D 4833 - 00 - Rdq4mzmtmda

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Designation: D 4833 00
Standard Test Method for
Index Puncture Resistance of Geotextiles, Geomembranes,

and Related Products1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
man-made project, structure, or system.

3.1.3 geotextile, nany permeable textile used with foundations, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical material as
an integral part of man-made project, structure, or system.
3.1.4 index test, na test procedure which may contain a
known bias but which may be used to establish an order for a
set of specimens with respect to the property of interest.
3.1.5 puncture resistance, (F), nthe inherent resisting
mechanism of the test specimen to the failure by a penetrating
or puncturing object.
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
standard, refer to Terminology D 123.
3.3 For definitions of other terms relating to geotextiles used
in this standard, refer to Terminology D 4439.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is used to measure the index puncture
resistance of geotextiles, geomembranes, and related products.
1.2 The use of Test Method D 4833 may be inappropriate
for testing some woven geotextiles or related products which
have large openings (Note 1).
NOTE 1Geonets and geogrids cannot be tested using this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the

standard. The values provided in inch-pound units are for
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension between
circular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a tensile
testing machine. A force is exerted against the center of the
unsupported portion of the test specimen by a solid steel rod
attached to the load indicator until rupture of the specimen
occurs. The maximum force recorded is the value of puncture
resistance of the specimen.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles 2
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles 2
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing 2
D 2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens
for Textiles 3
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing 3
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics 3
5. Significance and Use

5.1 This test method is an index test for determining the
puncture resistance of geotextiles, geomembranes, and related
products. The use of this test method is to establish an index
value by providing standard criteria and a basis for uniform
reporting.
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, geomembranes, and related materials since the test method has been
used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
from a lot material of the type in question. The test specimens
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n air maintained
at a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6
2C (70 6 4F).
3.1.2 geomembrane, nvery low permeability synthetic
membrane liners or barriers used with any geotechnical engineering related material so as to control fluid migration in a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally
published as D483388. Last previous edition D483388(96)e1.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4833
used for securing the ring clamp assembly is suggested to be 8
mm (0.135 in.) and equally spaced at a radius of 37 mm (2.95
in.). The surfaces of these plates can consist of grooves with
O-rings or coarse sandpaper bonded onto opposing surfaces.
6.3 Solid Steel Rod, with a diameter of 8 6 0.1 mm (0.3156
0.004 in.) having a flat end with a 45 5 0.8 mm (0.315 in.)
chamfered edge contacting the test specimens surface. See
Fig. 1 and Fig. 3.
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two

laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
the known bias.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Tensile/Compression Testing Machine, of the constantrate-of extension (CRE) type, with autographic recorder conforming to the requirements of Specification D 76. See Fig. 1.
6.2 Ring Clamp Attachment, consisting of concentric plates
with an open internal diameter of 456 0.025 mm (1.772 6
0.001 in.), capable of clamping the test specimen without
slippage. A suggested clamping arrangement is shown in Fig. 1
and Fig. 2. The external diameter is suggested to be 1006
0.025 mm (3.937 6 0.001 in.). The diameter of the six holes
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot SampleDivide the product into lots and take the
lot sample as directed in Practice D 4354.
7.2 Laboratory SampleFor the laboratory sample take a
swatch extending the full width of the geotextile, of sufficient
length along the selvage from each sample roll so that the
requirements of 7.3 and 8.1 can be met. Take a sample that will
exclude material from the outer wrap and inner wrap around
the core unless the sample is taken at the production site, then
FIG. 1 Photographs of Test Setup and Fixture
D 4833
FIG. 2 Test Fixture Detail (Not to Scale)
5 number of specimens (rounded upward to a whole

number),
v 5 reliable estimate of the coefficient of variation for
individual observations on similar materials in the
users laboratory under conditions of single-operator
precision,
t 5 value of Students test for two-sided limits, (see Table
1) a 95 % probability level, and the degrees of
freedom associated with the estimate of v, and
A 5 6 % of the average, the value of the allowable variable.
8.2 No Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is no reliable
estimate of v in the users laboratory, specify the fixed number
of 15 specimens per swatch in the laboratory sample. This
number of specimens is calculated using v 5 10 % of the
average, which is a somewhat larger value of v than is usually
found in practice. When a reliable estimate of v for the users
laboratory becomes available, Eq 1 will usually require fewer
than 15 specimens per swatch in the laboratory sample.
n
FIG. 3 Test Probe Detail (Not to Scale)
inner and outer wrap material may be used.

