Ena Da Enobrivi Nishani PDF
Ena Da Enobrivi Nishani PDF
Ena Da Enobrivi Nishani PDF
22
Bolinger, Dwight. 1950. Rime, assonance, and morpheme analysis. Word 6.117-36.
Buaidze, Manana. 1984. Iskaenie otnoenij medu oznaajuim oznaaemym v
linguieskix znakax pr afazii (saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe,
1984, t.116, 2, gv. 429-432).
Bchner, K. 1936. Platons Kratylos und die moderne Sprachphifosophie. Berlin.
Chastaing, M. 1964. Nouvelles recherches sur le symbolisme des voyelles. Journal de
Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 1.75-88.
Cherry, Colin. 1957. On human communication: A review, a survey, and a criticism.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
ikobava, Arnold. 1959. Problema jazyka kak predmeta jazykoznanija. Moscow.
Coseriu, Eugenio. 1967. Larbitraire du signe: Zur Sptgeschichte eines aristolelischen
Begriffcs. Archiv fr das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 204.81-112.
Davis, R. 1961. The fitness of names to drawings: A cross-cultural study in Tanganyika.
British Journal of Psychology 52.259-68.
Deeters, Gerhard. 1955. Gab es Nominalklassen in allen kaukasischcnt Sprachen? Corolla
Linguistica, Festschrift Ferdinand Sommer, ed. by H. Krahe, 26-33. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz.
Engler, Rudolf. 1962. Thorie et critique dun principe saussurien: larbitraire du signe.
Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 19.5-66. 1964. Complements larbitraire. Cahiers
Ferdinand de Saussure 21.25-32.
Godel, Robert. 1957. Les sources manuscrits du Cours de linguistique gnrale de F. de
Saussure. Genve.
Greonberg, Joseph H. 1963a. Universals of language, ed. by ... Cambridge, Mass: MIT
Press. 1963b. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of
meaningful elements. In Greenberg, 1963a: 58-90.
Gudava, Togo. 1958. Ob odnom vide zvukopodraanija v megrelskom dialekte zanskogo
jazyka. Tezisy Dokladov XVI Naucnoj Sessii Instituta Jazykoznanija AN GSSR. Tbilisi.
Hockett, Charles F. 1963. The problem of universals in language. In Greenberg, 1963a:1-22.
Jakobson, Roman. 1965. A la recherche de Iessence du langage. Diogne 51.22-38. 1970a.
Language in relation to other communication systems. Linguaggi nella Societ e nella
Tecnica, 3-16. Milano (Reprinted in Jakobsons Selected Writings 2.697-708, 1971.).
1970b. Linguistics. Main trends of research in the social and human sciences, 1: Social
Sciences, 419-63. Paris & The Hague: Mouton/Unesco. 1971. Linguistics in relation to
other sciences. Selected Writings, 2.655-95. The Hague: Mouton.
Khler, Wolfgang. 1947. Gestalt psychology: An introduction to new concepts in modern
psychology. New York.
Koerner, E. F. K. 1972. Contribution au dbat post-saussurien sur le signe linguistique:
introduction gnrale et bibliographie annote. The Hague: Mouton.
Materialy ... 1969. Materialy seminara po probleme motivirovannosti jazykovogo znaka.
Leningrad.
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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25
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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dadgena. enebi iTvleba monaTesaved, anu erTi da imave winapari enisagan momdinared (romelsac fuZe-enas uwodeben) maSin da mxolod maSin, roca SesaZlebeli xdeba regularuli
fonetikuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgena am enaTa rogorc Zireul,
ise afiqsalur morfemebs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, fonemur
gardaqmnaTa regularul xasiaTs asaxavs. `fonetikur
gardaqmnaTa regularobis proncipi~, romelsac XIX saukunis SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba aRiarebs, lingvisturi mecnierebis WeSmaritad mniSvnelovan miRwevad iTvleba, romelmac xeli Seuwyo istoriuli enaTmecnierebis
Semdgom aqtiur ganviTarebas3. fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regularobis principisa da aRniSnuli principiT gansazRvruli
lingvisturi analizis meTodebis wyalobiT `mecniereba enis
Sesaxeb~ (rac im droisaTvis upiratesad istoriul lingvistikas gulisxmobda) gadaiqca erT-erT zust mecnierul disciplinad humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaTa Soris.
fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regularobis principi da masze
dafuZnebuli regularuli fonetikuri Sesatyvisobani
monaTesave enebs Soris, rac XIX saukunis SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi ZiriTadad Zveli indoevropuli enebis masalebis
mixedviT iqna dadgenili, rogorc Semdgomma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, ZalaSia ara mxolod damwerlobis xangrZlivi
tradiciis mqone enebis mimarT, aramed im enebis mimarTac,
romelTac damwerloba an axlad Seqmnili aqvT, an saerTod
ar gaaCniaT.
indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi sakmaod didxans
arsebobda skeptikuri damokidebuleba im enebis winare istoriis aRdgenis mimarT, romlTa Zveli werilobiTi Zeglebi
ar iyo Semonaxuli. Sesabamisad, SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebis areali Semoifargleboda uZvelesi damwerlobis mqone
3
Ch.F.Hockett, Sound change (Language, vol. 41, 2, 1965, gv. 186 da Smd).
27
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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nidan); qarTvelur enaTa jgufs erTgvari gardamavali pozicia uWiravs indoevropuli tipis enebsa (romelTa SedarebiTi gramatika upiratesad uZveles werilobiT Zeglebs emyareba) da damwerlobis armqone algonkinuri tipis enebs
(romelTa Tanamedrove enobriv mdgomreobaTa Sedareba-Sepirispireba xorcieldeba saerTo amosavali enobrivi sistemis
rekonstruqciis mizniT) Soris.
ukanaskneli tipis enebisaTvis amosavali enobrivi sistemis rekonstruqcia miiRweva istoriulad dadasturebuli
monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Sepirispirebis gziT da,
amavdroulad, retrospeqtuli moZraobiT erTi enobrivi mdgomareobidan meore, ufro adreuli mdgomareobisaken, rasac
Tan axlavs TiToeuli mdgomareobis struqturuli verifikacia tipologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT6. aRniSnuli
retrospeqtuli moZraoba erTi enobrivi mdgomareobidan meorisaken grZeldeba manam, vidre ar miiRweva is enobrivi mdgomareoba, romlisganac gamoiyvaneba istoriulad dadasturebuli yvela enobrivi sistema Tanmimdevruli da tipologiurad gamarTlebuli transformaciebis daSvebiT. amgvari transformaciebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT
amosavali enobrivi sistemis gadasvla Semdgom enobriv mdgomareobaSi, romelic amosavali sistemis struqturul
gardaqmnaTa Sedegs warmoadgens.
zemoT postulirebuli struqturuli transformaciebi
SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc `vertikaluri~ an `diaqroniuli~ (`horizontaluri transformaciebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, romlebic axal konstruqciebs warmoqmnian imave sistemis farglebSi). swored maTi meSveobiT deducirdeba monaTesave enaTa gansxvavebuli sistemebi Teoriulad postulireix.:., -
( , III, M., 1963).
6
29
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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sobani im safuZvels warmoadgens, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs es enebi ganvixiloT rogorc monaTesaveni, momdinareni
saerTo winapari enisagan, romelsac pirobiTad saerTo-qarTvelurs vuwodebT.
Tavad saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistema, romlis
daSlisa da diferenciaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda calkeuli
istoriuli qarTveluri ena, ar ganekuTvneba istoriulad
dadasturebul enaTa rigs. igi warmogvidgeba rogorc erTgvari struqturul-Teoriuli odenoba, rogorc istoriul
qarTvelur enaTa sxvadasxva doneebs Soris formalur-funqcionaluri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze agebuli garkveuli enobrivi modeli; aRniSnuli Sesatyvisobani saSualebas
iZleva SedarebiTi da Sinagani rekonstruqciis meTodebis
gamoyenebiT aRvadginoT tipologiurad verificirebadi enobrivi struqturebi. ivaraudeba, rom es struqturuli modelebi pirveladi miaxloebiT asaxaven sivrcesa da droSi
odesRac arsebuli saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis sistemas,
romlis daSlac damoukidebel erTeulebad gaxda dasawyisi
istoriuli qarTveluri enebis Camoyalibebisa da formirebisa.
saerTo-qarTvelur enaSi gamoiyofa fonemaTa garkveuli
klasebi, romlebic paradigmatul opoziciaTa specifikur
rigebs qmnian. Tuki sistemaSi fonemaTa klasifikaciis safuZvlad aviRebT marcvlis warmoqmnis unars, maSin saerToqarTveluri enis fonologiur sistemaSi fonemaTa sami ZiriTadi klasi gamoiyofa: 1) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod marcvlovani
elementebi (sakuTriv xmovnebi); 2) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod aramarcvlovani elementebi (sakuTriv Tanxmovnebi); 3) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben xan
xmovnebi: e a o
sonantebi: r l m n
xSul-mskdomTa da afrikatTa yovel sameulSi Sedis mJRe-
ri /b, d, Z.../, yru (aspirirebuli) /f, T, q.../ da glotalizebuli /p, t, k.../ fonemebi. afrikatebsa da spirant fonemebSi
lokaluri rigis mixedviT gamoiyofa fonemaTa Semdegi rigebi: wina rigi _ /Z, c, w, z, s/; Sua rigi _ /Z1, c1, w1, z1, s1 / da
ukana rigi _ /j, C, W, (J), S/. fuZe-enis epoqaSive Sua rigis
fonemebma (`sisin-SiSinebma~) Semdegi cvlilebebi ganicades:
saerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur dialeqtur arealSi
(megrul-lazursa da svanurSi) moxda maTi gadaweva ukana
rigis fonemebSi (`SiSinebSi~), xolo aRmosavlur dialeqtur arealSi (qarTulSi) ganxorcielda maTi Serwyma wina
rigis fonemebTan (`sisinebTan~).
rac Seexeba sonantebs, maTi manifestacia xdeba erT-erTi
alofonis saxiT: marcvlovan [i, u, ...] bgerebad an umarcv31
Tamaz gamyreliZe
32
C C
R V
S S
Tamaz gamyreliZe
34
II mdgomareoba
dreka(gardamavali)
*Sr-et Sreta(gardamavali)
I mdgomareoba
II mdgomareoba
*der-k d-k-a
*dr-ek *dr-ik-e
*Ser-t *S-t-a
*Sr-et *Sr-it-e
*ker-b *k-b-a
*kr-eb *kr-ib-e
Tamaz gamyreliZe
36
ix.: ., . II ,
.,1880; .., - ( . , IV
, 18, ., 1912); misive: ( ,
II, . I, ., 1914); misive:
(, XXII, 1_2,
.,1914).
