English Silver: 1675-1825
English Silver: 1675-1825
English Silver: 1675-1825
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:
NGLISH
SILVER
1675/1825
"'
,.
f...
W.1MWI"
Copyright
1937
Robert Ensko
INCORPORATED
J-o
those
who admiring
,
old
silver,
would understand
iL>
ENGLISH SILVER,
i65yf_
iS2S
h
G.C. Ensko
Stephen
r
and
Edward Wenham
ROBERT
ENSKO
INCORPORATED
NEW YORK.
Trade Card
GARDEN
PHILLIPS
LONDON
1739
1762
FOREWORD
N THE
Q
style
in English
sil-
from which those changes sprang. It is, therefore, intended primarily for those whose interest in early silver is directed to those
articles which were in daily use by past generations, and which
are equally useful in our time.
details, a
knowledge of which
in-
human mind
can be made in
And
each.
his thought
it is
we
to our present
As we extend
is
that knowledge,
concealed in
its
still
resisting the
mold-
periods are,
more or
less,
many
it
becomes
inspired by
natural forms.
The
pear-
is
another.
it
this is associated
Greek
lyre,
pear-shape
which was
first
obviously,
is,
joined.
The
in the Early
Georgian undecorated
of cups
made
silver pieces,
a century or
of the vessels
For centuries
decoration
work
relief,
is
And
also of French
origin.
The
less skillfully
style
of ornament which
was
spiral
flutes
cups, porringers,
With
which
is
Notes on
Silver
embossed
certain forms.
added
to
Alloy, which
alloy.
harden the
silver;
standard of
generally copper,
is
new
article
was
would not be
in use, or
easily
when being
Anne", though,
actually, the
There
which household
are,
silver
however, several
skill
the period;
oped
as,
Some
to a remarkable degree,
to various objects.
The
of the spout.
is
applied
objects, for
Though
is
commonly used
to
1765 to 1830).
define the
that style
more outstanding
may be
features by
recognized; for
it
profusion.
The word
itself is
which silverwork of
in
(rock
(rockwork). The rococo style originated in Italy but its later development was brought about by
Its foremost protagonists were
a school of designers in Paris.
Jules- Aurele Meissonnier and Francois Boucher, the former being
responsible for the most extravagant designs in the rococo style.
Meissonnier was made director of the Royal Factory in Paris, in
1723, and later master of the Guild of Silversmiths and it was
the florid designs which he produced that so strongly influenced
the celebrated Paul de Lamerie.
and
shell), or
from
rocaille
[ 10 ]
Possibly
it is
due
to Lameries
rococo school in England, and the fact that he wandered into the
fields
silver-
ornamentation.
No
suggestion could be
made
flat
and
the
Warwick
cruet-frame on page
work of
in
scroll
branches
decorations
shown
is
it is
employed,
it is
invariably
them
Some few
years after
George
III
came
The change
George Ills reign was fundamentally inspired by the discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii,
though, in England, it was largely stimulated by the architectural
designs of Robert and James Adam. These designs were based
upon the ancient classic orders, and when the Adam brothers
curred about 1725.
extended their
in keeping
for
some
in
with the
new
silver designs
fashion.
designed furniture
They were
responsible, too,
known
as the Neo-Classic, or
The shapes of
larger
Adam
silver
style.
objects
of
is
this
period
Roman
are
vessels
brought to light during the excavations, and the various ornamental forms are also of
classic origin.
References are
made
in
show
from these
these influences;
Adam
style is that
of the ancient
present equally in
it is
if
many
others.
capitals,
and in
Adam
numerous.
Those most frequently met with are festoons, rams heads, vine
leaves and grapes as a running scroll, medallions, drapery,
rosettes, laurel and acanthus leaves, pendent husks, lions feet
and masks and engraved and bright-cut decoration.
This brief review of the historical background, and the
evolution of shapes and styles in English silverwork has
The
now
quarter
first
Adam
perhaps
work of
styles,
as
is
1815
who
these
style.
It
upheld the
men
earlier traditions.
And
the silver-
Adam
but also that they drew upon those of the rococo period
evident in such designs as the sauce- tureens of 1805 and
illustrated.
this small
band of
silversmiths art.
[ 12 ]
Contents
Assay Marks
Bibliography
99
85
74
70
48
18
40
26
Creamers
Cream-Pails and Sugar Baskets
Cruet-Frames
Dish-Rings, Dish-Crosses, and Coasters
Entree-Dishes
Inkstands
Mustard-Pots
Pierced Baskets
93
87
28
52
60
56
76
50
20
68
46
44
Sugar-Bowls
Tankards, Mugs, and Goblets
Tea-Caddies
Tea-Kettles
Tea-Pots
54
79
30
64
32
36
34
24
38
22
58
62
Tea-Services
Tea-Trays
Tea-Urns
Tureens
Two-Handled Cups
[ 13 ]
'Bibliography
Exhibition of
Work
smiths
Carrington,
J.
