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Core Knowledge Language Arts New York Edition Skills Strand
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Kindergarten
Unit 6
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Assessment and Remediation Guide
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Unit 6
Skills Strand
KINDERGARTEN
Core Knowledge Language Arts
New York Edition
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Table of Contents
Unit 6
Instructional Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section I, Phonological Awareness: Rhyme and Phonemes (Three to Five) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
(Rhyming Words and Blending Phonemes for Single Syllable Words, Including Consonant Clusters and Plural Markers)
Determining Student Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Rhyme Time! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lesson Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Sample Remedial Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Blending Motions for Three to Five Phonemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Dimensions of Difficulty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Articulation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Skills Cross-Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Word Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Worksheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Poems/Songs/Nursery Rhymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Progress Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Section II, Letter Names and Phonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
(Letter Names and Read and Spell With All One-to-One Letter-Sound Correspondences (Taught in
Previous Units), Initial or Final Clusters (e.g., tr, fl, sp, st, nd, lt), and the Tricky Spelling s > /z/)
Determining Student Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
My ABCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Lesson Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Sample Remedial Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Dimensions of Difficulty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Skills Cross-Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Word Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Worksheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Games. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Progress Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Section III, Fluency and Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
(Fluency and a Focus on Purpose and Understanding with Decodable Text)
Determining Student Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Fluency Focus! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Lesson Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Sample Remedial Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Concepts about Print Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Thinking with Reading Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Figuring Out Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Dimensions of Difficulty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Skills Cross-Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Progress Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Instructional Planning
Planning instruction with the Assessment and Remediation Guide is guided by
observation of student performance during instruction from the Kindergarten
Teachers Guide lessons;
student scores on performance assessments throughout the Kindergarten units;
and
progress monitoring assessments from the Assessment and Remediation Guide.
Step 1: Use the Cross-Reference charts and Determining Student Need
flowcharts provided for each component (i.e., Phonological Awareness,
Phonics, and Comprehension) within the unit. The Cross-Reference chart
helps you consider student performance across the lessons and with any
Pausing Points utilized. Instructional activities are organized by unit objectives.
Therefore, if students struggled significantly with activities from particular
rows of the chart, the unit objective to target is indicated in the first column.
The Determining Student Need flowchart prompts you to additionally consider
student assessment performance.
Step 2: If a need for remediation is indicated, refer to the Kindergarten
Skills Scope and Sequence (provided in the Kindergarten Assessment and
Remediation Guide Introduction) to consider whether remedial instruction may
need to begin at an earlier unit.
Step 3: Consider each students Level of Instructional Need. A description
of the three Levels of Instructional Need is provided in the Kindergarten
Assessment and Remediation Guide Introduction. Establishing a level of
instructional need will direct you to a corresponding lesson structure provided
at the beginning of each unit.
Step 4: Select exercises and assessments, and prepare associated materials for
instruction and progress monitoring.
Step 5: Use ongoing evaluation of student instructional performance and
progress monitoring to facilitate decisions about student progress or ongoing
remediation needs.
Thoughtful observation of daily performance, integrating assessment with
instruction, and providing targeted remediation as quickly as possible will
help most struggling Kindergarten students become successful Kindergarten
students!
Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Lesson Structures for Levels of Instructional Need

The Kindergarten Assessment and Remediation Guide will serve students who
may enter Kindergarten with known literacy skill educational needs requiring
instruction beyond the Skills strand Teacher Guide lessons;
may have significant instructional needs identified by the student performance
assessments throughout the Kindergarten units; and/or
may complete some Kindergarten units, yet demonstrate a lack of preparedness
for subsequent units.
Depending on the severity of student instructional need, instructional personnel
available, and student grouping options, materials from the Kindergarten
Assessment and Remediation Guide may be used for
guided reinforcement;
explicit reteaching; and/or
comprehensive reteaching.
The Lesson Templates within each section provide a detailed model of the
sequence of instructional steps to be followed when reteaching the particular
skill(s) targeted in that section. The Lesson Templates are followed by a Sample
Remedial Lesson illustrating how specific skill work, activities, and progress
monitoring can be applied to the template. You will find that the following
Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure aligns with the Lesson Templates and
Sample Remedial Lessons from each section. The Guided Reinforcement
Lesson Structure provides guidance for how to make more abbreviated use of
the Lesson Templates and Sample Remedial Lessons, and the Comprehensive
Reteaching Structure illustrates how to make more complete use of the Lesson
Templates and Sample Remedial Lessons from across sections.

Guided Reinforcement Lesson Structure

The Guided Reinforcement Lesson Structure provides guidance for how to use
only the supported practice elements from the Lesson Templates. This structure
provides an abbreviated lesson geared for reinforcing developing skills not yet
mastered.
Guided
Reinforcement
Exercise
Materials
Minutes
Warm-Up
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for WarmUp activity descriptions.

For Phonological Awareness: Phonemes (Three
activity dependent
to Five): Thumbs-Up Review
For Phonics: Match Me
For Comprehension: Im Looking For
Guided Practice
(applying skills)
See corresponding sections to choose one or two

activities from Worksheets, Games, or Poems/Songs/
Nursery Rhymes for instruction related to remedial targets
within
Phonological Awareness: Phonemes (Three to
Five);
Phonics; and
Comprehension (Rereading text to apply familiar
Thinking with Reading techniques).
12
activity dependent
Note: Progress monitoring related to instruction from Guided Reinforcement lessons may be integrated within
instructional times other than these brief remedial lessons, or remedial instructional time may be devoted to
completed progress monitoring as needed.

Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure

The Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure aligns with the Lesson Templates.
This structure provides a more complete lesson geared for explicit instruction
for selected unit objectives.
Explicit Reteaching Exercise
Materials
Minutes

activity dependent
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

About activity descriptions.
to Five): Sound Boxes
activity dependent
Explicit Instruction
For Phonics: Review the Sound/Spelling
For Comprehension: Set a Purpose and Model
Thinking with Reading
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

With activity descriptions.
to Five): Sound Boxes (cont.)
activity dependent
For Phonics: Chaining
For Comprehension: Read with Purpose and
Understanding
10
Warm-Up
Guided Practice
(working with
skills)

within
Guided Practice
(applying skills) OR
Five);
Independent
Phonics; and
Practice/Progress
Comprehension (Read with Purpose and
Monitoring
Understanding cont.).
Activities with which students have demonstrated
independence may engage students when progress
monitoring with individuals is needed.

activity dependent
Progress
Monitoring
resources
Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson Structure

The Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson Structure also aligns with the Lesson
Templates. This structure provides a more instructional time allowing for
integration of activities from multiple sections when multiple unit objectives are
targets for remediation.
Comprehensive
Reteaching
Exercise
Materials
Minutes

activity dependent
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

About activity descriptions.
to Five): Sound Boxes
activity dependent
For Phonics: Review the Sound/Spelling
For Comprehension: Set a Purpose and Model
Thinking with Reading
Guided Practice
(working with
skills)
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

With activity descriptions.
to Five): Sound Boxes cont.
activity dependent
For Phonics: Chaining
For Comprehension: Read with Purpose and
Understanding
10
Guided Practice
(applying skills)

within
Five);
Phonics; and
Comprehension (Read with Purpose and
Understanding cont.).
12
Independent
Practice/Progress
Monitoring
Activities with which students have demonstrated

independence may engage students when progress
monitoring with individuals is needed.
Warm-Up
activity dependent
activity dependent
Progress
Monitoring
resources

10
Note: If a single remedial instruction session does not allow enough time to
complete the Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson, then the instruction can be
divided over two instructional sessions instead. A split lesson structure may
look like this:
Session 1
Session 2
Warm-Up
Guided Practice (working with skills)
Initiate Guided Practice (applying
skills)
Warm-Up
Continue Guided Practice (applying
skills)
Independent Practice/Progress
Monitoring
A single objective should be the primary focus of any given remedial instruction
session. If you are using the Comprehensive Reteaching lesson structure and
students are in need of explicit instruction related to multiple components (i.e.,
Phonological Awareness, Phonics, Comprehension, and Writing), then rotate the
focus selected for Explicit Instruction and the related Guided Practice (working
with skills) throughout a series of sessions. A rotating focus may look like this:
Session 1
Warm-Up: Phonics focus
Explicit Instruction:
Phonics focus
Guided Practice
(working with skills):
Phonics focus
Guided Practice
(applying skills):
Combination from
component areas
(e.g., a Phonics and a
Phonological Awareness
activity)
Independent Practice/
Progress Monitoring:
Phonics activity (observing
for success independently)
10
Session 2
Warm-Up:
Comprehension focus
Comprehension focus
Guided Practice
Comprehension focus
Guided Practice
(applying skills):
Combination from
component areas
Comprehension activity)
Phonics progress
monitoring assessment
Session 3
Warm-Up: Phonological
Awareness focus
focus
Guided Practice
focus
Guided Practice
(applying skills):
Combination from
component areas
activity)
Continue Phonics
progress monitoring
assessment

Session 4
Repeat Sequence
(Perhaps sessions
focusing on phonological
awareness do not occur
as frequently as sessions
focusing on phonics and
comprehension.)
Guide Organization
Instruction from the Kindergarten Assessment and Remediation Guide will be
most effective when used in either one-on-one or small group settings. Learning
is optimized when instruction is facilitated by a teacher with expertise related
to literacy instruction. Small teacher-to-student ratios maximize individual
learning, particularly through increased opportunity for immediate (reinforcing or
corrective) feedback for each student.
A description of the Basic and Advanced Code taught to students using CKLA
materials starting in Kindergarten is provided in the Kindergarten Assessment
and Remediation Guide Introduction. This description will provide insight
and context for how phonics skills are introduced in Kindergarten and taught
throughout Grade 1 and Grade 2.
The materials throughout the units are organized into sections by component
area (i.e., Phonological Awareness, Phonics, and Comprehension) and aligned
with the objectives from the CKLA Skills strand units. Within the sections you
will find the following components:
Determining Student Need Chart: A chart is supplied for your reference to
determine student need for instruction from any given unit and section of the
Assessment and Remediation Guide.
Lesson Template and Sample: The Lesson Templates within each section
provide a detailed model of the sequence of instructional steps to be followed
when reteaching the particular skill(s) targeted in that section. The Lesson
Templates are followed by a Sample Remedial Lesson illustrating how specific
skill work, activities, and progress monitoring can be applied to the template.
These Lesson Templates and Sample Lessons align with the Explicit Reteaching
Lesson Structure described under Instructional Planning at the beginning
of each unit. Guidance for how to adapt the Lesson Templates and Sample
Lessons from each section for the Guided Reinforcement or Comprehensive
Reteaching Lesson Structure is also found under Instructional Planning at the
beginning of each unit.
Lesson Reference Charts: When applicable, reference charts are provided
to help you adjust the difficulty of your lessons, ensuring students are
appropriately scaffolded or challenged.
Dimensions of Difculty: This chart is provided for your use to accelerate or
reduce the task difficulty for students.
Cross-Reference Charts: The objectives for each section are cross-referenced
to the lessons and Pausing Points from the CKLA Skills strand units. The
alignment of objectives and activities can be seen at a glance; facilitating
coordinated and targeted use of both the Skills strand units and the Assessment
and Remediation Guide.
Word Lists: Collections of words, phrases, or sentences needed for activities are
provided. These lists are not intended to be exhaustive or restrictive. This resource
is included to facilitate lesson preparation; however, teachers are welcome to use
the lists as models for adding words, phrases, or sentences of their own.

11
Worksheets: Worksheets may be utilized to facilitate modeling during Explicit

Instruction, supervised practice, and application of skills during Guided
Practice, or reinforcement during Independent Practice.
Games/Activities: Games and activities are provided, inviting students to apply
and strengthen the target skills.
Sentences and Stories for Oral Reading: Decodable Text is provided, allowing
students to practice the discrete skills taught, and creating a bridge for the
generalization of those skills to other forms of connected text.
Poems/Songs/Nursery Rhymes: Poems, songs, and nursery rhymes foster
students love of language. When applicable, related activities are included to
provide engaging opportunities for students to play with sounds and words.
Progress Monitoring: Resources for progress monitoring are included at the
end of each section. These tools are intended to facilitate data collection in
order to inform instruction and build a record of students progress.
12

Writing: Lowercase Letters

A section for reteaching and reinforcement of Writing: Lowercase Letter
Formation is not provided in Unit 6 of the Assessment and Remediation Guide.
The related handwriting work in Unit 6 is merely extended practice for the
skills taught in previous units. Therefore, if reteaching and reinforcement are
needed for particular letter formations, see Writing: Lowercase Letter Formation
sections from Units 35 of the Assessment and Remediation Guide.
Letter Formation Skills Cross-Reference Chart

Unit 6 Lessons
Writing Skill/
CKLA Goal
Hold a Writing
Utensil with a
Tripod (or Pincer)
Grip and Make
Marks on Paper
(Trace, Copy, and Write
from Memory the
Letters of the Alphabet
Accurately in Lowercase
Form)
Small
Group
Work
Complete Label
the
the
Sentence Picture
Dictation Chain Dictation

with
and
with
Words Copy Words
10
11
Chain
and
Copy
12
13
Word
Box
14
15
Dictation Label
with
the
Words Picture
Unit 6
Pausing
Point
Handwriting
Worksheets
All activities promote CKLA Goal: Demonstrate understanding that a systematic, predictable relationship exists
between written letters and spoken sounds.

13
14

Section I
Phonological Awareness:
Rhyme and Phonemes (Three to Five)

15
16

If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 6 Skills
strand Lessons
Section I, Phonological Awareness: Rhyme and Phonemes (Three to Five)
If student
continues to
struggle
Rhyme Time! from

Section I, Phonological Awareness: Rhyme and Phonemes (Three to Five)
If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 6 Skills
strand Lessons
If student
continues to
struggle
Then, target specific areas

of weakness by following
track A, B, or C.
THEN USE
Student scores 4 or
less on Part B (Rhyming
Words) or less than
80% on Part C, Part 2
(Reading Consonant
Clusters) of the Unit 6
Student Performance
Task Assessment, and/or
performs poorly on other
evaluations of rhyming or
reading words containing
consonant clusters
THEN USE
If student
continues to
struggle
Review with Pausing Point:

Understand the Sound /z/
Can Be Spelled z or s
Student struggles with

Unit 6 Objective: Use
regular plural nouns orally
by adding /s/, /z/, or /es/
17
If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 6 Skills
strand Lessons
Review with Pausing

Point: Blend Three-, Four-,
and Five-Sound Words
Student struggles with Unit

6 Objective: Orally blend
sounds to form words
(Three to five phonemes)

6 Objective: Recognize and
produce rhyming words
Review with Pausing

Point: Rhyming
IF
Determining Student Need for Section I, Phonological Awareness: Rhyme and Phonemes (Three to Five)
18

Rhyme Time!
Rhyme has not been explicitly taught in previous units; however, students have
experienced rhyme through activities with poems, songs, Nursery Rhymes,
and phonics activities such as Word Wheels (Skills strand activity) and Making
Words (Assessment and Remediation Guide activity). Here the goal is to ensure
that students can recognize and produce rhyme, consequently developing
knowledge of rhyme as a vocabulary word and as a concept.
Four activities are provided below to encourage word play with rhyme. The
activities are noted in order of increasing difficulty and should be used in
accord with student abilities. These activities may be completed in isolation
with students who need additional practice, or may be incorporated into the
Lesson Template for this section. A rhyme activity may be used instead of, or in
addition to, the Thumbs-Up Review activity for the Warm-Up if students have
demonstrated mastery of taught single-letter sound articulations.
Stand Up for Rhymes

Recite familiar poems, songs, nursery rhymes, or rhyming stories with students.
Several poems, songs, and nursery rhymes are provided for this activity.
Recognize Rhyme: As you recite the text selection, students stand up when
they hear a rhyme and repeat the rhyming pair. For example, Well catch a fox,
and put him in a box Students stand if they recognize the rhyme and when
prompted say fox/box.
Produce Rhyme: As you recite the text selection, emphasize the first word in a
rhyming pair, and pause before the second word, allowing students to stand up
if they know the rhyme completing the line: for example, Well catch a fox, and
put him in a (pause) Students stand if they know the rhyme to complete the
line and when prompted say box. This activity can be extended by noting the
rhyming pairs from a text selection and asking students to provide additional
rhyming words beyond those used in the text. For example, with fox/box
students may say: ox, docks, knocks, locks, pox, rocks, or socks.