11
Sdr. Tvalsazrisi svanuris, rogorc qarTveluri da afxazur-adiReuri enebis
(resp. dialeqtebis) Sejvarebis rTuli istoriuli procesis Sedegad
warmoqmnili enis, Sesaxeb; svanuri ena ganxilulia rogorc garkveuli `agregati~,
romelic Sedgeba heterogenuli komponentebisagan: zanuris (SiSinebi),
qarTulisa da afxazur-adiReuri danaSrevebisagan. amiT aixsneba svanur
SesatyvisobaTa sporaduloba~ (arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli
Sedgeniloba da uZvelesi lingvisturi saxe. _ `iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba~, II, Tbilisi, 1948, gv. 261_262, rus. enaze).
12
ix.: arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSr., gv. 261.
10
37
Tamaz gamyreliZe
38
~
~
~
39
Tamaz gamyreliZe
40
ix.: i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, wg. II, Tbilisi 1937.
kavkasiur enaTa genetikuri erTianobis Sesaxeb varaudi gamoTqva jer kidev
p.uslarma (ix. .., . , II, , 1888,
gv. 35), SemdgomSi ki n.marma.
19
ix.: arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli Sedgeniloba da uZvelesi
lingvisturi saxe (iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, II, Tbilisi 1948, gv.
261_261).
Tamaz gamyreliZe
42
monografiaSi gatarebuli iyo principi, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelur enaTa Sesadarebel formaTa Soris dgindeboda gramatikuli ekvivalentoba, fonologiur doneze maTi
winaswari analizis gareSe. aRniSnuli principis Tanaxmad,
naSromis avtori qarTvelur Zireul morfemaSi gamoyofda
elementebs (a.Ciqobava maT gramatikul klasTa eqsponentebad miiCnevda), romlebic upirispirdeboda Crdilokavkasiur enebSi Sesabamis klasTa niSnebs20. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa d- elementis, rogorc gramatikuli klasis uZvelesi formantis, gamoyofis meTodi. aRniSnuli elementi, romelic TiTqos Seesabameboda Crdilokavkasiur enebSi nivTTa klasis -d niSans, gamoiyofoda Semdegi
qarTveluri formebis Sepirispirebis safuZvelze:
qarT. cacxv-i ~
qarT. cecxl-i ~
qarT. sisxl-i ~
qarT. jinWvel-i ~
laz. ducxu
megr. daCxir-i ~ laz. daCxur-i
laz. dicxir-i
laz. dimWku
am da sxva qarTveluri formebis fonologiurma analizma aCvena aRniSnuli interpretaciis mcdaroba; Sesatyvis
qarTvelur formebSi dadasturebuli gansxvaveba da /d/-s
gamoCena megrul-lazurSi ganapiroba sawyisi afrikatis disimilaciam21. amgvarad, qarTvelur enebSi klasis niSanTa Teorias gamoecala mTeli rigi `sayrdeni formebisa~.
20
43
Tamaz gamyreliZe
44
umis Secvla struqturul-tipologiuri kriteriumiT dauSvebelia, ramdenadac Sedegad mcdari enobrivi konstruqciebi
aigeba da amisi naTeli magaliTebi kargadaa cnobili enaTmecnierebis istoriidan.
amgvarad, ar arsebobs safuZveli im kategoriuli ganacxadisTvis, romlis Sesabamisadac qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris arsebobs genetikuri naTesaoba da kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli araindoevropuli da araTurquli enebisgan
gamoiyofa saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviT gaerTianebuli
`iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa~ ojaxi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, TiTqos `iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ indoevropul,
semitur, finur-ugrul da sxva monaTesave enaTa ojaxebis
analogiur genetur jgufSi erTiandebian, sadac gaerTianebas
safuZvlad udevs mocemul enaTa Soris regularuli fonemuri Sesatyvisobis principis mkacri dacva. realurad, `iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ aerTianebs struqturul-tipologiuri da genetikuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad determinirebul sam enobriv jgufs. esenia:
samxreTkavkasiuri jgufi, anu qarTveluri enebi;
Crdilo-dasavluri jgufi, anu afxazur-adiReuri enebi;
Crdilo-aRmosavluri jgufi, anu naxur-daRestnuri enebi.
struqturul-tipologiur planSi Crdilokavkasiur enaTa orive jgufi (afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri)
polarul rgolebad gvevlineba, romlebic gaSualebulia
qarTveluri lingvisturi tipiT24.
kavkasiur enaTa am sam jgufs Soris geneturi kavSiri ar
SeiZleba gairkves aRniSnuli jgufebis warmomadgenel gansxvavebuli enaTa calkeuli faqtebis Sepirispirebis safuZamis Sesaxeb ix.:..,
, ., 1960 (XXV .
).
24
45
Tamaz gamyreliZe
46
Tamaz gamyreliZe
48
49
Tamaz gamyreliZe
50
33
Tamaz gamyreliZe
52
Tx, ty] tipis harmoniuli kompleqsi34. morfemul struqturebSi labialuri da harmoniuli kompleqsebi iseve funqcionirebs, rogorc martivi (cali) Tanxmovani an sonanti. amgvari
struqturul-distribuciuli Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli kompleqsebi istoriulad SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc monofonematuri erTeulebi.
kerZod, C+w tipis kompleqsi arqauli periodis fuZe-enis
doneze SeiZleba interpretirebuli iyos rogorc labializebuli fonema, romelic damoukidebel fonemebad gaixliCa
da Camoyalibda rogorc bifonemuri kompleqsi. aseve, TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsic SeiZleba daviyvanoT erTian
konsonantur fonemamde, romelic Sesabamisi martivi fonemisagan gansxvavdeboda velarizaciis fonologiurad relevanturi niSniT da romlisganac qarTveluris momdevno doneze
bifonemuri odenoba Camoyalibda35.
saerTo-qarTveluri labialuri da harmoniuli kopleqsebis monofonematuri interpretaciis Sedegad uZveles saerTo-qarTvelur doneze aRdgeba rTuli konsonanturi sistema TanxmovanTa labializebuli da velarizebuli rigebiT,
romelsac upirispirdeba vokaluri sistema erTaderTi *
xmovniTa da fonologiurad relevanturi dinamikuri maxviliT. aRniSnuli fonologiuri modeli, romelic
hipoTeturad asaxavs arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelur
sistemas, tipologiur paralels povebs rTuli konsonanturi da xmovanTa maqsimalurad martivi sistemebis mqone
Crdilo-dasavlur kavkasiur enebTan36.
34
37
saerTo-indoevropuli enis arqauli periodisaTvis rekonstruirdeba saerToqarTveluris analogiuri CVCVCV tipis monotonuri marcvlovani struqtura;
ix.: C.Hj.Borgstrm, Thoughts about Indo-European vowel-gradation (NTS, XV, 1949);
misive: Internal reconstruction of Pre-Indo-European word-forms (Word, vol. 10, 2-3,
1954).
53
Tamaz gamyreliZe
54
`rqa, Tavi~;
*4ka `rqa~
: i.-e. *ker/*
kr
* kus-en kunes
: i.-e. *kues-/*
kus`qSena, oxvra~;
*bod- `bodva~
: i.-e. *bhred(h)-/*bhrod(h)- `bodva~;
*dqa- `Txa~
: i.-e. *digh- `Txa~;
*opop- `ofofi~
: i.-e. *epop-/*opop- `ofofi~;
* il- `tili~
: i.-e. *tin-/*til- `tili~;
*diqa- `niadagi, miwa~
: i.-e. *dheh-om `miwa~ (Sdr.xeT.
tekan, Tox. A tka m) da sxv.
qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfonologiuri izomorfizmis axsna (rogorc qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegisa) safuZvels iZleva, axleburad SevxedoT
indoevropuli arealuri lingvistikis mTel rig problemebs, romlebic indoevropuli dialeqtebis uZveles ganawilebas ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelur da
indoevropul enebze molaparake xalxebs mosazRvre teritoriebi eWiraT am enebs Soris kontaqtebis arsebobis periodSi, daaxloebiT III aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde40.
,
40
55
Tamaz gamyreliZe
56
qarTvelursa da indoevropuls Soris struqturul msgavsebaTa amgvari interpretacia saSualebas iZleva aRniSnuli enobrivi sistemebi mivakuTvnoT saerTo arealur jgufs,
istoriamdel garkveul kavSirs, sadac enebs Soris alogeneturi, anu SeZenili, meoradi naTesaoba arsebobs.
saerTo-indoevropulSi (proto-indoevropulSi) gamovlenili semituri nasesxobebis fonze41 indoevropuli nasesxobebi saerTo-qarTvelurSi da qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfonologiuri izomorfizmi (qarTvelur da indoevropul
morfonologiur struqturaTa msgavseba) gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba amgvari enobrivi kontaqtebis saerTo arealis gansazRvrisa42 da saerTo-indoevropuli (proto-indoevropuli) enis pirvelsawyisi teritoriis dadgenisaTvis43.
struqturul-tipologiuri da arealuri lingvistikis
problemaTa es erToblioba, romelic saerTo-qarTvelurma
41
Sdr.: indoevr. *tauro- `xari~: sem. *tawru `xari~; indoevr. *ghad- `bekeka~:
sem. *gadju `bekeka, Txa~; indoevr. alu(t) `mwklarte an tkbili sasmeli; ludi~:
sem. *-l-w tkbili; tkbili sasmeli~; indoevr. *medhu `Tafli, Taflis sasmeli~:
se m. * m- - - `tkb i li ~; i nd oev r. * dh er- `e zo ; kar i~ : s em .
*-w-r `zRude; SemozRuduli ezo~; indoevr. *kl()u `Caketva; gasaRebi~: sem.
*k-l- `Caketva~; indoevr. *n- `xomaldi; WurWeli~: sem. *-n-w `WurWeli~;
indoevr. *peleku- `culi; najaxi~: sem. *p-l- `gapoba; najaxi~; indoevr. *dap`msxverplSewirva~: sem. *d-b- `msxverplad Sewirva~; indoevr. *(a)ster`varskvlavi~: sem. *e-t-t-r `gaRmerTebuli varskvlavi~; indoevr. *aro `batoni~:
sem. *-r-(r) `gaTavisufleba; dabadebiT Tavisufali~ da sxv. (ix.: .M., - (kreb.
, ., 1964, gv.3_7).
42
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa varaudi saerTo-qarTvelurSi semituridan
ricxviTi saxelebis sesxebis Sesaxeb: *4 wa||*arwa `rva~ (Sdr. aqad. arba, arab.
arba a `oTxi~) da *si(r) `asi~, Sdr. aqad. eirtu (mdedr. sq.), arab. ar `aTi~,
ir `meaTe~ (ix. .., .
_ . 1965, ., 1967).
43
uaxlesi TeoriisaTvis sinur-tibetursa da indoevropuls Soris enobriv
kontaqtebTan dakavSirebiT indoevropelTa winare-samSoblos~ Sesaxeb ix.:
E.G.Pulleyblank, Chinese and Indo-European (JRAS, pt. 1_2, 1966).
