occur.
Also created a governmental attitude that resisted change
against:
Progress
Democracy
Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity
Good socialism
As opposed to taking a more liberal policy
Stance of European governments to resist change no matter what
Created the impossibility for Revolutions to change anything -> a
failing environment for Revolutions.
Thomas Edison: Ive not failed. Ive just found 10,000 ways that dont
work.
True about 1848 Revolutions
An attempt to change, revolt, enhance liberalism
Fails again (X100)
These ideals have come back (but not in a while)
Results of 1848
Subtle change that set Europe on the path towards future
Intensification of five ideological ideas -> engrained everywhere. Created
a pressure cooker out of Europe.

Chae 18

Conservatism
Nationalism
Liberalism
Industrialism
Socialism
Everything became more intense. Pressure was mounting.
Benefits and drawbacks of dependency intensified.
Europe and the rest of the world became less independent (selfproducing and self-containing)
Increase of international trade
Food & Goods
Rise of Colonialism and Exploration
One tangible change in Austria due to 1848 Revolutions
Franz Joseph I abolished feudalism.
Allowed for more mobile society.
People from bottom can rise to the top.
People from the top can drop to the bottom.
Defined by money.
Progressive Victory
Big step into literalism & progress
Everyone becomes more stubborn, due to the intensification of ideologies.
Question of Global Dependency
Benefit - people started working together
Drawback - lots of pressure on Europe & loss of self-sufficiency
New and intense conflicts -> frustration, anger, and hope -> greater
conflict -> massive bloodshed in Europe (WWI)
Balance of Power
Benefits = Increased wealth, flow of money, consumerism
But, balance was delicate. How to maintain it?
The system collapses as soon as one pulls out. Relationship
potential to help create violence & conflict.
NEW TO EUROPE.
ex. England was dependent on others, even on its colonies.
So, what changed?
Answer = Not much.
Nothing.
governments pretty much remained conservative.
peoples lives remained the same.
NO TANGIBLE & CONCRETE CHANGES.
Something.

Chae 19
Abolishment of Feudalism in Austria
increase & intensification in European attitude
Increased dependency on European and global scale
connected reactions
CHANGE IN MENTALITY
It was still a failure.
3 How was Germany unified?
Focus Points
Why was Germany not unified in 184850?
How did Bismarck bring about Austrias defeat of 1866?
How did Bismarck bring about Frances defeat of 1870?
How far was Bismarck responsible for the unification of Germany?
Specified Content
German nationalism

Background
o Common German identity - Geography, language, culture, history
o Success of American & French Revolutions contribute to the spreading of
liberal ideas
o AUSTRIA was against the unification & liberal ideas because Austria was
an empire and was afraid of itself breaking apart.
o Romantic Movement -> German heroic figures defying the Romans:
common struggle, camaraderie -> keeping the momentum going -> fed
into the nationalism
o End of Holy Roman Empire in 1806: 400 separate states + Habsburg Lands

Napoleon's Invasion & Aftermath

o France -> a big player, Napoleon's rivalry with Britain; crazy invasion
spree
o As a result, greater focus on Identity, Unification, and Rise of Nationalism
o Impact on German economy by banning trade with Britain
o Officials were harsh on Germany
o Led to German resistance against French occupation
o Wars of Liberation (1813-15) stirred patriotic feelings within Germans
o France imposed structural reforms and policies in Germany
o Liberals learnt from the French in Germany: stance against aristocratic rule
(abolished)

Congress of Vienna & Birth of German Confederation

o France gets thrown off in 1815
o Composed of 39 states

Chae 20

o Common defence & foreign policies to be decided by a diet of German

Confederation
o Individual states started acting in UNION
o To create a balance of power in Europe & German Confederation
o Governments are run by aristocrats who wanted to remain in the status quo
o Liberalism was frowned upon because aristocrats were in charge (e.g.
Metternich)
o To preserve the power and privilege of aristocracy "ANCIEN REGIME"
o Germany was a buffer zone against expansionism of three Great states:
France, Austria-Hungary, Russia
o Three major players: Prussia, Austria, everyone else
o "If balance is there, then it would eliminate the possibility of war."
Spreading of Liberal Ideas
o Pamphlets, books, etc. (LITERATURE) -> appealed to the middle class &
students who were politically active
o A group of Prussian writers
J G Fichte(1762-1814): proposed that governments promote
nationalism and common identity. "States should be the sergeant
major of 'Germanism'."
F L Jahn (1778-1852): even greater political output. National army,
common confederate institution which represent the people & the
interest
Jahn's Gymnastic clubs: 150 of them by 1850. Indoctrination. Could
influence thinking of physically fit teens
Jahn's "Burschensfaten Movement" (i.e. YMCA of Germany)
Combined Physical exercise and Nationalism
o In response:
1817: Nationalist demonstration of 500 students who burnt antinationalist books
1832: Hamburg; 25,000 students participate in a nationalist
gathering/demonstration; Failed uprising by "Young Germany"
1840: Rhine Crisis; France asserted that land west of River Rhine
was theirs, a revived claim to Rhineland; Stirred a lot of nationalist
sentiment
Factors that led to the Growth of Germanism
o Germany was never unified before; it once had been a loose collection of
400+ states called Holy Roman Empire up to 1789
o At this time, nationalism (the desire for a unified state) was weak.
o Other factors that would draw these together
o COMMON things that Holy Roman Empire members had:

Chae 21
Language: In 1815 people who lived in the area of old HRE all
spoke German, a powerful unifying force
Border: Distinct boundaries separating Germany from other states
e.g. Russia and France (potential threat)
History: struggles against neighbours such as France
o Main Reasons - 1815-50 nationalistic feelings begin to grow in former
Holy Roman Empire
Cultural (heritage & history)
Political/Militaristic (advantage of being united)

Liberals: conservative change

Radicals: Complete change

Economic (money)
o Culture
Distinct German literature (Fichte, Goethe, Hegel, Schiller)
Pamphlets and books influenced the Middle Class & Students
Common German Characteristics

German folk tales compiled by Brother Grimm e.g.

"Children & Household Tales" (1812) -> Very dark and
violent to control adults & children

German music - Beethoven

Analysis

German language (IN ONE PEOPLE)

Few people could read; simple folk tales by Grimm were

important inspiring a feeling of being German

Growing popularity of German musicians and writers

gave people sense of belonging
Against

Majority of the population (Workers and farmers) were

too busy working -> Cultural nationalism was not a big
factor

Golo Mann: "Seldom looked from the plough."

Most people did not know about big national issues or

German culture (people only knew local issues)
Expansion of Railways promoted cultural nationalism
Perhaps not the most important due to the lack of interest by most
ordinary Germans? but Language was a factor.
o Politics
Nationalism: the desire of people with a common national identity
to have their own identity

Chae 22
Liberalism: the desire to have a parliament (like UK) rulers elected
by the people and people having representation, as opposed to
being ruled by a King alone
Napoleonic Wars (1789-1815)

Divided German states had been easily conquered by

Napoleon

Napoleon merged 100+ of German states into 38 larger

states called the Confederation of the Rhine, ruled by
France

At first, Nationalists thought that the invading French

would free them

By 1813, it was established that Napoleon was a

conqueror; fighting a common foe provoked strong
nationalist feelings

Germans felt stronger when unified & were proud to

have beaten Napoleon
Deutscher Bund (German Confederation) replaced Confederation of
Rhine

Reformed into 39 states in 1815 after Napoleon's defeat

& expulsion of the French

Nationalists hoped that this "Bund" would be the

beginning of a united German state

In 1815 Austria was the strongest mainland European

power

New ideas threatened the unity of the Austrian Empire

Man associated with protecting the unity and power of

Austrian Empire was Prince Metternich, who was against
any form of German Unification.
Student Societies & Carlsbad Decrees

Feelings of a common German identity grown under

French occupation

Common Enemy: Napoleon, then Metternich. Many

German students were attracted to the idea of a stronger &
united Germany.

Inspired by University teachers and literature -> students

set nationalist societies and meetings

1817: Festival in Wartburg, Saxony. A model of

Metternich was thrown into fire.

Chae 23

Analysis

Against

Metternich was furious and worried. If liberal and

nationalist ideas spread, Austria's power would be
weakened.
Result: Carlsbad Decrees of 1819: banned students
societies and censored nationalist newspapers
Power of the Bund Parliament went up; soldiers could be
ordered to stop the spread of new ideas in any of the
German states (a failed safe) - warning to the states
German nationalists were still weak. Strong nationalist
feelings had been stirred

Princes of each state crushed nationalists once the war

was over, who had no interest in giving their thrones

After Carlsbad Decrees, seemed as if political nationalist

was dead

Germans were forbidden to spread nationalist and liberal

ideas
o Growth of Railways
As trade between German states increased, the rail network grew
New rail network centred in Prussia
Facilitated the spread of ideas (liberalism & nationalism, like the
UK) through the spreading of newspapers and pamphlets
Analysis

Broke down barriers between states

greater integration between people

more CONTACT

Germans now realised they had a lot in common & a

good reason for uniting, trade and money
The Zollverein (aka Economic Nationalism)

Analysis
o Political nationalism was dead 1820-48. It was suppressed by the
Confederation and by the Carlsbad Decrees
o Cultural nationalism only inspired the intelligentsia and was not vital
for most Germans.
DID NOT drastically change the life of Germans
o Economic nationalism provided greater positive, tangible effect and
was an important factor in encouraging nationalist feeling

Moving goods across was slow and expensive, because small states
imposed and charged fees and taxes -> Price was a lot higher

Chae 24

Prussia, which wanted to be industrialized, having coal & iron (vital

ingredients for industrial revolution), created the Zollverein in 1818.
o A customs Union formed to encourage trade
o Instrumental in reducing Austria's influence
o Do not have to pay taxes on transported goods
o No member in Zollverein would put heavy taxes on its members' goods
o Goods are cheaper and encourage people to buy more

1836: 25 states involved, which got richer on the increased trade

Soon, 38 states are involved (EXCEPT AUSTRIA, Prussia's rival)

German states began to look to more nationalistic Prussia for leadership

Austrian trade lost out and Austrian Empire became weaker; it was slowly
losing the power to tell others what todo

Increasingly Austria was pushed out of Germany.