19
Rain, Rain Go Away
Once I Saw a Little Bird
Rain, rain go away,

Come again another day.
Little Johnny wants to play.
Once I saw a little bird

Come hop, hop, hop.
So I cried, Little bird,
Will you stop, stop, stop?
I was going to the window
To say, How do you do?
But he shook his little tail
And away he flew.
Rhymes: away/day/play
Diddle Diddle Dumpling, My Son John

Diddle diddle dumpling, my son John,
Went to bed with his trousers on.
One shoe off and one shoe on.
Diddle diddle dumpling, my son John.
Rhymes: John/on
A-Hunting We Will Go
A-hunting we will go,
A-hunting we will go,
Well catch a fox
And put him in a box
And then well let him go.
Rhymes: fox/box
Hickety Pickety, My Black Hen

Hickety pickety, my black hen,
She lays eggs for gentlemen.
Gentlemen come every day
To see what my black hen doth lay.
Sometimes nine and sometimes ten.
Hickety pickety, my black hen.
Rhymes: hen/gentlemen, day/lay, ten/hen
Peter, Peter, Pumpkin Eater

Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater,
Had a wife and couldnt keep her.
He put her in a pumpkin shell
And there he kept her very well.
Rhymes: hop/stop, do/flew
To Market, To Market
To market, to market,
To buy a fat pig,
Home again, home again,
Jiggety-jig.
To buy a fat hog,
Jiggety-jog.
To buy a plum bun,
Market is done.
Rhymes: pig/jig, hog/jog, bun/done
Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Rhymes: star/are, high/sky
Rhymes: eater/her, shell/well
20

Give Me a Word
Gather a collection of any variety of blocks (e.g., unit blocks or Unifix cubes).
Tell students you will provide a word and want them to say a rhyming word. For
example: Give me a word that rhymes with pig. (If students struggle to think
of a word, you may provide an alphabet strip and prompt them to try different
beginning sounds to find a rhyme.)
As students provide rhyming words, give them a block. With each block,
students get a turn to place it, building a collective structure as the game
continues.
Rhyme and Roll

Get a ball, and seat students in a circle on the floor.
Tell students that you will say a word and then will roll the ball to someone. That
student should say a rhyming word and then roll the ball to the next student.
If the student with the ball cannot think of a rhyming word, ask around the
group if anyone can. If someone else can, roll the ball to that student and
continue. If no one can think of a rhyming word, the student with the ball gets to
provide a new word to rhyme.
Down By the Bay

The familiar childrens song Down by the Bay offers the opportunity to
produce sophisticated rhymes. Following a few traditional verses, students can
continue the song producing their own rhyming and conceptually connected
words to complete the line, Did you ever see a (subject doing something to or
with an object) down by the bay?
Down by the Bay
Down by the bay,
Where the watermelons grow,
Back to my home,
I dare not go,
For if I do,
My mother would say,
Did you ever see a cat wearing a hat,
down by the bay?
Other traditional lines include
a frog sitting on a log;
a mouse painting a house; and
a snake baking a cake.

21
Lesson Template
Phonological Awareness: Phonemes (Three to Five)
Focus:
Phonemes
(Three to Five)
Warm-Up
Note: This
Warm-Up is
an extension
of the Mirror,
Mirror activity
from Unit 3 and
4 Lessons.
Explicit
Instruction
22
Teaching
Objective: Prompt student attention to the articulation of target phonemes.
Exercise: Play Thumbs-Up Review. Using the Articulation Chart, ask
students yes or no questions about the target phonemes selected for
todays lesson. You may choose to do a select review of specific phonemes
with which students demonstrated difficulty or a mixed review of all
the taught phonemes. You may want to model and discuss articulation
information prior to playing the game, especially the first time, when
students may encounter questions about new information, such as voicing.
Provide each student with a mirror.
Tell students you will ask them questions about what they do to
make the sounds they have learned.
Before answering, encourage students to make the sound looking in
the mirror and feeling their throat for voicing.
Remind students not to shout out the answer. Instead, if the answer
is yes, show it with a thumbs-up. If the answer is no, show it with
a thumbs-down.
A fun way to let students check their own answer is for you to hide
the correct thumbs-up or thumbs-down behind a piece of paper and
reveal it once everyone has decided on their answer.
If anyone provided an incorrect answer, model the correct
articulation, and have students repeat after you. For example, if a
student gave a thumbs-up for the question, Is your voice on for
/p/? then model producing the /p/ sound while touching your throat
to feel for vibration and have students repeat.
Continue with another question.
Keeping notes on a copy of the Articulation Chart regarding information
mastered, progressing, or unfamiliar will help you formulate future questions
targeted to student need.
Objective: State the purpose for listening, and model the desired
performance.
Learning about Target Phonemes: Tell students you will say words broken
into their smallest sound segments (see Word Lists for suggestions). The
purpose for listening is to blend those sounds together to make a word. Say
sample words in segmented fashion, and model blending the sounds you
hear using the Push & Say procedure with Sound Boxes (see Phonemes
Worksheets). If students struggle, remind them to use familiar blending
motions for support (see Blending Motions for Three to Five Phonemes).
Blend most of the sample items correctly, but also complete some examples
incorrectly to address potential common mistakes.

Materials
Articulation
Chart
mirrors
Word Lists
cubes
Sound Boxes
worksheet
Focus:
Phonemes
(Three to Five)
Teaching
Materials
Word Lists
cubes
Guided
Practice
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target phoneme

skills with decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Target Phonemes: Say the selected words broken into
phonemes for students. Students use the Push & Say procedure previously
modeled to blend the sounds to make a word.
Application of Skills: Select a Find My Word page or a Poems/Songs/
Nursery Rhymes activity, allowing students to apply phoneme skills.
Progress Monitoring option: Incorporate progress monitoring checks here
as needed.
Sound Boxes
worksheet for
each student
activity
dependent: Find
My Word page
and/or Poem/
Song/ Nursery
Rhyme resource
Progress
Monitoring
resources
Independent
Practice
Objective: Allow students to practice target phoneme skills with high levels
of independence while striving for mastery.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Target Phonemes: Revisit previously
taught activities, allowing students to practice target phoneme skills.
Completing many of these activities with independence may be challenging.
Students may not have the segmenting ability needed for one partner to be
the leader (managing the role of the teacher from instruction). Partnering
with students who have stronger phoneme skills and familiarity with the
activities, or partnering with a trained teaching assistant or classroom
volunteer may be an option.
continued from
Guided Practice

23
Sample Remedial Lesson

Phonological Awareness: Phonemes (nasal-consonant clusters /m/ and /n/)
Focus:
Phonemes
(nasalconsonant
clusters /m/
and /n/)
Warm-Up
Note: This
Warm-Up is
an extension
of the Mirror,
Mirror activities
from Unit 3 and
4 Lessons.
Teaching
Objective: Prompt student attention to the articulation of target phonemes.
Exercise: Play Thumbs-Up Review. Using the Articulation Chart, ask
students yes or no questions about the target phonemes (/m/ and /n/).
Review the check for voicing by putting your hand on your throat to notice
that all the selected phonemes have voices on.
Provide each student with a mirror.
Tell students you will ask them questions about what they do to
make the sounds for /m/ and /n/.
Before answering, encourage students to make the sound looking in
the mirror and feeling their throat for voicing before answering.
Remind students not to shout out the answer. Instead, if the answer
is yes, show it with a thumbs-up. If the answer is no, show it with
a thumbs-down.
A fun way to let students check their own answer is for you to hide
the correct thumbs-up or thumbs-down behind a piece of paper and
reveal it once everyone has decided on their answer.
If anyone provided an incorrect answer, model the correct
articulation, and have students repeat after you.
Questions:
Is your voice on for /m/?
Are your lips closed for /m/?
Is the mouth wide for /n/?
Can you stretch the sound /n/?
Does your tongue touch the top of your mouth for /n/?
Does your tongue touch the top of your mouth for /m/?
Is your voice on for /n/?
Can you stretch the sound for /m/?
Reminder: Keep notes on a copy of the Articulation Chart regarding skills
mastered, progressing, or unfamiliar.
24

Materials
Articulation
Chart
mirrors
Focus:
Phonemes
(nasalconsonant
clusters /m/
and /n/)
Teaching
Materials
Objective: State the purpose for listening, and model the desired
performance.
Learning about Target Phonemes:
Target Phonemes: /m/ and /n/ in final consonant clusters
Explicit
Instruction
/m/: limp, jump(s), clump, plump, swamp, lamp(s), slump, bump(s)

/n/: went, want, hunt(s), drink, front, trunk, send(s), wind, pink, skunk,
plant, junk, wink(s), slant
Tell students you will say words broken into their smallest sound
segments. The purpose for listening is to blend those sounds
together to make a word.
Model Push & Say with the Sound Boxes (five-phoneme) worksheet
for the first word, limp, saying /l/ /i/ /m/ /p/. Mark each sound with
a cube, and blend the sounds to make a word. Note: The fivephoneme Sound Boxes page will be used for both four- and fivephoneme words. The final empty box for four-phoneme words will
highlight the difference between four- and five-phoneme words. It
also provides the opportunity to add /s/ or /z/ for additional practice
with the plural marker when applicable.
Next, model the segmented word jump, saying /j/ /u/ /m/ /p/. This
time, only put a cube in three boxes for /j/ /u/ /p/ (missing the softer
/m/ nasal phoneme).
If students dont catch your error, point out you only marked three
sounds in the word. Redo the item correctly, emphasizing the
need to listen carefully for the soft nasal sounds in final consonant
clusters.
Clear your Sound Boxes and ask, How many sounds are in the
word jump if I make it plural by adding /s/? Students may be able
to reason it was four phonemes before, so adding /s/ would make it
five phonemes. Demonstrate to confirm or support student thinking.
You may wish to continue with a few more sample items.
Word Lists
cubes
Sound Boxes
(five-phoneme)
worksheet

25
Focus:
Phonemes
(nasalconsonant
clusters /m/
and /n/)
Guided
Practice
Independent
Practice
26
Teaching
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target phoneme
skills with decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Target Phonemes: Say the selected target phonemes and
words for students; continue using the list from Explicit Instruction.
Target Phonemes: /m/ and /n/ in final consonant clusters
/m/: limp, jump(s), clump, plump, swamp, lamp(s), slump, bump(s)
/n/: went, want, hunt(s), drink, front, trunk, send(s), wind, pink, skunk,
plant, junk, wink(s), slant
Say the selected words segmented into their phonemes. Students use the
cubes and Sound Boxes worksheet, as previously modeled by you, blending
phonemes to make words. If students are performing well, do not complete
all the selected words. This will allow time to move on to demonstrating
how to complete the Find My Word page and administering the progress
monitoring assessment.
Application of Skills:
Provide each student with a copy of Find My Word E
(Final nasal-consonant clusters). Name objects in segmented
fashion for student to blend and identify. Only complete two items
to ensure students understand what to do. This Find My Word
page will be completed for practice after the progress monitoring
assessment is administered.
Progress Monitoring option: Students are ready for a comprehensive check
of blending four- and five-phoneme words with consonant clusters and
plural markers from Unit 6; therefore, use Blending Progress Monitoring 2.
Objective: Allow students to practice target phoneme skills with high levels
of independence while striving for mastery.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Target Phonemes: Students practice
blending final nasal-consonant clusters using Find My Word
(Final nasal-consonant clusters).

Materials
Word Lists
cubes
Sound Boxes
worksheet for
each student
activity
dependent:
Find My Word
E (Final nasalconsonant
clusters) for
each student
copies of
Blending 2
continued from
Guided Practice
Blending Motions for Three to Five Phonemes

Three-Phoneme Words (Arm Motion)
For lessons targeting blending three phoneme words, utilize the gross motor
hand motions first learned in Skills strand, Unit 2, Lesson 3. This motion
prompts students to do the following motions:
1.
Hold your right arm in front of your body.
2.
Touch your left shoulder as you say the first of three phonemes (e.g., /f/).
3.
Touch your left elbow as you say the second of three phonemes (e.g., /u/).
4.
Touch your left wrist as you say the third of three phonemes (e.g., /n/).
5.
Slide your right hand from your left shoulder down to your left wrist as you
say the entire word with the phonemes blended (e.g., fun).
/f/
/u/
/n/
fun
There are two other variations for blending three-phoneme words suggested in
the Unit 2 Pausing Point, Blending Two or Three Sounds to Form a Word:
Touch It!
Clapping and Slapping Sounds

27
Three- to Five-Phoneme Words (Finger Motion)

Finger tapping is an option for students ready for ne motor movement. It is first
described in Skills strand, Unit 2, Appendix A, and can be used when blending
two- to four-phoneme words. This motion prompts students to do the following:
1.
Tap your pointing finger against your thumb as you say the first phoneme
(e.g., /f/).
2.
Tap your middle finger against your thumb as you say the second phoneme
(e.g., /u/).
3.
Tap your ring finger against your thumb as you say the third phoneme
(e.g., /n/).
4.
Tapping your pinkie finger against your thumb can be used if the word has
a fourth phoneme.
5.
Make a fist as you say the whole word with the phonemes blended
(e.g., fun).
This blending motion can be modified for use with five-phoneme words by
tapping fingers on the table, instead of tapping fingers against the thumb.
1
/f/
28
/u/

/n/
fun
Dimensions of Difficulty
Lessons can be crafted to be more or less difficult by varying the number of
phonemes in a word and the type of phonemes manipulated. The chart below
illustrates how lessons can be designed to be more or less challenging across
both dimensions.
Least Difficult
Skill
Example Prompt
Isolate a sound
in the initial
position
Which picture
shows a /st/ep?
Isolate a sound
in the final
position
Say the consonant

cluster at the end
of desk.
Isolate a sound
in the medial
position
Put these sounds

together to make
a word: /c//u//p/.
Manipulate
Phonemes with
Salient (Clear/
Distinct) Sounds
(e.g., /s/ and /t/)
Manipulate Phonemes
with Less Salient
(Softer/More Obscure)
Sounds*
Most Difficult
*Less salient sounds for students often include

vowels, which are highly affected by the consonant sounds surrounding them;
softer sounds, such as /h/ or nasals /n/ and /m/; and
lower frequency sounds, such as /v/, /w/, and /j/.

29
Articulation Chart
Refer to this chart for Warm-Up activities or any other time when reviewing
articulation may help clarify letter-sound knowledge for students. Often
students who struggle with the sound information of phonemes are supported
by knowledge of the mechanical (i.e., physical) aspects of phonemes. For
example, if students struggle to hear the difference between /t/ and /d/, they
can rely on recognizing whether their voice is on or off to help identify the
phoneme.
Phoneme
30
Articulation Features
(Notice in the Mirror)
Can You
Stretch the
Sound?*
/m/
Lips are together (Air goes through your nose!