57
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
60
axali samecniero disciplina _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba, romelmac Semdgom mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia sruliad gansxvavebuli struqturis enaTa Seswavlis
saqmeSi da romelic humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris erTerT yvelaze formalizebul mecnierul disciplinad iqca.
monaTesave enaTa jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
indoevropuli, semituri, Turquli, qarTveluri da sxv., damaxasiaTebelia erTi gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba, rac maT
fonemur Sedgenilobas ukavSirdeba da konkretul genetur
jgufSi am enebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis formalizebuli aRweris saSualebas iZleva. erT genetur jgufSi gaerTianebul monaTesave enebs Soris vlindeba regularuli fonemuri (bgeriTi) Sesatyvisobebi, rac am enebs formalurad
aaxloebs erTmaneTTan da maT saerTo warmomavlobas adasturebs. swored amgvari fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze
rekonstruirdeba winapari enis fonologiuri Tu morfologiuri sistemebi.
fuZe-enis amosavali sistemis postulireba amave dros niSnavs, rom rekonstruirdeba monaTesave enaTa sistemebis winareistoria da maTi ganviTareba- Camoyalibebis gzebi amosavali mdgomareobidan vidre mocemul enaTa dokumenturad dadasturebul istoriul mdgomareobamde. amitomac enaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi Seswavla da maT Soris fonemur-struqturuli Tanafardobebis dadgena unda dasruldes mocemul
enaTa amosavali enobrivi sistemis amsaxveli fuZeeniseuli
mdgomareobis rekonstruqciiTa da gardaqmnis anu transformaciis im wesebis gansazRvriT, romelTa meSveobiTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave sistemebi Teoriulad
postulirebuli enobrivi modelidan gamoiyvaneba.
monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis winareistoriis aRdgena,
amosavali saerTo mdgomareobidan (rac fuZe-enis sistemaSi
Tamaz gamyreliZe
62
Seswavlis safuZvelze gamovlenil enobriv transformaciaTa modelebs. enobriv gardaqmnaTa amgvar universalur modelebs adgens da Seiswavlis diaqroniuli tipologia, romelsac, sinqroniuli tipologiisagan gansxvavebiT, enobriv struqturaTa droSi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis universaluri
sqemebi ainteresebs.
amgvarad, Teoriulad postulirebuli fuZe-enis sistemis Sesabamisoba rogorc sinqroniul, ise diaqroniul tipologiasTan aris is ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTac
SeiZleba SevafasoT Teoriulad postulirebuli sistemis
realurobis xarisxi, raTa monaTesave enaTa mocemuli ojaxisaTvis fuZe-enis rangSi postulirebul Teoriulad savaraudo sistemebs Soris erT romelime sistemas mivaniWoT upiratesoba.
indoevropuli enebis Seswavlis mizniT SedarebiTi Studiebis CamoyalibebisTanave, anu faqtobrivad maSin, roca XIX
saukunis enaTmecnierebis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebma safuZveli Cauyares SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebas, aRdgenili iqna saerTo-indoevropuli konsonanturi sistema, romlisganac gamoiyvaneboda istoriulad dadasturebul indoevropul enaTa sistemebi. rekonstruirebuli konsonanturi
sistema warmodgenili iyo fonemaTa garkveuli rigebis saxiT da ZiriTadad emTxveoda Zveli induri enis, im droisaTvis cnobil indoevropul enaTa uZvelesi warmomadgenlis, sistemas.
saerTo-indoevropuli konsonatizmis amgvari sistema (kerZod, xSul fonemaTa qvesistema), umniSvnelo cvlilebebiTa
da dazustebiT, rac Semdgom kvlevebs ukavSirdeba, postulirebulia Tanamedrove indoevropul komparativistikaSi
fonemaTa Semdegi sami rigis saxiT: I _ mJRerebi II _ mJReri fSvinvierebi III _ yruebi.
Tamaz gamyreliZe
64
Tamaz gamyreliZe
66
I
(b)
d
g
.
.
.
II
bh
dh
gh
.
.
.
III
(p)
t
k
.
.
.
I
(p)
t
k
.
.
.
II
b[h]
d[h]
g[h]
.
.
.
III
p[h]
t[h]
k[h]
.
.
.
saerTo-indoevropulis xSulTa sami seriis amgvari interpretaciiT ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba bunebrivi funqciur-fonologiuri axsna daeZebnos enobrivi struqturis mTel rig
faqtebs, romlebic saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis
tradiciuli modelis mixedviT gaugebari da tipologiurad
auxsneli iyo (aseTia, magaliTad, sistemaSi `mJReri labialuri~ /b/ fonemis arqona, `mJReri fSvinvierebis~ arseboba
`yru fSvinvierebis~ gareSe, Ziris struqturasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi da sxv.).
67
Tamaz gamyreliZe
68
nis utyuar miRwevad migvaCnda, dRes ukve nawil-nawil guldasmiT gadasinjvas saWiroebs~.
* * *
indoevropuli fuZe-enis rekonstrucia, rogorc drosa da
sivrceSi realurad arsebuli sistemisa, gulisxmobs, aseve,
rogorc am enaze molaparake xalxebis arsebobas, romelTac
pirobiTad `indoevropelebs~ vuwodebT, ise maTi pirvelsacxovrisi teritoriis anu `winaresamSoblos~ arsebobasac,
saidanac daiwyo am xalxTa migraciebi (sxvadasxva drosa da
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT) maTi gansaxlebis istoriuli teritoriebisaken. amdenad, gasagebia, rom kvlav warmoCinda indoevropuli `winaresamSoblos~ tradiciuli problema,
romelic TiTqmis iseve Zvelia, rogorc TviT indoevropuli
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba.
savsebiT bunebrivia, rom `winaresamSoblos~ lokalizaciisa da indoevropeli tomebis Tavdapirveli teritoriebis
savaraudo sazRvrebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake gansxvavebuli xalxebis gadaadgilebaTa traeqtoriebi TiToeuli maTganis gansaxlebis
istoriuli teritoriebisaken. am traeqtoriebis gansazRvra,
Tavis mxriv, metismetad mniSvnelovania indoevropeli xalxebis (ufro zustad, indoevropul enebze amJamad an odesRac molaparake xalxebis) winareistoriis ZiriTadi momentebis aRsadgenad.
indoevropeistikaSi sakmaod adre damkvidrda Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac indoevropelTa winaresamSoblo centralur
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
72
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis (farTo mniSvnelobiT _ balkaneTisa da axlo aRmosavleTis Crdilo nawilis CaTvliT) SedarebiT samxreT regionebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom cxovelebis saerTo-indoevropuli saxelebis (`jiqi~, `leopardi~, `lomi~,
`maimuni~, `spilo~, `spilos Zvali~, `kiborCxali~ da sxv.)
analizic mxars uWers indoevropuli winaresamSoblos
ekologiuri garemos samxreTul xasiaTs, rac, upirvelesad,
geografiul landSaftTan da mcenareul safarTan dakavSirebuli monacemebis safuZvelze ivaraudeba. zogierTi am cxovelTagani, an Tundac is faqti, rom icnoben am cxovelebs,
ukve gamoricxavs centralur evropas, rogorc aRniSnul dialeqtebze molaparakeTa pirvelsacxovris teritorias.
SesaZlebeli gaxda saerTo-indoevropul doneze mecxoveleobasTan da miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli mdidari
terminologiis aRdgena. IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde, anu
saerTo-indoevropuli enis damoukidebel dialeqtebad daSlis uSualod wina periodSi, mecxoveleoba (iseve rogorc
miwaTmoqmedeba) centralur evropaSi Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi iyo.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis gavrcelebis arealad axlo aRmosavleTis miCnevas aSkarad mxars uWers soflis meurneobis kulturebis (qeris, xorblis, selis), gansakuTrebiT,
msxmoiare xeebisa da buCqebis (vaSlis, Sindis, alublis, TuTis xis, vazisa da sxv.) rekonstruirebuli saxelebi, agreTve,
miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebis damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli
qmedebisa da xelsawyo-iaraRebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi
(`dolabi~, `danayva, marcvleulis dafxvna~, `dafqva~, `qeris
marcvlebis cecxlze damuSaveba~). msgavsi xelsawyo-iaraRebi evropaSi Semodis wina aziidan mxolod rkinis xanaSi (I
aTaswleulisaTvis Cvens eramde). miwaTmoqmedebisa da mevenaxeobis terminologia naTlad adasturebs indoevropuli
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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aseT SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania, rom gansxvavebul nawilebSi ar aRmoCndes iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan TiToeuli kompleqsis Sida implikaciebis
ZaliT.
amJamad mxolod SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi: myardeba Tu
ara Sesabamisoba savaraudo istoriul regionSi Cvens eramde
V_IV aTaswleulSi cnobil arqeologiur kulturebsa da
rekonstruirebul saerTo-indoevropuls Soris? wina aziaSi aRmoCenili zogierTi Zveli arqeologiuri kultura
(rogoricaa xalafuri da kidev ufro adrindeli CaTal-huiuqis, aseve, maTi uSualod Tu arauSualod gamgrZelebeli kulturebi, an maTi Semcvleli kulturebi, kerZod, ubeiduri an
mtkvar-araqsisa) xasiaTdeba niSanTa mTeli rigiT, romlebic
SesabamisobaSia lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT rekostruirebul saerTo-indoevropul kulturasTan. SedarebiT axali arqeologiuri kulturebis SeqmnaSi (mtkvar-araqsis tipisa _ III aTaswleuli Cvens eramde) SesaZlebelia monawileobdnen calkeul indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake
xalxebic, winaaziuri arealis sxva (kerZod, xuritulurartul da samxreTkavkasiur-qarTvelur) xalxebTan erTad.
Tu gaviziarebT Teziss indoevropelTa winaaziuri winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb, maSin mTlianad Seicvleba calkeul dialeqtebze an dialeqtTa gaerTianebebze molaparake xalxebis migraciaTa suraTi maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis teritoriebidan im adgilebisaken, sadac isini istoriulad saxloben. indoevropuli winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb axali
hipoTezis mixedviT, unda vivaraudoT xeTur-luviur dialeqtebsa da saerTo-berZnulze molaparakeTa umniSvnelo
gadanacvleba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, ris Sedegadac maT
mcire aziis centralur da dasavleT nawilebs miaRwies.
Tamaz gamyreliZe
78
istoriuli gavrcelebis mxareSi, kerZod, Zvel axlo aRmosavleTsa da aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogierT
adgilas, sadac gavrcelebuli iyo talasemia (xmelTaSuazRvispiruli daavadeba) _ anemiis saxeoba, romelic genetikurad gadaecemoda da romlis genic heterozigotul
mdgomareobaSi zrdis organizmis winaaRmdegobis unars malariis mimarT (imave talasemiis genis homozigoturi alelis pirobebSi ki igive daavadeba letalurad sruldeba).
