Class 9 - Road Infrastructure Development in India PDF
Class 9 - Road Infrastructure Development in India PDF
Class 9 - Road Infrastructure Development in India PDF
IN INDIA
ROAD DEVELOPMENT
SCENARIO
58,112
1,37,119
4,70,000
26,50,000
33,15,231
NHs are less than 2% of network but carry 40% of total traffic4
National Highways
Carriageway
Four-lane
Length
KM
1800
Two-lane
State Highways
Percent
4
Length
KM
1200
Percent
23700
66
238800
19
One-lane
15000
30
100500
80
Total
49500
100
125500
100
Highways
13,151
Golden Quadrilateral
High Density Traffic Corridors linking
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai & Kolkata
5,851*
Completion by 2003
North-South & East-West Corridors
N-S: Kashmir to Kanyakumari including Kochi-Salem
: 4,000
E-W: Silchar to Saurashtra
: 3,300
7,300
Completion by 2007
+ Road connectivity to Major Ports 400 km and other projects
7
involve about 600 km road development
(* Length after realignment )
NATIONAL
HIGHWAY
DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT
8
Golden
Quadrilateral
1000
200
25
498
175
192
686
487
437
688
275
752
471
66
5952
North-South
Corridor(km)
753
34
254
14
405
125
160
524
232
296
32
851
268
-
East-West
Corridor (km)
758
517
654
142
480
548
366
9
7413
FUNDING OF NHDP
PRIVATE
SECTOR 7.5%
CESS 37%
MARKET
BORROWINGS
18.5%
ASSISTANCE
FROM WORLD
BANK/ADB 37%
10
11
PRIVATE PARTICIPATION
IN EXECUTION OF NHDP
FOREIGNERS 8%
INDIAN FIRMS 65%
JOINT
VENTURES 27%
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
Length has increased to 58,112 km
Around 13,250 km for four/six lane by NHAI
8000 km identified for four laning by MoRTH (Improving about 4000 km to four lane and the
balance to be made all-weather two lane roads)
Additional lane to be added to about 8000 km
in the NH network.
13
STATE HIGHWAYS
About 5,000 km need upgradation to four
lane and the entire balance length needs
quality improvement to be made to fit as
potential future NHs.
Being improved through enhanced Budget,
external loan, 15% part receipt from cess on
diesel.
Private sector participation for bridges,
bypasses and maintenance works.
14
URBAN ROADS
30 % of the 100 crore population lives in urban
areas expected to grow 40 % of 140 crores in
2025
Severe pressure on the existing 2 lakh km of
Urban Roads
Need for augmentation of quality, capacity
through construction of flyovers and
underpassess etc.
15
RURAL ROADS
Other District Roads and Villages roads
Only 50 percent of habitations are provided
with all-weather roads
Massive rural road programme under PMGSY
Aim to connect all the habitations with 500 and
above by the year 2007 with all-weather roads.
Separate fund has been created by allocating 50 %
of cess on diesel (Dedicated Fund)
16
17
51,163
76,150
1,74,954
All-Weather Road
A road, which is negotiable during all weathers, except at
major river crossings. This implies that the road bed is drained
effectively by adequate Cross Drainage structures such as
culverts, minor bridges and causeways. Interruption to traffic
as per permitted frequency and duration are, however,
allowed.
The pavement should be negotiable during all-weathers, but
this does not necessarily imply that it should be paved or
surfaced or black topped. An earthen road with gravely soil or
an earthen road with a gravel or WBM layer on top permits allweather use, depending upon rainfall and soil type.