Zollverein made Prussia rich and powerful.

Analysis
o Zollverein showed even the poorest Germans the benefits a united
Germany would bring
o Zollverein brought German states together, excluded Austria who hated
nationalism, and increased the power of Prussia
o Without Zollverein, Prussia wouldn't have had the muscle to defeat the
power of Austria
o Historian William Carr: Zollverein = "the mighty lever of German
Unification"
The 1848 revolution in Prussia

Goal of the Revolution

o To establish a united Germany with a constitutional base
o first began as a protest about working conditions and pays.
o Liberals and the radicals were the main active political groups, while the
nationalists also contributed. The workers and the peasants fought in the
streets, and the intelligentsia formed the bulk of Frankfurt Parliament.

Background of Revolution
o Decline in death rate caused the population to boom; there was a 75%
population increase in Prussia alone between 1815 and 1848.
o It was very difficult to live in the countryside due to the high land rent.
Many left for towns and abroad to look for land, food, and job.
o In 1846 and 1847, the harvest of corn and potato failed. With the failure of
potato the main starch failing, the food price sharply increased, and foot
riots broke out in many places.
o Meanwhile, the workers lived a pessimistic life in the cities. Workers lived
in dirty and overcrowded accommodations. Low wages and high prices did

Chae 25

9 March

13 March

15 March

not help the working class. The workers had to work 13 hours a day in
awkward body positions, causing deformities.
o Furthermore, there was unemployment in many industries in the 1840s.
The widespread drunkenness among the population including women and
children demonstrate the harsh lives of the working class at that time.
Key People
o The working class and the intelligentsia played crucial parts in the
revolution. As said before, the workers and the peasants fought in the
barricades. Their demands were non-political, practical, clear, and limited:
they wanted "a better life for themselves, more food for their family,
reasonable housing, shorter working day, and improved working
conditions."
o Most were not concerned with the system of government in so far it
affected their daily lives, with few exceptions. The skilled craftsmen in
Cologne and Bonn distanced themselves from the unskilled factory
workers and created their own trade organisations. Being articulate and
politically aware, they staged demonstrations and convened assemblies to
voice their grievances during the revolution. In Berlin, some politically
aware workers organised themselves into Workers' Committees and
demanded for formation of trade unions, free education and a guaranteed
minimum wage.
o
One of the most notable people during the revolution was King
Frederick William IV of Prussia. He had a very strange and complex
character. He swerved between being sensible and artistic to unpredictable
and moody. Later he was declared clinically insane. Earlier, the King
initially supported liberal movements, but later reversed his policies after
facing severe opposition. He constantly switched himself between a
conservative aristocrat and a liberal monarch during the revolution.
Actual Events of the Revolution
A crowd invades the City Hall and calls for more rights and universal
suffrage. The tents section of Tiergarten gets filled with 20,000
revolutionaries and protesters from Berlin and the surrounding areas.
A demonstration by craftsmen takes place in the palace square. Units
from the army are called to put down the revolutionaries. The crowd
starts taunting the soldiers. The protesters would "play a game" by
dispersing and retreating at the end of the second signal and coming
back later, making the army to repeat the procedure all over again. The
army fires upon the protesters, leading into a "ferocious scene."
Due to the volatile protests, some Prussian army officers are forced to
seek cover in the administrative buildings, where the guards would

Chae 26
constantly drive the revolutionaries out.
16 March
The news of the revolution in Austria and Metternich's resignation
excite the crowd.
17 March
The King is forced to give into the pressure with riots breaking out in
Koningsberg and other cities. Other German states like Hanover and
Baden have all succumbed to the crowds. A constitutional system is
promised.
18 March
King Frederick William IV of Prussia appears on the balcony of the
palace and reads out the proclamation from the day before. The crowd is
joyous. The King then orders the guards to clear off the square without
bloodshed. However, the revolutionaries turns bitter when they see the
guards; due to an accidental discharge of a musket and the pressure,
several protesters die. This outrages many Berliners, and they respond
by building barricades and attacking the royal palace. The army fights
until standstill against the rebels in midnight.
19 March
The fighting continues, and numerous deaths occur on both sides. By six
o' clock, the King orders the guards to return to the royal palace.
By then all major cities have fallen down to the revolutionaries, and
some units of the army refuse to fight against the protesters. The King
writes a long letter entitled "To My Berliners" in which he urges the
crowd to put down their arms and remove the barricades. In return, he
promises to vacate his troops from the cities.
20 March
Protesters gather in front of the royal palace and place the bodies of the
people who died the previous day. The people force the king to take off
his hat and bow down to the dead in respect. The king accepts the
demands of the crowd, including universal suffrage, a constitution, and
becoming the head of a united Germany.
21 March
The King performs a publicity stunt throughout the streets Berlin.
Without the guards, he gives impromptu speeches to the public and
expresses his hopes for a united Germany, draped in the black-redyellow flag. Ceremonially, envoys are dispatched to all North German
states carrying his will.
26 March
The King confronts the hardcore army officers in Potsdam where he
declares his support for the revolutionaries. His speeches are printed in
the newspapers, which receive support from Prussian citizens and army
officers.
31 March-3 April The Vorparlament is held in St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt.
April
The King invites leaders of other Northern German nations, including
Hanover, Brunswick, and Bremen, to discuss the issue of a united
Northern Germany. Leaders of other German states, like Bavaria, are

Chae 27

18 May
June

invited as well.
The Frankfurt Parliament begins its session.
Following the much-anticipated elections, everything returns to normal.
The army has moved back to its original quarters. The tents in
Tiergarten have been cleared off, and protesters from the countryside
have returned home.

The setting up and eventual failure of the Frankfurt Parliament

Vorparlament
o Radicals and liberals agree to a quick prep meeting (Vorparlament) for an
"assembly of German men" to discuss the future of "Germany"
o Indirect elections run smoothly
o 596 reps gathered in Frankfurt to bring about a unified, liberal, and
constitutional German state
o Most representatives were highly educated; only a handful came from
working class & peasantry
o Moderately liberal and Anti-violent
o Begins its main session in May

Reasons for Failure

o Very difficult to agree on anything, due to the feuding factions (liberals vs.
radicals vs. conservatives) and differing opinions
o Heinrich von Gagern, leader of Frankfurt Parliament, is not charismatic
enough to lead the flow of debate
o "Talking Shop"
o Lacked effective administration to implement its plan and a loyal army to
support its decisions -> reliance on Prussian army led to dependence on
Prussia
o Question of territorial extent of "Germany" - Grossdeutschland vs.
Kleinedeutschland

Accomplishments
o "Imperial Law on the Basic Rights of the People" - Dec 1848
o Constitution of the Unified Germany - Mar 1849

Eventual Fate
o King Frederick Wilhelm IV rejects "the crown from the gutter," which was
offered against the will of radical nationalists
o Other rulers also reject the constitution
o Many delegates left the forum in disappointment; some still held off by
relocating the Parliament to Stuttgart, until June when they were forcibly
dispersed by King's army
Re-establishment of Austrian influence in Germany by 1850

Chae 28

Erfurt Union
o Idea of Prussian politician Joseph Radowitz after failure of Frankfurt
Parliament
o "Prussian Union": conglomeration of northern German states excluding
Austria
o Austria did not like it but could not intervene because of distraction from
Hungarian Revolution
o August 1849: 28 states recognized the Reich constitution and Erfurt Union
o Pressure from Prussia
o Poor election participation for the Parliament election in January 1850;
Hannover and Saxony pull out
o March 1850: Erfurt Union Parliament opens, but is never successful
because of states being suspicious of Prussia and Austrian influence
o Princes were suspicious of Prussia
o Junkers just cared about their own estates

Comeback of Austria
o After taking care of Hungary, Austria turns its attention on Germany
o Prince Schwarzenberg, Austrian Chief Minister, calls for a Diet of the Old
Confederation to convene at Frankfurt: the Frankfurt Diet
o Many states joined the Frankfurt Diet; tensions rise between Austria and
Prussia, with two rival groups representing the same German
Confederation
o Hesse-Kassel Crisis - both Erfurt Union and Frankfurt Diet send their
troops to help quash the revolution there.
o Prussia backs down at the verge of a war
o Russia would support Austria in case of a war because Russia does not
want a strong Germany - Prussia would lose
o Prussia didn't really care about unified Germany

Treaty/Humiliation of Olmutz
o Prussia abandons the idea of Erfurt Union
o Prussia gives up its claim to the leadership of German states, agrees to
demobilize, and submits to the Austrian-led German Confederation
o Austria is still an influential power; nothing has changed.
Bismarck as Prussian Minister-President

Beginning of Bismarck
o Obstinate Junker from Old Brandenburg, East of Elbe River
o Shared many Junker ideas, yet was intellectually superior to other
landowning class
o Not a nationalist
o Advocated Protestant piety

Chae 29
o Criticisms and denunciations did not affect him
o Did not understand or trust the West, where he considered to be
revolutionary, turbulent, free-thinking, and materialistic.
o Considered the parliament to be ignorant and irresponsible as organs of
government and individual liberty disorderly selfishness. Preferred to
emphasize duty, service, order, and the fear of God.
o Did not believe in the West (revolutionary, turbulent, free-thinking,
materialistic)
o No principle of ideology; classic practitioner of Realpolitik. Made friends
with various groups then turned his back on them later.
o Able diplomatic politician
o Used patience & technology to gain what he needed

Bismarck's policies
o Appointed by Wilhelm I in 1862
o Main aim: Prussia to dominate the northern states rather than the entire
Germany
o more interested in making Prussia powerful than creating a united
Germany
o Not opposed to unification, as long as Prussia was in charge - also aware
that Unification was popular concept among Germans
o Parliament had no say in his policies, because the taxes funded his projects
of strengthening the army