Tu davuSvebT, rom indostanSi SeWril indo-ariul populaciebs ar gaaCndaT genetikurad gamomuSavebuli medegoba
malariis mimarT, isini im pirobebSi verafriT gadarCebodnen. amitom tradiciul varaudze ufro saalbaTo Cans am populaciaTa Camosaxleba indostanSi dasavleTidan (talasemiis winaaziuri arealidan): tradiciulad, migracia ivaraudeboda CrdiloeTidan, centraluri aziidan, sadac ar arsebobda anemiis aRniSnuli saxeoba, romelic genetikurad gadaecemoda.
Zvel indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomTa gadaadgilebas gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT _ aRmosavleTiT da
Semdgom, Sua aziis gavliT, evropaSi, adastureben ormxrivi
nasesxobani indoevropulidan centraluri aziis enebSi
(TurqulSi, monRolurSi, eniseurSi, agreTve finur-ugrulSi) da piriqiT. pirvelsacxovrisi teritoriidan swored amgvari migraciuli gza unda gaevloT `Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtTa im erTianobebze molaparake tomebs, romelTagan
mogvianebiT Camoyalibda `Zvelindoevropul enebad~ wodebuli garkveuli enobrivi erTobani (italikuri, kelturi,
germanikuli, balturi, slavuri), romelTac saxelebi pirobiTad daerqvaT istoriul epoqaSi maTi gavrcelebis arealis
mixedviT. rogorc Cans, evropaSi daaxloebiT igive gza ganvles adreiranulma tomebma, ris Sedegadac uamravi nasesxo-
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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81
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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uZe-enis rekonstruqciis procesSi, tipologiuri kriteriumebis aucilebeli gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba movaxdinoT postulireba iseTi struqturebisa, romlebic, savaraudod, arasodes arsebobda sistemaSi Tanadroulad, e.i.
ganekuTvneboda fuZe-enis sxvadasxva qronologiur dones.
amis kargi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos `laringaluri~ fonemebis postulirebis problema indoevropul fuZe-enaSi. indoevropul fuZe-enaSi tradiciulad, ferdinand de sosiuridan moyolebuli,laparakoben sami an meti `laringaluri~
fonemis postulirebis aucileblobaze, rasac upirispirdeba Tezisi indoevropulSi erTaderTi `laringalis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb. paradoqsi isaa, rom es gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT ara urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebad, aramed isini `komplementarulad~
*
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
86
saerTo-qarTveluri sami sibilanturi rigis hipoTezisagan gansxvavebiT, Tu fuZe-enaSi mxolod or rigs da maTTan
erTad Tavdapirvel SiSina bgeraTkompleqsebs vivaraudebT
(k.h.Smidti, i.meliqiSvili), e.i. : s, S da Sq ; z, J da Jg; c, C da
Cq; Z, j da jg; w, W da Wk, unda davuSvaT aRmosavlur dialeqtur arealSi, jer kidev fuZe-enaSi, amgvari SiSina bgeraTkompleqsebis martiv SiSina Tanxmovnebad gadaqceva (e.i.: Sq
S; Jg J; Cq C; jg j; Wk W). Sesabamisad, unda
vivaraudoT fuZe-enis wiaRSi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli
ori dialeqturi arealidan calkeuli enobrivi erTeulebis
warmoSoba-ganviTareba.
amgvarad, msgavsad saerTo-indoevropuli fuZe-enisa, saerTo-qarTvelurSic SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ori qronologiuri done, romlebic daxasiaTdeba, fuZe-enaSi momxdari fonologiuri cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc
`pre-qarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigiT) da `protoqarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigis saTanado gardaqmnebiT
saerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur da aRmosavlur dialeqtur
arealebSi).
SedarebiT-lingvisturi monacemebis safuZvelze unda vivaraudoT dasavluri dialeqturi arealidan Tavdapirvelad
svanuris, rogorc damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulis, gamoyofa da ganviTareba, rasac momdevnod `zanur-qarTuli~ erTianobis daSla mohyva.
saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis daSlis es procesi SeiZleba
avsaxoT erTgvari `genealogiuri xis~ saSualebiT, romelic
emyareba gerhard deetersis mier SemoTavazebul sqemas (ix.
T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti
qarTvelur enebSi. saerTo-qarTveluri struqturis tipologia, Tbilisi 1965, gv. 6 da Smd.). amasTanave, qarTveluri
fuZe-enis qronologiuri doneebi da mogvianebiT calkeul
t
*e
pre-qarTvel uri
e al
d a s av
*s*S*Sq/* squ
lu
zanuri
(kol xuri)
*e *a
*a *o *e
[*i *u]
*s*S *Sq/*squ
megruli
zanur-qarTuli
*s *S
lazuri
ar
ia l
a o
id
*
*
eqt
*e
i d i al
svanuri
l ur
*e
*a
*o
gu
/*s
*S g
*S
*o
*e *a
svanuri
*s*S*Sg/*sgu
*e *a *o
[*i *u]
s av
* *
*s*S*Sq/*
squ s S
*s
pre-svanuri
S
aR
eqt ur i ar
ea
mo
pr oto-qarTvel uri
4.0003.000 BC
*o
*a
*a
*e
*o
[*i *u]
qarTul i
*s *S
qarTuli
87
Tamaz gamyreliZe
88
89
Tamaz gamyreliZe
90
dasxva indoevropul, qarTvelur Tu semitur toms sazogadod, aramed sakuTriv protoindoevropul, protoqarTvelur
da protosemitur xalxebs, romlebic, Sesabamisad, indoevropul, qarTvelur da semitur fuZe-enebze metyvelebdnen, anu
im winapar enebze, romelTac dasabami misces istoriulad
dadasturebul indoevropul, qarTvelur da semitur enebs.
enaTa indoevropuli ojaxi erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricxovania rogorc masSi gaerTianebuli Zveli Tu axali enebis
raodenobiT, ise am enebze molaparake adamianTa simravliT.
dedamiwaze yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli cxrameti enidan
TerTmeti indoevropulia. enaTa indoevropul ojaxs
miekuTvneba iseTi enobrivi jgufebi, rogoricaa anatoliuri
(xeTur-luviuri), indo-iranuli, balturi, slavuri, berZnuli, somxuri, albanuri da sxv.
yvela es ena monaTesave enad ganixileba; isini qmnian erT
saerTo genetur jgufs, romelic iTvleba, rom momdinareobs saerTo fuZe-enidan (e.w. protoindoevropuli enidan) da
warmoiSva am ukanasknelis daSlis Sedegad.
aseve, qarTveluri enebi qmnian erT saerTo genetur jgufs,
romelic Sedgeba sakuTriv qarTulisagan da axlo monaTesave dialeqtebis _ megrul-lazurisa da svanurisagan da
romlebic istoriulad erTi saerTo fuZe-enisagan, e.w. saerTo-qarTveluri enisagan, momdinareoben.
msgavsad amisa, semituri enebic erTiandebian erT jgufSi,
romelSic Sedis rogorc mravali Zveli, xmarebidan gamosuli mkvdari ena, ise Tanamedrove enebic. semituri enebic
monaTesave enebad iTvlebian, romlebic momdinareoben saerTo enobrivi sistemisagan _ protosemituri fuZe-enisagan.
yvela es enobrivi sistema _ protoindoevropuli, saerTo-qarTveluri da protosemituri _ realur enebad unda
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
94
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
98
99
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
102
rac ukve Sesrulebulia indoevropul enaTa mimarT da gaanalizdes saerTo-qarTveluri leqsika mis mier gamoxatuli realiebis TvalsazrisiT. es saSualebas mogvcems ufro srulad aRvadginoT saerTo-qarTveluri sulieri da materialuri samyaro, samyaro Cveni winaprebisa, romlebic saerTo-qarTvelur enaze metyvelebdnen. amgvari analizi SesaZlebels gaxdis ufro zustad ganisazRvros saerTo-qarTveluri enis pirvandeli gavrcelebis teritoria da dadgindes
is migraciebi, romelTa Sedegad istoriuli qarTveluri
tomebi Camoyalibdnen.
winapar xalxTa uZvelesi materialuri da sulieri kulturis suraTis rekonstruqcia lingvisturi gziT saSualebas mogvcems movaxdinoT garkveul regionebSi aRmoCenili
arqeologiuri kulturis ufro zusti identifikacia savaraudo saerTo-qarTvelur kulturasTan, rac ufro naTel da
srulyofil warmodgenas Segviqmnis qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisa da preistoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
103
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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gansazRvruli tipis qimiuri alfabetis meSveobiT. nukleotidebi anu `qimiuri radikalebi~ asruleben am alfabetis
sawyisi elementebis _ `asoebis~ _ rols; es elementebi
kombinireben erTmaneTTan nukleomJavebis usasrulo wrfiv
mimdevrobebSi, rac qmnis genetikuri informaciis qimiur
teqsts. frazis analogiurad, romelic garkveul segments
Seadgens teqstSi (es ukanaskneli Seqmnilia sawyisi diskretuli erTeulebis _ asoebis an fonemebis _ wrfivi mimdevrobiT), individualuri genic Seesabameba gansazRvrul segments
oTxi sawyisi qimiuri radikaliT Seqmnil nukleomJavebis
grZel jaWvSi. aseve, lingvisturi kodis analogiurad,
romelSic sawyisi elementebi _ fonemebi _ Tavad mniSvnelobas arian moklebulni, magram maTi gansazRvruli kombinaciebiT iqmneba mocemul sistemaSi garkveuli mniSvnelobis
mqone minimaluri mimdevrobebi, genetikur kodSic informacias atarebs ara sistemis calkeuli elementi, ara individualuri qimiuri radikali, aramed am sawyisi oTxi nukleotidis specialuri samelementiani mimdevrobebi, e.w `tripletebi~. ramdenadac samelemenetian mimdevrobebad am oTxi
sawyisi elementis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciaTa ricxvi Seadgens 43 = 64-s, genetikuri leqsikonic Sedgeba 64 `sityvisagan~, romelTagan sami tripleti `funqcionalur markers~
warmoadgens da gamoiyeneba nukleomJavebis grZel mimdevrobebSi `frazis~ dasawyisisa da dasasrulis aRsaniSnavad; danarCeni `sityvebi~ Seesabameba 20 aminomJavas da, amdenad, tripletebSi gamoiyofa `sinonimuri sityvebi~, anu erTi
da imave aminomJavis Sesabamisi gansxvavebuli mimdevrobebi.
oTxi sawyisi elementisagan Sedgenil amgvar tripletebsa da aminomJavebs Soris Sesabamisobis dadgena da tripleteb-
105
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
110
I paradigma:
a.arnosa da k. lanslos universaluri gramatika;
II paradigma:
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba (franc bopi,
karl brugmani da neogramatikosebi, antuan meie...)
Sdr. .., (
2005, 2, .3-6).
1
`paradigmis~ cnrbis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi ix. Th. Kuhn, The structure os scientofic revolution, 2nd ed., Chicago, 1962-1970.