Pinch your nose and youll cut off the sound.)
On
Yes
/a/
Mouth is open wide and the tongue is low in the

front of the mouth
On
Yes
/t/
Tip of the tongue taps behind the upper teeth, lips

are open a little), and the air pops out (Note this
is the same as /d/.)
Off
No
/d/
Tip of the tongue taps behind the upper teeth, lips

are open a little), and the air pops out (Note this
is the same as /t/.)
On
No
/o/
Mouth is open wide and jaw is lower than for /a/
On
Yes
/k/
Back of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth,

lips are open a little, and the air pops out (Note
this is the same as /g/.)
Off
No
/g/
Back of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth,

lips are open a little, and the air pops out (Note
this is the same as /k/.)
On
No
/i/
Mouth is open wide and jaw is higher than for /a/
On
Yes
/n/
Tip of the tongue touches the bump behind the

upper teeth and lips are open a little (Air goes
through your nose! Pinch your nose and youll cut
off the sound.)
On
Yes
/h/
Mouth is open wide and the tongue is low in the

front of the mouth as air is forced noisily through
the space between the vocal folds
Off
No
/s/
Front of the tongue cups the roof of the mouth,

and lips are open a little as air is forced noisily
through the space between (Note this is the same
as /z/.)
Off
Yes
/f/
Upper teeth gently touch the lower lip as air is

forced noisily through the space between (Note
this is the same as /v/.)
Off
Yes
/v/
Upper teeth gently touch the lower lip as air is

forced noisily through the space between (Note
this is the same as /f/.)
On
Yes

Is Your
Voice
On or
Off?
Is Your
Voice
On or
Off?
Can You
Stretch the
Sound?*
/z/
Front of the tongue cups the roof of the mouth,

and lips are open a little as air is forced noisily
through the space between (Note this is the same
as /s/.)
On
Yes
/p/
Lips are pressed together and the air pops out

(Note this is the same as /b/.)
Off
No
/e/
Mouth is open wide and jaw is in a middle/neutral

position (For /i/ & /a/ the jaw is higher and for /o/
the jaw is lower.)
On
Yes
/b/
Lips are pressed together and the air pops out

(Note this is the same as /p/.)
On
No
/l/
Tip of the tongue touches the bump behind the

upper teeth and lips are open a little as air passes
through with minimal friction
On
Yes
/r/
Tongue is curled back and lips are open a little as

air passes through with minimal friction (Take care
not to pronounce the r-controlled vowel sound /er/.
Instead, pronounce with a clean /r/ sound like at
the beginning of red.)
On
Yes
/u/
Mouth is open wide and jaw is in a low position

(The jaw is higher for all the other short vowels.)
On
Yes
/w/
Lips are rounded and the back of the tongue is

raised as air is forced noisily through the space
between
On
Yes
/j/
The rim of the tongue taps against the roof of the

mouth, lips are open a little, the corners of the lips
are pulled up (as if doing a teeny smile), and the air
is released with friction
On
No
/y/
Tongue pushes against the sides of the upper

teeth as air passes through with minimal friction
On
Yes
/x/
This sound is actually two sounds that roll together

/k/ and /s/. Tongue starts touching the roof of the
mouth and rolls forward a bit to push air out in a
stream behind the upper teeth. Lips remain open
a little.
Off
No
Phoneme
(Notice in the Mirror)
Note: To check for voicing, put your hand on your throat as you make a letter-sound. If
your voice is ON you will feel it vibrate!
*Non-continuous sounds (sounds that cannot be stretched) are more difficult to
pronounce in isolation. It is tempting to add a short vowel sound after the consonant
sound (e.g., /buh/ instead of /b/). When teaching these sounds, particularly the voiced
plosives /d/, /g/, & /b/, the fricative /h/, and the affricate /j/, make an effort to keep the
sounds as clipped as possible.

31
Short Vowel Signs

Articulation for the short vowel sounds may be supported by the following
gestures representing the shapes of the letters.
32
/i/
/e/
/a/
/u/
/o/
place finger below lips
pretend not to hear
pretend to cry
raise arms above head
circle open mouth

with finger

33
Use Regular Plural

Nouns Orally by
Adding /s/, /z/, or
/es/
Orally Blend
Sounds to Form
Words, e.g., Given
the Sounds /k/
. . ./a/ . . ./t/, Blend
to Make cat (three
five Phonemes)
Recognize and
Produce Rhyming
Words
Rhyme and
Phoneme Skill/
CKLA Goal
Oral
Blending
Oral
Blending
Do They
Rhyme?
Oral
Blending
Oral Blending
Unit 6 Lessons
Rhyme and Phoneme Skills Cross-Reference Chart
Oral
Blending
10
Make a
Rhyme
11
Oral
Blending
Make a
Rhyme
12
Oral
Blending
13
Oral
Blending
14
15
Jump at the Sound
Relay Blending
Connect the Rhyming

Words
Unit 6
Pausing
Point
PhonemesWord Lists
r- consonant
clusters
34
br
cr
dr
fr
three-phoneme
bray
brew
four-phoneme
brass
bread
brick
broth
brush
five-phoneme
branch
breaks
brims
brother
three-phoneme
cry
crow
four-phoneme
crab
creek
crib
cross
crumb
five-phoneme
craft
creeps
crops
crust
three-phoneme
drew
dry
four-phoneme
drag
dress
drip
drop
drum
five-phoneme
draft
dreads
drink
three-phoneme
free
fry
four-phoneme
frame
fresh
frizz
frog
fruit
five-phoneme
frames
friend
frost
front
gr
pr
tr
three-phoneme
gray
grow
four-phoneme
grab
grass
grill
grip
grub
five-phoneme
grand
greets
grins
grump
three-phoneme
pray
pry
four-phoneme
praise
press
prize
prop
probe
five-phoneme
prance
prince
print
prods
three-phoneme
tree
try
four-phoneme
track
tread
trick
trot
truck
five-phoneme
traps
treats
tromp
trunk

s- consonant
clusters
sc
sk
sm
sn
three-phoneme
scar
score
four-phoneme
scab
scale
scarf
scoot
scuff
five-phoneme
scalp
scold
scoops
scouts
three-phoneme
ski
sky
four-phoneme
skate
skid
skin
skit
skull
five-phoneme
skills
skips
skirts
skunk
three-phoneme
n/a
four-phoneme
small
smart
smash
smog
smooth
smudge
five-phoneme
smells
smiles
smocks
smokes
three-phoneme
snore
snow
four-phoneme
snap
sneeze
sniff
snob
snug
five-phoneme
snacks
sneaks
snips
snuggle
sp
st
sw
three-phoneme
spur
spy
four-phoneme
space
spat
spell
spin
spoke
sport
five-phoneme
spend
spills
spots
three-phoneme
stay
stir
four-phoneme
stack
stars
stem
stick
stop
five-phoneme
stand
steps
stink
storms
three-phoneme
sway
swore
four-phoneme
swam
swap
swell
swish
swoop
five-phoneme
swamp
swept
swims
swift

35
l- consonant
clusters
bl
cl
fl
gl
three-phoneme
blow
blue
four-phoneme
black
bless
blip
blob
bluff
five-phoneme
blast
blend
blink
blocks
three-phoneme
clay
clue
four-phoneme
clap
clean
cliff
clock
club
five-phoneme
clams
clink
clogs
clump
three-phoneme
flea
fly
four-phoneme
flag
fleck
flight
floss
flush
five-phoneme
flaps
flips
flocks
flunk
three-phoneme
glow
glue
four-phoneme
glad
glass
glide
gloss
glove
five-phoneme
glance
globs
globes
glows
pl
sl
three-phoneme
play
plow
four-phoneme
place
plan
please
plod
plug
five-phoneme
plant
pleats
plink
plump
three-phoneme
slay
slow
four-phoneme
slam
sled
slid
slot
slug
five-phoneme
slant
sleeps
slips
slump
Note: Simply adding /s/ or /z/ to the end of select four-phoneme words will provide additional five-phoneme
words.
36

Words with consonant clusters in the final position may be selected from the
four-phoneme word lists below or taken from the five-phoneme word lists
above.
Short vowel final

consonant cluster
words
Short vowel final

nasal (/n/ or /m/)
phoneme consonant
cluster words
sk
st
ft
lt
mask
desk
tusk
fast
best
list
lost
dust
raft
left
lift
gift
soft
melt
self
milk
mp
nt
nd
nk
lamp
ramp
limp
bump
jump
pant
went
want
hunt
sand
land
send
wind
bank
pink
wink
junk

37
PhonemesWorksheets
Find My Word
Find My Word pages AE have students blend the phonemes to Find My Word
(i.e., identify the objects) on the page. Find My Word pages are provided to align
with consonant cluster categories for purposeful selection, depending on the
phoneme targets for each lesson.
Provide students with a copy of the selected Find My Word worksheet.
Review the names of the depicted items with students.
Pronounce the name of an object by saying the phonemes with a pause in
between each sound (e.g., /b/ [pause] /r/ [pause] /e/ [pause] /d/).
Students blend the phonemes and point to the picture of the object.
Repeat until all the pictures are identified.
Encourage students to use the blending motions they have learned to help them
blend the sounds.
Option: Manipulatives can be used to cover pictures as they are identified.
Variation: Students can practice segmenting phonemes by breaking apart the
phonemes in names of the objects on the page themselves.
38

Directions: Say the name of the objects in segmented fashion. Students blend the phonemes and point to the object. Images on this page represent
bread, treats, crab, drum, crow, branch, grass, prize, and prince.
Name:
Find My Word A (Initial r-consonant clusters)
39
stick, scarf, smiles, sneeze, spots, steps, stem, stars, and swims.
Name:
40
Find My Word B (Initial s-consonant clusters)
flag, pleats, glue, clock, sled, flaps, plug, globe, and glove.
Name:
Find My Word C (Initial l-consonant clusters)
41
desk, raft, crust, mask, gift, blocks, grass, milk, and tusk.
Name:
42
Find My Word D (Final mixed-consonant clusters)
lamp, drink, swamp, sand, plant, bump, wink, front, and jump.
Name:
Find My Word E (Final nasal-consonant clusters)
43
Push & Say

Use Sound Boxes to have students represent phonemes with objects.
Representing phonemes with objects allows for cognitive focus on
discriminating sounds in larger (four- and five-phoneme) words before requiring
the additional demand of matching letter knowledge to those sounds. This
activity is valuable for developing readiness for phonics work with four-and fivephoneme words.
Provide the Sound Boxes page and a handful of small objects (e.g., cubes, tiles,
beans, buttons, etc.) for each student.
Tell students you will say sounds for them to blend into words.
Use familiar blending motions (e.g., finger tapping) as you say the words in
segmented fashion.
If students are unfamiliar with Push & Say, model with initial words.
Note: Demonstrate the objects being pushed from left to right from the
students perspective, which will be right to left from your perspective if you
are sitting across from students. Tell students they will not always use all of
the sound boxes.
Students repeat the sounds and push an object into the boxes for each
phoneme (from left to right). Students then run their finger under the boxes
(from left to right) and blend the sounds to say the word. Tell students that
although they may not always use every box, but they should always start with
the first box on the left.
Use this page along with your own word list [(See PhonemesWord Lists for
suggestions.)] or Find My Word pages.
Note: Though /x/ is a sound combination of /k/ and /s/, it is taught as one
sound. You may praise students who recognize /x/ as a sound combination,
but they are to treat it as one sound, placing one object in the box to
represent the phoneme. Similarly, when /qu/ occurs in the initial position
of words, praise students who recognize /qu/ as a sound combination of
/k/ and /w/, but they are to represent the phoneme with one object in the
corresponding box.
44

Directions: Say three- to five-phoneme words in segmented fashion. Students repeat the sounds and push an object into the boxes for each
phoneme (from left to right). Then students run their finger under the boxes and blend the sounds to say the word.
Name:
Sound Boxes (Three to five phonemes)
45
PhonemesPoems/Songs/Nursery Rhymes
Recognize Initial Consonant Clusters
Recite or sing any familiar poems, songs, or Nursery Rhymes, substituting
a beginning consonant cluster for the beginning sound on key words. For
example: Humpty Stumpty sat on a wall. Ask students to listen for your mixedup beginning sounds and identify the consonant cluster you used when they
hear the mixed-up sound.
PhonemesProgress Monitoring
As in previous units of the Assessment and Remediation Guide, progress
monitoring continues to be a form of assessment integrated into instruction.
The resources create a systematic record of student mastery of skills,
facilitating documentation and evaluation of student Response to Intervention
(RtI). We recommend three ways in which teachers might use the Progress
Monitoring resources provided.
1. within the Guided Practice section of the lesson plansThe resources
are designed to parallel instructional tasks, allowing for brief, seamless
integration. The intention is not to burden instructional time with additional
assessments.
2. only when, based on observation of instructional performance, students
appear to be ready for a comprehensive check of the target skills for this
section of Unit 6. Set schedules for Progress Monitoring assessments
tend to result in their overuse. The resources are intended to serve as
confirmation and meaningful record of student progress, as opposed to a
collection of numbers.
3. to inform instruction!If student mastery of the target skills is confirmed
by a Progress Monitoring assessment, then teachers can be confident in
the decision to move students forward. If students do not achieve the goal
scores for a Progress Monitoring Assessment, analysis of errors will indicate
areas of continued instructional need.
46

Blending
Directions
Preparation: Copy the page of pictures corresponding to the Progress
Monitoring Assessment (#14) you have selected.
Review the names of all pictures first.
Tell students you are going to say groups of sounds and they should blend
those sounds in their heads to make a word. Then they should circle the
matching picture on the worksheet.
Model with the sample item.
Instruct students to look at the next row of pictures and say, Please circle
the picture of the (say the target object in segmented fashion, pausing slightly
between each phoneme).
Work through the remaining rows.
Scoring: One point is awarded for each correctly identified picture.
Goal: four to five correct
Scores of three or less indicate additional reteaching and reinforcement
is required from Assessment and Remediation Guide, Unit 6, Section I,
Phonological Awareness: Phonological Awareness: Phonemes (Three to Five).
Blending
Target
Words
Progress Monitoring 1
SAMPLE: /f//r//o//g/
dog/frog/fruit
frog/fox/log
fries/hog/frog
crayon/frog/frown
1. /g//r//i//n/
grin/fin/grill
2. /s//k//a//t/
skin/skate/gate
3. /b//l//a//k/
sack/block/black
4. /m//e//l//t/
belt/melt/milk
5. /s//k//u//n//k/
trunk/skull/skunk
1. /k//r//i//b/
bib/crib/crab
2. /s//k//oo//p/
skip/scoop/hoop
3. /k//l//a//m/
jam/clap/clam
4. /m//a//s//k/
mask/desk/map
5. /p//l//a//n//t/
slant/jam/plant
1. /b//r//i//k/
brick/stick/brush
2. /s//t//o//p/ star/stop/spot
3. /g//l//o//b/
glow/pond/globe
4. /k//r//u//s//t/
crops/crust/blast
5. /s//a//n//d/
sand/hand/sack
1. /t//r//u//k/
truck/track/duck
2. /s//n//a//k/
sneeze/snack/stack
3. /f//l//o//k/
flag/lock/ock
4. /r//a//f//t/
gift/rat/raft
5. /d//r//i//n//k/
drink/dog/dress
Correct answers are noted in bold.

47
48
Blending
(35 Phonemes)
Phoneme Skill
Student:
Score
(Goal: 4 or 5
out of 5)
Progress
Monitoring #
Date
Progress Monitoring
Record Sheet for Unit 6 Section I, Phonological Awareness: Phonemes (Three to Five)
Directions: For each segmented word that is said, have students circle the matching picture for each line. (See directions under Unit 6 Section I,
PhonemesProgress Monitoring.)
Name:
Blending Progress Monitoring 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Blending score
49
Directions: For each segmented word that is said, have students circle the matching picture for each line. (See directions under Unit 6 Section I,
PhonemesProgress Monitoring.)
Name:
50
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Blending score
Name:
Directions: For each segmented word that is said, have students circle the matching picture for each line.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Blending score

51
Name:
Directions: For each segmented word that is said, have students circle the matching picture for each line.
1.
52
2.
3.
4.
5.
Blending score

Section II
Letter Names and Phonics

53
54

55
If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 6 Skills
strand Lessons
If student
continues
to struggle
Section II, Letter Names and Phonics
If student
continues
to struggle
Then, target specific areas

of weakness by following
track A, B, or C.
My ABCs from
Section II, Letter Names and Phonics
If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 6 Skills
strand Lessons
D
Student scores 9 or less
on Part A (Letter Names) or
less than 80% on Part C,
Part 2 (Reading Consonant
Clusters) of the Unit 6
Student Performance
Task Assessment and/or
performs poorly on other
evaluations of letter names
or reading words containing
consonant clusters
THEN USE
If student
continues
to struggle
Review with Pausing

Point: Understand
the Sound /z/ Can Be
Spelled z or s

Unit 6 Objective: Read and
write words in which s >
/s/ as in cats or /z/ as in
dogs
THEN USE
If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 6 Skills
strand Lessons
Review with Pausing

Point: Know Letter Names

Unit 6 Objective: Read and
write one-syllable short
vowel words with initial or
final clusters, e.g., tr, ,
sp, st, nd, lt, etc.