Company
W.
Cripps,
B.
of European origin.
and Hughes, G.
of Goldsmiths.
R.
1901.
Illustrated catalogue.
The
1926.
J.
a Collection of Silver-
Plate.
1881.
Foster,
and Atkinson,
E.
J.
to the
T. D.
An
Gardner,
to
S.
J.
May
1895.
Old
Silver-work,
exhibited at
ductory notes.
and
Jewitt,
L.,
J.
chiefly
of the loan
collection
With
intro-
The Corporation
Illustrated
Towns
of England and
Silver of
Plate in the
Tower of London.
2 vols. 1895.
Jones, E. Alfred
J.
English,
catalogue
1908.
Museum
2 vols. 1911.
Wales.
the Fitzwilliam
1903.
An
secular.
in
St.
1892.
Brasiers.
1896.
Jackson, C.
its
1908.
Emperor of
Russia.
1910.
Plate of the
[ 14 ]
1925.
1909.
'Bibliography
Plate.
C.
Plate.
Silver.
Silver Plate
Philips, P. A.
Shaw,
H.,
S.
Sir
the Colleges of
Watts, W. W.
Works
his life
Old English
Wenham, Edward
R.
S.
Silver.
to
1928.
from
1837.
1924.
Chaffers,
Silver Plate.
Plate.
J.
ed.
Sir
1200-1800; a record
Herbert,
W.
The
London.
of
H.
A handbook of London Bankers, with some account
their
Prideaux, Sir
vols.
history of the
2 vols. 1836-7.
Jackson, Sir C.
Price, F. G.
1935.
their
J.
predecessors
W.
S.
the
early
Goldsmiths.
1890-1.
1896-7.
[ 15 ]
ENGLISH
SILVER
1675-1825
Center -'Pieces
These
fine table
and
Spergnes
tra-
dition of the standing salt; for as, until the late Stuart period, the
was a symbol of
great salt
social
prominence, so center-pieces
more generally
The
in the
is
center-piece,
not as
and
tall,
is
illustrated
somewhat more
massive; and, like the one shown, quite often fitted with branches
and sockets
to
fruit.
Nor
is it difficult
are lighted.
When
in about
legs
the rococo
and
In
is
The
large dish of
Some of
rising
is
from the
base,
sometimes shaped
bells;
it
is
suitable
to
the
average
dining-table.
The
use
Chinese influence,
which
is
evident
in
the
furniture
of
the
own
craft.
[ 18 ]
[ 19 ]
'Pierced 'Baskets
many
Like so
which began
One
and pierced
in the
of the
first styles is
later baskets.
was
survived.
oval with
handle of
the pierced
II,
These
designs.
basket of 1740 illustrated; in others they will be intricately interlaced scrolls, as in the one of 1770, and there are
skill
many
other
of the silver-
bale handle, are far less elaborately pierced and for that reason
lack
either
style,
however,
attractive center
when
on a small dining
with fruit
is
an unusually
them
to
hold a
little
water, the
II,
form of
cake-baskets in the
These
are pierced similarly to the baskets with handles, and fitted with
With
feet.
work
sides, or
These are
scroll
many
and
1780
Tea - Urns
It is
come
silver
urns
fitted
with a tap
tea-kettles,
George
There are
III.
feet.
ful urns are those of the neo-classic period, for these follow the
form of the
classic vases
too, in the urns of the early nineteenth century, but at this time
grace was
continued.
some
extent,
though
it is
unlikely that
use was
its
dis-
squatty,
lost.
When
fashion to
more
in the
would be necessary
For while
spirit
means would be
lamp, to
a very slow
process.
Actually the urns were filled with boiling water for replenishing the tea-pot,
made
when
a larger
num-
common method
This
a piece of iron
And
in
our modern conveniences, when urns are used to hold tea (or
coffee)
at
some large
it
which
it
will
in the
1785
1810
[ 23 ]
Tea-Services
sets
Although
silver
during the
first
cream
made
in
might be assembled,
any complete services that are to-day readily available date from
George
the reign of
III.
styles
of tea-services,
tea-
made of
Straight-sided tea-pots
sheet silver
by a
octagonal with
flat bases,
from
the heat; the tea-pot of the service at the top of the opposite
page
is
an example.
wood, or of
sides
The
silver insulated
with ivory.
either
is
engraved.
is
either the
fitted
bright-cut,
or
boat-shaped on a
is
bottom,
flat
which are
illustrated.
last century,
ball feet.
set
of five years
later,
the stand
is
is
found
two of
is
is still
used; but
superseded by four
[ 25 }
Creamers
Chinese, or anyone
we
who
cream, and until the eighteenth century, tea was drunk without
these "flavorings.
household
So, as sugar-bowls
Queen Annes
until
silver
missing.