19
PMGSY
Rural Roads With Specifications
CARRIAGEWAY WIDTH
3.75 m
FORMATION WIDTH
7.50 m
LAND WIDTH
12.00 m
TECHNICAL INPUTS
THE PROGRAMME (PMGSY) IS DESIGNED WITH REQUIRED
TECHNICAL INPUTS
CONCEPT OF THE STATES ABOUT RURAL ROAD IS CHANGED
21
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Good and properly evaluated materials
conforming to respective IRC or BIS
specifications shall be used
Use of waste materials e.g. fly ash,
slag, sludge etc. to be explored,
maintaining requirements of design &
performance
Special efforts to be made for use of
locally available materials without
compromising quality
22
U.P., Rajasthan
Part of Rajasthan
NE,J&K,Himachal, Punjab, Bihar,
MP, Orissa,Gujarat, Maharashtra
& Tamilnadu
Laterite
Parts of NE, Maharashtra, AP, TN,
Karnataka, & Kerala
Moorum
MP,Orissa, Maharashtra, AP,
Karnataka &TN
Fly ash
In vicinity of Thermal Power plants
Slag
In vicinity of Steel plants
Marble waste
Rajasthan, Gujarat etc.
23
WBM Gr. II
WBM Gr. I
75 mm
100 mm
475 mm
Subbase GSB/
Stabilized soil
300 mm
Sand
drainage layer
200 mm
Subgrade
CBR 2
- II
20 mm Mix seal surfacing / open graded premix with sand seal or liquid seal
WBM Gr. III
WBM Gr. II
Subbase GSB/
Lime flyash
50 mm
100 mm
300 mm
150 mm
Subgrade
CBR 3 to 4
UPGRADATION
WIDENING & STRENGTHENING
20 mm Mix seal surfacing/ open graded premix with sand seal or liquid seal
BM
50 mm
WBM Gr. I
100 mm
150 mm
CAPACITY
REQUIRED
28
Excavator
Excavator Loaders
Front end Loaders
Crawler Tractor & Dozers
Cranes
Vibrator Rollers
Static Rollers
Asphalt Pavers
Hydrostatic
Motor graders
Hot Mix Plants 15T to 20T
2010-11
9700
2021
18500
1033
20750
4800
9600
2690
5400
4100
6500
1300
2100
1200
1400
300
400
225
340
340
650
970
1050
29
100
Concrete Pavers
100
Computerized Crushers
300
50,000
3,000
100
150
Pre-casting Yards
100
30
27,000
2,000
200
200
200
100
200
100
4,00,000
16,00,000
50,00,000
31
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Road Construction Industry in India is about Rs.150
billion size
The contracting industry consist of
Large scale contractors (Rs.500 million & above )
about 20 large contractors accounting 40 % of
construction activities
Medium scale contractors (Rs.100 500 million) is
involved about 20 % of construction activities
Small scale contractors (Rs.5-100 millions) is
involved about remaining 40 % .
32
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
34
USE OF
GEOTEXTILES FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF
EMBANKMENT WITH
STEEP SLOPE
LAYING OF
GEOTEXTILE OVER
SOIL SUBGRADE
(AS SEPARATOR)
38
39
LENGTH - 90 M,
MAX. HEIGHT - 5.25 M
ASH UTILIZED - 15, 000
CUBIC METRE
LAYING OF FRICTION TIES
SARITA VIHAR FLYOVER REINFORCED APPROACH
EMBANKMENT
ARRANGEMENT OF
FRICTION TIES
BEFORE LAYING
POND ASH
40
Lime stabilisation of
(Orissa)
43
Bituminous emulsion
Unmodified
Polymer modified
Rubber latex modified
44
COST
(Rs)/m2
70
80
74
96
28
102
108
110
116
116
90
88
84
84
LIFE
(Years)
3-4
4 5
4 5
5-6
4-5
6-7
6-7
7-8
7-8
7-8
7-8
7-8
6-7
6-7
EXTRA LIFE
(Years)*
-1
--+1
-+2
+2
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+2
+2
COST
(Rs)/m2
(Snow Bound Areas)*
25 mm Thick OGPC 80/100
45-50
25 mm Thick EVA
50-55
25 mm Thick SBS
55-60
(Coastal Areas) **
40 mm Thick BC 60/70 or 80/100
94-98
40 mm Thick BC EVA+LDPE
112-116
40 mm Thick BC -SBS
120-124
25 mm Thick SDBC 60/70
58-60
25 mm Thick SDBC (EVA+LDPE)
84-88
25 mm Thick SDBC-SBS