6 Objective: Recognize
and name the 26 letters
of the alphabet in their
uppercase and lowercase
forms
Review with Pausing

Point: Read Four- and FiveSound Words Containing
Consonant Clusters, Spell
up to Five-Sound Words
with Cards and/or Dictation
with Words
IF
Determining Student Need for Section II, Letter Names and Phonics
My ABCs!
The alphabet naming activities provided here may be completed in isolation
with students who need additional practice, or may be incorporated into the
Lesson Template for this section. My ABCs! activities may be used instead
of, or in addition to, the Match Me activity for the Warm-Up if students have
demonstrated mastery of taught single letter sound/spellings.
To maximize engagement with Letter Match, Letter Find, Letter Names, and
ISpy, consider the following when selecting letters for the activity:
Work with mastered letter names to build confidence.
Include letter names students are learning.
Avoid unknown letter names initially, working them in as they become familiar.
On the next page, a Letter Names Student Record Sheet is provided to record
letter name knowledge as it develops for up to six students.
56

Letter Names Student Record Sheet
Key
Unknown letter names have no markings (e.g., w).
Letter names being learned (correct identification is inconsistent) are circled (e.g., n ).
Mastered letter names are circled and crossed out (e.g., a ).
Student:
Lowercase Letters:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Student:
Lowercase Letters:
Student:
Lowercase Letters:
Student:
Lowercase Letters:
Student:
Lowercase Letters:
Student:
Lowercase Letters:
57
ABC Song
Sing the ABC song while students point to the corresponding letters on the
Lowercase ABC Board. Letters are arranged in lines to match the pauses in the
song.
Note: l-m-n-o-p should be sung with a clap between each letter.
Letter Match
Provide students with cut-out letters to match the letters on the Lowercase ABC
Board.
Make it game-like by putting select letters in a bag and taking turns selecting
one to match to the board.
Letter Find
Students identify letters by pointing on the Lowercase ABC Board.
Make it game-like by taking turns, allowing students to ask you to point to
letters, too. Say, Show me (letter name) or Which one is (letter name)?
Letter Names:
Point to letters on the Lowercase ABC Board for students to identify by name.
Make it game-like by taking turns, allowing students to point to letters for you to
name, too. Say, Whats this letter called? or Whats the name of this letter?
A variation is to ask students to point to and name __ (number of) letters.
Choose a number which will ensure student success based on the number of
letters they have mastered.
I Spy
Using the Lowercase ABC Board, provide clues for students to identify letters.
Students should point to and name the letter they identify. Below are a few
sample clues:
I spy the letter your name starts with.
I spy two letters made with a tall line and a circle (i.e., b and d).
I spy the letter after t.
58

Name:
Directions: Use the Lowercase ABC Board for activities provided under My ABCs! in Unit 6 Section II.
Lowercase ABC Board
a
e
h
l
q
t
w
y
b
f
i
m
r
u
x
z
c d
g
j k
n o p
s
v

59
Directions: Copy and cut out the letter cards for use with Letter Match.
Lowercase Letter Cards
60
a
e
i
m
q
u
y
b
f
j
n
r
v
z

c
g
k
o
s
w
d
h
l
p
t
x
Letter Name Game

Once students have been introduced to all the letters, use the ABC Game
Board for the Letter Name Game. Use tokens (or similar manipulatives) as game
pieces, advancing along the ABCs in order. Roll the die to see how many letters
to move forward. If the player can name the letter he/she lands on, the player
stays there. If the player cannot name the letter, then he/she moves back to his/
her previous spot. Play until the first person passes Z or until all players pass Z.

61
62
x
z

q
p
t
u
i
j
l k
m
n o
c
a b
Directions: Use this game board to play the Letter Name Game.
d e
f
h g
Letter Name Game

63
Lesson Template
Phonics: Target Sound/Spellings (initial and final consonant clusters and final s)
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
Warm-Up
Explicit
Instruction
64
Teaching
Objective: Prompt student attention to the connection between written
letters and spoken sounds for taught sound/spellings.
Exercise: Play Match Me. Using sets of the Letter Cards, students match
you according to the information you provide for target sound/spellings
reviewed from Units 35.
You may choose to do a select review of specific sound/spellings with
which students demonstrated difficulty, or a mixed review of all the taught
sound/spellings (see Sound/Spellings Chart).
Provide each student with a set of Letter Cards for the sound/
spellings targeted in the Warm-Up.
Tell students that they will either say the sound or show the spelling.
If a sound is provided, students should find the corresponding
spelling (Letter Card).
If a spelling (Letter Card) is shown, students should prepare to
provide the corresponding sound when prompted.
If anyone provides an incorrect answer, correct the error and have
students repeat the item.
Keeping notes on the Sound/Spellings Chart regarding skills mastered,
progressing, or unfamiliar will help you formulate future questions targeted
to student need.
Objective: State the purpose for using sound/spelling knowledge, and
model the desired performance.
Learning about Target Sound/Spellings: Select a consonant cluster
category (initial position: r-, s-, or l-, or final position nasal or mixed; see the
PhonicsWord Lists for reading and spelling.
Tell students that sometimes we use more consonants to make
bigger words, and that consonant clusters can be at the beginning
or end of words. We have to look carefully at ALL of the letters
when reading those bigger words and listen carefully for ALL of the
sounds when spelling those bigger words.
Write or build with letter cards examples of consonant clusters from
the selected category for todays lesson. For example, if final nasal
clusters are the target, you may choose to work with mp and nk
words.
Review articulation for relevant sound/spellings.
Ask students to think of a word that has the consonant cluster.
Think together to write or build two words for each target consonant
cluster.
Tell students they will now practice reading and spelling these and
similar words.

Materials
Sound/Spelling
Chart and Letter
Cards
Word Lists
writing materials
and/or Letter
Cards
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
Guided
Practice
Independent
Practice
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target sound/

spelling knowledge with decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Target Sound/Spellings: Students are familiar with chaining
from the Unit 35 Skills Strand Lessons. Here, students will apply their
knowledge similarly. The difference will be that you and the students will
write the words. (Writing reinforces students knowledge of letter formation
and spelling patterns; however, if the motor aspect of writing inhibits
student attention to sound/spelling connections, letter cards can be used
instead.)
Select a chaining list. (See Chaining Lists under Word Lists for
suggestions.)
Display the letters used in the chain. They may be written at the top
of the board or chart paper, or they may be letter cards set out in
front of students on the table.
Start with chaining for reading. (Decoding tends to be less
challenging than encoding.) Tell students that you will use the letters
to write words for them to read.
Write the first word, and ask students to look at the letters from
left to right. As they look at the letters, they need to remember the
sounds the letters represent and blend the sounds together to make
the word.
Make the letter change needed for the next word, and describe the
change as it is made. For example, say, Now Im adding to the /s/
at the beginning to make it /s//t/. What word did I make now?
Continue until the chain is complete.
If support is needed, model the sounds and blending. Also, encourage
students to use the blending motions they have learned.
Next, use the same or an alternate chain for spelling. Tell students
that you will say words for them to write, and for each new word
they will only need to change one letter.
Say the first word, and tell students to break the word into sounds.
As they segment the sounds, they need to remember the picture of
the sound and write down each from left to right.
Provide the next word, and have students explain the change they
had to make from the previous word.
If support is needed, model breaking the sounds apart and writing the
picture for each sound.
Application of Skills: Select Worksheets and Games, allowing students to
apply target sound/spelling knowledge.
as needed.
Objective: Allow students to practice target sound/spelling knowledge with
high levels of independence while striving for mastery.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Target Sound/Spellings: Revisit
previously taught activities, allowing students to practice target
sound/spelling knowledge with classmates.
Chaining List
(Letter Cards, if
needed)
writing materials
for teacher and
student
Activity
Dependent:
Worksheet
and/or Game
resources
Progress
Monitoring
resources
continued from
Guided Practice

65

Phonics: Target Sound/Spellings (final nasal-consonant clusters)
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
(final nasalconsonant
clusters)
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Prompt student attention to the connection between written

letters and spoken sounds for taught sound/spellings.
Exercise: Play Match Me. Using sets of the Letter Cards, students match
you according to the information you provide for target sound/spellings.
(Students have been challenged by the softer /n/ and /m/ sounds in final
nasal-consonant clusters.)
Provide each student with a set of Letter Cards (n and m).
Tell students that you will say the sound or provide the letter. For
examples, see the chart below.
Warm-Up
Teacher Prompt
Student Response
/m/
/n/
/m/
/n/
/e/
If anyone provides an incorrect answer, correct the error and have

students repeat the item.
Reminder: Keep notes on the Sound/Spellings Chart regarding information
mastered, progressing, or unfamiliar.
66

Sound/Spelling
Chart and Letter
Cards
(n and m)
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
clusters)
Teaching
Materials
Objective: State the purpose for using sound/spelling knowledge, and

model the desired performance.
Learning about Target Sound/Spellings: Select mp and nk to focus on
final nasal-consonant clusters for todays lesson.
Tell students that sometimes we use more consonants to make
bigger words, and that consonant clusters can be at the beginning
or end of words. We have to look carefully at ALL of the letters
when reading those bigger words and listen carefully for ALL of the
sounds when spelling those bigger words.
Write or build with letter cards examples of consonant clusters from
the selected category for todays lesson: final nasal clusters (mp
and nk).
Review articulation for relevant sound/spellings.
Explicit
Instruction
Phoneme
Voice
Stretch
/n/
Tip of the tongue touches the bump behind the upper teeth and lips are open a
little. (Air goes through your nose! Pinch
your nose, and youll cut off the sound.)
On
Yes
/m/
Lips are together. (Air goes through your

nose! Pinch your nose, and youll cut off
the sound.)
On
Yes
Word Lists
whiteboard and
marker
Ask students to think of a word that has mp. Think together to

write or build two words for the target consonant cluster. ( jump and
lump) Repeat for nk. (pink and wink)
Tell students that they will now practice reading and spelling these
and similar words.
Guided
Practice
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target sound/spelling

knowledge with decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Target Sound/Spellings: Students are familiar with chaining
from the Unit 35 Skills Strand Lessons. Here, students will apply their
knowledge similarly. The difference will be that you and the students will
write the words. (Writing reinforces students knowledge of letter formation
and spelling patterns.)
Select a chaining list: cap > camp > lamp > lump > limp > lip > sip >
sin > sink > pink > pin > pan > can
Display the letter cards utilized in the chain on the table in front of
students: consonants c, p, m, l, s, n, k; and vowels a, i, and
u.

67
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
clusters)
Guided
Practice
(Cont.)
Independent
Practice
68
Teaching
Start with chaining for reading. Tell students that you will use the
letters to write words for them to read.
Write the first word (cap), and tell students to look at the letters from
left to right, noticing the beginning sound (/k/), vowel in the middle
(/a/), and ending sound (/p/). As they look at the letters, they need
to remember the sounds the letters stand for and blend the sounds
together to make the word.
Make the letter change needed for the next wordadding /m/
between a and pand describe the change as it is made,
saying, Now Im adding m between the a and the p to make
a consonant cluster at the end of the word. What word did I make
now?
If support is needed, model the sounds and blending. Also, encourage
students to use the blending motions they have learned, and refer to key
words.
Next, use the same chain for spelling. Tell students that you will say
words for them to write, and for each new word they will only need
to change one letter.
Say the first word (cap), and tell students to segment the word into
sounds. As they break apart the sounds, they need to remember the
picture of the sound and write down each from left to right.
Provide the next word (camp), and have students explain the change
they had to make from the previous word. (Add an m between the
a and the p.)
If support is needed, model breaking the sounds apart and writing the
picture for each sound.
Application of Skills: Provide students with a copy of Making Words (i1) and
the Making Words Extension Page. Tell students that the goal is to make as
many ink words as they can first, then make as many other words as they
can think of.
Progress Monitoring option: While students are completing Making Words
(i1) and moving on to Independent Practice, administer Word Reading
Progress Monitoring 3.
Objective: Allow students to practice target sound/spelling knowledge with
high levels of independence while striving for mastery.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Target Sound/Spellings: Provide the
Word/Picture Cards for students to play Memory with consonant cluster
words.

Materials
Chaining
List and
Letter Cards
(consonants c,
p, m, l, s, n,
k; and vowels
a, i, and u)
whiteboard,
marker, and
eraser
Making
Words (i1) and
Extension Page
for each student
copies of Word
Reading 3
Word/Picture
Cards
Directions: Copy and cut out these Letter Cards for use with the Unit 6 Section II activities Match Me and Push & Say. (Consonants used more than
once when building words are provided twice on this page.)
Letter Cards 1 (taught in Unit 3)
m m t t
g
g
d d
c a o i
69
Name:
70
n n h f
s s z z
p p v e
b b l r
j
y
w
x
k k u
71
Lessons can be crafted to be more or less difficult by varying the salience (i.e.,
sound clarity) of phonemes and the type of phoneme contrasts examined.
The chart below illustrates how lessons can be designed to be more or less
challenging across both dimensions.
Read and Spell
Consonant Clusters
with Salient (Clear/
Distinct) Sounds
(e.g., st and sk)
Least Difficult
Read and Spell Consonant

Clusters with Less Salient
(Softer/More Obscure)
Sounds (e.g., mp and nk)
Skill
Read and spell

three-phoneme words
Read and spell
four-phoneme words
Read and spell
five-phoneme words
Most Difficult
Sound/Spellings Chart
Consonants
m > /m/ (mat)
t > /t/ (tag)
d > /d/ (dad)
c > /k/ (cat)
g > /g/ (dog)
n > /n/ (man)
h > /h/ (hat)
s > /s/ (sit)
f > /f/ (fan)
v > /v/ (van)
72

Short Vowels
z > /z/ (zigzag)
p > /p/ (pig)
b > /b/ (bed)
l > /l/ (log)
r > /r/ (rat)
w > /w/ (wig)
j > /j/ ( jam)
y > /y/ (yes)
x > /x/ (box)
k > /k/ (kid)
a > /a/ (mad)

o > /o/ (mom)
i > /i/ (dig)
e > /e/ (pen)
u > /u/ (mug)
73
2
Sound/Spelling Review
Alphabet/
Letter
Names
The
Alphabet
Song
The Tricky
Spelling s
Pronounced
/z/;
Complete the
Sentences
Sound/
Spelling
Review;
TakeHome
Story
The
Sound/
Alphabet
Spelling
Song; Letter Name Review;
TakeReview
TakeHome
Home
Story
Story
Sound/
Spelling
Review;
TakeHome
Story
Dictation
with
Words
The
Sounds
/s/ and /z/
in Plural
Dictation
Word Wheel Student
Nouns and
with
Worksheet Chaining
in Verbs;
Words
Word Sort;
Label the
Picture
Sound/
Spelling
Review
Pocket
Chaining
Chart
Student
Dictation; Pocket Chart
Dictation Chain
Dictation
Chaining
Label the Word Wheel Chaining;
Small
Chaining for
with
and Copy;
with
for Spelling;
Picture Worksheet Wiggle
Group
Reading
Words Connect It Words
Spelling
Cards
Work
Worksheet
Unit 6 Lessons
11
Sound/
Spelling
Review;
TakeHome
Story
Sound/
Spelling
Review
Tap and Chain and