The
show the
a style similar to
somewhat
has a
flat
some of the
straight-sided tea-pots.
Another
Cream-jugs
seem
to
have inspired
some quite
fantastic
forms, such as the goat and bee jug, supposedly designed by Nich-
who made
several of
The "jug
is filled
through an open-
ing in the cows back which has a small hinged cover ornamented
full relief.
1800
[ 27 ]
silver objects
then
If this is so,
The
speak-
when
the cream
fruit.
and
strictly
were not
more generally
it is
hold cream.
really intended to
are
and
manner
similar
earlier dish-rings,
were made
at the
The boat-shaped
meant
baskets with
Some
The
and
is
remarkable con-
sidering the often minute motifs that are part of the decoration.
In
many of
is
an obvious likeness to
tall
sugar-vases with
also pierced.
is
Sugar-
occasionally
one
is
silver,
more
beauty.
[ 28 ]
[ 29 ]
Sugar -'Bowls
Judging from such records as
exist,
consumption of
were
like tea,
was
bowls were
or
first
made
costly
And
is
to hold
that sugar,
many
of the
fitted
or as a shallow dish, as
it
shown
illustrated.
the other
illustrate this, as
is
to in con-
as
which mention
One
style
bowl on three
is
made with
which
is still
feet.
Some
liner,
widely popular
is
when
is
row of
beads.
sides,
of
the tea-caddies.
series of ribs
the rim
simi-
The
is
flowers,
made some
attractive
cream-jugs on three feet to match the sugar basins, but the jugs
are not so easy to find.
[ 30 ]
\^765
[ 31 ]
Tea-Caddies
These formerly
essential
accessories to
the ceremonial of
1-1/3
lb.,
England), the
silver
in
to
They came into fairly general use concurrently with the silver
The
tea-pot, and some of the first caddies were pear-shape.
type more commonly found dating from the early part of the
eighteenth century
cover, such as the
is
one of 1720
illustrated.
Most of the
is
first
tea
number
example of 1750; but there are many of the rococo period which
are elaborately
figures,
and for that reason they have always attracted the notice
of collectors, even though they are rarely used to hold tea in our
time.
They were
also
made
in sets of three,
which are
still
to
be found with the original cases in which they were kept, some
of the cases being
made
of tortoise-shell, or ivory.
many
match the
tea-services of
The
[ 32 }
[ 33 ]
Tea -Tots
almost true to say that no eighteenth-century silver tea-
It is
pot
is
The
The
decoration.
duck-neck spout
the octagonal
is
by unnecessary
and
is
form
illustrated
duck-neck spout.
the
popular today
one
has a slightly depressed top with a flush lid and a low ring foot,
as
shown by the
which seems
lid
is
a complete globe,
circle
silver,
have
to
these usually
form resembles a
and with
on a moulded
foot,
by one with a
Some
top, a "slice of
cut off
known
lid
with a
spout
is
is
finial fitted.
which was
This type,
usually of
wood and
the
Both
sides
and
1775
is cylindrical
flat
made
and a
trifle
That of
shapes; that of 1785 shows the use of the simple but attractive
[ 34 ]
[ 55 ]
Tea-Kettles
As might be
expected, although
much
larger, tea-kettles at
When
at the time.
with a
spirit
have four
complete, a kettle
lamp; the
tilted; this
pear-shape,
lower.
owing
made
is
ones
to lift off,
arrangement
Where
accompanied by a stand
legs.
be
is
vogue
to the
is
is
this
can be seen in
illustrated
on the preceding
page will show that the shapes are repeated in the contemporary
kettles.
in
few
may be
slight variations
some of the
spouts.
found with
tea-pots,
in-
seem
able, for
suite
silver services
became fashion-
The
fluted kettle of
is
is
sheet silver,
earlier
it is
styles
scroll.