*
111
Tamaz gamyreliZe
112
III paradigma:
niko maris iafeturi enaTmecniereba;
IV paradigma:
ferdinand de sosiuris sinqoniuli lingvistika:
a) struqturuli lingvistika (nikoloz trubeckoi, roman iakobsoni);
b) deskrifciuli lingvistika (leonard blumfildi...);
g) enobrivi tipologia da lingvisturi universaliebi (jozef grinbergi, giorgi klimovi);
V paradigma:
noam Comskis trans formaciul-warmom Sobi
gramatika;
VI paradigma:
struqturul-tipologiuri komparativistika
(roman iakobsoni, osvald semereni, vinfrid lemani,
pol hoperi, Tamax gamyreliZe/viaCeslav ivanovi);
VII paradigma:
nostratika da enobrivi makroojaxebi (holger
.pederseni, vladislav iliC-svitiCi, alan bomhardi,
sergei starostini, jon grinbergi, meri ruleni).
niko maris `iafeturi Teoriis~ CarTva lingvistul
paradigmaTa warmodgenil mimdevrobaSi gamarTlebulia
ideologiur safuZvelze seqmnili `iafeturi enaTmecnierebis~
miCneviT `fsiqosemiotur sistemad~, romelic daupirispirda
Tanadroul `komaravistul paradigmas~...
113
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iribi obieqtis es semantikuri funqcia gamoxatulia iseT qarTul winadadebaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, bavSvi werils swers mamas~.
2
Sdr. deda werils uwers bavSvs~.
3
Sdr. deda werils awerinebs bavSvs~.
4
Sdr. deda quds axuravs bavSvs~.
5
Sesablebelia gamoiyos iribi obieqtis, rogorc universaluri semantikuri
kategoriis, kidev ufro meti saxeoba. semantikur kategoriaTa amgvari zogadi
klasifikacia universaluri gramatikis amocanaa, romelic Seiswavlis zogad
semantikur kategoriebs da maT gamovlenas enis siRrmiseul struqturaSi~.
{S}
{O}
{P}
xolo (2) winadadeba, sadac `Sebrunebuli Sesabamisoba~ gvaqvs, aris Sedegi
`inversiuli trasformaciisa~.
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piris kategoria erT-erTi universaluri semantikuri kategoriaa, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT gamoxatulebas povebs enobriv sistemaSi. igi uSualod gamomdinareobs enobrivi komunikaciis aqtidan da aRniSnavs am aqtis monawileTa damokidebulebas enobrivi komunikaciisadmi.
enobrivi komunikaciis aqti gulisxmobs `metyvels~, anu
sametyvelo aqtis avtors, `msmenels~, sametyvelo aqtis
adresats, da raRac mesame odenobas, rasac Seexeba sametyvelo komunikacia, magram rac ar iRebs masSi uSualo monawileobas rogorc `metyveli~ an `msmeneli~. Cveulebriv, es sami
odenoba sametyvelo komunikaciisa xasiaTdeba Sesabamisad
rogorc pirveli, meore da mesame piri, rac berZnuli grama~
tikuli tradiciidan momdinareobs: Sdr. o o,
o, . semantikurad dapirispirebul sam odenobas,
sam `pirs~ Soris rTuli binaruli korelaciebi arsebobs,
romlebic erTmaneTs faraven. erTi mxriv, `metyveli~ anu pirveli, `Cemeuli piri, ego upirispirdeba imas, rac `Cems~ gareSea korelacia subieqturisa da arasubieqturis, xolo,
meore mxriv, `metyveli~ da `msmeneli~, pirveli da meore,
anu `Cemeuli~ da `Seneuli~ piri upirispirdeba imas, rac
arc `metyvelia~ da arc `msmeneli~ korelacia personalurisa da arapersonaluris.
piris kategoria, rogorc universaluri semantikuri kategoria, enobriv sistemaSi gamoixateba specifikuri nacvalsaxelebis saxiT, romlebic ganarCeven minimum sam formas
pirveli, meore da mesame pirisa Sesabamisad, sametyvelo
komunikaciiT Sepirobebul sam odenobas.
piris kategoria urTierTkavSirSia subieqtisa da obieqtis kategoriasTan im azriT, rom es kategoriebi enis semantikur doneze ar vlindeba cal-calke da yovelTvis erTmaneTTan kombinaciaSia mocemuli. ar arsebobs sazogadod S
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qarTuli zmna valentobis TvalsazrisiT moTavsdeba diapazonSi 0...4, e.i. zmnuri forma qarTulSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc uaqtanto (Sdr. Tovs, wvims, quxs
da sxv. nulvalentiani zmnebi qarTulSi, ise rogorc sxva enebSi, ZiriTadad
meteorologiur movlenebs gamoxatavs), ise erT-, or-, sam- da oTxaqtantiani,
anu maqsimaluri raodenoba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebisa (resp. nacvalsaxelebisa), romlebic SeiZleba zmnur formas Seewyos winadadebis birTvSi, aris oTxi.
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TVob.
(2) mama bavSvs werils swers (2) mama dedas bavSvTan
{S} {OD}
{OA}
werils u-wer-s
{Od}
VVob.
A
amosavali konstruqciis O kategoriis gamomxatveli iribi damateba, romelic micemiT brunvaSia, transformirebul
(1) da (2) sintaqsur konstruqciebSi Tandebulian brunvaSi
warmogvidgeba, xolo micemiTi brunvis formas konstruqciis damatebiTi wevri iRebs. transformirebul konstruqciebSi iribi obieqtis gamomxatveli Tandebulbrunviani saxeli, romelic amosavali konstruqciis Sesabamisi uTandebulo micemiTbrunviani saxelis gardaqmnas warmoadgens, winadadebis birTvis iseTive aqtantad unda iqnes ganxiluli,
rogoric amave konstruqciis zmnur formasTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni uTandebulo wevrebia.
am TvalsazrisiT, inversiuli transformacia ar cvlis
zmnuri konstruqciis valentobas:
Tinv
(3) mama bavSvs werils swers (3) mamas bavSvisTvis
{S} {OA} {Od}
Vtr
werili mi-u-wer-ia
inversiuli transformi (3) veRar gardaiqmneba qcevis kategoriis mixedviT (msgavsad I da II seriis zmnuri formebisa), ramdenadac III seriis zmnuri paradigmebi warmoSobiT I
seriis sasxviso qcevis formebi unda iyos (e.i. I seriis zmnur paradigmaTa sasxviso qcevis transformebi), romelTac
dakarges versiis gageba da axali funqcionaluri SinaarsiT
daitvirTnen. amdenad, inversiuli transformacia warmoSobiT
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am mxriv gansxvavebul struqturas gviCvenebs, magaliTad, Tanamedrove franguli, romelSic Camoyalibda rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi piris maCvenebeli prefiqsuli niSnebi zmnaSi. iseT konstruqciebSi, rogoricaa je le lui donne
`me mas mas vaZlev~, je-le-lui- erTeulebi ar warmoadgenen damoukidebul nacvalsaxelebs da zmnur konstruqciaSi saTanado subieqt-obieqturi aqtantebis markerebad gvevlinebian.
analogiuri struqtura gvaqvs agreTve ungrulSi, sadac zmnur formaSi
gamoxatulia masTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa)
rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi niSani. Sdr. ungruli subieqturi da obieqturi uRvlilebis struqturebi:
subieqturi
obieqturi
1. n lt-ok `me vxedav~
1. n lt-om `me mas vxedav~
2. te lt-sz `Sen xedav~
2. te lt-od `Sen mas xedav~
3. lt `igi xedavs~
3. lt-ja `igi mas xedavs~
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ar unda avrioT erTmaneTSi zmnis sintaqsuri `valentoba~, anu zmnuri formis unari Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelebis) garkveuli raodenoba, da zmnis `pirianoba~, anu zmnur formaSi am saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) piris gamomxatveli
morfologiuri niSnis warmodgena.
is, rac `pirianobad~ gaigeboda, unda gulisxmobdes ara piris niSanTa gamovlenas zmnur formaSi, aramed zmnuri formis sintaqsur unars, Seiwyos winadadebaSi garkveuli raodenoba saxelebisa Tu nacvalsaxelebisa, romelnic
subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebebs gamoxataven, e.i. zmnis sintaqsur `valentobas~.
amas emyareba qarTuli zmnis daxasiaTeba rogorc `mravalpiriani~ (or-, samda oTxpiriani) zmnisa: mag., vaZlev me mas mas. magram am TvalsazrisiT, romelime
rusuli
, an germanuli
gebe struqturebi, romelomelTac subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli sami nacvalsaxeli Seewyoba
(-- ; ich-es-ihm), daxasiaTdeboda agreTve rogorc mravalpiriani~.
saqme isaa, rom yvela es zmnuri forma (rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli da
germanuli) samvalentiania (zmnur formasTan subieqt-obieqturi mimarTebebis
gamomxatvel aqtantTa Sewyobis TvalsazrisiT), magram erTpiriani (zmnur formaSi piris niSanTa gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT). sazogadod, qarTuli zmna gansxvavdeba rusulisa an germanulisagan ara imiT, rom qarTuli zmna mravalpiriania, xolo rusuli da germanuli erTpiriani, aramed imiT, rom qarTuli zmna
subieqt-obieqturi wyobisaa (e.i. qarTul zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia erTerTi piris niSani subieqtisa an obieqtisa, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi orivesi erTad), xolo rusuli da germanuli zmna subieqturi wyobis
(e.i. zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia mxolod subieqtis niSani).
am TvalsazrisiT, zmnis `pirianoba~ da zmnis `valentoba~ arsebiTad gansxvavebul struqturul maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen, romlebic asaxaven zmnuri
konstruqciis Sesabamisad morfologiur agebulebasa da sintaqsur kavSirebs.
magram am maxasiaTeblebs Soris garkveuli urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobs,
romlic gansazRvravs maT Soris Sesabamisobis xasiaTs sxvadasxva enis zmnur
sistemaSi.