88-92
25 mm Thick BC 60/70
80-84
25 mm Thick BC (LDPE+ EVA)
90-94
25 mm Thick BC -SBS
98-102
* with reference to 20 mm OGPC-80/100
** with reference to 40 mm BC-60/70
LIFE
EXTRA LIFE
(Years)
(Years)
2-4
4-6
4-7
-+2
+3
4
7
7
3
6
6
3
4
6
-+3
+3
-1
+2
+3
-1
+1
+3
47
Traffic
Climate
Cost effectiveness
Performance reports
Constructability
Availability
48
++ Good;
+Satisfactory
> 50,000
SBS (++)
SBR (++)
CR, NR (+)
SBS (+++)
SBR (+++)
EVA (+++)
CR (+++)
NR (++)
SBS (+++)
SBR (+++)
EVA (++)
CR (++)
SBS (+++)
SBR (+++)
NR (+++)
EVA (+++)
CR (+++)
49
Minimum Atmospheric
Temperature 0C
50
Construction of roller
compacted concrete
51
52
Different
shapes of
Interlocking
Paving Blocks
PREPARATION OF
DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT FOR NHDP
WORKS
56
OBJECTIVES
Eatablish Technical, Economical and Financial
Viability of the Project
DPR for Rehabilitation and Upgradation of
Existing 2-lane to 4-lane or 6-lane Depending
upon the Requirements
Designed as Partially Access Controlled
Detailed Design of Pavement duly considering
the options, Bridges, CDs, Grade-Separated
Structures, Service Roads
Economic and Financial Viability Analysis
57
SCOPE OF SERVICES
Widening Within Right of Way, if Possible
Feasibility of Toll Collection - Location for Toll
Plaza, wayside amenities, service roads
Financing Options like BOT, Annuity
EIA, EMP etc
58
SURVEYS
Classified Volume Count 3 locations/100 km
O-D Commodity Movement 2/ 200 km
Axle Load Survey 2 / 100 km
Intersection Volume Count All major Junctions
Speed and Delay Studies Project Road Section
Pedestrian and Animal Cross Traffic Count
59
HC, others
60
ENGINEERING SURVEYS
Reconnaissance and Alignment
Topographic Surveys
L/S and C/S
Details of Utility Services and other Physical
Features
Road Inventory Surveys
61
PAVEMENT INVESTIGATIONS
Pavement Composition
Road and Pavement Condition Surveys
Pavement Roughness
Pavement Structural Strength
Subgrade Characteristics and Strength
62
64
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Assess Capacity of Existing Roads and Effect
of Capacity on VOC
Quantify Benefits viz., due to Reduced
Congestion, Travel Distance, Road
Maintenance Cost Saving, Reduced Incidence
of Accidents
Estimate Economic Internal Rate of Return
Saving in Travel Time
65
INTERMEDIATE
TWO LANE
UI=8000
mm/km
UI=3000
mm/km
UI=8000
mm/km
UI=3000
mm/km
UI=8000
mm/km
UI=3000
mm/km
Bus
5.18
4.84
5.10
4.78
3.78
3.64
Truck
6.78
6.04
5.93
5.48
4.01
3.87
MAV
15.81
14.46
14.39
13.52
11.00
10.67
Jeep &
Maxi Cab
3.47
2.87
3.22
2.71
2.55
2.18
Car
3.99
2.81
2.98
2.79
2.81
2.70
T/W
1.27
0.97
1.01
0.96
0.98
0.94
A/R
2.02
1.56
1.65
1.34
1.25
1.04
66
Single, UI = 8000
Two lane, UI = 3000
Bus
6.56
29.73
Truck
10.91
42.92
MAV
8.54
32.51
17.29
37.18
Car
29.70
32.46
Two-Wheeler
23.62
25.98
Auto-rickshaw
22.77
48.51
67
69
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
Economic evaluation
Technical evaluation
Institutional evaluation
Financial evaluation
Commercial evaluation
Social evaluation
Environmental evaluation
72
TRANSPORT BENEFITS
TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
Condition
12
Condition
10
8
Current
Condition
6
4
2
0
0
8
10
Year
12
14
16
18
Ride m/km
Distress %
Rut mm
Structural #
Safety #
Index Rating
90
Composed
Index
Overall
Index
Poor
Condition
12
Terminal Life
10
- Current Condition
- Deterioration Prediction
8
6
Remaining
Service Life
R.L.