[ 36 ]
It
may
of the tripod of
merely a modification
[ 37 ]
Tea-Trays
Like a number of other articles
household
among
eighteenth century
of drinking afternoon
The
tea.
earlier
simplicity of
to
oblong
has a plain
mounts are
noticeably
more
Nearly
all
prevalent.
at each
The
support them.
and
mahogany
stands were
tea-tray
made
is
solely to
shape as the silver tea-trays intended for them, and sockets were
let into
firmly
the
wood
on the
"tables,
to
stand.
accommodate the
Georgian records to
it
is
and hold
is
quite plain
engraved in the center; and even where the edges have slightly
rarely
is
shell,
thread and leaf, and the bead and rosette each being appropriate
to
One
style
coffee-tray.
is
gallery with hand-holes at each end, but this type does not
to
favour that
it is
it
may be
wine
were
said in
glasses.
fitted to
seem
its
Somean oval
1735
1785
1810
[ 39 ]
Coffee Tots,
When
Chocolate Tots,
coffee, chocolate
and
tea
were
first
with
tubular
plain
spout
and Jugs
known
tall
in England,
tapering cylinder
cover.
first
silver pots,
though,
and
The shape of
to
latter
at a
The
first
sign of
it
occurs in
incurve to the straight sides; and with the coming of this change,
flat bottom is replaced by a low molded foot as shown
example of 1745. Within a few years the full pear-shape
is adopted, and restricted ornamentation is introduced, such as
the more elaborate spout, and the bead, or gadroon band round
the rim and foot.
the earlier
in the
When
the neo-classic or
Adam
style
but they lack the attraction of the plain outlines of the earlier
straight-sided
and pear-shapes.
covered hole in
way
[ 41 ]
COFFEE-POTS, CHOCOLATE-POTS
inserted to stir the chocolate
and prevent
its
AND
JUGS
it is difficult
to decide
lips,
chocolate
is
no longer fashionable;
their
many
uses even
day uses are for hot water to replenish the tea-pot, and for hot
milk.
Some of
stand
and
lamp,
spirit
understand quite
why
as
that
when
it
the
is
view of the
In
1710.
"stewed,
it
is
difficult
to
which
of
is
Virtually no change
nowadays.
to
was
made in the spirit lamp and stand since it was first introduced,
as may be seen by comparing the one with the plain jug of
1800 and the
The
earlier
is
known
as
coffee,
needed.
tea,
when
and there
is
is
is
is
connected,
the one
By pouring
illustrated has a
hinged
is
is
kept hot.
back through
in the base.
[ 42 ]
[ 43 ]
Salvers
Actually the
and
Waiters
between a salver and a waiter
strict distinction
exists, for
the
word
wairier,
Old French,
on a foot on which a
salver
is
glass
wine
of
served.
is
The
first
example of 1730.
which
is
known
arity to the
as the
its simil-
may
Another mount
is
used
it is
restricted.
As with
is
pierced.
The
were probably
at
earlier salvers
pots,
on a
stem with a spreading foot, which are mentioned by a seventeenth-century writer as,
and
flat
"A new
is
[ 44 ]
from drops".
Salt 'Dishes
symbol of
social
little to
the
relic
salts;
is
plain moldings.
leaf motifs.
This circular
the
Adam
style
of quite attractive
salt-cellars,
became more or
on four lion-claw
when
The one
The
of 1780
unfashionable
furniture.
less
is
is
it
is
more
boat-
is
[ 46 ]
1695
725
5sa*
1
74-5
1775
178 0
1785
1790
[ 47 ]
Casters, ^Muffineers,
and
Dredgers
is
salt, spices,
it
will be
is
caster;
speaking,
or other flavour-
strictly
Perhaps,
spices.
to refer to
them
all as
casters.
From
those illustrated,
it is
The
the gadroon band round the base and top of the 1700 example
had appeared some years before; the two small projecting "ears
indicate that the top is fastened to the body by a bayonet joint.
This ingenious and efficient fastening is achieved by the two ears,
or lugs, being fixed to the lower part of the pierced top; these
lugs pass two notches in a grooved molding round the rim of the
lower section, and by a slight turn fasten the top firmly to the
body.
valent
is
and delightful
little
Most of
scroll
celain vases.
first
with various forms, but occasionally one will have a quite low
domical cover as in the caster of 1730.
With
(illustrated in the
is
hemispherical,
number
eighteenth
sides
fitted
with glass
liners,
and
importance.
[ 48 ]
1700
1715
1760
1730
[ 49 ]
SMustard-'Tots
<
made
II,
but
George
it
was then
Silver mustardit is
unlikely they
III.
tendency to cling.
tact
with
it,
It
which makes
it
when
it
comes
in con-
fitted
with a glass
liner.
Adam
styles
became
One
really
the body, floral designs and classic foliage, vertical bars (pales)
scrolls,
motifs which are brought into attractive relief by the deep blue
of the glass liner.