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8. yoveli morfema zmnur struqturaSi mkacrad gansazRvrul adgils ikavebs zmnuri Zirisa da sxva morfemebis
mimarT, rac qmnis zmnuri formis morfemaTa `rangobriv struqturas~.
zmnuri struqtura SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc zmnis
Ziri -R- gansazRvruli raodenobis carieli morfologiuri
ujredebiT Ziris win da mis momdevnod. TiToeuli aseTi ujredi Seivseba mxolod erTi gansazRvruli prefiqsuli Tu sufiqsuri morfemiT, ris Sedegadac enis zedapirul struqturaSi warmoiqmneba esa Tu is zmnuri forma sruli morfologiuri gaformebiT.
piris prefiqsuli morfemebi Zveli qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi, rogorc wesi, mxolod erT ujreds ikaveben romelic moTavsebulia qcevis, kauzativisa da vnebiTis mawarmoebel
prefiqsTa ujredis win.13 es imas niSnavs, rom prefiqsuli
piris niSnebi struqturulad SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan prefiqsul morfemaTa mimdevrobaSi. ramdeni saxelic ar unda
daukavSirdes sintaqsurad zmnas winadadebis birTvSi, mxolod erT-erTi maTganis niSani Cajdeba zmnur struqturaSi
piris prefiqsul morfemaTaTvis gankuTvnil morfologiur
ujredSi. Zveli qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi SeiniSneba mkacrad gansazRvruli ierarqia zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) prefiqsuli niSnebis aqtualurad gamovlenisa; zmnur struqturaSi mxolod is aqtantebi aCenen saTanado niSans, romlebic warmoadgenen wi13
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amgvarad, zmnasTan dakavSirebuli aqtantebis piris niSanTa aqtualurad gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli zmna unda
daxasiaTdes ZiriTadad rogorc monopersonaluri (erTpiriani) zmnuri struqtura. bipersonaluria (orpiriania) igi im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu {S3} aqtanti, romelic sufiqsuri niSniT gamoixateba, kombinirebs winadadebis birTvSi prefiqsuli niSniT gamoxatul obieqtur pirTan, Sdr. (4), (5), (6) struqturebi.
am SezRudviT SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli zmnis `prefiqsul monopersonalizmze~. am principis Sesabamisad zmnasTan dakavSirebul aqtantTa potenciurad SesaZlebel prefiqsul niSanTagan zmnur formaSi aqtualurad gamovlindeba mxolod erTi niSani.
zmnur formaSi prefiqsul niSanTa mimdevrobidan garkveuli prefiqsis aqtualurad warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba
SemovitanoT subieqt-obieqtur piris niSanTa `simZlavris~
cneba.
am mxriv, gramatikuli subieqtisa da obieqtis gamomxatveli prefiqsebi zmnur konstruqciaSi ganisazRvreba rogorc
erTi da imave `simZlavris~ mqone niSnebi, ramdenadac am niSanTa
kombinirebisas garkveul konstruqciebSi vlindeba mxolod
subieqturi piris niSnebi, xolo sxva konstruqciebSi mxolod obieqturi piris niSnebi ({O1} da {O2} aqtantTa subieqtur {S1,2} aqtantTan kombinirebis SemTxvevaSi).
erTgvari gansxvaveba iCens Tavs `simZlavris~ TvalsazrisiT
pirdapiri da iribi obieqtis amsaxvel aqtantebsa da maT Sesabamis prefiqsul niSnebs Soris. iribi obieqti am mxriv ufro
`mZlavria~ pirdapir obieqtTan SedarebiT, ramdenadac maTi
kombinireba warmoaCens zmnur formaSi mxolod iribi obieqtis prefiqsul niSans.
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obieqturi piris gamomxatveli /x-/ perfiqsiT. i-niani vnebiTis konstruqciebSi es x- prefiqsi (warmoSobiT mesame pirdapir-obieqturi piris gamomxatveli niSani) ar gauTanabrda
nuls, ramdenadac /O3d/x-- procesis ganxorcielebis
dros aqtiur konstruqciebSi morfologiuri kavSiri i-niani vnebiTis garkveul formebsa da Sesabamisi moqmedebiTi
gvaris pirdapirdamatebian konstruqciebs Soris gawyvetili
unda yofiliyo; aqtiur konstruqciebSi /O3d/x- procesis dawyebisaTvis Sesabamis pasiur konstruqciaTa /x-/ prefiqsi aRar gaigeboda rogorc /O3d/ niSani.
9. subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli aqtantebisa da maT Sesabamis niSanTa Sepirispireba Zveli qarTuli
zmnis struqturaSi saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev erTi Sinagani
rekonstruqcia movaxdinoT struqturaTa unificirebul tipebze dayvaniT. am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi Seexeba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebebs pirveli subieqturi piris gamomxatvel orda samvalentian zmnur struqturebSi.
Zveli qarTuli zmnis prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis principi, romelic gatarebulia uciloblad zmnuri struqturis yvela paradigmuli erTeulis mimarT, irRveva zog iseT
zmnur formaSi, sadac winadadebis birTvSi mesame obieqturi
piris amsaxveli saxeli ukavSirdeba pirvel subieqtur pirs.
aseT SemTxvevaSi orive es aqtanti saTanado aqtualurad gamovlenili prefiqsuli niSniT aris warmodgenili zmnur
formaSi: Sdr. `xanmeti~ formebi Se-x--abT, aR-x--marTe
da misT.
am formebSi warmodgenilia, winaaRmdeg `prefiqsuli
monopensonalizmis~ principisa, rogorc {S1}, ise {O3}
aqtantTa gamomxatveli prefiqsuli elementebi /-/ da /x-/,
rac /x--/ mimdevrobas gvaZlevs: /O3//S1/.
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lad damaxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli monopersonalizmi, romelic jer kidev `xanmet~ ZeglebSi asaxuli Zveli qarTulis
doneze uciloblad gatarebulia yvela danarCen subieqtobieqtur pirTa kombinirebisas.15
preqarTulisaTvis, e.i. qarTuli enis ganviTarebis im etapisaTvis, romelic win uswrebs uZveles werilobiT ZeglebSi
asaxul enobriv mdgomareobas, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis Sesabamisi zmnuri struqtura
pirveli subieqturi piris /S1/*x- markeriT.
enis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze unda momxdariyo amgvar struqturaTa pirveli subieqturi piris /x/- R formis
gaazreba rogorc zmnuri formisa, romelSic gamoxatulia
agreTve mesame obieqturi piri O3/x-/ prefiqsis saxiT;
1. *mi-x-ec- ~ 3. *mi-x-c-a tipis paradigmebSi xdeba *mi-xec formis daSla *mi-x--ec struqturad; warmoSobiT erTiani pirveli subieqturi piris /*x-/ prefiqsi reinterpretirebul iqna rogorc O3ind/x-/ da S1/-/ prefiqsTa kombinacia.
romelime *mi-x-ec struqtura (winadadebis birTvi:
{S1}{O3ind}{O3d} V) mesame obieqturi piris *mi-x-c-a struqturis gavleniT, sadac kanonzomierad warmodgenilia O3ind/x-/
prefiqsi, gaazrebul iqna rogorc mi-x--ec struqtura, e.i.
rogorc iseTi zmnuri forma, romelSic /*x-/ prefiqsis
/*x-/ elementi miCneulia {O3} saxelis (resp. nacvalsaxelis)
gamomxatvel niSnad, msgavsad /x-/ prefiqsisa mi-x-c-a tipis
struqturebSi, sadac igi kanonzomierad {O3} saxelis (resp.
nacvalsaxelis) gamomxatvelia. amiT erTgvarad dairRva zmSdr. agreTve Sinaganad rekonstruirebuli S1 /*x-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTeba S2 /*x-/ niSanTan, romelic analogiuria O2pl /*g-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTebisa O 2 /* g-/ niSanTan, e.i. S1: *x-klav ~ S2: *x-klav da O 1pl: *g-klav ~
O2 : *g-klav.
15
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amwerloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc garkveuli saxis urTierTdakavSirebul niSanTa simravle, romelic Sinagani struqturis mqone erTianobas warmoadgens. amgvari interpretacia damwerlobisa, rogorc semiotikuri
sistemisa, mas analogiuri humanitaruli sistemebis gverdiT ayenebs da, amdenad, damwerlobis Teoria, romelsac Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi gramatologias uwodeben, SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc nawili semiotikisa (semiologiisa), anu
zogadi Teoriisa niSanTa sistemebis Sesaxeb.
*
daibeWda krebulSi: Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian
Linguistics, edited by D.A.Holisky, K.Tuite, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2003:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Sdr. Tamaz gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba.
anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba (akaki SaniZis redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT): Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1989.
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damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTareba (filogenezi) gulisxmobs damwerlobis evolucias sazogadod, mis ganviTarebaSi Tanmimdevruli doneebis gamoyofas, romlebic iwyeba semasiografiiT da mTavrdeba fonografiis anbanuri doniT.
damwerlobis ontogeneturi ganviTareba (ontogenezi) aris calkeuli weriTi
sistemis warmoSoba da mis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli Tanmimdevruli safexurebis
gavla, dawyebuli Seqmnidan da damTavrebuli misi SeswavliT.
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rac Seexeba gamoxatulebis plans, fonografiul sistemaSi grafikuli niSnebi, aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris
mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc
piqtografiulica da rogorc pirobiTic. amgvaria viTareba
logorafiul sistemebSi, sadac niSnebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
piqtogramebi, ise pirobiTi grafikuli simboloebi. am TvalsazrisiT, silabografiuli da anbanuri damwerlobebisaTvis
mxolod pirobiTobaa damaxasiaTebeli, ramdenadac am sistemebSi grafikul simboloTa aRsaniSnebi, Tavis mxriv, ar warmoadgenen niSnebs da moklebulni arian Sinaarss. swored amis
gamo, aRsaniSnebi amgvar sistemebSi arafriT ar SeiZleba hgavdnen Sesabamis aRmniSvnelebs. grafikul simbolosTan dakavSirebiT piqtografiaze aq mxolod istoriuli aspeqtiT Tu
visaubrebT, anu realuri samyaros garkveuli obieqtebisadmi SesaZlo msgavsebis (Tu amgvari ram dasturdeba) TvalsazrisiT. nebismieri aseTi msgavseba mosalodnelia, rom asaxavdes mocemuli simbolos warmomavlobasa da mis gamoyenebas
semasiografiuli (logografiuli) funqciiT garkveul
araanbanuri tipis damwerlobaSi.
amgvarad, damwerlobis Sinaarsis plani warmoadgens sxvadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebis (bgerebis, marcvlebis,
sityvebis, ricxvebis da a.S.) erTobliobas, romlebic sxvadasxva weriT sistemaSi gansxvavebuli grafikuli simboloebiT gamoixateba da romelTa konkretuli simravle Seadgens
Sesabamisi weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plans.4
am azriT, tradiciuli paleografia ganixileba rogorc gramatologiis dargi,
romelic upiratesad Seiswavlis weriTi sistemis `gamoxatulebis plans~, anu
garkveuli grafikuli niSnebis meSveobiT specialuri mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis
Taviseburebas da amgvari niSnebis droSi grafikul transformaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. ramdenadac aseTi problemebi ganixileboda rogorc kavSiri gansxvavebul damwerlobebs Soris, gasagebia, rom tradiciuli paleografia, romelic ZiriTadad weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis planiT iyo dainteresebuli, am sistemis niSnebs Soris grafikuli msgavsebis garegan aspeqtebze amyarebda Tavis daskvnebs da ar iTvaliswinebda im Sida struqturul Taviseburebebs, romlebsac sistemis `gamoxatulebis planisa~ da `Sinaarsis planis~ urTierTkavSiri gansazRvravda.
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`kulturis ekologia~1
ermini `ekologia~ Tavisi etimologiuri SinaarsiT niSnavs mecnierebas `sacxovreblis ~, `gare mos~,
`garemocvis~ Sesaxeb. TviT `garemocvis~ cnebas azri aqvs
garkveuli centris, im centraluri wertilis daSvebis
SemTxvevaSi, romelSic adamiani imyofeba.