Spell
Copy
Tap and Chain and

Spell
Copy
10
14
Sound/
Spelling
Review
Large Card Dictation

Chaining, with Words,
Word Box Practice Pack
Large Card Dictation

Chaining; with Words;
Word Box Practice Pack
13
Sound/
Sound/
Spelling Spelling
Review;
Review;
Alphabet
Letter
Soup;
Name
TakeSprints;
Home Take-Home
Story
Story
12
Alphabet Walk; Letter

Concentration; Letter
Name Pretzel Game; Letter
Name Bingo
Word Sort by Plural Marker

AND all of the above
Pausing Points
Teacher Chaining; Fishing

Pond; Matching the Words;
Word Concentration; Game
Board with Decodable
Words; Word Wheel
Worksheet; Word Reading
Sprints; Phrase Flipbook;
Unscramble the Words!;
Label
Wiggle Cards; Student
the
Picture Chaining; Chain and Copy;
Large Card Chaining;
Guess the Word and Spell
It!; Spelling Hopscotch;
Dictation with Words;
Dictation with Phrases
15
Unit 6 Pausing
Point
All Phonics Goals are restricted to one-to-one letter-sound correspondences (taught in previous units), initial or final blends/clusters (e.g., tr, ,
sp, st, nd, lt), and the Tricky Spelling s > /z/.
All activities promote the CKLA Goal to Demonstrate understanding that a systematic, predictable relationship exists between written letters and spoken
sounds.
Recognize and
Name the 26 Letters
of the Alphabet in
their Uppercase and
Lowercase Forms
Read and Write Words

in which s > /s/ as in
cats or /z/ as in dogs
Read and Write OneSyllable Short Vowel

Words with Initial or
Final Clusters, e.g., tr,
fl, sp, st, nd, lt,
etc.
Letter Names and

Phonics Skill/
CKLA Goal
Letter Name and Phonics Skills Cross-Reference Chart
PhonicsWord Lists
Note: Adding s to the end of most of the four-phoneme words below will
provide additional five-phoneme words for reading and spelling.
r-consonant clusters
four-phoneme
brim
crab
crib
crop
drag
drip
drop
drum
drug
five-phoneme
frog
grab
grip
grub
grin
prop
prod
trot
trap
crust
draft
drink
frost
grand
grump
print
tromp
trunk
s-consonant clusters
four-phoneme
scab
skid
skin
skit
skip
smog
snap
snip
snob
five-phoneme
snug
spat
spin
spot
stem
step
stop
swam
swim
scalp
skunk
spend
stand
stink
swept
swift
l-consonant clusters
four-phoneme
blip
blob
clam
clap
clog
club
flag
flap
flip
glad
glob
plan
plod
plug
five-phoneme
slam
sled
slid
slip
slot
slug
blast
blend
blink
clink
clump
flunk
plant
plink
plump
slant
slump
Words with consonant clusters in the final position may be selected from the four-phoneme word lists on the next
page or taken from the five-phoneme word lists above.
74

Short vowel final

consonant cluster
words
Short vowel
final nasal (/n/
or /m/) phoneme
consonant cluster
words
final l- consonant
cluster
sk
st
ft
mask
desk
tusk
fast
best
list
lost
dust
raft
left
lift
gift
soft
melt
self
milk
mp
nt
nd
nk
lamp
ramp
limp
bump
jump
pant
went
hunt
sand
land
send
wind
bank
pink
wink
junk
Chaining Lists for Reading or Spelling

All chains are designed to be looped. If you get to the end and wish to continue,
you may simply repeat the chain. However, select chains are too lengthy to
incorporate more than one consonant cluster. Chains may be sectioned if
students do not sustain attention for the entire chain.
Consonant
Cluster
Chains
cop > crop > drop > drip > grip > rip > rap > cap
Initial r-
pop > prop > drop > drip > rip > rib > crib > crab > cab > tab > tap > top
tap > trap > trip > grip > rip > rim > brim > trim > tram > ram > rap
sit > skit > spit > spin > pin > pit > pot > spot > spat > sat
Initial s-
sip > snip > snap > sap > tap > top > stop > step > stem > hem > him > hip
cab > scab > scat > cat > sat > sap > sip > skip > skin > skit > sit > fit > fat > fan > can
sip > slip > lip > flip > flap > lap > cap > clap > clam > slam > slap > sap
Initial l-
lob > blob > glob > gob > sob > sop > sip > slip > slid > lid > lad > lab
pan > plan > clan > can > cab > cob > lob > lab > lad > glad > lad > pad
lap > lamp > clamp > camp > ramp > rap > rip > lip
lip > limp > lump > plump > pump > bump > bum > bug > bag > lag > lap
Final nasal
(/n/ and /m/)
wet > went > sent > set > sat > pat > pant > pan > pin > pink > wink > sink > sin > sit > set
sad > sand > land > lend > bend > bed > bad
win > wind > wink > pink > sink > stink > stank > tank > tan > tin
cap > camp > lamp > lump > limp > lip > sip > sin > sink > pink > pin > pan > can
mast > mat > fat > fast > fist > list > lift > lit > lot > lost > last
Final other
dust > dusk > tusk > task > mask > mast > must
melt > belt > bet > best > rest > nest > net > met

75
PhonicsWorksheets
Push & Say
Use Sound Boxes to have students build words, with support, for individual
sounds.
Provide each student with the Sound Boxes page and a set of letter cards
corresponding to the words selected for building. Students should line up the
letter cards below the Sound Boxes page. Multiple copies of consonants are
needed for words such as prop.
Say a word, such as spin.
Students echo the word and then work individually to select the Letter Cards for
the sound/spellings identified as they segment the word into phonemes.
Have students place the Letter Cards directly below the boxes in the correct
positions from left to right. Tell students that they will not always use all of the
sound boxes (e.g., four-phoneme words).
Once you see a student is ready, ask him or her to push the cards into the
boxes from left to right and say the sound as he or she pushes each card.
Immediately, students should run their finger under the word in one smooth
motion and say the whole word blended.
Clear the board for the next word.
If additional support is needed, first practice asking students to flip their Letter
Cards over to the blank side and Push & Say for a few practice words using the
blank side of the cards. This removes the component of identifying the correct
sound/spelling, allowing students to start with a focus on the sounds and their
positions before adding in the task of connecting the sounds to spellings.
Sound Boxes can be used in a variety of ways:
Select words from the PhonicsWord Lists for students to practice
building and blending target sound/spellings.
Students who struggle to write the words from the Making Words activities
in this section may be supported by building words in Sound Boxes first
and then copying the word onto the handwriting lines.
Sound Boxes may also support students during Chaining activities. For
reading, you may build or write sound/spellings in the boxes to help
highlight the positions of phonemes, particularly helping to focus student
attention to the correct position as spellings change to form a new word.
Similarly, for spelling, students may build or write sound/spellings in the
boxes for support as they break apart and record the phonemes they hear
in words.
Note: Though /x/ is a sound combination of /k/ and /s/, it is taught as one
sound. You may praise students who recognize /x/ as a sound combination,
but they are to treat it as one sound, placing the x Letter Card in one box to
represent the sound.
76

Directions: This Sound Boxes page is provided for use with the Unit 6 Section II activity Push & Say. Say a four- or five-phoneme word. Students
echo the word and segment the sounds, placing corresponding letter cards below the boxes from left to right. Then students push the letter cards
into the boxes from left to right and say the sound as they push each card. Immediately, students run their finger under the word in one smooth
motion and say the whole word blended.
Name:
Sound Boxes: Phonics
77
Making Words
Students reinforce phonics knowledge by making words with initial and final
consonant clusters and adding s.
Select a Making Words page according to the sound/spellings targeted for
remediation.
Model how to use the letters surrounding the center box to make words.
Surrounding letters may
be single beginning or ending sound/spellings;
build initial or final consonant clusters; or
serve as final s to make nouns plural (e.g., ags) or verbs active (e.g., grabs).
Tracing the path of letters may support students as they attempt sound/spelling
combinations.
Students write the words they make on the lines provided below.
Ensure comprehension by asking students to identify the real words and use them
in an oral sentence or sketch a picture.
More words can be created than the number of lines provided. For students who
are capable of productively continuing to create additional words, the Extension
Page can be copied and provided.
If students struggle:
To make words using the 3x3 boxes, the boxes may be cut out and used as
letter cards for building words.
To write the words onto the handwriting lines, scaffold them by providing the
Sound Boxes in a plastic sleeve with a dry erase marker. The Sound Boxes
offer support for writing the individual sounds, and the words can then be
copied onto the handwriting lines. Another option, if slightly less support is
needed, is to draw vertical lines on the handwriting lines segmenting them into
spaces for sound-spellings.
In addition to two- and three-phoneme words, the following four- and five-phoneme
words are possible on the designated Making Words pages:
Note: Adding final s to some words will create a six-phoneme word.
a1
crab(s)
drag(s)
grab(s)
draft
fast
raft(s)
78
a2
scat
scab
snap
stand
scam(s)
sand
stamp
pant
a3
clam
clap(s)
flap(s)
plan(s)
slam(s)
plant
slant
lamp(s)
camp(s)
pant(s)
e
spend
sled
blend
left
self
send
i1
skid
skin(s)
skit(s)
skip(s)
snip(s)
spin(s)
stink(s)
pink
list(s)
wind(s)
wink(s)
i2
drip(s)
grip(s)
grin(s)
blip(s)
slid
slip(s)

o1
crop(s)
drop(s)
frog(s)
prop(s)
prod
frost
o2
u1
snob
spot(s)
stop(s)
blob
glob
plod
slot(s)
lost
plug
slug
clump
plump
slump
tusk(s)
stump
u2
drum(s)
drug
grump(s)
snug
skunk(s)
Directions: Students use the letters surrounding the vowel to create words. Encourage making words with consonant clusters and a final s when
possible. Students write the words on the lines provided.
Name:
Making Words (a1)
c
g
b
r
a
s
d
t
f
79
Name:
80
Making Words (a2)
t
n
d
s
a
p
c
m
b
Name:
Making Words (a3)
s
p
m
l
a
n
f
c
t
81
Name:
82
Making Words (e)
b
s
p
l
e
n
f
t
d
Name:
Making Words (i1)
t
p
w
s
i
l
k
n
d
83
Name:
84
Making Words (i2)
d
b
l
r
i
s
g
p
n
Name:
Making Words (o1)
f
p
g
r
o
s
d
c
t
85
Name:
86
Making Words (o2)
p
s
n
l
o
t
g
b
d
Name:
Making Words (u1)
c
s
t
l
u
k
p
m
g
87
Name:
88
Making Words (u2)
d
n
k
r
u
s
g
m
p
Name:
Directions: Students record additional words created from the Making Words worksheets on the handwriting lines provided.
Making Words Extension Page

89
PhonicsGames
BINGO
Students apply sound/spelling knowledge they have learning in Unit 6 to read
words as they play the traditional game BINGO. Here, the game is tailored
appropriately for students developmental level with only three spaces across,
down, or diagonal.
The word cards needed (to copy and cut out) are provided following the game
boards. We recommend copying and cutting the boards and word cards from
card stock to allow for reuse.
Any collection of tokens can be used for students to cover spaces on their
game boards, (e.g., cubes, beans, tiles, etc.)
As word cards are selected and read, students search for the word on their
game board.
Ask students to put their finger on the word if they find it, and to then read it,
allowing you to confirm that they are correct before covering the space.
When students are incorrect, use the opportunity to address the confusion.
When students are correct, ask, How did you know that was
(This verbalization of knowledge or strategies used is powerful for
reinforcing learning.)
The game may be played until one or all students have three spaces covered in
a row, or until one or all students have blackout (covering the entire board).
90

Name:
Directions: Copy and cut out the game boards. Students apply phonics knowledge by reading words to play the traditional game BINGO.
Bingo Boards 1
crust
print
mask
land
trap
limp
desk
clog
glad
blink
grand
smog
melt
spat
flag
clamp
hunt
drink

91
Name:
Bingo Boards 2
92
mask
crust
print
trot
clamp
stem
blast
gift
swam
smog
crib
ramp
trap
swept
hunt
swim
limp
blast

Name:
Bingo Boards 3
blend
trunk
grand
swam
crib
flag
lost
land
gift
lift
swept
bump
grand
trot
glad
blink
ramp
stem

93
Name:
Bingo Boards 4
94
clamp
lift
blast
swim
desk
trap
trunk
spat
lost
ramp
drink
bump
melt
swam
mask
glad
clog
blend

Name:
Directions: Copy and cut out the word cards for use with BINGO Boards. (Card stock is recommended to allow for reuse.)
trap glad crib
trot
grand blast print clog

mask flag drink smog
clamp stem swim lost
ramp swept blink crust
land blend gift trunk
spat desk
lift
hunt
swam melt limp bump

95
Race to the Top

Each student gets their own ladder, game board, and game piece, and shares
a set of game cards. (We recommend copying and cutting the game cards from
card stock to allow for reuse.)
For correct answers, students move up a rung; for incorrect answers, students
fall down a rung. First one to the top wins.
Word/Picture Cards should be concealed and drawn from a container, such as a
brown bag.
Read It: As cards are drawn, the word side of the card is shown to the
opposing player to be read. The picture side allows for
confirmation/correction.
Spell It: As cards are drawn, the picture side of the card is shown to the
opposing player to be spelled (e.g., on a whiteboard). The word side allows
for confirmation/correction.
Memory
Provide students with a set of cards which include some with words and others
with the corresponding images for those words (Word/Picture Cards). We
recommend copying and cutting the images from card stock to allow for reuse.
For Memory, the images will need to be copied onto darker colored paper,
otherwise students can see the images through the paper when they are turned
over.
Model how to mix up the cards, lay them out, and take turns turning pairs over
to look for matches.
The goal is to match the word with its corresponding image.
As students become comfortable with the game, they may be able to play
independently.
96

Name:
Directions: Copy this page for the game Race to the Top.
Race to the Top

97
Directions: These Word/Picture Cards are provided for use with the Unit 6 Section II games. For Race to the Top, copy and cut out word/picture
pairs, fold along the middle line, and tape together providing two-sided cards. For Memory, copy and cut out, separating word and picture cards.
Word/Picture Cards 1
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
PhonicsProgress Monitoring
(RtI). We recommend that teachers use the Progress Monitoring resources
provided:
1. within the Guided Practice section of the lesson plansThe resources
assessments.
2. only when, based on observation of instructional performance, students
3. to inform instruction!If student mastery of the target skills is confirmed
by a Progress Monitoring assessment, then teachers can be confident in
the decision to move students forward. If students do not achieve the goal
scores for a Progress Monitoring assessment, analysis of errors will indicate
areas of continued instructional need.
Directions
Preparation: This assessment involves asking individual students to read eight
words. Copy the page of words with a record sheet corresponding to the
Progress Monitoring Assessment (Word Reading 14) you have selected, and
cut out the words.
Model with the sample item.
Show the cards to the student one at a time.
Use the record sheet to record each word as the student reads.
Place a check next to each word read correctly.
For misread words, write exactly what students say as the word is sounded out.
If students misread a word, prompt them to try to read the word again, letting
them know that their first attempt was incorrect.
Students may benefit from the supports utilized during instruction, such as
blending motions and representing sounds with objects (e.g., Push & Say).
Demonstrate and encourage the use of these supports during modeling with
the sample item if needed. The goal is for students to eventually be capable
of completing the tasks without physical supports or, at least, utilizing the
supports independently (without your prompt).
108

Scoring: Scoring is based on one point assigned for every consonant cluster in
a word which is read correctly. Interpret scores as follows.
9 or 10 pointsexcellent
8 pointsgood
6 or 7 pointsfair
Less than 6 pointspoor
Further analyze student errors to determine if one or more types of consonant
clusters are particularly problematic. The subtotals for types of consonant
clusters at the bottom of the record sheets facilitate the identification of specific
problem areas.
Also, examine whether there are mispronunciations occurring more frequently in
a given position in words. For example, does the student read the initial sound
correctly, but misread the medial and/or final sound?
Finally, examine whether the student succeeded in reading words correctly on
the second attempt. If so, the student may be rushing and may benefit from
explicit instruction to slow down and look at each letter in a word sequentially,
left to right.
Goal: Achieve scores of Good or Excellent (8 points or higher).
Scores of 7 or less indicate that additional reteaching and reinforcement is
required from Assessment and Remediation Guide Unit 6 Section II, Phonics.

