Engleski Test 1

N.B.
Correct answers are bolded

VOCABULARY AND LANGUAGE
Choose the correct meaning of the following words and expressions:

1. tap into
a. make possible
b. make as much use as possible
c. follow and understand
2. accountability
a. responsibility
b. financing
c. profession of keeping financial accounts
3. rev up
a. become more active
b. produce
c. depend on
4. attrition
a. chronic diseases
b. lay-offs
c. natural decrease in numbers
5. stakeholders
1. group of cars owned by a company
2. able to run quickly
3. people or organizations affected by companys activities
Complete the sentences with the correct word:

6. Our new employment policy resulted ____ a better bottom line.
1. in
2. with
3. to
7. Why dont we _____ a few ideas?

1. kick off
2. keep track of
3. kick around
8. He screamed at the manager. _____, he was not fired.

1. Because
2. However
3. Consequently
9. Allowing more mature workers to work from home is another way of _____ the problem of
staff turnover.
1. dealing with
2. attract
3. telecommuting
10. We hope this initiative will motivate others in the industry to _____ .
1. shy away
2. hold us to account
3. follow suit
TOEFL PRACTICE
Choose the correction for the underlined words:
1. Our new collection features many rare and unknown works of historically interest.
1. history
2. historical
3. historic
2. Lack of transportation is a major impede to development in remote areas.

1. impediment
2. impedance
3. impeding
3. Like automobiles, which use a four-stroke engine, motorcycles use a two-stroke one.
1. Alike
2. Unlike
3. Liking
4. So Einstein suggested eighty years ago, space can vibrate.

1. Since
2. Both
3. As
Choose the correct word or expression to complete the sentences:
5. _____ are phosphorescent in the dark intrigues many people.
1. Certain species of centipedes

2. That certain species of centipedes
3. There are certain species of centipedes
4. It is certain species of centipedes
6. _____ in the frozen wastes of Antarctica takes special equipment.

1. To survive
2. That survival
3. It is survival
4. Survive
7. _____ after years of planning do large-scale civil engineering projects get underway.
1. Only
2. Seldom
3. Under no circumstances
8. _____ should a young child be allowed to play with fireworks without adult supervision.
1. Only
2. Seldom
3. Under no circumstances
9. Differences among environmental groups illustrate ______ a broad range of philosophies

and tactics.
1. that is there
2. that is
3. that there is
4. that there
10. Science has not yet made a machine that can learn _______ a young child can learn in a
few days - how to tie a pair of shoes.
1. what
2. when
3. where
4. which
READING COMPREHENSION
Take another quick look at the article about PPPs and match the two parts of the sentence
summaries.
Infrastructure: Experience of the 1999s has put people off