7.3 Test SpecimensSelect from the laboratory sample the
number of specimens directed in Section 8. Minimum specimen diameter is 100 mm (4 in.) to facilitate clamping. Space
the specimens along a diagonal on the unit of the laboratory
sample. Take no specimens nearer the selvage or edge of the
geotextile sample than 110 the width of the geotextile sample.
TABLE 1 Values of Students t for One-Sided Limits and the

95 % ProbabilityA
8. Number of Specimens
8.1 Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is a reliable estimate of v based on extensive past records for similar materials
tested in the users laboratory, calculate the number of specimens per unit in the laboratory sample using Eq 1:
n 5 ~tv/a!2 5 ~tv! 2/36
df
One-Sided
df
One-sided
df
One-Sided
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.123
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
22
23
26
28
30
40
50
60
120
1.717
1.711
1.706
1.701
1.697
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.658
A
Values in this table were calculated using Hewlett Packard HP 67/97 Users
Library Program 03848D, One-Sided and Two-Sided Critical Values of Students
t and 00305D, Improved Normal and Inverse Distribution. For values at other
than the 95 % probability level, see published tables of critical values of Students
t in any standard statistical text. Further use of this table is defined in Practice
D 2905.
(1)
where:
3
D 4833
should be reported even if the second peak is higher than the
first one.
10.5 For geotextile testing, if the yarns fail to break due to
the slippage of the specimen from the ring clamp or if the probe
slips between the yarns without causing yarn breakage, discard
the result and test another specimen.
9. Conditioning
9.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in the
atmosphere for testing geotextiles (3.1). Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the increase in the mass of the
specimen, in successive weighings made at intervals of not less
than 2 h, does not exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.
In general, most geotextiles, geomembranes, and related products contain more moisture when received than they will after
reaching moisture equilibrium.
11. Calculation
11.1 Calculate the average puncture resistance and standard
deviation for all tests as read directly from the recording
instrument.
NOTE 2It is recognized that in practice, geotextile materials are

frequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been
reached. While such a method cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, it
may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
atmosphere for a reasonable period of time before the specimens are
tested. A time of at least 24 h has been found acceptable in most cases.
However, certain fibers may contain more moisture upon receipt than after
conditioning. When this is known, a preconditioning cycle, as described in
Practice D 1776, may be agreed upon by the contractual parties for routine
testing.
12. Report
12.1 State that the specimens were treated as directed in Test
Method D 4833.
12.2 Report on the following information:
12.2.1 The method of holding the test specimen in the
clamping device.
12.2.2 The average puncture resistance of the specimens
tested.
12.2.3 The coefficient of variation (if known) and standard
deviation for each group of specimens.
12.2.4 The variation, if any, from the described test method.
10. Procedure
10.1 Select the load range of the tensile/compression testing
machine such that the rupture occurs between 10 and 90 % of
the full-scale load.
10.2 Center and secure the specimen between the holding
plates ensuring that the test specimen extends to or beyond the
outer edges of the clamping plates.
10.3 Test at a machine speed of 300 6 10 mm (12 in. 6 12
in.)/min until the puncture rod completely ruptures the test
specimen.
NOTE 3The rate of testing specified is not an indication of the
performance of the specimen for its end use.
13. Precision and Bias

13.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in this test
method for measuring the puncture resistance of geotextiles,
geomembranes, and related materials is being established.
13.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuring
the puncture resistance of geotextiles, geomembranes, and
related materials has no bias because the value of that property
can be defined only in terms of a test method.
10.4 Read the puncture resistance from the greatest force

registered on the recording instrument during the test. For the
testing of composite geotextile or composite geomembrane
materials, there may be a double peak. If so, the initial value
14. Keywords
14.1 geomembranes; geotextiles; puncture; puncture resistance
The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at
610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org).

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.

Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

Standard Test Method for

Index Puncture Resistance of Geotextiles, Geomembranes,

man-made project, structure, or system.

1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the

4. Summary of Test Method

5. Significance and Use

laboratory for testing. The average results from the two

FIG. 1 Photographs of Test Setup and Fixture

FIG. 2 Test Fixture Detail (Not to Scale)

5 number of specimens (rounded upward to a whole

FIG. 3 Test Probe Detail (Not to Scale)

inner and outer wrap material may be used.

TABLE 1 Values of Students t for One-Sided Limits and the

NOTE 2It is recognized that in practice, geotextile materials are

13. Precision and Bias

10.4 Read the puncture resistance from the greatest force

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