`ekologiis~ amgvari gansazRvrisas unda davadginoT, Tu
ra xasiaTis `garemosTan~, `garemocvasTan~ gvaqvs saqme: adamianisaTvis es garemo aris fizikuri da biologiuri, Tu
sakuTriv adamianuri _ kulturul-socialuri. Sesabamisad,
saWiroa gavarCioT adamianis fizikur-biologiuri ekologia
da ekologia kulturul-socialuri, romelic ganixilavs
`ekologiis~ humanitarul aspeqtebs da romlisTvisac SeiZleboda `kulturis ekologia~ gvewodebina.
~kulturis ekologia~
`kulturis ekologia~ ganixilavs adamians ara rogorc
biologiur obieqts, romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens fizikuri garesamyaro, aramed rogorc socialur-kulturul
obieqts, romelic garkveul urTierTobebs amyarebs adamianur garemosTan da romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens esa Tu
is socialuri garemo.
`ekologiisadmi~ miZRvnil Sekrebebze Cven mTel yuradRebas mivapyrobT xolme fizikur-biologiur ekologias da
TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelvyofT `kulturis ekologiis~
problemebs, maSin rodesac mTeli msoflios xalxebs, da gansakuTrebiT mcirericxovan erebs, fizikuri garemos siwmindis dacvaze aranakleb mwvaved awuxebT erovnuli kulturisa da enis gadarCenis, TavianT esTetikur da eTnikur faseulobaTa dacvis sakiTxebi _ da yovelive es totaluri globalizaciis epoqaSi.
amgvar enaTa da kulturaTa mospoba-gadaSeneba iseTive
katastrofaa kulturul-ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
rogoric garesamyaros dabinZureba _ fizikur-biologiuri
ekologiis TvalsazrisiT.
Cven `wiTel wignSi~ Segvaqvs im cxovelTa da mcenareTa
saxelebi, romelTac gadaSeneba emuqrebaT da amiT vafrTxilebT kacobriobas, magram xSirad gvaviwydeba TviTon adamiani da misi kultura, rodesac gulgrilad SevcqeriT xalxebisa da maTi enebis gadaSenebas, xalxebisa, romlebic Tavad
warmoadgenen kacobriobis istoriisa da sakacobrio kulturis nawils.
aseTi xalxebisa da enebis dakargviT kacobrioba ufro
Raribi da erTgvarovani xdeba; kacobrioba kargavs raRac nawils Tavisi istoriuli mexsierebisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
im xalxebis erovnul grZnobebze, romelTac istoriulma bedma arguna gamxdariyvnen cocxali mowmeni TavianTi erovnuli
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geopolitikuri nomenklaturis
dazustebisaTvis*
Aa
mierkavkasias~ dasavlur enebze, Cveulebriv, `transkavkasias~ uwodeben, rac rusul `~-s Targmans warmoadgens, laTinuri `trans-~ TavsarTis gamoyenebiT rusuli `~- prefiqsis Sesabamisad. `transkavkasia~
_ `~, maSasadame, niSnavs `kavkasiis qedis, kavkasiis
miRma teritorias~, rac qarTulad rogorc `imierkavkasia~
gadmoiTargmneba.
kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebare teritoriis `transkavkasia~ _ `~ (e.i. `imierkavkasia~) terminiT aRniSvna gulisxmobs saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis
momcveli am teritoriis danaxvas da saxeldebas CrdiloeTidan, `kavkasiis~ samxreTi nawilis Sefasebas Crdiloeli
damkvirveblis TvaliT, ris gamoc es termini garkveul politikur, ase vTqvaT, `koloniur~ Seferilobas iZens.
*
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kavkasiis regioni anu `kavkasia~, romelic moicavs teritorias kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, am qedis
berZnul `kaukasos~ saxels ukavSirdeba. Tavad berZnuli
`kaukasos~ termini Zveli iranuli `kapkah~ saxelwodebisagan unda momdinareobdes, rac `did mTas~ niSnavs.
amgvarad, `kavkasia~ geografiulad warmodgens garkveul
teritorias Sav zRvasa da kaspiis zRvas Soris, romelsac
kavkasionis qedi or nawilad yofs _ CrdiloeT kavkasiad da
samxreT kavkasiad. `kavkasiis~ samxreT nawils Cven savsebiT
bunebrivad `amierkavkasias~, anu kavkasiis qedis `aqeT~, `amier~ mdebare regions vuwodebT.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, rusul da dasavlur sityvaxmarebaSi
CrdiloeT kavkasias ` ~-s uwodeben, xolo
samxreT kavkasias logikurad mosalodneli da geografiulad gamarTlebuli ` ~-is nacvlad garkveuli politikuri orientaciis mqone `~ _ `transkavkasia~ (e.i. `imerkavkasia~) terminiT aRniSnavdnen.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, termini `transkavkasia~ _
`~ mizanSewonilia am enebSi Seicvalos politikurad neitraluri da geografiulad zusti terminebiT
`Crdilo kavkasia~ _ ` ~, `North Caucasus~
da `samxreT kavkasia~ _ ` ~, `South Caucasus~;
qarTulad `samxreT kavkasia~ terminis paralelurad tradiciuli `amierkavkasiac~ SeiZleba vixmaroT (saqrTvelos,
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis momcveli teritoriis aRsaniSnavad).
es sakiTxi araerTxel dasmula sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
samecniero-politikur konferenciebze kavkasiis Sesaxeb da
dadebiTad iqna aRqmuli aRniSnuli forumebis monawileTa
mier.
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axalgazrda kvdeba~. menandres es sityvebi SesaniSnavad esadageba givi maWavarians _ brwyinvale mecniersa da araCveulebriv adamians, romelmac waruSleli kvali datova
qarTul da saerTaSoriso enaTmecnierebaSi. me piradad mqonda bedniereba masTan erToblivi mecnieruli muSaobisa
mravali wlis manZilze; swored man Semiyvana me qarTveluri
enaTmecnierebis saocar samyaroSi; swored masTan erTad
Seiqmna qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlis is suraTi,
romelic Tavis droze faqtobrivad qarTveluri SedarebiTistoriuli enaTmecnierebis axal paradigmas warmoadgenda. es patara statiac me minda mivuZRvna Cveni dauviwyari
megobrisa da kolegis givi maWavarianis xsovnas.
idronimi `mtkvari~ qarTul wyaroebSi dasturdeba uZveles hagiografiul da istoriul ZeglebSi mtkuar-i
/ mtkur-is[a] formiT, sadac u niSani (digrafi) umarcv-
*
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi 4(16). eZRvneba givi maWavarianis dabadebis 75
wlisTavs, Tbilisi, 2002 w.: iv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti.
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egrul-lazuri qorTu `qarTveli~ eTnonimi qarTulzanuri enobrivi erTianobis epoqisaTvis *qarTu sityvaformas unda gulisxmobdes `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa
qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT.
uZveles qarTulSi *qarTu forma ar dasturdeba, magram
gvaqvs el- bolosarTiT (sufiqsiT) nawarmoebi qarTu-el-i
~ qarT-el-i ~ qarTvel-i (u/ sonantis qarTulSi vTanxmovanSi gadasvlis Sedegad), rac ufro adreul epoqaSi
swored amgvari sityva-formis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs.
maSasadame, qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobisaTvis unda
davuSvaT *qarTu saxelis arseboba `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa
qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT, romelmac megrul-lazurSi mogvca
kan onzomiera d qorTu `qarT vel i~ f orma (zanu ri
xmovanTgadawevis Sedegad), xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi -elbolosarTis darTviT miviReT istoriulad dadasturebuli
qarTv-el-i forma.
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didi
qarTveli
enaTmecnierebi
akaki SaniZe
giorgi axvlediani
arnold Ciqobava
giorgi wereTeli
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arTuli mecnierebis istoriaSi akaki SaniZe gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
peterburgis universitetSi klasikuri Teoriullingvisturi momzadeba ar gauvlia (igi ufro rogorc farTo profilis filologosi gadioda momzadebas, vidre
sakuTriv lingvisti-Teoretikosi), akaki SaniZe, mis mier Seqmnili qarTuli gramatikuli sistemis wyalobiT, enaTmecnierebaSi faqtobrivad im Teoriul-lingvisturi mimdinareobis winamorbedi aRmoCnda, romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes
rogorc struqturul-funqciuri; miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki
SaniZes ar moucia Tavisi lingvisturi koncefciisa da meTodologiis mTliani formulireba, enisadmi (am SemTxvevaSi
qarTuli enisadmi) mTeli Tavisi mecnieruli midgomiTa da
enobrivi analizis gamoyenebuli xerxebisa da meTodebis mixedviT, akaki SaniZis lingvisturi Teoria unda ganvixiloT
rogorc struqturul-funqciuri da enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi igi im mimdinareobebs SevadaroT, romlebic Semdgom
ferdinand de sosiuris sinqroniuli Teoriisa da praRis
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sakmarisia davasaxeloT enobriv elementTa dapirispirebis, `opoziciis~ cneba, romelsac, rogorc enobrivi analizis safuZvels, ase farTod iyenebs akaki SaniZe; swored lingvisturi opoziciis principze
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Tamaz
akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdebeli
gamyreliZe
186
li enis, Seswavlis mecnierul niadagze damyareba akaki SaniZis didi da ucilobeli damsaxurebaa. iq, sadac struqturuli qaosi da gaurkvevloba sufevda, akaki SaniZem araCveulebrivi sicxade Seitana da struqturuli wesrigi daamyara. amiT man mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli axali qarTuli
enaTmecnierebis farTo asparezze gamosvlas da akaki SaniZe
saerTaSoriso wreebSi erTxmad aRiares kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis patriarqad.
dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba, sazogadod, da saerTaSoriso asparezze _ gansakuTrebiT, swored qarTuli mecnierebis, qarTuli kulturis meSveobiT unda xdebodes, am
cnebaTa farTo gagebiT. es erTgvari erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
ganmtkiceba unda iyos qarTveli xalxisa msoflio sazogadoebriobis TvalSi.
ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTao aRiarebis safuZvels mxolod mis mier Seqmnili obieqturi, namdvili da gauzviadebeli mecnieruli Tu kulturuli Rirebulebebi qmnis, romlebic saboloo angariSiT am xalxis mudmiv Rirebulebebad
iqceva da romelTa mixedviTac fasdeba misi wvlili da adgili sakacobrio civilizaciaSi. swored amgvari WeSmariti
mecnieruli da kulturuli Rirebulebani unda gaxdes Cveni
xalxis TviTdamkvidrebis upiratesi safuZveli.
amgvar gardauval Rirebulebad iqca swored Cveni kulturisaTvis akaki SaniZis samecniero memkvidreoba; swored
amgvar mudmiv Rirebulebas warmoadgens Cveni erisaTvis akaki SaniZe.
es Cveni didi mamuliSvili unda iqces qarTuli mecnierebis,
mTeli qarTuli kulturis maradiul simbolod.
iorgi axvledianis saxeli mWidrod ukavSirdeba axali enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebasa da damkvidrebas. man
akaki SaniZesTan erTad safuZveli Cauyara axal saenaTmecniero azrovnebas saqarTveloSi. giorgi axvlediani da
akaki SaniZe arian qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdeblebi da,
maSasadame, klasikosebi am mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT.
giorgi axvlediani ekuTvnis axali qarTuli mecnierebis
aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebul mecnierTa im mcirericxovan
jgufs, romelsac didi ivane javaxiSvili meTaurobda. axali qarTuli mecnierebis es aRorZineba Tan mohyva Cveni erovnuli universitetis daarsebas, risi erT-erTi aqtiuri monawile giorgi axvledianic iyo. ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebiT:
`tfilisis universitetSi enaTmecnierebis dargis Seqmna sami
piris: profesor ioseb yifSiZis, profesor akaki SaniZis da
*
wifo universiteti.