The failure of inefficient and under-funded governments to provide citizens in the developing
world with essential services such as water, power and sanitation provides a compelling
argument for private sector involvement in these activities. However, it is difficult to persuade
companies to participate when pricing remains too low to repay investments, and when
lenders are reluctant to back projects in places where political risk is high.
Private money flooded into infrastructure projects in the 1990s, particularly power projects in
Asia and Latin America, which was a target for multinationals that invested widely as former
state monopolies were privatised. But as problems emerged - both in the region and in
companies' home markets - many withdrew, and today Latin American countries are
embracing the privatisation of energy resources with less enthusiasm. Even if investors could
be tempted back into power or water distribution projects in emerging markets, the higher
tariffs associated with private systems are often politically unacceptable.
'The private sector not only has to improve operations and collection, but also has to increase
the level of investment and correct for historical underinvestment,' says Francisco Toureilles,
director for infrastructure at the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
In the case of water, passions run high, with many arguing that access to water is an essential
human right that should not have to be paid for. However, Michael Klein, vice-president for
private sector development at the World Bank and IFC, points out that many are paying for it
already. Those without access to water, he says, are often forced to buy from vendors, paying
ten times or more than people connected to modern water systems. 'The idea that you can't
raise prices because it's not affordable is, in many cases, just plain wrong,' he says.
But even if the argument for a private-sector role in infrastructure development has been won,
the question is how to persuade business to participate, particularly since the experience of the
1990s has made companies and lenders more risk averse. 'Companies got badly burned in
Latin America,' says Dan Bond, who co-chairs the Experts Group on Developing Country
Infrastructure Finance. 'They invested heavily before the regulatory regimes were worked out,
so they were building the foundations on shifting sand.'
Another difficulty is that infrastructure projects generate local currency revenue, while the
long-term financing is in dollars or euros. A sudden devaluation, such as the 1999 Brazilian
currency crisis, means that what seemed a promising enterprise can no longer service its debt.
'We're trying to figure out how to get projects' sponsors interested again, and one of the key
things we see is some type of risk sharing between the public and private sector,' says Mr.
Bond. 'Because the private sector is certainly not going to step back in and take the kind of
risks it did in the 1990s.'
Besides financing difficulties, recouping investments remains a challenge. The World Bank
estimates that power prices cover an average of about 60 per cent of the costs, while water
prices cover just 30 per cent. 'So whether it's public or private, if nobody pays for this stuff, it
doesn't get built,' says Mr Klein. 'The private sector can't recoup the investment, and the
public systems don't get expanded and become decrepit.'
The participation of multilateral institutions is seen as one answer. The IFC hopes to foster
public-private partnerships by providing upfront financing, advising governments on how to
structure contracts and establishing transparent processes, thus creating conditions it believes
can attract investors.
Now match the two parts of the sentences summaries.

1.Governments in developing countries have failed to
e. provide basic services such as water, power and sanitation.
2. Private companies are now more wary of investing in

c. infrastructure projects in Latin America than in the 1990s.
3. The IFC is trying to
a.. increase the participation of institutions and attract investors.
4. Michael Klein would disagree that
b. charging higher prices for essential services is politically unacceptable.
5. Developing countries tend not to
d. use the same currencies for financing projects and generating revenue.
WRITING
Read the Case study Energy saving at Supersun and write a short report (up to 200 words)
outlining your proposals for Supersuns energy strategy.
Energy saving at Supersun

Background
Supersun is a chain of 30 supermarkets in California. Tight profit margins and strong
competition mean that the company has had to become increasingly creative with marketing
strategies to retain customers and increase their customer base. The company is now
considering another, simpler method to improve the bottom line. Energy is the supermarket
industrys biggest operating cost next to shelf stock, and Supersun could significantly reduce
costs by improving energy performance. Ever increasing energy bills and the governments
clean air legislation are also forcing the retail sector to find ways to reduce energy
consumption and CO2 emissions.

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N.B.

Correct answers are bolded

Choose the correct meaning of the following words and expressions:

b. make as much use as possible

c. follow and understand

c. profession of keeping financial accounts

c. natural decrease in numbers

Complete the sentences with the correct word:

7. Why dont we _____ a few ideas?

8. He screamed at the manager. _____, he was not fired.

Choose the correction for the underlined words:

2. Lack of transportation is a major impede to development in remote areas.

4. So Einstein suggested eighty years ago, space can vibrate.

Choose the correct word or expression to complete the sentences:

5. _____ are phosphorescent in the dark intrigues many people.

1. Certain species of centipedes

6. _____ in the frozen wastes of Antarctica takes special equipment.

9. Differences among environmental groups illustrate ______ a broad range of philosophies

Infrastructure: Experience of the 1999s has put people off

Now match the two parts of the sentences summaries.

e. provide basic services such as water, power and sanitation.

2. Private companies are now more wary of investing in

3. The IFC is trying to

a.. increase the participation of institutions and attract investors.

4. Michael Klein would disagree that

b. charging higher prices for essential services is politically unacceptable.

5. Developing countries tend not to

Energy saving at Supersun

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