Blood and Iron

o Bismarck collected various taxes to equip and enlarge the army
o Prussian parliament opposed; Prussian liberals declared Bismarck's policy
to be unconstitutional and his government to undermine Prussia: "Rest of
Germany hopes to find a model of political freedom in Prussia."
o Bismarck responded that rest of Germany loves Prussia for its power, not
its liberalism. "Constitution cannot undermine the state."
o "Prussia must be prepared to seize favourable opportunity for growth."
o "Not by speeches and majority votes are the great questions of the day
decided -- that was the great error of 1848 and 1849 -- but by blood and
iron."
Bismarcks foreign policy to 1871:

Schleswig-Holstein
o Bismarck cleverly used diplomacy to weaken Austria and strengthen
Prussia
o Denmark attempted to annex Schleswig in 1863
o Diet of Confederation calls for all-German war against the Danes
o Bismarck defies the Diet and acts jointly with Austria to defeat Denmark

Chae 30

o Arranges for an occupation of Schleswig by Prussia and Holstein by

Austria
o Bismarck allows for the disputes between Prussia and Austria to ripen (e.g.
about passing through each other's territories) and eventually to annex
both duchies into Prussia
o Bismarck proceeded to isolate Austria and made other European nations to
favour Prussia (e.g. Russia - support in Crimea/Poland, France connection with Napoleon III, and Italy - Venice deal) or be indifferent
(e.g. Britain)
Austro-Prussia War & Consequences
o Actual Events
France promised its neutrality to Bismarck in Winter 1865
Prussia - support from northern states; Austria - support from large
southern states
February 1866 - War to settle who would control Germany
Alliance with Italy in April - Italy would receive Venetia in return
by helping Prussia win
Austria began to mobilize
Austria's appeal to the Confederation in June 1866 to mediate the
Schleswig-Holstein problem
Bismarck sent his troops to occupy Holstein because he declared
that this broke the agreement
June 10 - Bismarck proposes that Confederation exclude Austria,
new election, and all armies of Northern Germany be placed under
Prussia's control
June 11 - Austria motions to reject Bismarck's plan
Prussia withdraws from Confederation and starts a war against
Austria + the rest of Confederation
o Reasons for Prussian win
Prussian military expenditure 2X, while Austrian 0.5X
Better equipment - needle guns
Austria has more soldiers, central location, and support from other
German states; but threat of rebellion from Italy prevented Austria
to devote its full attention on Germany
Use of railways aided Prussian victory
o Bismarck hastens to make peace after Austria asks for it to prevent other
European powers knowing about it & intervening
o Treaty of Prague - July 23. Prussia gains Holstein and gives Italy the land it
promised. Austria consents Prussian leadership in Germany. Austria pays
small war indemnity to Germany, most of which is waived.

Chae 31

o Austria does not cede any territory to Germany, because it might alert other
European nations & it was not really necessary in achieving German
unification.
o Prussia annexes many territories and creates a military alliance (Northern
German Confederation) composed of 21 states, in lieu of the Old
Confederation
Relations with France
o Dutch King tried to sell Luxembourg to France, subject to Prussia's
approval in 1867
o Bismarck lets other European leaders to decide; Luxembourg stays neutral;
Napoleon III is upset
o Napoleon III hoped for war against Prussia to overcome the angry
criticisms of his foreign policy, for the intervention in Mexico ended in
disaster. A united Italy was rising on France's borders. Most of all, a
strong and independent power was allowed to rise in the German
Confederation. To him, a successful war would restore public approval of
his empire.
o Bismarck hoped for war against France because he believed that a war
would threaten the small south German states into a union with Prussia,
isolating Austria. In this unstable situation, neither side worked toward
peace.
Spanish Succession & Franco-Prussian War
o Spanish government invites Leopold of Hohenzollern to become its king;
the family turns the offer down three times. Bismarck convinces Leopold
to reconsider and to take the offer. Wilhelm was encouraged to support the
idea.
o Napoleon III threatened war if Leopold took the title. (he did not want to
be encircled by Hohenzollerns) Wilhelm declared that Leopold would
withdraw his acceptance.
o Bismarck was humiliated & threatened resignation.
o Benedetti, French ambassador to Prussia, demands further that no one from
Hohenzollern family ever be considered as candidate for Spanish king.
Wilhelm declines and sends the report of the conversation to Bismarck
o Ems Telegram: Bismarck alters the report and publishes it to seem as a
snub to France -> he did not want to satisfy France
o July 14 - telegram's arrival in Paris; French were furious; explosive outrage
o French Declaration of War on Jul 19 1870
o Bismarck claims that France was an aggressor and called upon the southern
states for support: convinced that the fatherland was in danger, they agreed

Chae 32

to the earlier terms of military alliance with Prussia. This forced the
southern states to join the N.G. Confederation.
o German troops quickly mobilize and defeat the French
Needle guns
Mobility by railway
Concentration of troops
Steel artillery
War tactics & techniques
o Napoleon III was captured and French sign an armistice.
o France gives up Alsace-Lorraine, leading to a long-lasting animosity
between France and Germany.
Creation of German Empire
o New 'Second Reich'
Each member state retained their government and power over
internal affairs
Overall political power in the hands of an emperor
o German Empire proclaimed on January 18 1871
o Wilhelm I - emperor & Bismarck - imperial chancellor
o Prussia was the strongest state in a German Kingdom.

4 Why was there a civil war in the United States?

Focus Points
How far did slavery cause the Civil War?
What was the significance of Lincolns election as President?
Why was the North able to win the war?
Did the war change anything?
Specified Content
Causes and consequences of the American Civil War, 182077:

Differences between North and South

o Slavery legal in agricultural south; illegal in industrial north
o North wanted to impose tariff on imported goods to encourage Americans
to buy more American products; South did not want it because it would
then raise the price of Southern agricultural goods (e.g. cotton) in Europe
o With each state electing its representatives according to the number of
citizens living there, rapid population growth in the North gave it more
representatives and more influence on the central government. South lost
political power because population growth was not as rapid as North's, and
slaves did not count as citizens.
o Sectionalism made Southerners feel that they were not being treated fairly
and be better off without federal authority

Chae 33

o Admission of new states in the west created more disputes of whether

slavery was allowed there.
o Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 - all attempts to keeping the
Union intact
Slavery, slave states & free states abolitionism
o Slavery: "immediate cause of civil war"
o Cotton production in South
o Both cotton and tobacco plantations necessitate free labour, because many
workers were needed to ted them and harvest them quicker
o Slaves shipped from Africa
o Plantations - also in factories and mines
o Slave trade ended in 1807 but did not stop USA from breeding its own
slaves
o 1/8 of population were slaves, concentrated in the South
o Each state was allowed to decide whether it would retain or abolish slavery
o Abolitionist movement by people like Douglass and Tubman
o John Brown's 1859 failed slave rebellion in Harpers Ferry
Reminded Northerners that Slavery had to be abolished
Reminded Southerners that Slavery had to be protected
Southerners felt that without slavery, South's economy would
collapse
1860 Election & Secession of Southern states
o Republican lawyer, an outspoken critic of slavery, Abraham Lincoln
elected president in 1860
o Many southerners feel that he was elected only on Northern votes
o 7 states declare their withdrawal from USA and form Confederate States of
America, CSA
o Battle of Fort Sumter - beginning of Civil War
o Four more states join CSA and three states remain neutral
Reasons for North's victory
o In the beginning, South was winning because of its motivation to "preserve
the Southern way of living" and only having to defend
o Union's disadvantage of having to attack and lack of motivation
o A "New War"
Industry

90% of factories are located on the North - Union puts

all of them behind war effort. Patents and production
double. South is no match.
Railways

Chae 34

Earlier, Lincoln ordered that the government take over

the operation of 24,000 mi railway network in the North.

Railways revolutionized the speed of troop deployment

and supply lines.

In contrast, South had a smaller network of 9,000 mi,

still under private ownership. The Confederates lacked the
logistics to win.
Telegram

Lincoln also brought the 50,000 mi telegram network in

the Union under military control, creating a command
facility in Washington.

The telegram allowed instantaneous long-distance

communication; this provided Lincoln an insight into the
battle movements.

Lincoln sent almost 1,000 telegrams, sometimes directly

ordering his generals.

But the South never realized the potential of telegram;

Confederate generals had to plan their battles without a
strategic overview.
o General Grant's War of Attrition
o Union naval blockade of the South prevented it trading with Europe

Role of Lincoln
o On January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation,
"freeing" all slaves in the Confederacy. This changed the tide, as now the
war was about not only keeping the Union intact but also about ending
slavery. No country would support the Confederacy, as no one wanted to
be seen supporting slavery.
Reconstruction
o See separate document for more information.

Chae 35
5 How effectively had Japan modernised itself by 1914?
Focus Points
What was the impact of Perrys missions on Japan?
Why did the Meiji Restoration occur?
How westernised was Japan by 1914?
Was Japan a Great Power by 1914?
Specified Content
Perrys missions and the unequal treaties
Background
Japan was ruled by Shogun - military general who inherited his position.
Since 1600, the shogun had been from the Tokugawa family.
Japan lived under a feudal system
Local lords Daimyos answered to the Shogun
Daimyos protected by samurais
Some samurais lived a good life; others were poorer. They
controlled their land and the farmers and peasants who lived on it.
Christian Missionaries
Fear of Christians taking over Japan led to Japans isolationist
policy
Only a few Dutch ships were allowed to land at an artificial island
in Edo Bay once a year.
Western ideas still slippered in.
Commodore Perrys mission
In Aug 1853, 4 Black Ships arrived at Edo Bay and anchored offshore.
2 were steamships - thought the boats were on fire.
Perrys task
To persuade the Japanese to open their ports
To allow Americans to trade with them
To buy silks, ceramics, and coal
To buy coal for their steam ships
Perry told the Japanese that he had an important letter from President and
would only deliver it to a high official of the Emperor
But Japan was ruled by a shogun not an emperor.
A local governor called Toda was called in as Emperors high official.
When the Americans saw the fake letter, they were convinced and agreed
to give Toda Presidents letter
Threat: trade or risk being invaded!
Japan knew it could not win against the USA.
Had only a few cannons
Samurais no longer fierce warriors after hundreds of years of peace

Chae 36
Perry returned in 1854 with more ships
Treaty of Kanagawa signed reluctantly
Forced Japan to open Shimoda and Hakodate to the US
To guarantee the safety of American sailors
Just the beginning for Japan
European nations arrived with their own trade treaties.
Unequal Treaties
Many Japanese unhappy about them
They seemed had little to gain
When a Japanese official signed another agreement in 1858,
allowing Americans to live in Japan, a group of samurai attacked
him and decapitated him as a punishment
Led many foreigners to live all over Japan and influence Japanese
language, heritage, and culture.
They also refused to follow Japanese rules.
Extraterritorial rights (Those that committed crimes were tried
according to the laws of their own countries not Japans)
Set their own taxes for importing and exporting goods, which
benefitted them not the Japanese
Death of Shogun in 1866
29 years old Tokugawa Yoshinobu takes over
He wanted to make changes to restore Japan to its former glory.
To strengthen the army
Promised people he would throw all the foreigners out
But people were fed up with the way shoguns had been ruling
Japan
Daimyos demanded Yoshinobus resignation and end the
Tokugawa Shogunate
Realizing an infight can provide an opportunity for westerners to
take advantage and weakn Japan, Yoshinobu resigned in 1868.
The Meiji Restoration and modernisation
Mutsuhito put in charge
Some of the daimyos decided that the Emperor should be put in charge.
17 years old Mutsuhito
They thought the young emperor could be manipulated in their favour
They also hoped to renegotiate the unequal treaties and take control of the
tariffs levied on goods coming into Japan, under IMPERIAL control.
Process
Edo was renamed Tokyo and became the imperial city.

