Debullet - ASHRAE - BASIC CHILLER PLANT DESIGN PDF
Debullet - ASHRAE - BASIC CHILLER PLANT DESIGN PDF
Debullet - ASHRAE - BASIC CHILLER PLANT DESIGN PDF
Julian R. de Bullet
President
deBullet Consulting
703-483-0179
julian@debullet.com
BECOME A FUTURE LEADER IN ASHRAE WRITE THE NEXT CHAPTER IN YOUR CAREER
Energy Usage
Energy Use by Sector
Transportation
29%
Industry
30%
Residential
22%
Commercial
19%
Other
28%
Buildings
72%
Talking about
Green?
Sustainability?
and High Performance!
Green:
More efficient equipment
Sustainable:
Design considers the big
picture, how is equipment
made, where it is
installed, how long it
lasts.
High Performance:
High Efficient equipment,
sized, installed and
maintained correctly for
maximum impact
1600
1400
1200
k
Cooling
1000
Pumps
800
W
Fans
600
400
Lighting
200
Base Load
6 AM
12 PM
6 PM
Fans
24%
Pumps
13%
Design Performance
Tower
5%
ANSWER: c
Basic system
Chiller
Cooling Tower
Building Cooling Load
Pumps and Piping
Fans
43%
Pumps
22%
Tower
2%
Chiller Basics
Air, Water Or
Evaporatively Cooled
Reciprocating, Scroll,
Screw Or Centrifugal
Compressors
DX or Flooded
Evaporators
Single Chiller
Cooling
Cooling
Tower
Tower
Water-Cooled
Chiller
Condenser
Water Pump
Chilled
Water Pump
Pressure
Gauge (Typical)
Return
Supply
Drain Valve
Thermometer
(Typical)
Supply Return
Shutoff Valves
Chilled
Water
Thermometer
(Typical)
Water-Cooled
Chiller
Condenser
Water
Drain
Valve
Drain
Valve
Flange (Typical)
Pressure Gauge (Typical)
Strainer (if pump is on return side of chiller)
95 F
95 F db
78 F wb
From Water-Cooled
Condenser
85 F
Back to Condenser
Cooling Tower
Section 4 Cooling Towers
Closed-Loop System
Chiller
Piping
45 F
Coil
Expansion
Tank
Two-Way Valve
Pump
55 F
Three-Way
Valve
Includes:
A chiller and/or a boiler
Coils that produce cooling or heating
Two or three-way valves to control the coils
Open-Loop System
Water-Cooled
Condenser
94 to 95 F
Chiller
3 gpm/ton
Condenser
Water Pump
85 F
Cooling Tower
Flow rates and temperatures are industry standards for North America
Piping and pumps circulate water
Chiller with
Condenser
Piping
Source of
water (river)
Pump
Water to
waste or
source
ANSWER: b and c
Open Loop
When open cooling towers are used in the condenser piping
The condenser pump must overcome the friction of the system and lift
the water from the sump to the top of the tower
For Water
Q (Tons) = US gpm x (Fin - Fout) x 500
Q (Btu/hr) = US gpm x (Fin - Fout)/24
Load Basics
Chilled Water Coils
Transfer Heat From
Building Air To Chilled
Water
Process Loads
Cooling Jackets
Boiler
Main Piping Loop
Supply and Return
(1 size throughout)
System
Pump
Section 3 Water Distribution Systems
Typical
Heating-Only
System
Boiler
Chiller
Section 3 Water Distribution Systems
Return
Piping
System
Pump
Hot
Water
Supply
Boiler
Chiller
Section 3 Water Distribution Systems
Special 3-pipe
Water Control
Common Return Piping
with Mixed Hot and
Cold Water
System
Pumps
Hot
Water
Supply
Boiler
Chiller
Section 3 Water Distribution Systems
System
Pumps
Unit-2
Unit-3
Unit-4
Unit-5
Supply
Return
Unit-2
Unit-3
Unit-4
Unit-5
Supply
Return
Balancing Valves
Piping Materials
Typical Materials:
> 2 - in. Schedule 40 black steel
< 2 - in. Schedule 40 black steel or Type L copper
Control Valves
Valve Actuator
3-Way Diverting
3-Way Mixing
2 outlets 1 inlet
2 inlets 1 outlet
2-Way Modulating
Section 5 Water Piping Components
and Accessories
Expansion Tanks
Open to
atmosphere
Overflow
Compressed
Air
Air Space
Drain
Open Tank
Closed Tank
Open to air
Air-water interface
Very popular
Captured air space
Air-water interface
Diaphragm
Piping Example
Piping Example
Given The Following Pressure Drops in Feet
Coil
3.0 ft
Pipe
Try To Be Around 4ft P.D. Per 100 Ft Piping
2 Pipe= 3.1ft/100ft
Gate Valve
Balancing Valve
4 Elbows
2 Tees
Control Valve
Total
10.7 ft
0.04 ft
2.0 ft
0.91 ft
0.64 ft
8.2 ft
25.35 ft
Air Vents
Manual or
Automatic
Air Vent
From Terminal
Coil
Service Valve
4 Pipe
Diameters
To Return Main
Locate thermometers
and gauges
at inlets and outlets
of equipment
Distance Between
Supports (ft)
- 1
1 - 2
10
3 3
12
46
14
8 - 12
16
14 - 24
20
In-Line Pump
Pump
Assembly
Section 8 Pump Basics and Types of Pumps
Close-Coupled Pump
Coupling Guard
Discharge
Suction
Motor
Coupling
Guard
Moto
r
Cost
Space
Required
Ease of
Service
In Line
Least 1
200 gpm @ 55 ft
Least 1
Poor 5
CloseCoupled
End
Suction
Vertical
Split Case
Horizontal
Split Case
Highest 5
Most 5
Good 3
Single Chiller
REMEMBER THIS? ARE YOU READY TO PLAY IN THE WATER?
Cooling
Cooling
Tower
Tower
Water-Cooled
Chiller
Condenser
Water Pump
Chilled
Water Pump
233 Ton
233 Ton
Hydraulic
Decoupler
(Bridge)
233 Ton
400 gpm
400 gpm
400 gpm
Alternate
Bypass Line
minimum
chiller flow
233 Ton
233 Ton
Hydraulic
Decoupler
(Bridge)
233 Ton
400 gpm
400 gpm
400 gpm
Alternate
Bypass Line
minimum
chiller flow
Variable Primary
Automatic
Isolation Valves
1050 gpm
350 Ton
Control
Valve, sized
for minimum
chiller flow
350 Ton
Bypass
Variable Speed
Primary Pumps
Flow Meter
50F
42F
83F
Both chillers designed to operate at 42F/83F.
90.5F
450000
400000
350000
kWh
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Chillers
Variable Primary Flow
Pumps
Towers
Fans
2 Chiller Parallel Flow
Summary
Lift = SCT SST
CS vs VS Centrifugal Chillers
VFDs take advantage of Part Lift & Part Load with Speed Control
Variable Speed Screw Technology
Series Counter Flow Systems Reduce Lift & Lower KW
Chiller Plant Analysis
Integration of Systems
Fire Safety
Fire detection
and alarm
systems
Electronic locks,
and energy management
systems
Access control,
intrusion monitoring
and video surveillance
Building
Systems
Building Automation
System
Chillers and
controls
THANK YOU!