During the
styles
sides
became popular.
is
illustrated
a body and cover quite similar to some tankards of the Late Stuart
period.
[ 50 ]
1810
Cruet-Frames
It is rarely,
where the
earlier
is
seen on a dining-
customs are
still
observed;
fine silverwork.
Inci-
fitted
which have
sugar,
silver
The
large caster
was used
to hold
Two
referred to as the
when
is
the style
with shell-shaped
feet,
and a handle
silver caps
scroll supports
central rod.
instances
at
shape on three
on a
scrolls, for
is
the
With
which
While Late Georgian cruet-frames are equipped with splendid glass bottles, silver casters are no longer among them. The
frames are either pierced as shown in the one of 1790, or decorated with engraving.
popularity, because of
its
feet, either
with a handle
[ 52 ]
[ 53 ]
Sauce -'Boats
word "boat
In the
is
we
showing some
are
now
more generally
familiar, while
still
first
The
almost forgotten.
type of
first
lip at
fitted
Within a few
years,
however,
this style
was discarded
in
favor of the slightly smaller sauce-boat with one wide lip and a
scroll
The
handle.
first
feet.
variety
of feet were used, but the most favoured were the hoof and the
shell.
The
Huguenot
silversmiths
this
by the
same ornament
is
two
Occasionally, a lion
ment; and
tween the
it
is
silver
at the
mask
is
is
often
The edges of
excepting
are usu-
ally
[ 54 ]
[ 55 ]
Sntree -Dishes
Silver has
the
increasing prosperity
finds
Each of these
dinner services.
when
when
number of
rest
of the service;
now
as
two cen-
turies ago.
Some of
to them.
many
are
made
when
some
with a
flat
In
is fitted
is
is
dish of 1805.
is
water
is
feet in
the
which boiling
a long turned
wood
which serves as an
into a
on
Some of
which one
is
shown) has
orifice
is
poured
While important
being restricted to a mount round the top and edge of the cover.
This
may be
form.
[ 56 ]
1785
1790
1795
1300
1805
[ 57 ]
Tureens
As
strained decoration
is
added
the
cates
to
some of the
tureens, as in the
rococo influence,
This indi-
the bowl
applied scrolls where the claw feet join the body, and the gadroon
at the
itself is
scroll
on a
became popular
as
it
floral finial
silver dish,
latter
knob.
When
which,
if
this
is
illustrated
the example of
in
1815
the
cover.
It is said,
more
to interrupt the
Adam
no applied decoration
This
style is invariably
delicately chased
on the
quite plain.
to
[ 58 ]
1815
[ 59 ]
and
Coasters
table,
dish-rings
half of the
dis-
tinct varieties:
inches,
last
and
chased and pierced with pastoral scenes and figures; and those
of the third are pierced in the
Adam
style
To some
was
cross
was
As
to the Irish
means
what the
dish-
is
particularly
silver
Victorian days.
had
left
were expert
which
mounted on small
those
who were
silver wheels,
last
few
1775
17 75
1780
[ 61 ]
Two-Handled
who
doubtful
It is
own name, he
as the
first
bell
II
English king to
two-handled cups
Cups
which up
bowl
to that time
traditional prize.
more
as prizes
especially,
made
of gold.
made without
Many
page.
fitted
covers, as the
illustration.
it is
first
cover of 1720
is
The bowl
follows
are a simple
scroll
is
The example
was made
the handles
when
was applied
to all
bowl
variation
in
it
and
tea-kettles.
application of a
is
in the
new
form of a
in connexion with
[ 62 ]
shape which
[ 63 ]
Tankards, JMugs,
London housewives
and
(goblets
drew
in Elizabethan days
their
streets;
name.
is
The
tall
silver
water
and the
known
as
first
English tankards
hoops being
Mary
are
upward of 8
late
base,
slight taper)
This
(this retains
scroll
seded by the
dome shape
cover
is
is
is
cover,
unchanged.
George
flat
style
was fashionable
until
III,
is
added round
the body.
taller
straight-sided tankards.
handle
is
The
cover
is
[ 64 ]
a high
scroll in place
of the simple
[ 65 ]
flat
bottom
is
molded spread-
replaced by a
As mugs
to
consume
high, and
beer.
are rarely
The mug
tradict
They
ability
inches
3 inches.
mugs were
first
copies of tankards.