Chae 37
Lands that belonged to the Shogun, his loyal daimyos, and their samurais
were now put under imperial control.
Emperor was made to sign Statements of Intent in the Charter Oath.
Agreed that there will be assemblies for open discussions
Common people would be treated decently by officers
No class restriction on employment
Many believed these were good changes for Japan; many others who had
lived under Shogun well were unhappy
Civil War ensued: Loyal Shogunate vs. Loyal Emperor
Emperors army overpowered and destroyed the Shogunate army using
western weaponry.
Western Ideas in Japan
The daimyos who put Emperor in charge were very powerful.
They wanted to learn the ways of the West and embarked on an ambitious
program of social, economic, and constitutional reform to transform Japan
From an agricultural, feudal state to
a modern, industrial society
THIS WAS THE ONLY WAY they could compete with the rest of the
world.
Japan needed to stand as an equal power to preserve its integrity and
traditions.
Japan sent representatives to Europe and the US to learn about their
societies.
French taught them about building and repairing ships.
Americans showed them how to mine coal
British helped them build factories and taught their workers to spin
Prussians showed them how to train an army
The Ministry of Industry put all these new skills into action.
Financed coal mines, shipyards and textile mills
New factories opened with public funds
With the increase of expenditure in 1870s and 80s, the govt sold off most
of their factories to private investors.
This led to individual families gaining wealth and control over the
economy.
Industrial zones grew. People moved to urban areas for jobs.
Number of agricultural workers decreased, but new methods of farming,
better types
Adoptions of Western Ideas by Japan
Styles of clothing: bustle or suit; by 1872, Japanese told that they
were no longer to wear Japanese robes

Chae 38

Western technology adopted all over Japan and western calendar

Gas lighting (1872)
Electricity in Tokyo (1887)
Schools built
Compulsory education for 4 year olds (1872)
Traditional Japanese skills taught along western learning
Universities founded (1877) - reduced the number of
students sent abroad to study
New system of Defence
British warships incorporated into Japanese navy & officers trained
by Royal Navy
New army modelled on French & German systems, replacing the
Samurai
Soldiers paid salaries rather than land
Conscription introduced in 1873. 4 years of service after 21 years
old and 3 more years as reservist
Japanese army became efficient, modern, and well-organised
Samurai told to not carry swords in public in 1876
Their way of life was changing, and they were not happy.
Carrying of arms distinguisehd them from ordinary people and
made them special.
Samurais were no longer needed.
Satsuma Rebellion
Majority content
Found jobs as teachers
gunmakers
government officials
military officers
But some were not prepared to relinquish their title so easily.
Especially those from Satsuma. Led by Saigo Takamori, they gathered a
samurai army and prepared to fight the new army.
They fought for 8 months; the Imperial Army destroyed the samurais and
overpowered them.
New Constitution
The wealthy daimyo held a lot of power.
Initially, any criticism of the government was censored and suppressed.
But more Japanese people called for a change.
Advisers were sent all over the world to study different systems and
decide which best suited Japans needs.
Eventually a new western-style constitution was written.

Chae 39
Emperor = head of state
Prime Minister and cabinet chosen by Emperor from a small group
of distinguished leaders
The cabinet would make the policies.
Bicameral legislature
Japans relations with her neighbours to 1914.
Sino-Japanese War, 1894
Korea signed a treaty with Japan and began trading as well. (1876, Treaty
of Ganghwa)
China and Japan made a deal to protect Korea and that neither could send
soldiers there without each others agreements. As neither nation wanted
the other to take control of Korea.
1894 - Korean religious group started to collect weapons and plan a
rebellion (Donghak Movement)
King Gojong asked China for help. Chinese soldiers to help defeat
the rebels.
The Qing emperor agreed, borrowing a British warship to load it
with soldiers. Sent them to Korea.
When Japan found out about China doing this without Japans
permission, they were very suspicious.
They thought China was out to capture Korea for themselves.
Japan attacked the ship and sank it.
China was furious and declared war on Japan.
War fought in Korea.
Chinese army no match for the modern Japanese army.
In 8 months, Japan and China signed a peace treaty
Gave Korea total independence from China.
Ceded considerable territory to Japan
Sino-Japanese War alerted the world about Japans new strength.
By using western ideas and technology, Japn had become an
industrial competitor with an extremely strong army.
BRITAIN made an alliance with Japan in 1902 as a useful ally in
the Pacific.
Gave Japan prestige and security.
Would lead to alliance during WWI.
Russo-Japanese War, 1905
Russia build a new railway it acquired from China.
Ran from Harbin to Port Arthur on Yellow Sea.
This railway provided Russia with easy access to the Pacific Ocean.

Chae 40

Russia had convinced china to lease Port Arthur to them for 25

years, in exchange for a large sum of money
Russia now also wanted Korea too.
Japan was not happy because they also had plans to take Korea for
themselves.
They also disliked the idea of Russia having influence over
territory very close to them.
Japan sent ambassadors to Moscow to Tsar Nicholas II, asking him to
remove Russian soldiers from Port Arthur and Manchuria.
Nicholas refused.
Ambassadors called back home; diplomatic relations were broken.
Nicholas II was not worried, for Japan had been an old-fashioned, isolated
nation without a modern army.
In contrast, Russia had the 3rd largest navy in the world.
Japans new army had not existed for very long.
Russian officers were certain that Japan would not dare attack
Russian ships and soldiers in Port Arthur. They did not warn them.
Japan instructed Admiral Togo to lead a surprise attack on Russia on
January 26, 1904
Although Port Arthur was not their initial target, Admiral Togo had
received intelligence that the enemy ships there were on alert and ready to
intercept. But the intelligence was wrong. Russians did not expect
anything.
Japanese fired 16 torpedoes at the Russian battleships. 3 ships were hit.
But two were the most valuable in the fleet.
Admiral Togo launched attack after attack on the larger Russian force,
destroying many ships, including the Petropavlovsk, the flagship of the
Russian navy. The admiral of Russian navy sank with it.
For almost 5 months, Japan laid siege on Port Arthur until the Russians
had to surrender.
Japanese army marched against the Russians on land.
At the Battle of Mukden, Russian army was defeated.
It was the first time a European army had been defeated by an Asian one.
Japan was now the master of the East, not China.
Theodore Roosevelt helped to arrange a peace treaty between Russia and
Japan. (Treaty of Portsmouth)
Russia was forced to surrender territory, including Port Arthur.
Japan gained control over Korea.
Roosevelt awarded Nobel Peace Prize for his involvement.

Chae 41
6 What caused the First World War?
Focus Points
Did the Alliance System make war more likely or less likely?
How far did colonial problems create tensions between the Great Powers?
Why were problems in the Balkans so difficult for the Great Powers to solve?
How did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand lead to war?
Specified Content
The origins of the First World War, 18901914:
the Alliance System
Alliance - an agreement made between two or more countries to give each other
help if it is needed.
When an alliance is signed, those countries become known as allies.
A number of alliances had been signed by countries between the years
1879 and 1914.
Important -> some countries had no option but to declare war if one of
their allies declared war first.
Continental Tensions in Europe
Complex system of alliances; nations increased dependency on each other.
(Technology, information, supplies, etc)
Large group of power.
Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente
Alliance (Central Powers) - Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy, and
Ottoman Empire (joined later)
Formed earlier
Austrians respect for Germany in 1879
Led to Russian concern; growing giant with largest
population and potential industrial capabilities
Austria concerned -> aligned itself with Germany to protect
the core of Europe.
Italy (1882): political & military organisation not as highly
efficient as Germany
Italy struggled
-> corruption, bad politics
felt the need to be a part of a central alliance
Entente (Allies) - Russia, UK, and France
Formed later
Concern with alliances problem (members of Continental
Europe)
France allied with Russia in common concern for Triple
Alliance

Chae 42
Slavic Problem
Supremacy with Britain joining in (1904/1907), which had
alliances with Japan, Belgium, Serbia, etc.
Disadvantage for Triple Alliance
Both alliances had claim in Balkan peninsula, where there is no
recognised self-rule.
Tensions mount. Massive Alliances occur.
Franco-Prussian War = catalyst for alliance building
Germany became a unified nation
Gained the respect of other European nations
Humiliated and alienated France
Seized portions of French territory
Expanded German land
infuriated the French
Thus, Austria-Hungary aligns itself with Germany (1879)
Benefits of alliances
Protection (allies)
Aid (natural disasters, etc.)
Trade (reduced tariff, intensified industries)
Synergy
NB. Great Britain was the last nation to join the alliance knot.
Problems that Alliances faced pre-WWI
Their problem = your problems
common enemies
war -> war!
Financial problem -> Financial Problem!
colonial rivalries
Imperialism
Definition:
when a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them
subject to their rule.
The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and
dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or
by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of
other areas
the extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence.
Europe was very used to imperialistic acquisition
American Revolution: fight against the imperialistic ties with
Britain by the Americans
South Americans revolting against European imperialists