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profesor giorgi axvledianis Rvawls Seadgens. pirveli maTganis, samwuxarod, udrood gardacvalebis gamo udidesi
tvirTi ors ukanasknels daawva~.
es `udidesi tvirTi~ did mecnierebsa da sazogado moRvaweebs _ giorgi axvlediansa da akaki SaniZes _ SaravandediT
mosavs da mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi Rirseul
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muSebs. aqve Camoyalibebulia funqcionaluri xmovanTmonacvleobis _ `ablautis~ (apofoniis) ZiriTadi saxeebi da gansazRvrulia misi roli qarTul enobriv sistemaSi.
giorgi axvledianis Teoria `aqcesiuri~ da `decesiuri~
kompleqsebis Sesaxeb, romelic man qarTveluri enebis monacemebis safuZvelze SeimuSava, zogadlingvisturi xasiaTisa aRmoCnda, ramdenadac aq dadgenili kanonzomierebani
TanxmovanTa SeerTebisa damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo enaTa didi umravlesobisaTvis. rogorc bolo xanebSi gairkva,
`aqcesiur-decesiurobis~ Teoria efeqturi saSualebaa
agreTve indoevropul enaTa mTeli rigi istoriuli kanonzomierebis gamosavlenad da asaxsnelad, rac am Teorias indoevropuli enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavlis
samsaxurSi ayenebs da, amdenad, giorgi axvledianis saxels
indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis istoriaSic TvalsaCino adgils umkvidrebs.
giorgi axvledianis fonetikur-fonologiuri naazrevi Sejamebulia mis cnobil `zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebSi~,
romelic 1949 wels gamoica da romelic samagido wignad
iqca zogadi da qarTuli fonetikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebulTaTvis; igi ramdenime wlis win xelaxla daistamba.
magram giorgi axvledianis es didi Rvawli Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis winaSe, samwuxarod, naklebadaa cnobili saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis.
Cveni wminda movaleobaa farTod gavacnoT giorgi axvledianis es naazrevi da mas saTanado, mis mier damsaxurebuli
adgili mivuCinoT msoflio enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi. es
gaxlavT adgili erT-erTi pionerisa iseT enaTmecnierul mimdinareobaSi, rogoricaa enis fuqcionalur-fonologiuri
analizi, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada sazogadod enis
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Soris, amave dros, naTesauri, genetikuri kavSirebi iqna postulirebuli da Crdilo-kavkasiuri enebi samxreT kavkasiur
(qarTvelur) enebTan saerTo `iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi~ iqna gaerTianebuli.
mecnierTa sxva jgufi `iberiul-kavkasiur enebs~ ganixilavs rogorc saerTo arealur-tipologiur jgufSi Semaval
Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiur enebs, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani fonetikur-fonologiuri da struqturul-tipologiuri msgavseba vlindeba, rac maT saerTo kulturul
arealSi istoriul urTierTobasa da kavSirebs mowmobs mravali saukunis manZilze. orive es Tvalsazrisi `iberiul-kavkasiur enebs~ Soris arsebul xangrZliv kulturul-istoriul kavSir-urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. am mxriv es enebi umdidres masalas awvdis Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebas istoriul-genetikuri Tu istoriul-tipologiuri kvlevisaTvis.
udidesi Rvawli am Teoriuli kvlevis safuZvlebis Seqmnisa
swored arn. Ciqobavas ekuTvnis im skolis Camoyalibebisa da
damkvidrebisaTvis, romelic dRes `qarTvel kavkasiologTa
skolis~ saxelwodebiT aris mTel msoflioSi cnobili.
iseve rogorc iv. javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis erovnuli
universitetis daarseba iyo ara mxolod umaRlesi ganaTlebis
keris aRorZineba saqarTveloSi, aramed umniSvnelovanesi
erovnuli aqti axali qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifosaTvis maRali mecnierul-kulturuli donis uzrunvelsayofad, aseve arn.Ciqobavas mier `iberiul-kavkasiuri skolis~
Seqmna da misi warmatebiT funqcionireba aris winapiroba
dRes mravali sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqtis realizaciisa, maT Soris e.w. `saerTo kavkasiuri saxlis~ Seqmnisa, im
umniSvnelovanesi ideis ganxorcielebisa da saboloo damkvidrebisa, rasac `mSvidobiani kavkasia~ da `kavkasiaSi kulturaTa dialogi~ ewodeba; es idea ganixileba dRes msofli-
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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avida Cvengan qarTveli swavluli, saqveynod aRiarebuli enaTmecnieri - kavkasiologi. arnold Ciqobava faqtiuri iniciatori da ZiriTadi ganmaxorcielebeli iyo
ormocdaaTian wlebSi im `gadatrialebisa~, romelic moxda
mTeli sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis wiaRSi. amis Sedegad gaxda
swored SesaZlebeli is didi miRwevebi msoflio enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, rac dRes sabWoTa da, kerZod, qarTul
enaTmecnierebas aqvs. SesaZlebelia, zogi ram, rac amis
Semdgom gakeTda, arnold CiqobavasaTvis mecnierulad miuRebelic yofiliyo, magram es ar aris am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi
da mTavari.
CemTvis piradad uaRresad mniSvnelovania is, rom erT-erTi
bolo wignTagani, romlebsac igi sicocxlis ukanasknel
dReebSi ecnoboda, Cveni wignic iyo indoevropelebis Sesaxeb. aqac, albaT, misTvis sakamaTo bevri ram iqneboda, magram
erTi ram udavoa: arnold Ciqobava yoveli CvenganisaTvis iyo
erTgvari `Sinagani cenzori~, romelic `akontrolebda~ yovelive imas, rasac vqmnidiT; yoveli avtori cdilobda Tavisi
naSromisaTvis arnold Ciqobavas TvaliT Seexeda... albaT, bevr
enaTmecniers moakldeba axla baton arnoldis `Tvali~, rom
araferi vTqvaT mis mier Seqmnil iberiul-kavkasiur skolaze,
romelsac amieridan misi mravalricxovani mowafeebi unda
Caudgnen saTaveSi...
amoCenil qarTvel mecniers, qarTuli aRmosavleTmcodneobis erT-erT fuZemdebels, farTod cnobil arabistsa da semitologs, akademikos giorgi wereTels 2004
wlis 21 oqtombers dabadebidan 100 weli Seusrulda. mecnieri-filologisaTvis arcTu xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze (igi gardaicvala xanmokle, magram mZime avadmyofobis Semdeg 1973 wlis 9 seqtembers) giorgi wereTelma udidesi
samecniero Sedegebi moipova da saxeli gaiTqva saerTaSoriso
mecnierebaSi rogorc umaRlesi rangis mkvlevarma-aRmosavleTmcodnem, romelmac mniSvnelovani naSromebi SesZina
filologiur mecnierebasa da aRmosavleTmcodneobas da miT
daimkvidra didi mecnieris saxeli msoflio mecnierebaSi.
ganuzomlad farTo iyo akademikos giorgi wereTlis samecniero interesebis sfero. igi moicavs arabul enaTmecniere
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basa da folklors, ebraistikasa da arameistikas, axlo aRmosavleTis Zvel enebsa da damwerlobaTa istorias, qarTvelur enaTmecnierebas, qarTuli da SedarebiTi leqsTwyobis
sakiTxebs, Teoriuli lingvistikis problemebs... TiToeul
am dargSi man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana da misma Sromebma
Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra Cveni humanitaruli mecnierebis saganZurSi.
mravalmxrivma da Rrma erudiciam, maRali klasis mecnierulma naSromebma, amave dros, araCveulebrivma organizatorulma unarma damsaxurebuli avtoriteti moupova msoflio mecnierebaSi giorgi wereTels da mis mier Seqmnil
saenaTmecniero skolas, xolo giorgi wereTlis iniciativiT daarsebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti, romelic amJamad mis saxels
atarebs, misi xelmZRvanelobiT msoflio orientalistikis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan centrad iqca.
Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi maSindeli sakavSiro akademiis
prezidenti mstislav keldiSi aRniSnavda:
lis arCeva sakavSiro akademiis akademikosad farTo samecniero sazogadoebriobam miiCnia misi mravalmxrivi mecnieruli
da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis samarTlian aRiarebad.
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giorgi wereTlis rogorc mecnieris sidiade ganisazRvreba ara gamoqveynebul SromaTa raodenobiT, aramed mis mier
Seqmnil gamokvlevaTa xasiaTiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Tavisebur aRmoCenas warmoadgens da waruSlel kvals tovebs
erovnuli da msoflio mecnierebis saTanado dargebSi.
giorgi wereTeli Tavis TavSi aerTianebda faqtobrivad ramdenime samecniero dargis specialistsa da Rrma mcodnes,
rac mas saSualebas aZlevda axleburad, Taviseburi TvalTaxedviT Seexeda TiToeuli am dargisaTvis; igi iyo saqveynod aRiarebuli semitologi, ubadlo iranisti da qarTvelologi; igi iyo brwyinvale filologosi da enaTmecnieri,
romelic yovelTvis idga msoflio filologiisa da lingvistikis uaxles miRwevaTa doneze da xSirad Tavisi gamokvlevebiT TviT gansazRvravda am dones...
giorgi wereTeli ganekuTvneba im qarTvel mecnierTa da
moRvaweTa rigs, romelTac mecnierebaSi gadalaxes sakuTriv
erovnuli sazRvrebi, TavianTi Semoqmedebis zogadmecnieruli Rirebulebisa da mniSvnelobis wyalobiT farTo asparezze
gavidnen da miT erovnul mecnierebas saerTaSoriso mecnierebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daumkvidres da sayovelTao aRiareba moupoves...
swored aseTi pirovnebebi uTqvamen saqveynod saxels
qarTul erovnul mecnierebasa da kulturas, mTel qarTvel
xalxs da mas msoflios TvalSi Tanamedrove civilizebuli
da kulturulad mowinave erebis rigSi ayeneben, swored es
aris giorgi wereTlis didi damsaxureba qarTveli xalxisa
da qarTuli kulturis winaSe.
dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba saerTaSoriso asparezze upiratesad qarTuli mecnierebisa da qarTuli kulturis
meSveobiT Tu SeiZleba moxdes. ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTao
aRiarebis safuZvels mxolod mis mier warmoqmnili mecnie-
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