109
110

Name:
Word Reading Progress Monitoring 1
spin mask drops

brim sled clump
skin dunk snap
Record Sheet for Word Reading Progress Monitoring 1:
Word
Student Pronunciation
Sample: spin
1. mask
/m/
/a/
/s/ /k/
(1)
2. drops
/d/ /r/
/o/
/p/ /s/
(2)
3. brim
/b/ /r/
/i/
/m/
(1)
4. sled
/s/ /l/
/e/
/d/
(1)
5. clump
/k/ /l/
/u/
/m/ /p/
(2)
6. skin
/s/ /k/
/i/
/n/
(1)
7. dunk
/d/
/u/
/n/ /k/
(1)
8. snap
/s/ /n/
/a/
/p/
(1)
Total Correct
/10
Note: Phonemes in gray are single letter sound/spellings from previous units. Student performance with
these phonemes should be noted for evaluation; however, only Unit 6 sound/spellings are scored.
initial r-consonant cluster (2, 3)
/2
initial s-consonant cluster (6, 8)
initial l-consonant cluster (4, 5)
/2
final s (2)
final nasal (/m/ or /n/)-consonant cluster (5, 7)
/2
/2
/1
final mixed-consonant cluster (1)

/1
111
Name:
spin flip grand

drag spot best
lump snip clogs
Word
Sample: spin
1. flip
/f/ /l/
/i/
/p/
(1)
2. grand
/g/ /r/
/a/
/n/ /d/
(2)
3. drag
/d/ /r/
/a/
/g/
(1)
4. spot
/s/ /p/
/o/
/t/
(1)
5. best
/b/
/e/
/s/ /t/
(1)
6. lump
/l/
/u/
/m/ /p/
(1)
7. snip
/s/ /n/
/i/
/p/
(1)
8. clogs
/c/ /l/
/o/
/g/ /z/
(2)
/10
Total Correct
/2
/2
final s (8)
112

/2
/2
/1
/1
Name:
spin trots plan

snug left grip
stop blink damp
Word
Sample: spin
1. trots
/t/ /r/
/o/
/t/ /s/
(2)
2. plan
/p/ /l/
/a/
/n/
(1)
3. snug
/s/ /n/
/u/
/g/
(1)
4. left
/l/
/e/
/f/ /t/
(1)
5. grip
/g/ /r/
/i/
/p/
(1)
6. stop
/s/ /t/
/o/
/p/
(1)
7. blink
/b/ /l/
/i/
/n/ /k/
(2)
8. damp
/d/
/a/
/m/ /p/
(1)
Total Correct
/10
/2
/2
final s (2)
/2
/2
/1

/1
113
Name:
spin went swim

crop blimp scabs
trap club lost
Word
Sample: spin
1. went
/w/
/e/
/n/ /t/
(1)
2. swim
/s/ /w/
/i/
/m/
(1)
3. crop
/c/ /r/
/o/
/p/
(1)
4. blimp
/b/ /l/
/i/
/m/ /p/
(2)
5. scabs
/s/ /c/
/a/
/b/ /z/
(2)
6. trap
/t/ /r/
/a/
/p/
(1)
7. club
/c/ /l/
/u/
/b/
(1)
8. lost
/l/
/o/
/s/ /t/
(1)
/10
Total Correct
/2
/2
final s (5)
114

/2
/2
/1
/1
Section III
Fluency and Comprehension

115
116

117

Unit 6 Objective: Identify
the parts of books and
function of each part
(Concepts about Print)*

Unit 6 Objective: Read
aloud in a group, with a
partner, or alone at least
15 minutes each day
(Fluency)
Section III, Fluency and Comprehension
THEN USE
E
Student performs poorly
on other evaluations of
Concepts about Print,
Concept of Word, and
comprehension with
decodable text
If student continues
to struggle
Review with Pausing

Point: Read Sentences
and/or Read Decodable
Stories

Unit 6 Objective: Read
decodable text that
incorporates the lettersound correspondences
that have been taught
with purpose and
understanding*
If student meets
expectations, then
continue with Unit 6
Skills Strand Lessons
Student struggles
with Unit 6 Objective:
Demonstrate
understanding of basic
print conventions by
tracking and following
print word for word when
listening to a text read
aloud (Includes point to
each word in a line of
print while reading aloud)
(Concept of Word)
*Select CKLA goals function here as an umbrella for multiple other CKLA goals. (See Cross-Reference Chart for details.)
Fluency Focus! from

Section III, Fluency and Comprehension
THEN USE
IF
Determining Student Need for Section III, Fluency and Comprehension
118

Fluency Focus!
Rereading familiar text is a powerful way to develop fluency. At this stage,
attention to fluency is not on reading rate, rather it is on building a bank
of words recognized automatically and developing the ability to read with
expression. Word-by-word reading is expected from emerging readers.
The repetition of rereading helps students develop automatic recognition of
spelling patterns and also helps them build their bank of sight words (entire
words recognized automatically). Automatic recognition of words frees up
cognitive resources for comprehension, resulting in fluid and expressive oral
reading.
Two engaging opportunities for rereading stories from the Kit Reader and
Unit 6 Pausing Point are provided here. These activities may be done in
isolation with students who need additional practice, or may be incorporated
into the Lesson Template for this section. A fluency activity may be used instead
of or in addition to the Im Looking for activity for the Warm-Up if students
have demonstrated mastery of Concepts about Print. A fluency activity may
also be used during the Independent Practice section of the lesson.
Pips Cats and Vic Gets Lost are stories from the Unit 6 Pausing Point.
These stories along with a new story, Camp are part of the progress
monitoring assessments for this section. You may prefer to not use Pips
Cats and Vic Gets Lost for Fluency Focus! activities until after these two
stones have been used for progress monitoring. This would allow you to
measure student performance with instructional level text before it becomes
more familiar (and begins moving toward an independent level text) through
instruction.

119
Silly Voices
120

Silly Voices
Students reread stories from the Kit Reader or Unit 6 Pausing Point
independently, with a partner, or to the teacher using silly voices.
Note: The task of applying a silly voice requires notable cognitive effort. Silly
Voices should be used to motivate students to revisit text that is already
very familiar from prior instruction and rereading. If students are not already
reading the text with high accuracy, then rereading without silly voices to first
establish ease with word recognition is appropriate.
Print and cut out the picture cards provided on the Silly Voices worksheet,
and drop them in a container. Students reach inside to pull out a picture card
and reread the story using the voice matching the character on the card.
Demonstrate for students the use of the following voices and gestures to read
like the characters on the cards:
Cowboy: Straddle your chair like you are riding a horse and use a country
accent.
Scuba Diver: Vibrate your pointer finger on your lips as you read.
Sick Person: Hold your nose to sound all stuffed up.
Opera Singer: Use big arm motions and a grand singing voice.
Rock Star: Play your air guitar while reading.
Robot: Move your arms like a robot, and use a monotone voice.
Ghost: Use a spooky voice.
Teacher: Point to the words, and use a teacher voice.
Feel free to add others that you or your students think of!
Partner reading options may be to
take turns reading the entire story;
have one student be the leader, reading a line at a time for the partner to
echo; or
read chorally, keeping voices together to read the story.

121
Two Voices
The stories from the Kit Reader and Unit 6 Pausing Point have been recreated
here to be read for two voices. One student reads down column 1 while the
other student reads down column 2, completing the story together. The lines
that should be read chorally (voices together) are in bold. Students may be
encouraged to practice rereading for two voices to prepare to perform the story!
Story copies for two voices may also be sent home to be read with family and
friends.
122

Directions: One student reads down column 1 while the other student reads down column 2, together completing the story. The lines to be read
chorally (voices together) are in bold.
Two Voices
Kit
1
Kit can
run.
run.
Kit can
skip,
skip,
skip.
Kit can
flip and flop.
flip and flop.
Kit can swim.
Kit can swim.

123
Two Voices
124
Kit and Stan

1
Kit ran
2
Kit ran
and hid
Stan ran
Stan ran
and got Kit.

Stan ran
Stan ran
and hid.
Kit ran
Kit ran
and got Stan.
Kit and Stan had fun.

Two Voices
Kits Hats
1
Kit has
2
Kit has
hats.
Kit has
Kit has
big hats.
Kit has
Kit has
flat hats.
Kit has
Kit has
fun hats.
Hats, hats, hats!
Hats, hats, hats!

125
Two Voices
126
Kits Cats
1
Kit has cats.

Kits cats run
fast,
fast,
fast.
Kits cats
lap up milk.
lap up milk.
Kits cats
jump up
on Kits bed.
Cats, cats, cats!
Cats, cats, cats!
Two Voices
Kits Mom
1
gets up at six.
gets up at six.
Kits mom
Kits mom
gets dad up.
gets dad up.
Kits mom
gets Kit up.
gets Kit up.

Kits mom
gets dad fed.
gets dad fed.
Kits mom
gets Kit fed.
gets Kit fed.

Kits mom
gets Kits pets fed.
gets Kits pets fed.

127
Two Voices
128
Kits Pants
1
Kit
had red pants.
Kits pants
got lost
got lost
at camp.
Kits mom
got mad
got mad
at Kit.
Kits mom cant
Kits mom cant
stand lost pants.
stand lost pants.

Two Voices
Mumps
1
Kit has mumps.

Kit is in bed.
Kit cant get up.
Kit cant get up.
Kit cant
run and jump.
run and jump.

Kit cant
skip and hop.
skip and hop.
Kit is sad.
Kit is sad.

129
Two Voices
130
Up
1
Kit gets up
Kit gets up
on top.
on top.
Kit helps
Max get up.
Max helps
Jen get up.
Jen helps
Kent get up.
Kent helps
Ted get up.
Ted helps Peg
Ted helps Peg
get up.
get up.

Two Voices
Fast Fred
1
Kits pal Fred
2
gulps his milk.
Fast Fred
gulps and gulps.

Gulp, gulp, gulp.
Fred gets milk
on his desk.
Gulp, gulp, gulp.

on his desk.
Fred gets milk
on his pants.
on his pants.
Fred gets milk
on Kit.
on Kit.
Kit gets mad at Fred.
Stop it, Fred!

131
Two Voices
132
Pips Cats
1
Pip is Kits pal.

Pip has six cats.
Pips cats
got in mud.
Pips cats
left mud
left mud
on his rug.
Pips mom got
Pips mom got
mad.
mad.

Two Voices
Vic Gets Lost

1
Pips cat Vic

got lost.
got lost.
Pip felt sad.
Kit ran
and got Vic.
Kit set Vic
on Pips lap.
Pip felt glad.
Pip felt glad.

133
Lesson Template
Focus:
Comprehension
Warm-Up
Explicit
Instruction
134
Teaching
Objective: Prepare students to read text using prereading activities
addressing prior knowledge needed to understand the text. For now, the
emphasis is on text structure basics (Concepts about Print).
Exercise: Address text structure by playing Im Looking For For this
game you will need the Concepts about Print chart.
Provide each student with a book copy of the text.
Say, Im looking for
. Fill in the blank with a concept about
a print item from the chart.
All students should identify the item with their own book copy of
the text.
If items are unknown or if students appear to have
misconceptions, immediately provide corrective feedback and
model the correct response. Then, repeat the question, allowing
students to answer successfully by copying you.
Once selected concepts or all concepts about print have been
identified, state that we will need this knowledge to read the text.
Keeping notes on the Concepts about Print chart regarding information
mastered, progressing, or unfamiliar will help you formulate questions
targeted to student need.
Objective: Set a purpose, and model using a Thinking with Reading
technique to accomplish the purpose.
Learning about Reading with Purpose and Understanding:
Tell students the purpose for rereading the text in todays lesson.
Explain the Thinking with Reading technique they will use to help
them read for the stated purpose. Identify the technique, and
provide the description. (Refer to the Thinking with Reading chart.)
Model using the technique with an initial portion of the text.
Read aloud, pointing to track the text and thinking aloud to
demonstrate use of the technique for the established purpose.
Include modeling an error while thinking aloud. If students do not
catch the error, point it out. Correct the error. For mistakes with
word reading, refer to the Figuring Out Words chart for ideas to
help correct errors.

Materials
book or text
copy of text for
each student
Concepts about
Print chart
Progress
Monitoring
resources
book or text
copy of text for
each student
Thinking with
Reading chart
Figuring Out
Words chart
Focus:
Comprehension
Guided Practice
Independent
Practice
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Continue working with the text at an appropriate level of

support for reading (see Dimensions of Difficulty chart) by using a Thinking
with Reading technique to accomplish the purpose. Support should
decrease as students skills strengthen.
Applying Knowledge to Read with Purpose and Understanding: Continue
rereading text sections with a Shared, Interactive, or Monitored level of
support. Prompt students to express themselves out loud about what
they are thinking and how it connects to the purpose (similar to the thinkaloud modeled during Explicit Instruction). Oral expression keeps each
student accountable for thinking with reading and fosters their ability to be
purposeful with their thinking. Thinking should be discussed during and
after reading.
as needed.
Objective: Allow students to practice a Thinking with Reading technique
for a designated purpose with high levels of independence.
Reading with Purpose and Understanding Independently: Allow students
to reread the text with a partner, practicing tracking (fun pointer wands
promote engagement), decoding, and the Thinking with Reading technique
that has been taught. Student performance should mimic the lesson and
provide students with an opportunity to reinforce their ability to use oral
language to show their thinking.
book or text
copy of text for
each student
Progress
Monitoring
resources
book or text
copy of text for
each student
pointers for
tracking text
(optional)

135

(Use scaffolded reading with a text-only copy, and target Visualizing.)
Focus:
Comprehension
(Use scaffolded
reading with a
text-only copy,
and target
Visualizing.)
Warm-Up
136
Teaching
Objective: Prepare students to read text using prereading activities
addressing prior knowledge needed for understanding the text. For now,
the emphasis is on text structure basics (Concepts about Print).
Exercise: Students have demonstrated mastery of Concepts about Print.
Therefore, instead of playing Im Looking For, students will reread Mumps
with silly voices (see Fluency Focus! for directions) to Warm-Up with a
fluency activity.