Chae 43
Due to industrialism, there is increasing demand for global goods
Rubber from Africa, silk from Asia
More demands to go out and conquer more territories
European powers controlling other territories
Asia and Africa are main foci of imperialism due to the abundance
of raw materials there.
To become a European/global power, you must be an
industrialized power.
Fervent belief & willingness to support ones nation and its causes =
nationalism
Militarism guided respect and pride
Who has more colonies?
Who is more active in its imperialistic pursuit?
Who garners more respect and pride than others?
British Empire extended over 5 continents by 1900.
Important holdings: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Burma,
Singapore, Hong Kong, a vertical stretch of land from Egypt to
South Africa
France had control of large areas in Africa.
French West Africa, Madagascar, etc., including Mrocco and
Algeria.
Germany and Austria-Hungary only had part of Africa and Asia.
Does not possess much colony.
Tried to have new stake in Africa
Great frustration for German Empire
-> increasingly aggressive attitude towards British imperialism
For a newly-established country like Germany, trying to have a
stake in a fairly old & established industry like imperialism causes
tension.
Amount of lands owned by Britain and France increased the rivalry with
Germany who had entered the scramble to acquire colonies late and only
had small areas of Africa.
Prevalent European attitude:
Chopping up rest of the world and trying to seize as much for
yourself
A sense of growing frustration ( .)
Colonial Struggles
African colonies struggle.
Colonialism increases tension.
France vs. England, even though theyre in alliance.

Chae 44
Morocco -> England & Frances claims + locals infight
Moroccan Crises
First Moroccan Crisis
1904: France and Britain enter into an alliance. (secret)
1905: Kaiser Wilhelm II visits French Morocco
Morocco was split into two sections (French & Spanish)
Germany wanted to control Morocco:
Port access to the Mediterranean
Stick-up to England and France
You are so wonderful. You should start a revolution.
War could have broken out here.
1906: Peace Conference in Algeciras, Spain
Germany was totally humiliated
France: get lost Germany: why Britain: just
get lost
The secret alliance between France and Britain was
revealed.
-> This freaked out Germany and Austro-Hungary
1907: Britain-Russia Alliance; Britain was afraid of
Germany colonising the Mediterranean
Second Moroccan Crisis
1911: French attempt to conquer Morocco
Germans sent the warship Panther to Agadir under the
pretext of protecting Germans there.
Stand-off
Simmers down
Logic/attitude of imperialism was accepted and reigned
superior.
Militarism and Nationalism
Militarism Definitions:
the army and military forces are given a high profile by the
government.
Predominance of the military class or its ideals.
Exaltation of military virtues and ideals.
Absolute strict order
adherence to the hierarchial structure
military virtues in ALL areas of the society (social &
cultural acceptance)
Also the supplies: farmers & factory workers

Chae 45

A policy of aggressive military preparedness

stock pilining weapons
encourages everyone else to be militaristic
All evident in European society at that time.
Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1
Set-up for militarism-dominant Europe
A war between France and Prussia that ended the French Second
Empire and led to the founding of modern Germany
Both originally seen as equal in war.
France had advantage? (home adv.)
But Prussian army completely destroyed the French army. How?
Industrialized warfare -> efficient use of railways, steel, etc.
Military organisation -> strict way; accomplished great
goals; even the entire society was militaristic
Nation in arms -> led many nations to be prepared for war
even if they arent in war.
Prussians demonstrated that this kind of attitude leads to success in
the long-run.
Frances loss encouraged other nations to be like Prussia.
Five aspects of Militarism
Needed for National Preservation ->
building up the paranoia
Demand respect (presence of large military)
A level of unprecedented respect for the function of society
& military
Created unprecedented anxiety
the building of wartime products and rumour increase in
the level of anxiety of the people
Controlled governments
military controlled the government
generals are leading the countries than the politicians or
diplomats
WAR is an assumed solution to conflict
rather than diplomacy or exchange of money.
because of the large standing army
Growing European divide had led to an arms race between the main
nations.
e.g. French and German armies had more than doubled between 1870 and
1914. Fierce competition between Britain and Germany for mastery of the
seas.

Chae 46
British introduction of the Dreadnought, an effective battleship, in 1906.
Germans followed suit with their own battleships.
Schlieffen Plan - attacking France through Belgium if Russia made an
attack on Germany.
NB. The implementation of Schlieffen Plan made Britain declare
war against Germany for violating Treaty of London (1839), which
guaranteed Belgian neutrality.
GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, FRANCE, BRITAIN, RUSSIA,
OTTOMAN EMPIRE = Great Powers
Most severely affected by the need to be recognised (arms race)
Britain vs. Germany
Europe became militaristic
Militaries pressured for aggression (desire to use the enormous
armies)
Diplomacy was set aside.
FERTILE CONTEXT for the Great War
Nationalism
Definition:
being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of ones country.
Loyalty and devotion to a nation, especially a sense of national
consciousness exalting one nation above all others (Deutschland
Deutschland Uber Alles) and placing primary emphasis on
promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other
nations or super-national groups.
Four common characteristics shared to create nationalism
Language
communicate with each other
stories of our lives
people less interested in identifying themselves with large
empires
More interested in identifying themselves e.g. not British
Empire, but INDIA.
Geography
Culture
History
Creates justification for many cruel actions (Rise of terror = volatile &
violent)
Starting from late middle ages: nation, common culture, geography,
language, THAN religion.
Congress of Vienna left Germany and Italy divided.

Chae 47
Nationalism drove the unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871.
France was angry for losing Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
Effects of nationalism in Europe
Unifications
Intensification of pride
Greater desire for autonomy, rather than being a part of an
empire
Weakened eastern empires
Especially in Balkan Peninsula
Serbians & Bulgarians, than Ottoman Empire
People attempting to protect their own nation & interests
In the name of Deutschland! Sieg heil!
Large areas of Austria-Hungary and Serbia were home to differing
nationalist groups, all of whom wanted freedom from the states in which
they lived.
developments in the Balkans
Background
Ottoman Empire - still in control of the Balkans
but Balkans location and nationality of its inhabitants were a concern for
both Russia & Austria-Hungary
Slavic Serbs
Special interest to Russia
Shared commonalities like language and culture
Trying to gain help take care of Balkan Peninsula through
alliances
To weaken Austria & Ottoman Empire
To solidify its control over central Europe
Others were concerned for they werent sure of Russian motive
Their problem = Your problem!
Serbic problem becomes Frances problem as well.
Other nations in alliance get pulled into the conflict
between Austria-Hungary and Russia
WWI!
Pan-Slavic Movement
Yugoslavia = Southern Slavia, like Germany and Italy
Russias influence; relied heavily on Russia for even the
supporting of idea
Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania
Movement amongst the people
-> Made other empires nervous

Chae 48
Does not want another centralized, nationalistic power
(needed to be watched over)
Concern about Russia
Contributed to the paranoia of WWI
Bosnian Crisis
Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia in 1908.
This angered Serbians who felt that the province should be theirs.
Serbia threatened Austria-Hungary with war.
Russia, allied with Serbia, mobilised its forces.
Germany, allied to Austria-Hungary, mobilised its forces and prepared to
threaten Russia.
War was avoided when Russia backed down.
Balkan Wars
In 1911 and 1912 the Balkan states (Montenegro, Greece, Serbia,
Romania, and Bulgaria) drove Ottoman Empire out of the area.
The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which
state.
Austria-Hungary intervened and forced Serbia to give up land.
Tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary were high.
the crisis of June-July 1914 and the outbreak of war
Igniting the Powder Keg
Why Balkan Peninsula?
Nationalistic movements yugoslavia
Imperialism of Austro-Hungary
Alliance -> Germanys blank check
Militarism -> Austrian army, Russian, etc. Overly confident
Serbia & Its relationship with Austro-Hungary; gunpowder
accumulated
MAIN built tension.
Franz Joseph I:
Emperor of Austria (very old king)
Very skeptical of small nations like Serbia
Reactionary against modern trends
Disapprove of nationalistic movements -> ok as long as
pro-Austria
Against Bosnia and Serbias influence on Bosnia &
Herzegovina
Franz Joseph I vs. Franz-Ferdinand
Franz-Ferdinands wife Sophie was disapproved by Franz-Joseph

Chae 49
Franz-Ferdinand was not Franz Josephs favourite nephew, but he
was nonetheless next in line for the throne.
Old Problem, New Twist
Problem
Austro-Hungary covering many nationalities over people
groups and geographies
Amalgamation of differences squished together.
Austria surrounded by various nations.
Twist
Slavic nations to the South (Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, and
Bosnia)
They all wanted to become a united Yugoslavia
Bosnia controlled by Austria, who was not in favour of
Pan-Slavic movement.
Serbian immigration to Russia, which returned many
favours (such as protecting Serbia)
Language & Culture share
Serbians convincing Bosnians to rebel which incited
Austrian anger
Extremist group gather in Serbia to discuss the problem at
hand and realize Yugoslavia
Gavrilo Princips Assassination of Franz-Ferdinand
First shot of a World at War, June 28, 1914.
Franz-Ferdinand visits Bosnia on a goodwill tour.
Princips motivations
To incite an insurrection in Bosnia
War with Austria?
Many conflicting ideas
Timeline
First failed bombing; motorcar was almost bombed, but the
attempt was averted.
On return trip, the car made a turn off to side street
Princip fires at Franz-Ferdinand and Sophie, who died
This led to the domino effect towards war.
Great War Begins
Austrias ultimatum, a month after Franz-Ferdinands death, gets
rejected by Serbia
Austria goes into war, knowing that Germany has its back:
demonstrates the weakness of the alliance system; compelled to go
to war regardless of why

Chae 50
Domino Effect
Austria-Hungary on Serbia
Russia on Austria-Hungary
Germany on Russia and France
Britain on Germany and Austria-Hungary
GGOP
Depth Study A: Germany, 191845
1 Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?
Focus Points
How did Germany emerge from defeat at the end of the First World War?
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the Republic?
To what extent did the Republic recover after 1923?
What were the achievements of the Weimar period?
2 Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?
Focus Points
What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920s?
Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930?
Why was Hitler able to become Chancellor by 1933?
How did Hitler consolidate his power in 19334?
3 The Nazi regime
(a) How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 193345?
Focus Points
How much opposition was there to the Nazi regime?
How effectively did the Nazis deal with their political opponents?
How did the Nazis use culture and the mass media to control the people?
Why did the Nazis persecute many groups in German society?
Was Nazi Germany a totalitarian state?
(b) What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?
Focus Points
How did young people react to the Nazi regime?
How successful were Nazi policies towards women and the family?
Did most people in Germany benefit from Nazi rule?
How did the coming of war change life in Nazi Germany?
Specified Content
The Revolution of 1918 and the establishment of the Republic
Impact of World War I on Germany
Malnutrition (300,000 civilian deaths related to malnutrition, 1914-18)
The government was forced to slaughter 1/3 of all pigs in 1915 because
the naval blockade had cut off imports of fodder to feed them.