It
The
mug.
likeness
The two
period.
may be
said to repre-
cups from which both the host and the guests drank, a custom
made
Most of
these
during the
have the rather large conical shaped bowl on a stem with round
or square
molded
foot,
and
it
is
And
would not be
particularly comfortable
w hen
r
the fact
rim,
drinking,
this
which
would
[ 67 ]
'Punch -Bowls
and <JMonteiths
silver
Late Stuart times until the early nineteenth century, at least one
large
wealthy family.
and used
They
every
filled
in this
silver in
we
way
their beauty
is
undeniable.
and pro-
somewhat
larger,
Where
shell, or other
mount.
body will be
fluted, or
The
scrolls,
head
is fitted
monteiths
supposedly
Bowls having
after a
Some Late
was
to allow the
is
this is
was
filled
debatable.
[ 68 ]
to
hang
the supposed
the intention
Whether
wine glasses
was
to
carried into
[ 69 ]
Candlesticks
True
it
and Candelabra
is
we
And one
ful.
path
the
is
charm of
invariably travel
is
innately beauti-
we have made
along that
Whether
romance
to the setting,
and
None
of the candlesticks
few
house
even
if
museum
curiosities.
to furnish their
sticks
made
opposite page.
Some
when
card-playing and
gaming became
base
made
its
appearance.
This type
is cast,
and, consequently,
fitted the
it
dished corners
The
until
candlesticks have
different
molded
is
is
formed
noticeably cup-shape;
is
faceted.
molded base
1735
is
is
similar hexagonal
shown
facets,
is
hexagonal,
is
last
[ 71 ]
AND CANDELABRA
CANDLESTICKS
wavy
outline.
shows a resemblance
ornamented
which
is
is
is
member
ornamented with
stem of the
in the
similarly ornamented.
is
lighter with
also has a
larger
at the
shaped
The
at a different period.
further development
spiral lobes,
gadroon molding.
is
square
styles, there-
during the
first
half
is
Adam
silver,
the architect.
styles
followed the
Three examples
Another
typically
Adam
candlestick
has a square shaft, the sides of which are concave and taper
and similar
classic
example of 1775).
is
The
Having
first
is
in the
classic styles
it
is
no need
to touch
as
candelabra
of the
is
[ 73 ]
relic
wide
in a
off the
separate,
snuffers,
fitted
illustrated,
slot in the
pair of snuffers,
As
the
ever,
accommodate a
be found on the
to
still
is
They
Snuffers
accompanied by a small
to cut
a rule, how-
silver
stem
tray,
in each
were
room
for
sconces.
such as
is
shown
at the
little
silver
snuffer
The
The
several essentials
gummed
coil
many
envelopes,
when
curious,
is
on a writing
a taper-jack and
table before the
letters
at the top,
There are
re-
coil itself
another style was globe shape formed of silver wire on a spreading foot.
Most of
when one
acquiring.
[ 74 ]
is
offered,
it is
well worth
[ 75 ]
Inkstands
Probably no single
more
evolution
which was
its
name.
when
nineteenth century,
its
social
original
article
paper about 1820 displaced the caster which held sand to dry
the ink; the introduction of envelopes with adhesive flaps (about
1840) dispensed with the necessity for wafer-boxes and taperholders; and the invention of steel pens (about 1850) made the
pen-pot superfluous.
Every inkstand of earlier than the
is
first
an ink-
articles;
writing table.
Compare
is
a large tray, or dish, one has a raised edge and each of the others
a groove for the stick of sealing-wax.
The one
of 1750
is fitted
Many
"blot-
quill-pens, a sand-caster
is
When
centre, its
a bell
is
of 1765.
purpose being to
summon
it
is
placed in the
how-
Most
on another page.
sockets
in
[ 76 ]
silver ones, as
shown
1765
1790
1615
[ 77 ]
and Knives
Spoons, Forks,
The
first
flat
stem was
teenth century,
places in the
of the bowl
the intention of
Toward
was added
to the
back
this
an arch similar
to
stem
is
Mary
period.
The end
of the
become narrower.
is
known
as the
This
is
the
first
Old English
evolution
pattern.
reign,
style
when
the rat-tail
The
became much
it
shorter.
[ 79 ]
SPOONS, FORKS,
AND KNIVES
Then came a new style of stem which is almost unknown now; yet it was one which had an important inon the
later
Of
lish
is
unquestionably foremost.
known
It
known
as the bright-cut
[ 80 ]
styles are
AND KNIVES
SPOONS, FORKS,
cut
is
form of ornamen-
ages.
It is en-
and within
engraved and
border there
closer zig-zags
is
the nearest
zipper fastener.
simile that
Feather-edge
is
also a
comes to mind is a
narrow band at the
being
form a
is
name from
the fact
feather-like design,
is
and
achieved by a
made
in
Little
first
it is
its
several off-
interesting to recall
Old
English.
graved
stems
assumed
the
small
en-
angular
teenth century.