Materials
text-only copy
of Mumps
for each
student and
Silly Voices
character
cards in a
container
Focus:
Comprehension
(Use scaffolded
reading with a
text-only copy,
and target
Visualizing.)
Explicit
Instruction
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Set a purpose, and model using a Thinking with Reading

technique to accomplish the purpose.
Learning about Reading with Purpose and Understanding:
Tell students that the purpose for rereading the text today is
visualizing the story, and that imagining good pictures of the story
helps you understand and remember it. Students will use a textonly copy to prompt their own visualizations, instead of relying on
illustrations.
Explain that we will use visualizing to help us read to understand
and remember. Visualizing is stopping during reading to get a
picture of what the author has written (like a movie in our heads).
Tell students they will reread Pips Cats today. (This text
was previously reserved for progress monitoring. The related
assessment has already been given, so now the story is being
used as a reread for instruction.) Before reading, prompt students
to close their eyes and begin visualizing using the title of the story.
Pause for several seconds to provide time for visualizing, and then
ask students to share their visualizations. Challenge students to
add details with prompts such as Where is your cat?; Do all the
cats have collars?; and What color are the cats?
Read the first two lines of the story aloud, tracking the text. On the
second line, read Pip has cats.
Then close your eyes and think aloud describing your visualization
of Pips cats. Use the sentence starter, In my head I saw and
describe only two cats. See if the students catch your error. If
they do not, ask, Does my picture match what the author told
us? Does Pip have two cats? If students are unsure, point out a
technique from the Figuring Out Words chart to help you and say,
Lets go back and read the words again to double check. Correct
the omitted word, and visualize again with six cats this time. Invite
students to ask questions about your picture to help you add detail.
At the end of the section, revisit the purpose, thinking aloud and
saying, Does my picture match what the author wrote now? (yes)
Now I will remember that there are six cats.
text-only
copy of Pips
Cats for each
student
Thinking with
Reading chart
Figuring Out
Words chart

137
Focus:
Comprehension
(Use scaffolded
reading with a
text-only copy,
and target
Visualizing.)
Teaching
Materials
Guided Practice
Objective: Continue working with the text at an appropriate level of

support for reading (see Dimensions of Difficulty chart) by using a
Thinking with Reading technique to accomplish the purpose. Support
should decrease as students skills strengthen.
Applying Knowledge to Read with Purpose and Understanding: Continue
rereading text sections (two lines about getting mud on the rug, and one
line about mom) with scaffolded support.
Students are partnered.
text-only copy of
All students read the two lines about getting mud on the rug
Pips Cats for
aloud to themselves, close their eyes to visualize, then share
each student
their own In my head I saw. statements with their partner.
Encourage partners to ask each other questions about their
paper and
visualizations.
crayons for each
Next, students read the last line about mom aloud to themselves,
student
visualize, and again share their own In my head I saw
statements with their partner.
copies of
Progress
Once partners are finished, they can share statements with the
Monitoring 3
teacher while waiting for all partner pairs to finish.
After reading, tell students that if they used visualizing to help
understand and remember what the author wrote, they will be able to
draw a picture with details about the story. Today, after reading, students
will complete the progress monitoring assessment for Camp with you
one at a time, while others in the group draw their pictures and move on
to independent practice activities.
Progress Monitoring option: Administer Progress Monitoring 3 while
students complete their picture and move on to Independent Practice.
Independent
Practice
Objective: Allow students to practice a Thinking with Reading technique

for a designated purpose with high levels of independence.
Reading with Purpose and Understanding Independently: Students have
demonstrated strength with understanding the decodable text from
the Kit Reader. Instead of practicing Thinking with Reading techniques,
students will work with Mumps again to develop fluency. Provide
partners with a copy of Mumps for two voices. Students can practice
together once they complete their visualization pictures.
138

one copy of
Mumps for
two voices for
each student
unsharpened
pencils with
fun eraser tops
for pointers
Revisit Text to Address Basic Text Structures

Using stories from the Kit Reader, address the basic text structures noted
in the Concepts about Print chart. This should occur during the Warm-Up of
lessons, for targeted review with students outside of lessons as needed, and for
progress monitoring as students demonstrate readiness for an assessment of
their Concepts about Print knowledge.
Concepts about Print that apply to Kit
Reader
Notes about Student Performance
1. What is the right way to hold this book?

2. Can you show me the front cover of the
book?
3. Can you point to the title?
4. Can you show me the part that tells the
story?
5. Where does the story begin?
6. Where does the story end?
7. Point to the place on the page where
someone would begin to read.
8. Can you move your finger to show me
the words someone would read next?
where to go after I finish reading this line?
10. When I get to the end of this page,
where will I find the next line?
11. Can you point to a letter on this page?
12. Can you show me a word?
13. Can you point to the first letter in the
word?
14. Can you point to the last letter in the
word?
15. Look for a capital letter, and point to it.
16. Can you point to a small letter?
17. What do you call this mark? (Teacher:
Point to a period.)
Point to a comma.)

139
Revisit Text to Focus on Content

Using a book copy or text copy* of stories from the Kit Reader, focus on
Thinking with Reading techniques to accomplish purpose and understanding
with the decodable text. For use of techniques During reading, it can be
helpful to mark the text at natural stopping points before the lesson. Sticky
notes can be put on pages in the book copy, and the text copy provides the
text arranged in sections.
*Students should always be exposed to the illustrations for picture books for
initial readings, because the illustrations are there for the purpose of enhancing
the text. Once the book is familiar, using a text-only copy can help focus
students on decoding and understanding the text by removing picture support.
In early readers offering high text-to-picture matching, students can learn to
avoid reading the text by reading the pictures instead!
140

Master Thinking With Reading Chart

Thinking with
Reading
Activating Prior
Knowledge of
Text Structure
Description
Before reading, activate
knowledge of basic print
structures (e.g., text
directionality), general genre
structures (e.g., list format
within a nonfiction text), or
features specific to a text (e.g.,
table of contents) to establish a
foundation that helps students
predict and acquire information
during reading.
Specific Application to Stories from the Kit Reader
Using a book copy, examine knowledge of Concepts about Print.
Preassess and support knowledge of key vocabulary:

Kit: Review flip and flop.
Kit and Stan: Point out tense with ran/run and hid/hide.
Kits Hats: What are the names of the hats from the story?: sun/
wide-brim, top, beret (French), sombrero (Spanish), Pilgrim, jester,
cowboy, straw (Asian), police, fire), fez, tam-o-shanter.
Kits Cats: Review multiple meanings of lap.
Kits Mom: Point out tense with fed/feed.
Before Reading
Kits Pants: Review camp.

Mumps: Review mumps.
Activating Prior
Knowledge of
Related Content
Before reading, activate

knowledge of vocabulary
and concepts related to
the information in the text
to support students ability
to interpret meaning during
reading.
Up: Discuss multiple ways of using the phrase get up (from bed,
from a chair, climbing, etc.).
Fast Fred: Review gulp and pal.
Also address connections and concepts with prompts such as
Kit: Name some ways to play outside.
Kit and Stan: What games do you like to play with friends?
Kits Hats: Which hats would Kit wear for play and which ones
would he wear for style?
Kits Cats: Cats and dogs are common pets. How are cats
different than dogs?
Kits Mom: What does six mean in the first line of the story?
Kits Pants: What is another way to say cant stand?
Mumps: Is Kit just a little sick, or is mumps more serious than a
cold?
Up: What is teamwork?
Fast Fred: What does it mean to rush?
Students may read to find out
Setting Purpose
for Reading*
Before reading, use previewed

information about the structure
and content to inform setting
an appropriate purpose for
reading the text. The purpose
should spark student interest
and attention to the reading.
The purpose is established in
the Explicit Instruction section
of the lesson and revisited
throughout.
Kit: What does Kit like to do?

Kit and Stan: Did Kit and Stan both find each other?
Kits Hats: What kind of hat does Kit decide to wear today?
Kits Cats: What does Kit do to take care of her cats?
Kits Mom: What does mom do in the mornings?
Kits Pants: Does Kit get her pants back?
Mumps: What happens when Kit gets sick?
Up: How do the friends work together?
Fast Fred: What does Fred do fast?

141
Thinking
with
Reading
Specific Application to Stories from the Kit

Reader
Monitoring
During reading, stop and think after sections of text to

evaluate whether you are understanding the text or not.
Students often do not put effort into making meaning while
reading without being explicitly taught and reminded to do
so. This is especially true of readers who have to devote a
great deal of cognitive energy to decoding, and who may
be less intrinsically motivated to read. Encourage students
to begin sharing their thinking with, That makes sense
because Presenting a related scenario that does not
make sense may help students engage in this reflection.
For example: If the dog went to the vet, first ask, Does it
make sense for a dog to go to the vet? Then ask, Would
it make sense if the author told us the dog called the vet?
Monitoring helps student self-correct decoding errors.
Consider if a student reads bit ox ran on instead of but
ox ran on. If the student is monitoring, he/she may think,
bit ox ran on doesnt make sense, prompting review of the
text for correction.
The stories are divided into two or three sections.

After each section, stop and see if students can
recall the information from the section just read.
Visualizing
During reading, stop and develop images in your mind

relating to the text provided by the author. Developing rich
imagery helps readers remember and think more deeply
about the text. Prompt students to close their eyes when
visualizing. Provide time for thinking before having students
share their visualizations. Encourage students to begin
with, In my head I saw Challenge students to add
details to their visualizations without deviating from the text.
For example, if a student says she sees three cats, ask:
Where are the cats?; Do the cats all have collars on?;
What color are the cats? If deviations from the text do
occur, prompt self-reflection by asking, Does your picture
match what the author told us?
Using a text-only copy, read selections and

visualize related images. Describe or draw
visualizations, challenging students to add
details.
During Reading
Description
Summarizing
After reading, reconstruct an abbreviated version of the

text, highlighting the big ideas. Students tend to offer
specific recall of ideas, often in random order. Prompting
students to think about the beginning, middle, and end
of early narrative texts can help them structure ideas
sequentially. Through discussion, encourage students to
connect the details they remember to a big idea for each
section, which promotes summarization skills and higher
level thinking. For example: DetailsIn the beginning, there
was a cat and a dog and a pig and a hog
Ask students to tell you about and/or draw a

picture representing the big ideas from the
basic sections of text: beginning and end (2) or
beginning, middle, and end (3).
SummaryWe met the four animals in the story.

Sample Questions
Literal:
Questioning
During and after reading, answer and ask questions

related to the text. Questions that promote meaningful
comprehension include 1) literal (remembering information
as stated in the text); 2) inferential (providing accurate
responses based on connecting prior knowledge
and information from the text); and 3) critical (making
appropriate determinations supported by the text). For
literal questions, encourage students to go back to the text
to show you where the author provides the information to
answer the question. You may say, Please find and read
the line in the story showing the answer. For inferential
questions, encourage students to defend their response
using information from the text as well as prior knowledge.
For evaluative questions, encourage students to explain
their logic. Often answers are not right or wrong, but
explanations should stem from the text and be plausible.
Kit: Does Kit play with a friend in this story?

Kit and Stan: Who hid first?
Kits Hats: Name a hat that Kit did not try on.
Kits Cats: What do the cats climb on?
Kits Mom: Who does mom wake up first?
Kits Pants: What color were Kits pants?
Mumps: Name two things Kit cant do.
Up: Who didnt need help to get up?
Fast Fred: Did Fred get milk on his shirt?
Inferential:
Attention to inferential questioning is
incorporated in Unit 7.
Critical:
Attention to critical questioning is incorporated
in Unit 8.
142

Figuring Out Words

Sound out the letters.
Look at ALL the letters.
hats
Read the words again.
Dad has his cat.
Use words you know.
If I know man,
then I know tan.
143
Lessons can be crafted to be more or less difficult by varying the level of
instructional support for reading and the format of the text. The chart below
illustrates how lessons can be designed to be more or less challenging across
both dimensions.
Note: Keep in mind that students should be engaged in actually reading with
their eyes on print as much as possible. For the Modeled level of support,
the teacher is responsible for reading, and students should be encouraged
to follow along, tracking text. For the Independent level of support, individual
engagement is required as students read independently. For the Shared,
Interactive, and Scaffolded levels of support, round-robin reading, wherein
students can tune out until its their turn, is not recommended. Instead,
small groups of students may
read aloud with the teacher chorally (all voices together) or echo (all voices
repeat);
read aloud with a partner chorally (voices together) or taking equal turns
(e.g., page by page); or
read aloud as a group chorally (all voices together) or individually (voices
jumbled as students read at different paces).
Least Difficult
Level of Support
for Reading
Description
Modeled
Teacher reads aloud with fluency and

uses thinking aloud to demonstrate
application of skills or strategies.
Shared
Interactive
Scaffolded
Independent
144
Teacher and students read together.

Students follow along with text
and choral-read (voices together) or
echo-read (voices repeat) familiar
refrains
Teacher and students read together,
taking turns. Students read sections
with the direct, immediate support
of teacher feedback and modeling.
Teacher plans and delivers lessons
related to text. The instruction
supports student reading of
instructional level text.
Students read easy text that is
either at their independent level or
is a familiar reread, requiring little or
no support from the teacher.

Read from the

Book Copy
(Includes
Illustrations)
Read from
a Text-Only
Copy
(Excludes
Illustrations)
Most
Difficult

145
146
Kit
Kit
Demonstrate
Understanding of Basic
Print Conventions by
Tracking and Following
Print Word for Word When
Listening to a Text Read
Aloud (Includes Point to
Each Word in a Line of
Print While Reading Aloud)
(Concept of Word)
Read Decodable Text that

Incorporates the LetterSound Correspondences
that Have Been Taught,
With Purpose and
Understanding**
Read Aloud in a Group,

with a Partner, or Alone At
Least 15 Minutes Each Day
(Fluency)
Kit
Identify the Parts of Books

and Function of Each Part
(Front Cover, Back Cover,
Title Page, Table of Contents)
(Concepts about Print)*
Comprehension Skill/CKLA
Goal
Kit and
Stan;
Small
Group
Work
(Group 2)
Kit and
Stan
Kit and
Stan
TakeHome
Story
Kits
Hats
Kits
Hats
Kits
Hats
Kits Cats
Kits Mom
Kits
Mom
(Small
Groups)
Kits Cats
Kits
Kits Mom
Kits
(Demonstration Cats (Demonstration Mom
and Small
(Small
and Small
(Small
Group 1)
Group 2)
Group 1)
Group 2)
Kits Cats
Kits
Kits Mom
Kits
(Demonstration Cats (Demonstration Mom
and Small
(Small
and Small
(Small
Group 1)
Group 2)
Group 1)
Group 2)
Kits
Cats
Kits
Kits Mom
(Small
Hats
Kits Cats
(Small Groups);
Groups);
(Partner (Small Groups)
Take-Home
TakeReading)
Story
Home
Story
Kits
Hats
Kits
Hats
Kits
Pants
Kits
Pants
Kits
Pants
11
Mumps
Mumps
Mumps
(Demonstration
(Small
and Small
Group 2)
Group 1)
Mumps
Mumps
(Demonstration
(Small
and Small
Group 2)
Group 1)
10
Up
Up
Up
12
Kits
Up
Pants
Mumps
(Whole
(Partner
Mumps
(Small Groups);
Group);
Reading);
(Small
Take-Home
TakeTakeGroups)
Story
Home
Home
Story
Story
Unit 6 Lessons
Fluency and Comprehension Skills Cross-Reference Chart
15
Fast Fred
Fast
Fred
(Small
Groups)
Fast Fred
Fast
(Demonstration Fred
and Small
(Small
Group 1)
Group 2)
Fast Fred
Fast
(Demonstration Fred
and Small
(Small
Group 1)
Group 2)
14
TakeFast Fred
Home
(Small Groups)
Story
13
Practice
Reading;
Take-Home
Story
Sentence Strips;
Pips Cats; Vic
Gets Lost
Unit 6
Pausing
Point
147
With prompting and support, describe illustrations from a fiction text read independently, using the illustrations to check and support
comprehension of the story.
Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.
With prompting and support, use narrative language to describe characters, setting, things, events, actions, a scene, or facts from a fiction text
that has been read independently.
Ask and answer questions to clarify information in fiction text read independently.
With prompting and support, ask and answer questions (e.g., who, what, where, when) requiring literal recall and understanding of the details and/
or facts of a fiction text.
**CKLA Goal: Read decodable text that incorporates the letter-sound correspondences that have been taught, with purpose and understanding,
which is supported by the following CKLA Goals:
Name and use commas and end punctuation while reading orally.
Demonstrate understanding of directionality (left to right, return sweep, top to bottom, front to back).
Demonstrate correct book orientation by holding books correctly and turning pages.
*CKLA Goal: Identify the parts of books and the function of each part, encompassing skills related to concepts about print, which include the
following CKLA Goals:
All activities promote CKLA Goal: Demonstrate understanding that a systematic, predictable relationship exists between written letters and spoken
sounds.
148

ComprehensionStories

149
150

Name:
Text Copy
Kit
Kit can run.
Directions: Print and copy this page to provide students with text only copies of the story.
Kit can skip.

Kit can flip and flop.
Kit can swim.

151
Name:
Text Copy
Kit and Stan

Kit ran and hid.
Stan ran and got Kit.
152
Stan ran and hid.

Kit ran and got Stan.