Chae 51
The blockade cut supplies of nitrates to Germany - vital for explosives for
the army and fertilisers for the farmers. -> food supply goes down
In Germany in 1915, the adult meat ration for one week was the equivalent
of two burgers in a modern fast-food restaurant.
Food shortages even after the war.
Germany lost the war in 1918. Allies offered Germany peace under strict
conditions, one being that Germany should be more democratic.
In November 1918, Kaiser refuses Allies conditions.
Sailors in Northern Germany got angry and munitied, taking over the town
of Kiel.
Socialist-led uprisings occurred in other ports.
In Bavaria, an independent socialist republic was declared.
The Spanish influenza affected the German population
Kaiser abdicated on November 9.
Friedrich Ebert becomes the new Chancellor of Germany on November 10.
The armistice is signed with Germany on November 11.
The Versailles Settlement and German reactions to it
After the war, Germans felt hopeless. They were angry and frustrated.
Great Britain, France, and USA wanted to exert their influence on the Treaty of
Versailles.
Woodrow Wilson: Wanted to create a stable, democratic Germany that
was a contributable member of Europe.

a better and more peaceful world

League of Nations that would help and support each other
and help to promote world peace

right to self-determination. The right to decide which
country you wish to be governed by (for the people of Eastern
Europe)

Joined the War Late (1917) and hadn't suffered as much as
the other Allies in terms of human & material costs

Disappointed with the Treaty b/c few of his Fourteen Points
were acted upon.

The Senate refused to join the League and refused to sign
the Treaty. In America, growing desire for a policy of isolation and
leave Europe to its own devices.

Wilson believed that Germany should be punished, but in a
way that would lead to European reconciliation (peace) as opposed
to revenge (war).

Chae 52
Georges Clemenceau: Wanted to undermine, weaken, and destroy
Germany because France was severely damaged by Germany in FrancoPrussian War and WWI.

To cripple Germany so it couldn't attack France again.

Wanted Germany broken down into smaller states
(weakened).

France had suffered the most during the war so Clemenceau
was under great pressure from the French people to make Germany
pay.

Liked the harsh things that were in the Treaty, especially
reparations, because they would weaken Germany while helping
France to recover.

Germany should be brought to its knees so that she could
never start a war again. (had been invaded by Germany before in
1871)

Liked a small German army, the demilitarised zone in the
Rhineland, b/c it would protect France from attack in the future.
France received Alsace-Lorraine back from Germany (back from
1871). He wanted the Treaty to be harsher.
David Lloyd George: Wanted just the reparations and money.

Germany to be justly punished, but not too harshly

Germany to lose its navy and colonies as these were a threat
to Britain's own navy and empire

Germany and Britain to become trading partners.

OVERALL: Don't want Germany too harshly as he did not
want Germany seeking revenge in the future.

Pressure on Lloyd George: "Hang the Kaiser" & "make
Germany Pay" - common calls from the public

Lloyd George personally hated the Treaty, but he had to
echo these views due to the public opinion (or else he would have
lost the election.)

He liked the fact that UK got German colonies, and the
small German navy helped British sea-power. But, although many
British people wanted to "make Germany pay," Lloyd George
thought that the Treaty was too harsh, and it would start another
war in 25 years.

Wilson

Wanted

Did not want

Reconstruction
Reconciliation

Germany crippled
Future war

Chae 53

League of Nations
Fourteen Points
Clemenceau

Germany totally crippled

Germany in a position to
invade France again

Lloyd George

Reparations
German navy gone
Keep British public happy

Another War
Harsh Treaty

Terms of Treaty of Versailles and German Reactions to them

Article 231 - Germany had to accept the total
responsibility for starting the war. (War Guilt
Clause)

Blow to German Pride

Germany had to pay 6.6 billion GBP in

reparations to cover Allied damages and war
losses. Reparations

Damaged German economy

Germany had to hand over some 70,000

square km of land. This accounted for about
13% of all of her land and six million of her
people who lived there.

Damaged German economy & pride

Germany was to have her colonies taken away Damaged German economy & pride
from her. These colonies were administered
by the Allies on behalf of the League.
The German army was to have no more than
100,000 men and the navy was limited to
15,000 sailors. There was to be no air force
and no submarines.

Damaged German military & pride

The German navy was only allowed 6

Damaged German military & pride
battleships and Germany was forbidden to buy
any more weapons and other war material.
An allied army was to occupy the Rhineland
for a period of 15 years. No German troops
were to be allowed into the occupation zone.

Damaged German economy & pride

Many Germans hated the Treaty, especially Article 231 which blamed
them for starting the war.

Chae 54
The German government that had agreed to the Treaty became known as
the November Criminals
Many Germans felt that they were being punished for the mistakes of the
Kaiser and the German government of 1914 who had started the War as
well as the German government of 1919 that had signed the treaty. SENSE
OF BETRAYAL.
Germans used Diktat to refer to the Treaty and Treaty negotiations.
The Weimar constitution, the main political divisions, the role of the army
Main Facets of the Constitution
Germany was to be a democracy.
The Reichstag was to make the laws and control the government.
Men and women over the age of 20 could vote in elections for deputies to
the Reichstag.
Fundamental Laws: rights of all German citizens.
Personal Freedom - No one can be arrested unless they broke the
law.
Freedom of Expression/Speech - All Germans can express their
opinion in speech, writing, or picture.
The Freedom to hold peaceful meetings and form unions and
societies.
Voting was done by proportional representation, so a party receiving 10%
of the vote would get 10% of the deputies.
Chancellor = head of the government
President = head of the state. Elected every 7 years.
Could dissolve the Reichstag.
Order fresh elections
in times of emergency, suspend the Reichstag and rule by himself.
Right to suspend the Fundamental Laws (Article 48)
Appointment of federal judges and officers of Reichswehr
Weaknesses of the Constitution
No party ever won a majority in the Reichstag. So many political parties
existed in Germany. Thus all governments were coalitions.
When faced with serious problems, Coalitions often collapsed. They also
could not pass the much needed laws.
These coalitions were also very unstable.
Many aristocrats, industrialists, and army officers did not like the new
democracy. They wanted a strong leader to lead Germany.
Judges who were hostile to Weimar Republic could undermine its
authority.
The president could rule like a dictator if he wanted to, using Article 48.

Chae 55
Political disorder, 191923:
Spartacist Uprising, 1919
In January 1919 a left wing uprising occurred in Berlin.
Originating in a General Strike of million workers, this turned into a
bloody uprising.
Chancellor Ebert and his moderate socialist SDP led Germany after WWI.
Some socialist politicians thought Ebert and SDPs policies to be more
reflective of right-wing and conservative factions.
The removal of Berlin police chief Emil Eichhorn on January 4, 1919 was
the catalyst for the revolt.
The Communist Party, the USPD, and the shop managers gathered and
decided to remove Ebert and SDP from power.
The socialists quickly took over crucial communication locations in Berlin
after having organised their supporters.
The government briefly discussed peace with the left-wing factions.
Neither side wanted to concede from their original positions.
As demonstrations became more aggressive, Chancellor Ebert relocated
his government from Berlin to Weimar. There, he convened the German
army and the Freikorps, a right wing group consisting of the veterans of
WWI.
Soon, the well-trained and seasoned government forces and Freikorps
retook important locations such as the Printing Office by January 8.
The Communist coalition crumbled. The Communist Party ousted Karl
Liebnecht, one of the Uprising leaders, and decided not to support the
revolt anymore.
On January 11, members of Freikorps encompassed Police HQ the leftwing stronghold; two days later, it was captured, leaving the uprising as a
failure.
In the next few days, the Freikorps arrested many principal left wing
politicians like Liebnecht and Luxembourg, and killed them immediately.
The Spartacist Uprising was conceived as a failure from the beginning.
The left wing supporters did not have adequate training or
equipment and were conflicting factions with disparate objectives
for Germany's future.
Most of all, the Spartacists had no effective leadership or
command structure.
did not stand a chance against the well-trained, well-equipped,
well-led German army and Freikorps members.
Nonetheless, the fact that a left-wing revolution occurred in Berlin (the
capital of Germany) exacerbated the existing fear of Bolshevism amongst

Chae 56
Germany's centre and right wing. These two factors fuelled anticommunist feelings and the phobia of Russian-style revolution for the
upcoming elections and politics of Weimar Republic.
The Kapp Putsch, 1920
Took place in Berlin, Weimar Germany in March 1920.
Wolfgang Kapp = a right-wing journalist who opposed all that he believed
Ebert stood for especially after humiliation of Treaty of Versailles
Direct threat to Weimar Republic.
Kapp was assisted by General Luttwitz who led a group of Freikorps men.
On March 13, 1920, Luttwitz seized Berlin and proclaimed that a new
centre right nationalist govt was established with Kapp as chancellor.
Ebert could not impose his will on the situation. He had to leave Berlin for
the second time, undermining his authority and demonstrating his
weakness.
Govt reconvened in Dresden; it could only call for a general strike to
paralyse the supporters of Kapp and Luttwitz.
Kapp received support from General Erich Luderndorff. But the main
officer corps of the army failed to follow Luderndorffs lead.
The military felt ambivalent; some form of support from a president who
gave them free hand in dealing with Spartacist uprising in 1919? But
military did nothing to stop the putsch and give active support to Ebert.
The general strike ensured that supporters of Kapp could not move around.
Such paralysis doomed the putsch to failure.
Kapp and Luttwitz fled Berlin on March 17.
Importance/significance of Kapp Putsch
Govt could not enforce its authority even in the capital.
Govt could not put down a challenge to its authority.
Only a mass power of a general strike could re-establish Eberts
authority.
People of Berlin were willing to support Eberts government rather than a
right-wing govt.
Ebert had the support of Berliners?
Ebert was irrelevant to the Berliners thinking, who wanted no
more trouble after experiencing the Spartacist Uprising in 1919.
Peace was more important than politics.
Supporters of Kapp & Luttwitz were future supporters of Nazi Party.
the occupation of the Ruhr
Versailles reparation bill was set at 6.6bn GBP in April 1921 to be paid in
annual installments.
This was to be 2% of Germanys industrial output.