The
old English
pattern
in size
and shape
The
to the usual
SPOONS, FORKS,
Old
AND KNIVES
English, but the stems are noticeably narrower, and the drop
more of
cause
joins the
these spoons
it is
not
bowl
is flatter.
It
would seem
uncommon
to find
likely that
silversmiths, be-
The
first
quarter of the 18 th
century
the
tong of the
scissor
was followed by
open-work
elaborate
The
ler type is to
pistol
style
knife
first
George
III
period
leaf
the
tury into
it
be had plain
or engraved.
The
the
decoration.
handle followed
scrolls
The
this
when
and
and
straight
is
to be
it
was
used.
With
forks,
we may
observations, for
many
at table in
years previous.
[ 82 ]
AND KNIVES
SPOONS, FORKS,
The
first
made during
had the
There are
top.
stem with a
Anne and
time of Queen
made
slightly
trifid
in the
earlier
indeed.
first
and
we know
table-forks
as
two
sizes
which
and dessert-forks
to those
There
is
is
from
in carving
fre-
And
tion,
there
is
these
little
understood
articles is
is
at
pattern of
in the days
dish than
it is still
worthy of men-
deeply fluted.
the
is
when marrow on
it is
today; but
toast
if it is
is
no
a certain
row scoop
at a
modern
table.
1.
2.
3.
The Assayer
The Scales
The Cases for Weights
es in diameter at the rim and quite shallow; and being of thin silver they were
decorated with various rather crudely
punched flowers, leaves and other forms to stiffen the metal.
When we
to those
fruit,
now
Stuart times.
In actual time,
it is
to the
Georgian
fruit dish of
and
and though
generally plain are occasionally engraved.
The Dublin silversmiths produced a number of plain ones, and these, too, have
the scalloped and ribbed border.
traces of the earlier dish in the scalloped
ribbed edge.
They
[ 85 ]
was the
scallop shell, of
which one
is
shown.
until the
They
no means
plentiful,
though single
ex-
'dish"
The
ancient
'charger
far
more
for
and
poetic;
the
joint
silver
large
was
charger,
on
same way
that
this type
were made
in various sizes
up
to 25
which
and tree
dishes.
silver
pieces.
ionally shaped
little;
many
as
200
gadroon, but the gadroon was then, as now, the most favored
style.
Examples of a
shown
vinaigrette, a
[ 86 ]
many
shown of various
articles
of household
disuse,
many of
these cus-
if
and
silver,
romantic
less
when
lish lady,
it
some
aristocratic
Many
toilet
Eng-
of these
all
modern
And
will by having
lid,
make
a unique compact.
small
is
silver
which are
These
one.
with
dish
pierced
attractive
pierced
variably have a
The
cover.
sides of
knob
cover
on the
essentially
in the
and they
in-
form of a cow
on the table
in
figure.
one large
liner, are
is
charming
rarely placed
little dishes,
chocolates, or preserves.
The
the eighteenth
is
mark of Paul
Storr.
flat
pierced handle
made
bowls.
This
style
is
known
as a por-
in England, are
commonly
called "bleeding-
and there
is
silver vessel
is
who
little
two-handled bowl and stand of 1700 are probably relics of an important toilet service.
bowl
is
engraved with
scrolls,
The
is,
scissors
sil-
articles.
Those who are fortunate owners of an early porcelain teaservice which includes some of the small bowls which were the
forerunners of the tea-cup with a handle, will recognize the small
[ 88 ]
first
form
made during
few
made
tea-ware began to be
in England, in about
While of great
rarity
" things"
of this nature
was made
to
on a stem and
salvers
foot for
"giving Beer
for
the
large
were made
two-handled cups.
sal-
or tazze as they
smaller
illustrated,
in
romance
certain
are
more
And
with
The George
II
small bowl
is
a wine cup
fall over,
Bowls
however, because,
than the
but
as a tumbler,
it
known
table.
sides.
bottom
is
thicker
none of them
[ 89 ]
is
and heavier
in various sizes,
very large.
If
perhaps
coming
first
time,
England for
sherry.
The
known
as a pap-boat
to feed infants
It
is
many modern
uses
today.
emony of punch-making
several
small
such
articles
made
in large
^eeded equally
The
numbers
there
as
the
filling
the
ladles
were
as they
were
have two
strain-
Some of
the
ers
and
finely pierced
are
to those of
American porringers.
Silver jugs of a size that
to hold
punch
Most of those
that are
few
known
is
is
[ 90 ]
as water pitchers.
vessels with
for.