Name:
Text Copy
Kits Hats
Kit has hats.
Kit has big hats.

Kit has flat hats.
Kit has fun hats.

153
Name:
Text Copy
Kits Cats
Kit has cats.
Directions: Print and copy this page to provide students with text-only copies of the story.
Kits cats run fast.
154
Kits cats lap up milk.

Kits cats jump up on Kits bed.

Name:
Text Copy
Kits Mom
Kits mom gets up at six.

Kits mom gets dad up.
Kits mom gets Kit up.
Kits mom gets dad fed.
Kits mom gets Kit fed.
Kits mom gets Kits pets fed.

155
Name:
Text Copy
Kits Pants
Kit had red pants.
Kits pants got lost at camp.
156
Kits mom got mad at Kit.

Kits mom cant stand lost pants.

Name:
Text Copy
Mumps
Kit has mumps.
Kit is in bed.
Kit cant get up.
Kit cant run and jump.
Kit cant skip and hop.
Kit is sad.

157
Name:
Text Copy
Up
Kit gets up on top.
Kit helps Max get up.
158
Max helps Jen get up.

Jen helps Kent get up.
Kent helps Ted get up.
Ted helps Peg get up.

Name:
Text Copy
Fast Fred
Kits pal Fred gulps his milk.
Fast Fred gulps and gulps.

Fred gets milk on his desk.
Fred gets milk on his pants.
Fred gets milk on Kit.
Kit gets mad at Fred.
Stop it, Fred!

159
Name:
Text Copy
Pips Cats
Pip is Kits pal.
Pip has six cats.
160
Pips cats got in mud.

Pips cats left mud on his rug.
Pips mom got mad.

Name:
Text Copy
Vic Gets Lost

Pips cat Vic got lost.
Pip felt sad.

Kit ran and got Vic.
Kit set Vic on Pips lap.
Pip felt glad.

161
ComprehensionProgress Monitoring
(RtI). We recommend teachers use the Progress Monitoring resources provided:
1.
within the Guided Practice section of the lesson plansThe resources

assessments.
2.
only when, based on observation of instructional performance, students

3.
to inform instruction!If student mastery of the target skills is confirmed

by a Progress Monitoring assessment, then teachers can be confident
in the decision to move students forward. If students do not achieve the
goal scores for a Progress Monitoring assessment, analysis of errors will
indicate areas of continued instructional need.
Concepts about Print

Directions
Preparation: Use a book copy of stories from the Kit Reader or another familiar
text (in book format), and gather Record Sheets for each student being
assessed. This assessment is most reliable if done individually or in small
groups with students seated so they cannot see each other when answering the
questions.
Hand students the book upside down and backwards.
Begin asking the Concepts about Print questions from the Record Sheet.
You may not always need to assess the entire list of Concepts about Print.
If students show frustration before the list is complete, discontinue the
assessment until a later time. If students have demonstrated mastery on some
items, those items do not need to be reassessed for subsequent progress
monitoring.
Record if students accurately demonstrated the concept or not. Noting
the nature of errors will help inform corrective feedback provided after the
assessment, and in selecting target concepts for review during instruction.
Scoring: Student attempts should be recorded as either accurate or not
using any form of symbols (e.g., checks or Xs).
162

Goal: Achieve accurate performance on all Concepts about Print.

Errors with Concepts about Print indicate additional reteaching and
reinforcement is required from Assessment and Remediation Guide Unit 6
Section III, Fluency and Comprehension.

163
Record Sheet for Unit 6 Section III, Comprehension (Concepts about Print)
Each column provides a space for recording the date the Progress Monitoring
assessment was given, as well as scores for the Concepts about Print.
Student:
Concepts about Print Progress Monitoring

Date
1. What is the right way to hold this book?

2. Can you show me the front cover of the
book?
3. Can you point to the title?
4. Can you show me the part that tells the
story?
5. Where does the story begin?
6. Where does the story end?
7. Point to the place on the page where
someone would begin to read.
the words someone would read next?
where to go after I finish reading this line?
10. When I get to the end of this page,
where will I find the next line?
11. Can you point to a letter on this page?
12. Can you show me a word?
13. Can you point to the first letter in the
word?
14. Can you point to the last letter in the
word?
15. Look for a capital letter, and point to
it.
16. Can you point to a small letter?
Point to a period.)
Point to a comma.)
164

Running Record and Understanding

Directions
Preparation: Print and copy the Student Copy and Record Sheets for the
selected progress monitoring assessment for each student being assessed.
This assessment should be administered individually. If students are unfamiliar
with searching for text support for answers (see steps three through five below),
modeling should be provided prior to administering the assessment.
After taking a running record of student oral reading, ask students the five
questions included for the selected Progress Monitoring assessment.
Note: Initially, DO NOT allow students to look back in the story to find
answers if students do not know the answers or are unsure. Students
should first provide their best answer from their memory of the story. Avoid
frustration by assuring students they will have a chance to look back at the
story after answering the questions the best they can.
First, record one point for each question if it is answered correctly.
A second point for questions one through three is earned by finding text
support for the answers provided. Put the copy of the story back in front of the
student, and explain that you want him/her to show you where the answer for
questions 13 are in the story.
Restate the first question and the answer provided.
Say, Please find and read the line in the story showing the answer.
Record one additional point for questions 13 if the correct text support is
found and read.
Note: If incorrect answers are corrected at this point, students get the
point for finding the text support and still keep no point for providing an
initial incorrect answer. Therefore, a question with an initial incorrect answer
corrected when searching for text support receives a total score of one point.
A pattern of initial incorrect answers corrected when students look back at
the text may indicate a challenge with organizing and storing information from
reading into memory.
Repeat steps four through six for questions two and three.
Scoring: Student performance should be recorded as either accurate or
not, using any form of symbols (e.g., checks and Xs, or 1s and 0s), then
by recording the total score out of 8 at the bottom.
Note: Students will receive explicit instruction with inferential and evaluative
questions in later units. It is informative to evaluate student readiness for
these higher level questions now. If questions four or five are consistently
missed, students may still score well enough to move on, and the need
for specific attention to these forms of questioning will inform instructional
planning as students progress through subsequent units.
Goal: six to eight points

165
Scores of five or less indicate that additional reteaching and reinforcement

may be required from Assessment and Remediation Guide Unit 6 Section
III, Fluency and Comprehension.
The Running Record and Understanding assessments follow the format of
an informal reading inventory, which provides a comprehensive evaluation
of reading skills. Student performance with word recognition is also scored.
The goal is scoring within 89100%. Scores of 88% or less indicate
additional reteaching and reinforcement may be required from Assessment
and Remediation Guide Unit 6 Section II, Letter Names and Phonics.
166

Name:
Student Copy Progress Monitoring 1
Pips Cats
Pip is Kits pal.
Pip has six cats.
Directions: Provide students with this page to read for Progress Monitoring 1.

Pips mom got mad.

167
Name:
Vic Gets Lost

Pip felt sad.
168

Pip felt glad.

Name:
Camp
Stan is at camp.
It is fun.
Stan can run.

Stan can jump.
Stan can swim.
Stan can get bugs and frogs.
Stan has fun at camp.

169
Running Record and Understanding: Progress Monitoring 1
Record Sheet for Unit 6 Section III, Comprehension

Student:
Date:
Place the Student Copy of Pips Cats for progress monitoring in front of the student. Tell the student
they will read a story called Pips Cats. Tell the student that the story is about a boy whose cats make a
mess. Keep a running record on this sheet as the student reads the story.
Pips Cats
Pip is Kits pal.
Pip has six cats.
Pips mom got mad.
Ask the student the questions below. The record sheet provides a space for recording scores for
performance on individual questions as well as the overall total.
1. Who is Pip friends with? (Kit)
2. Does Pip have ten cats? (no, six)
3. How do the cats make a mess? (The cats get muddy paws and walk
over the rug.)
4. Why was Pips mom mad? (The rug got muddy.)
5. How could Pips mom clean the rug? (Students may say vacuum or
scrub it. Accept any plausible answer.)
1.
and
/2
2.
and
/2
3.
and
/2
4.
/1
5.
/1
Total:
170

/8
Analysis for Unit 6 Section III, Comprehension

List Uncorrected Errors
Notes
Are errors consistently in the initial, medial, or final position of the word?
Are there errors related to the decoding of initial and/or final consonant
clusters?
Are specific letter-sound correspondences consistently missed, and if so, which
ones?
Does the student need to sound out words, or are the words said in a blended
fashion?
Does the student lose his/her place?
Accuracy
Errors
Notes
0 or 1
96100
Independent Reading Level. Okay to move on.
8995
Instructional Reading Level. Teacher judgment is required to

determine if additional instruction from Unit 6 of the Assessment
and Remediation Guide is needed, or if the student is ready to move
on.
3+
088
Weak. Discontinue test. Additional instruction from Unit 6 of the

Assessment and Remediation Guide is recommended.
Comprehension
Questions
7 or 8
Notes
Very good. Okay to move on.
Good. Okay to move on.
Fair. Consider discontinuing test and providing additional instruction from

Unit 6 of the Assessment and Remediation Guide. If student is not overly
frustrated, you may wish to move on.
04


171
Record Sheet for Unit 6 Section III, Comprehension

Student:
Date:
Place the Student Copy of Vic Gets Lost for progress monitoring in front of the student. Tell the student
they will read a story called Vic Gets Lost. Tell the students that the story is about Vics cat who gets
lost. Keep a running record on this sheet as the student reads the story.
Vic Gets Lost

Pip felt sad.
Pip felt glad.
1. Who is Vic in the story? (Pips cat)
2. When is Pip sad in the story? (when Vic was lost)
3. When is Pip glad in the story? (when Vic was found)
4. Who found Vic? (Kit)
5. Are Kit and Pip friends? (Yes, because Kit helped Pip when he was
sad. Accept any plausible answer.)
1.
and
/2
2.
and
/2
3.
and
/2
4.
/1
5.
/1
Total:
172

/8
Analysis for Unit 6 Section III, Comprehension

Notes
clusters?
ones?
fashion?
Accuracy
Errors
Notes
0 or 1
96100
8995

on.
3+
088

Comprehension
Questions
7 or 8
Notes

04


173
Record Sheet for Unit 6 Section III: Comprehension

Student:
Date:
Place the Student Copy of Camp for progress monitoring in front of the student. Tell the student they will
read a story called Camp. Tell the students that the story is about a boy and what he does in the summer. Keep a running record on this sheet as the student reads the story.
Camp
Stan is at camp.
It is fun.
Stan can run.
Stan can jump.
Stan can swim.
Stan can get bugs and frogs.
Stan has fun at camp.
1. Where does Stan go in the story? (Camp)
1.
and
/2
2. What are some things he can do at camp? (Name at least two.)
2.
and
/2
3. Was Kit at camp? (No or maybe, the author did not tell us, are both acceptable.)
3.
and
/2
4. Does Stan like camp? (Yes, because he has fun.)
4.
/1
5. How do you think Stan could catch bugs or frogs? (Student might say that he
could catch them with his hands, or with a net. Accept any plausible answer.)
5.
/1
Total:
174

/8
Analysis for Unit 6 Section III: Comprehension

Notes
clusters?
ones?
fashion?
Accuracy
Errors
Notes
0 or 1
96100
8995

on.
3+
088

Comprehension
Questions
7 or 8
Notes

04
Weak. Discontinue test. Additional instruction from Unit 6 of the Assessment and Remediation Guide is recommended.

175
176

CORE KNOWLEDGE LANGUAGE ARTS

SERIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
E. D. Hirsch, Jr.
PRESIDENT
Linda Bevilacqua
EDITORIAL STAFF
DESIGN AND GRAPHICS STAFF
Carolyn Gosse, Senior Editor - Preschool

Khara Turnbull, Materials Development Manager
Michelle L. Warner, Senior Editor - Listening and Learning
Mick Anderson
Robin Blackshire
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Sue Fulton
Sara Hunt
Erin Kist
Robin Luecke
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Cynthia Peng
Liz Pettit
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Kim Berrall
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CONSULTING PROJECT MANAGEMENT SERVICES

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
These materials are the result of the work, advice, and encouragement of numerous individuals over many years. Some of those singled out here already
know the depth of our gratitude; others may be surprised to find themselves thanked publicly for help they gave quietly and generously for the sake of
the enterprise alone. To helpers named and unnamed we are deeply grateful.
CONTRIBUTORS TO EARLIER VERSIONS OF THESE MATERIALS

Susan B. Albaugh, Kazuko Ashizawa, Nancy Braier, Kathryn M. Cummings, Michelle De Groot, Diana Espinal, Mary E. Forbes, Michael L. Ford,
TedHirsch, DanielleKnecht, James K. Lee, DianeHenryLeipzig, MarthaG.Mack, Liana Mahoney, Isabel McLean, Steve Morrison, Juliane K. Munson,
ElizabethB.Rasmussen, Laura Tortorelli, RachaelL.Shaw, SivanB.Sherman, Miriam E. Vidaver, Catherine S. Whittington, JeannetteA. Williams
We would like to extend special recognition to Program Directors Matthew Davis and Souzanne Wright who were instrumental to the early
development of this program.
SCHOOLS
We are truly grateful to the teachers, students, and administrators of the following schools for their willingness to field test these materials and for
their invaluable advice: Capitol View Elementary, Challenge Foundation Academy (IN), Community Academy Public Charter School, Lake Lure Classical
Academy, Lepanto Elementary School, New Holland Core Knowledge Academy, Paramount School of Excellence, Pioneer Challenge Foundation
Academy, New York City PS 26R (The Carteret School), PS 30X (Wilton School), PS 50X (Clara Barton School), PS 96Q, PS 102X (Joseph O. Loretan),
PS104Q (The Bays Water), PS 214K (Michael Friedsam), PS 223Q (Lyndon B. Johnson School), PS 308K (Clara Cardwell), PS 333Q (Goldie Maple Academy),
Sequoyah Elementary School, South Shore Charter Public School, Spartanburg Charter School, Steed Elementary School, Thomas Jefferson Classical
Academy, Three Oaks Elementary, West Manor Elementary.
And a special thanks to the CKLA Pilot Coordinators Anita Henderson, Yasmin Lugo-Hernandez, and Susan Smith, whose suggestions and day-to-day
support to teachers using these materials in their classrooms was critical.

177
CREDITS
Every effort has been taken to trace and acknowledge copyrights. The editors tender their apologies for any accidental infringement where
copyright has proved untraceable. They would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgment in any subsequent edition of this
publication. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this publication for illustrative purposes only and are the property of their respective
owners. The references to trademarks and trade names given herein do not affect their validity.
All photographs are used under license from Shutterstock, Inc. unless otherwise noted.
178

Unit 6

Skills Strand
Kindergarten
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Copyright 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Lesson Structures for Levels of Instructional Need

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Guided Reinforcement Lesson Structure

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for WarmUp activity descriptions.

See corresponding sections to choose one or two

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for WarmUp activity descriptions.

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

See corresponding sections to choose one or two

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson Structure

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for WarmUp activity descriptions.

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

See corresponding sections to choose one or two

Activities with which students have demonstrated

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Worksheets: Worksheets may be utilized to facilitate modeling during Explicit

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Writing: Lowercase Letters

Letter Formation Skills Cross-Reference Chart

Dictation Chain Dictation

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Section I, Phonological Awareness: Rhyme and Phonemes (Three to Five)

Rhyme Time! from

Then, target specific areas

Review with Pausing Point:

Student struggles with

Review with Pausing

Student struggles with Unit

Student struggles with Unit

Review with Pausing

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

2013 Core Knowledge Foundation

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Stand Up for Rhymes

Kindergarten | Unit 6 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Rain, Rain Go Away

Once I Saw a Little Bird

Rain, rain go away,

Once I saw a little bird

Diddle Diddle Dumpling, My Son John

Hickety Pickety, My Black Hen

Peter, Peter, Pumpkin Eater

Rhymes: hop/stop, do/flew

Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star