Chae 57
First installment of 50mn GBP was paid in 1921.
In 1922, nothing was paid.
January 1923: French and Belgian troops invaded Ruhr to take over the
raw materials.
The German government ordered the workers to go into passive resistance.
The French reacted harshly by killing over 100 workers and expelling
100,000 protesters from the region. They also brought their own workers
to work in the region.
France tried to cut off Ruhr from rest of Germany.
Set up border patrols
Deported German police, officials, etc.
Germans were united under the common hatred for French.
This led to violence and the collapse of German currency.
Vast demonstrations ensued. Germans started killing French soldiers as
well.
economic crises and hyper-inflation
The occupation of the Ruhr caused the hyper-inflation; passive resistance
led to Germany having no goods to trade.
This led to government printing off enormous amount of money.
This led to inflation spiralling out of control.
People lost their lifesavings to buy food. Workers wives had to take
suitcases to collect their husbands wages twice a day.
Middle class took the most damage, for they were paid monthly. Any
investments they had partaken in became worthless as well.
Working class wasnt damaged a lot, because they were paid daily.
Upper class benefitted, for their debt became worthless.
Old age pensioners, disabled people, and the unemployed who were on
fixed incomes faced starvation; they did not have enough money to buy
food.
People who had borrowed money on the other hand found it easy to repay
the debt in worthless marks. Some businessmen made fortune in this way.
Trade with other nations became impossible; Germany was unable to pay
for imports of food and other necessary products.
Malnutrition continued
Germans began to support the Nazis because of fear of uncertain future.
The Stresemann era
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Amidst the political and economic turmoil, Adolf Hitler made his first bid
for power. He led an uprising in Bavaria.

Chae 58
He intended to overthrow the Bavarian government and organise a march
towards Berlin. Convinced that the army and the people would support
him.

At a meeting in Munich's largest Beer Hall, Hitler and a group of
armed Nazis took members of the Bavarian government as hostages.

The next day Hitler and his supporters marched through Munich on
their way to army barracks. Police and troops stopped them. 16 Nazis were
killed.

Hitler was put on trial and sentenced to 5 years. He only served 9
months. He decided from then on to use legal methods to gain power.
Economic Achievements
In early 1924 Stresemann became German chancellor. He persuaded Ebert
to use his emergency powers.
Ebert and Stresemann scrapped the worthless mark and introduced a new
currency called Rentenmark.
He also resumed reparations payment and called off the passive resistance.
Government spending was also cut. (700,000 workers lost their jobs.)
Hyperinflation finally ended when the Americans decided to help
Germany out. (Dawes Plan)
USA granted a huge amount of loan to Germany (800 million
marks). The USA also reorganised Germanys reparation payments,
which gave Germany economic stability.
Wages for workers rose.
Industrial production went up.
Big businesses did well.
In 1924 France pulled out of Ruhr.
Had the economy recovered?
Yes

In the late 1920s the economy was clearly recovering
from the crisis of 1923.

Shops and theatres were doing good business. Cafes
were full. Architects were creating exciting new buildings.
Film makers were producing successful new films.

In 1924 Germany was helped by the USA. The
Dawes plan gave Germany huge loans (800 million marks).
The USA also reorganised Germany's reparations
repayments. This gave Germany economic stability. Wages
for workers rose. Industrial production went up. Big
businesses, like chemicals and steel did well. So did the big
cities where these industries were based.

Chae 59
No

Germany's recovery was totally dependent on
American loans. These loans were for a short period only.
The American banks could demand their money back at a
very short notice if they wanted.

Farmers found it hard to sell their goods at a decent
price.

Small businesses (such as local shops) suffered from
competition from big businesses (e.g. department stores)

The wages of people working in public services did
not go up as fast as wages for industrial workers. As a
result many people in these sections of society felt bitter
towards the Weimar Republic.
Foreign Affairs Achievements
Locarno Treaty
In 1925, Stresemann signed the Locarno Treaty. Germany accepted
the borders between Germany, France, and Belgium set out in the
Treaty of Versailles.
Locarno Treaty improved Germanys relations with France, Britain,
and the USA.
It left Poland and Czechoslovakia a bit nervous. The treaty said
nothing about their borders with Germany.
League of Nations
In 1926, Germany was invited to join the League of Nations.
Being invited to join the League meant that Germany was accepted
by the rest of the world.
Other Achievements
Being part of the League helped Stresemann to renegotiate some
other terms of Versailles Treaty.
In 1928 Germany signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact along with 60
other nations, promising that they would not use war as part of
their foreign policy.
Stresemann also agreed to Young Plan (1929) with USA. This
reduced reparations payments and spread out the installments to
make them easier to pay back.
Extremists accused Stresemann of being a traitor for cooperating with
France, USA, and Britain. They were usually Communists or Nazis.
Cultural achievements of the Weimar period.

With the economy recovering after 1924 the period from 1924 to 1929 is
seen as a golden age of culture.

Chae 60

There had been censorship under the Kaiser but now there was greater
freedom in which criticism of the government and songs and books mentioning
sex were allowed.

Berlin became a centre of the arts with over 120 newspapers and 40
theatres.

German literature also flourished, Erich Remarque's "All Quiet on the
Western Front" selling over half a million books.

Playwrights such as Bertolt Brecht and painters like George Grosz won
international fame too.

Films such as Nosferatu and Metrapolis.

HOWEVER...

Some Germans hated the new ideas in art and saw them as decadent and
unpatriotic.

They wanted art to celebrate the traditional values of German society. They
saw the new artistic styles, popular music, jazz and clubs showed how Germany
was going into moral decline.
-- The early years of the Nazi Party:
Nazi ideas and methods
Hitlers 21 Demands
We demand the uniting of all Germans under one Greater Germany,
on the basis of the right to self-determination of nations.
We demand equal rights for the German people with respect to
other nations, and the annulment of the Treaties of St. Germain and
Versailles.
We demand land and soil (colonies) to feed our people and settle
our excess population. (Lebensraum)
Only Nationals can be Citizens of the State. Only persons of
German blood can be Nationals, regardless of religious affiliation.
Thus no Jew can be a German national.
Background to Nazi Growth
Communists (1919 Spartacist Uprising, caused trouble, people
were terrified of their violence)
Hyper-inflation, Ruhr Crisis
Nazis - A Terrorist Group
Hitler assembled the Stormtroopers (SA), composed of
unemployed men and former soldiers, to attack other political
groups.
He hoped to take power through a revolution.
the Munich Putsch

Chae 61
Background
Hitler plotted to take over Munich with two other nationalist
politicians, Kahr and Lossow.
Hitler collected the stormtroopers and told them to be ready to
rebel.
On October 4, 1923, Kahr and Lossow cancelled the revolution.
Hitler could not contain 3,000 troops who were ready to fight.
General Ludendorff was also involved.
Why did Hitler attempt the Munich Putsch?
By 1923, the Nazi Party had 55,000 members and was stronger
than ever.
Hitler wanted to exploit the Crises of 1923.
The Weimar Republic was in crisis and was about to collapse.
In September, the Weimar government called off the passive
resistance in the Ruhr; this angered many nationalists.
Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist
politicians in Bavaria.
Hitler had a large army of Stormtroopers; but he would lose
control of them if he didnt give them something to do.
Hitler wanted to copy off Mussolini who came to power in Italy
after marching to Rome in 1922.
Events
On November 8, Hitler and 600 SA men burst into the local beer
hall where Kahr and Lossow were holding a meeting. The SA also
took over the Army Headquarters and the local newspaper office.
Hitler forced the two to agree to rebel.
The next day, Hitler and the Nazis went into Munich on what they
thought would be a triumphal march to take power. (He wanted to
copy off Mussolinis March to Rome) - Triumphal march
However, Kahr called on the police and the army reinforcements.
There was a short scuffle; the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler was
arrested 2 days later. Subsequently he was sentenced to 5 years in
Landsberg Prison, but he was released after 9 months.
Results
The Munich Putsch was a failure.
The Nazi Party was banned. Hitler was forbidden from speaking in
public until 1927.
Hitler went to prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf. Millions of
Germans later read it, making them be well-acquainted with his
ideas.