Certainly,
ing-tables,
over a
spirit
lamp.
modern
times, the
some
distance
used
still
some
extent, represent
dish of
modern
One
what
to past generations
times.
in the
form
now
less.
III,
wine
of William
from France
in the time
at a social gathering
was
The
is illustrated.
fits
This type
is fitted
the jacket and the wall of the vase being packed with
far the larger
number of
this style
centuries,
with
ice.
By
late eighteenth
[ 91 ]
'Royal <_Arms
Queen Anne
George
George
III
on Silver <JAIarks
TSlptes
Many
subjects
when
set
re-
And
clarified.
clarify the
is
it
Marks on London
Silver.
was first marked in London, in 1400, seven difmarks have been used at different periods; and with the
exception of the sovereigns head, each of these marks with
Since silver
ferent
minor variations
certain
order of their
first
is
In the
The
Date
Makers mark.
Lion passant.
Figure of Britannia.
Lions
Head
erased.
The
which in 1821
loses its crown and has remained uncrowned since; and in the
same year the walking lion instead of being full face is shown
in profile.
The sovereigns head first appeared in 1784 to indicate the
this
mark
is
in 1890,
discontinued.
lions
words
it
the English
silver
known
was
as Sterling
in other
this:
down
the
was ordered
er standard of silver
prevent
this,
a high-
the coinage
left as before.
And the old marks used by the Assay Office
were discontinued and replaced by the Britannia and the lions
head erased. In 1719, the old Sterling standard was restored and
being
the leopards head and lion passant marks reappeared; but the
Britannia and lions head remained legal for silver of the higher
standard, and are in force to the present time.
One
assayed in London,
it is
by
is
known
a single letter
the
whole alphabet
determined.
There
is
J,
V,
changed
at the
one par-
cycle.
The
is
W,
X,
used to
of the letters
style
fusion that might arise from the obvious necessity to repeat the
types of letters at intervals, the shape of the shield in which the
letters
is
appear
is
varied.
letters, it
than might at
first
seem necessary.
name of
some
the
variations
symbol, or the
initials
letters
the article.
which
And
here,
in discovering
mark is a
surname. From
of his given
name and
his
1697 to 1719-20, this was changed to the first two letters of his
surname, thus: GA (Garthorne), LA (Lambe), Br (Brydon).
In 1720, the initials were reinstituted; in 1740 the silversmiths
were ordered to destroy their existing name punches and to use
new ones, which were to be their initials in a type of letter different from any they had used previously.
It
who have
letter to
denote
NOTES
ON SILVER MARKS
is
we
Roman
letter
To
Now
punches.
For 1777 the marks would be: the crowned leopards head
the lion full face
the makers
And
face
the date
letter
initials.
the
lion full
the date letter b (in a shield with the top corners clipped)
and
So assuming that
all
more
closely
si-
ENGLISH PROVINCIAL
TOWN MARKS
own marks on
silver
made
active,
tury.
[ 95 ]
The
principal
Sheffield, a
crown; Exeter, a
castle
Town marks
five
are a date
Birmingham and
and the makers mark. There are other variations
such as the figure of Britannia and the lions head erased which
appear with some of them, but these may be seen from the tabu-
letter,
Sheffield)
lated
lists.
SCOTTISH MARKS
Besides Edinburgh and
are a
active, there
in Scotland.
Here, however,
cities.
the period
we
added
always a date
letter,
and
initials as
There is
was added, the punches
in a separate punch.
a tree,
IRISH
in the lists
shown.
MARKS
Apart from the marks used by the Dublin Assay Office and
the STERLING punch of Cork, there are no Irish marks that
need be referred to here.
[ 96 ]
marked
that city
which
at
this
in 1637;
Dublin
always
is
cate the
to indicate
crowned.
silver,
familiar harp
letter,
payment of
The only
duty.
was adopted
to indi-
to 1890.
from 1731
and
until 1806;
five
from 1807
until 1890.
mined
seventeenth century.
of marks on
STERLING
silver
made
in different
This word
is
word
almost
in
which
it is
mark
word
same way as
silver
made
in the
is incised,
this
United Stated
[ 97 ]
that
same word
is,
is
punched
used to
Assay JMarks
<_
Charles
James
II
1660-1684
1685-1687
II
William
& Mary
1688-1694
William
III
1695-1702
Anne
1702-1713
George
1714-1726
George
II
1727-1759
George
III
1760-1819
George IV
1820-1829
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CAMPBELL LAMPEE
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INCORPORATED
NEW YORK
Frontispiece from
1800
by
Sir
Ambrose Heal