2
0
0
8
10
Year
12
14
16
18
Benefits to Society
Condition
12
- Current Condition
- Deterioration Prediction
- Maintenance Effects
- Vehicle Operating Costs
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
8
10
Year
12
14
16
18
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Agency Costs (at 12%)
74
Construction
Maintenance
Vehicle operation
Accidents
75
Infrastructure
Road Users
Road Agency
m3
hours
litres
Consumption of Resources
UnitX
Costs
=
Total Society Costs
76
Driver,
Traffic
Flow
Vehicle
Characteristics
CONSUMPTION
SPEED
77
Moisture,
Temperature
Aging
Pavement
Materials,
Thickness
Cracking
Ravelling
Potholing
Rutting
Roughness
78
13
16
20
Roughness (IRI)
Car
Truck
Articulated Truck
79
5000 veh/day
User Costs
User Costs
User Costs
Agency Costs
Agency Costs
Agency Costs
80
Technical Applications
Economic Applications
Fleet modernization
82
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
Evaluation Period = 20 years
Discount rate = 12.00 %
Internal
Construction Road
Net Rate of
Length
Maintenance User Total Present Return
(km)
Alt Costs
Costs Costs Value
(%)
100.0
BASE
PROJ
2.71
9.28
26.7
17.0
29.4
26.2
3.2
17.1
A Paved
Road
in Good
Condition
- Routine Maintenance
Patching 100% of potholes
12 mm Resealing when damage is > 30%
Reconstruction when IRI > 11.0
- Routine Maintenance
Patching 100% of potholes
4 cm overlay when IRI is > 4.0
- Routine Maintenance
Patching 100% of potholes
8 cm overlay when IRI is > 4.0
84
ROUGHNESS PROGRESSION
Roughness (IRI m/km)
14
12
10
BASE
P100
RE30
OS40
OD40
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
15
Year
20
25
85
A Road Network
BUDGETARY CONSTRAINTS
A.C.
L
M
H
A Road Network
Resource
Constraints
Optimizatio
n
Module
Strategy
without
Budget
Constraint
87
VEHICLE POLICIES
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Non-vehicle-related
Vehicle-related
10000
6000
3000
1000
300
Loading-related
88
OUTPUTS
Long Term
Strategic
Road
Plan
Road
Inventory
Road
Condition
HDM4
Traffic
Data
Bridges
Inventory
Bridges
Condition
DATABASES
HDM-4
Multi -Year
Rolling
Work
Program
Detailed
Project
Level
Appraisal
Policies
Standards
Research
Design
PROCUREMENT
ISSUES
90
92
93
KEY PERSONNEL
Detailed requirements or eligibility
criteria for evaluation of CVs
Enhance the transparency in the
process
Realistic Requirements?
Age limit: 65 yrs./70 yrs.
Non-availability of key personnel at
time of execution?
94
95
COST LIMIT
If the clients estimate is based on rational
data, why the same cannot be the basis for
selection?
Abnormally low quotation may severely affect
the quality of work
Provision for rejecting abnormally low
quotations?
Analysis of causes and effects of variations in
financial proposals for already awarded
projects to offer a remedial measure
97
UNCERTAINTIES
Uncertainties be minimized and clearly
mentioned in the TOR
Remove uncertainties before appointing
consultant/ contractor to minimize time and
cost overruns
Tendencies to transfer uncertainties to
consultants to be eliminated
98
CLOSURE
The targeted road infrastructure
development substantially higher. Very few
countries in the world ever had undertaken
similar ambitious programmes
If the jobs done in the first decade are not
carried out with extreme seriousness and
caution in all fronts, it will have serious
setback and people of the country will loose
faith in the gigantic programmes
undertaken
99
101
Thank you
102