Chae 62
Had he not been sent to prison in 1923, he would have gotten
embroiled in another Putsch, where he would be likely be
sentenced to death or for life.
The subsequent trial made Hitler a national hero. This laid the
foundation of his future success. Hitler gained enormous publicity.
Hitler realised that he can never come in power through a violent
revolution. He would have to use constitutional means. So he
organised:
The Hitler Youth
Propaganda machines
Mergers with other right-wing parties.
Local branches of the Party, which tried to get the Nazis
elected to the Reichstag
The SS as his personal bodyguard in 1925.
It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually
brought him to power.
"Hitler would have had no chance of ever gaining power without
the failure of the Munich Putsch."
Hitler learnt that he needed the support of the army, the business
community, and the police.
The only way to dismantle democracy is to destroy the system
from within.
the roles of Hitler and other Nazi leaders
Hitler - the overall commander
Joseph Goebbels - the Media/Propaganda Minister
Hermann Goering - the Gestapo & Minister for Prussia/ early SA leader
Rudolf Hess - Hitlers personal secretary, later Deputy Fuehrer
Heinrich Himmler - The SS, the Gestapo, and the Concentration Camps
Ernst Roehm - The SA, later purged
The impact of the Depression on Germany:
political, economic and social crisis of 19303
The Great Depression
In the late 1920s, the German economy was doing well.
The Great Depression made 1 out of 3 Germans unemployed.
Causes of Impact
After Black Thursday, everything in America loses value:
stocks, bonds, shares, etc.
USA stopped giving money to Germany and started to
recall the debt.
Impact on Germany

Chae 63
Germany appeared to be on the brink of civil war. Weimar
Republic was wrecked by armed street fighting waged mainly
between communists and nazis.
Bankruptcies, suicides, and malnourishment all skyrocketed
40 per cent of the working population were unemployed
As anxiety and fear gripped the masses of unemployed men,
women were urged to give up their jobs and return home to their
traditional roles as wives and mothers
When the American financiers withdrew their support, the German
economy crumbled. Despite the impressive growth, it was not
ready for such a fast infraction of cash and capital.
Banks struggled to provide money and credit; in 1931 several
Austrian and German banks struggled, and many of them folded.
In 1930 the US put up tariff barriers to protect its own companies;
the German companies found it very difficult to access American
markets and secure credits.
Rise of Extremism
With the Weimar government hopeless in controlling the situation,
people became more frustrated and thus became more politically
active.
Due to their stupidity, people often voted for extremists. (Nazis or
Communists)
Communists
Depression showed that the capitalist system was doomed
and communism is the only logical solution.
Nazis
Blamed the Weimar Republic, Treaty of Versailles, the
Marxists, and the Jews.
Promised to get rid of the enemies within who were
destroying Germany.
With the increase of extremism, political violence also increased.
500 were killed or seriously wounded within 7 weeks of
political fighting during the 1932 elections.
reasons for the Nazis rise to power
The 5 Key Points
Great Depression was triggered by the collapse of US stock prices
in 1929 after a decade-long economic boom.
This led to economic downturn in many countries, where
businesses closed and workers were laid off.

Chae 64
In Germany, 6 million men were out of work. Unemployment was
the most prominent factor.
The Bruning government failed to respond effectively; they relied
on tax raises and budget cutbacks than expenditure.
This led to more people supporting Hitler and Nazi Party.
Weimar Governments incompetence
The normal government response to a depression/recession would
be to increase government expenditure. (like the New Deal)
However, Heinrich Bruning, the Chancellor, decided to increase
the taxes and cut the budget down in fear of the inflation.
He introduced higher taxation to reduce the budget deficit.
He implemented wage cuts and expenditure reduction to lower the
prices.
The Reichstag rejected Brunings Plan.
The German people were not content with his plan. The coalition
government collapsed due to the Social Democrats withdrawal.
Due to the collapse of the coalition, Bruning relied on Article 48 of
the Weimar constitution which gave the President special powers
in cases of emergency.
Paul von Hindenburg (president) - he was an 84 years old war hero,
supported by business and army leaders. He was well past his
prime; he now ruled Germany by dictatorial decree.
The Nazi Change in Tactic
After Hitler was released from jail in 1924, he decided to win the
hearts of German people LEGALLY.
At first, he concentrated on the working class votes.
The working class, who were the jobless people that were
forced off the streets, wanted the WORK.
If political parties seem to be providing what the people
want, they receive a substantial boost to their power in the
parliament.
Corner-stones of Nazi Party
ARBEIT - Work
FREIHEIT - Freedom (from the Treaties, threats of
invasion, etc.)
BROT - Bread
Building blocks for the reconstruction of Germany; they
were the things that most Germans were concerned about.
Propaganda
Nazis = masters of Propaganda.

Chae 65
Stirred up fear and hatred of communists.
Violence at opposition election meetings. SA could easily
crush it and be seen as dealing with Communists. Played
on peoples fears.
German Guy - macho, muscular, working class,
honourable, patriotic, determined
Nazis also released Anti-Semitic propaganda which
appealed to the working class.
They were looking for someone to be blamed for the
inflation, unemployment, etc.
Living Space (lebensraum)
Aryan race propaganda as well.
This led to the increase in Nazi Party support and membership.
Depression = gift to the Nazis
Weimar government is weak -> You need a strong leadership.
Hitler is your man.
Unemployment? -> Road building and public works
Worried about Communists (Red Scare) -> Nazis SA are the only
ones who know how to deal with them.
1928 - 12 (2.6%)
1930 - 107 (18.3%)
Jul 1932 - 230 (37.3%)
Nov 1932 - 196 (33.1%)
1933 - 288 (43.9%)
Organisation of the Nazi Party
Veterans of WWI. Organised, disciplined, obedient, teamwork.
Well-trained and motivated.
Propaganda (as seen above)
Support from the Industrialists in 1931. Hitlers deal with
Nationalists for cooperation and support from big businesses.
Use of technology
Use of the Radio for the first time
For 1932 Presidential elections, Hindenburg just gave 1
speech.
Goebbels chartered a plane to fly Hitler all over Germany
to speak at 4-5 rallies per day.
Radio broadcasts, election posters, rallies, parades, and
marches carried off Nazi messages into every town and city
of Germany.
Promise to Voters

Chae 66
Every sector of Germany society seemed to hear something
it wanted to hear.
Workers -> promised jobs
Employers -> restored profits
Farmers -> higher prices
Shopkeepers -> protection against competition
Flexibility
If Nazis found an idea was losing them support, they would
change it.
Nazi spoke powerfully for the nationalisation of industry
(which had always been 1 of Nazi's beliefs). When they
found out how alarmed the industrialists were they quickly
dropped the idea. Never mentioned again.
It doesn't really matter what you promise as long as people
trust you.
Nazis would "make Germany great again!"
Germans were actually very unsure as to what the Nazis
really stood for.
Hitler the Superman Despite the barrage of electioneering: the unblinking focus
on Hitler, the strong leader whom Germany needed and
wanted. [consistent]
Physical appearance was adapted (on poster at least).
It no longer seemed to matter what he said, just how he said
it. The opposition had no one to match him.
Weakness of Opposition
Other parties - very weak & consistently underestimated
the Nazis. They quarrelled among themselves rather than
uniting to face Nazis' challenges.
Nazis = fear parasites. They fed off from the concerns and the fear
of people. They bred irrational fear.
Hitler takes power
the Reichstag Fire and the election of 1933
-- Nazi rule in Germany:
the Enabling Act
Gave Hitler all the plenary power; the power to make law without the
consent of Reichstag.
Stood above the heels of Reichstag Fire Decree
Legislators were threatened by Nazi Troops at Kroll Opera House

Chae 67

Communists were already ousted; only Social Democrats voted against the
Act.
the Night of the Long Knives
Although Hitler was now in charge of Germany, he was still not in total
control of the party.
the death of Hindenburg
the removal of opposition
methods of control and repression
use of culture and the mass media
Economic policy including rearmament
Different experiences of Nazi rule:
women and young people
anti-Semitism
persecution of minorities
opposition to Nazi rule
Impact of the Second World War on Germany:
the conversion to war economy
the Final Solution.
Stick -> Terror
After the Reichstag fire, Nazis rounded off many opponents and killed/tortured
them in concentration camps.
1. Control of the Police & Courts (early 1933)
Judges and Lawyers
Outcome already determined
2. SS
Hitlers personal bodyguard
Very best members of SA
Grew into a huge organisation after Night of Long Knives
Concentration Camps, own courts
3. Gestapo
Reinhard Heydrich
sorting out Enemies of State
Fear of these organisations made people conform.
Jews, Homosexuals, gypsies, Jehovahs Witnesses, Alcoholics, etc.
Carrot - Nazi Achievements
Some Germans liked Hitler and what Nazis did.
Need no persuasion.
Helped farming communities. Farming Laws. Govt promised to purchase farm
produce and stopped banks from taking land away from debt-ridden farmers.

Chae 68

Industrial Workers - got work! Better working conditions. Labour Movement.

Strength through Joy movement - leisure activities
43 hrs/week (1933) -> 47 hrs/week (1939); slow rise of wage
All were prepared to put up with Nazi rule.
Nazis removed the threat of Communism. Middle Class.
Big business. Producing armaments. Banned trade unions (May 1933)
Massive economic improvements.
Rearming - increased national pride & economic boom
Millions of jobs were created through construction projects and government
spending.
Propaganda
Supported the Stick & Carrot
People had to told how to think.
Cheap radio sets were manufactured. (for propaganda)
Closed down of newspapers. Only things that benefitted the Nazis were
reported.
Nazi Chamber of Culture. All journalists, musicians, and artists had to belong in
this chamber, or they could not partake in any activity.
No need for censorship.
Triumph of the Will 1934 Nuremberg Rally
The Eternal Jew 1940 vicious anti-Jewish film
Huge buildings in Berlin. Massive sculptures. idealized bodies
Posters & photographs. Massive impressive rallies and marches.
1936 Olympic Games - Germany won the most number of medals. Film
Olympia
Do you think that the work of Goebbels was more important to Nazi Success than
Himmler?
Do you think Himmler
Do you think that the techniques of repression and propaganda work hand in hand?
Young People
Nazis reorganised the school system to make the children loyal to them.
History lesson - One would be outraged to find out how the German Army was
stabbed in the back by the weak politicians.
Hardships were caused by Jews who squeezed out profit from the Germans.
Loyalty to the Fueher was right.
Biology - Aryan people are special. Superior, intelligence than untermenschen
Math & Science - Nazi messages of racial hatred & glorification of war.
Hitler Youth & League of German Maidens (HJ & BDM)
Proud marching with loud music and drums
Just like a real soldier

Chae 69
Nazi Propaganda machine targeted the people.
The adults were not as keen as the children.
Swing Movement
Edelweiss Pirates
Women & Families
Persecution of Minorities