Note Polyster Fiber
Note Polyster Fiber
Note Polyster Fiber
Denier is a unit of measurement that is used to determine the fiber thickness of individual
threads or filaments used in the creation of textiles and fabrics. Fabrics with a high denier count
tend to be thick, sturdy, and durable. Fabrics with a low denier count tend to be sheer, soft, and
silky.
In terms of fills, in order to be considered a microfiber the fiber must be less than 1 denier,
which is extremely fine. This gives the fill its airy weight, downy feel, and soft, silky texture. In
comparison, a human hair is 20 denier, whereas Standard Fibers microfibers are typically 0.9
denier or less.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Thread_count
A fiber, a single filament of natural material, such as cotton, linen or wool, or artificial
material such as nylon, polyester, metal or mineral fiber, is measured in terms of linear
mass density, the weight of a given length of fiber. Various units are used to refer to the
measurement of a fiber, such as: the denier and tex (linear mass density of fibers), super S
(fineness of wool fiber), worsted count, woolen count, cotton count (or Number English
Ne), Number metric (Nm) and yield (the reciprocal of denier and tex).
A yarn, a spun agglomeration of fibers used for knitting, weaving or sewing, is measured
in terms of cotton count and yarn density.
Thread made from two threads plied together, each consisting of three yarns
Thread, usually consisting of multiple yarns plied together producing a long, thin strand
used in sewing or weaving, is measured in the same units as yarn.
Fabric, cloth typically produced by weaving, knitting or knotting textile fibers, yarns or
threads, is measured in units such as the momme, thread count (a measure of the
coarseness or fineness of fabric), ends per inch (e.p.i) and picks per inch (p.p.i).
Contents
3 Fabric
o 3.1 Grams per square meter / GSM of fabric
o 3.2 Mommes
o 3.3 Thread count
4 Quality
o 4.1 Martindale
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Kingdom. The International System of Units uses kilogram per metre for linear densities; in
some contexts, the tex unit is used instead.
Denier
Denier /dnjr/ or den (abbreviated D), a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers, is
defined as the mass in grams per 9000 meters.[1] The denier is based on a natural reference: a
single strand of silk is approximately one denier; a 9000-meter strand of silk weighs about one
gram. The term denier comes from the French denier, a coin of small value (worth 112 of a sou).
Applied to yarn, a denier was held to be equal in weight to 124 of an ounce. The term microdenier
is used to describe filaments that weigh less than one gram per 9000 meters.
One can distinguish between filament and total measurements in deniers. Both are defined as
above, but the first relates to a single filament of fiber commonly known as denier per
filament (DPF) whereas the second relates to a yarn.
Broader terms such as 'fine' may be applied, either because the overall yarn is fine or because
fibers within this yarn are thin. A 75-denier yarn would be considered fine even if it contains
only a few fibers, such as thirty 2.5-denier fibers, but a heavier yarn, such as 150 denier, is only
considered fine if its constituent fibers are individually as thin as one denier.[1]
The following relationship applies to straight, uniform filaments:
DPF = total denier / quantity of uniform filaments
The denier system of measurement is used on two- and single-filament fibers. Some common
calculations are as follows:
1 denier
In practice, measuring 9000 meters is both time-consuming and unrealistic. Generally a sample
of 900 meters is weighed, and the result is multiplied by ten to obtain the denier weight.
In tights and pantyhose, the linear density of yarn used in the manufacturing process
determines the opacity of the article in the following categories of commerce: ultra sheer
(below 10 denier), sheer (10 to 30 denier), semi-opaque (30 to 40 denier), opaque (40 to
70 denier) and thick opaque (70 denier or higher).[3]
For single fibers, instead of weighing, a machine called a vibroscope is used. A known length of
the fiber (usually 20mm) is set to vibrate, and its fundamental frequency measured, allowing the
calculation of the mass and thus the titer.
Tex
Tex is a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers, yarns and thread and is defined as
the mass in grams per 1000 meters.[4] The unit code is "tex". The most commonly used unit is
actually the decitex (abbreviated dtex), which is the mass in grams per 10,000 meters. When
measuring objects that consist of multiple fibers, the term "filament tex" is sometimes used,
referring to the mass in grams per 1000 meters of a single filament.
Tex is used for measuring fiber size in many products, including cigarette filters, optical cable,
yarn and fabric.
S or super S number
Main article: Super S or S number
Not a true unit of measure, S or super S number is an index of the fineness of the wool fiber and
is most commonly seen as a label on wool apparel, wool fabric, and yarn.
Worsted count
Yield
Similar to tex and denier, yield is a term that helps describe the linear density of a roving of
fibers. However, unlike tex and denier, yield is the inverse of linear density and is usually
expressed in yards/lb.
Tex (g/km)
550
Yield (yards/lb)
900
735
675
1100
450
1200
413
2000
250
2200
225
2400
207
4400
113
Cotton count is another measure of linear density. It is the number of hanks (840 yd or
770 m) of skein material that weigh 1 pound (0.45 kg). Under this system, the higher the
number, the finer the yarn. In the United States cotton counts between 1 and 20 are
referred to as coarse counts. A regular single-knit T-shirt can be between 20 and 40 count;
fine bed sheets are usually in the range of 40 to 80 count. The number is now widely used
in the staple fiber industry.
Yarn length
l/m = 1693 lm/Nec m/kg, where l/m is the yarn length in meters, lm/Nec is the English cotton
count and m/kg is the yarn weight in kilograms.
English cotton count (Nec) is an indirect counting system, that is, the higher the number the finer
the yarn.
To convert denier to cotton count: lm/Nec = 5315//den, where lm/Nec is the cotton count and /den
is the density in denier.
To convert tex to cotton count: lm/Nec = 590.5//tex, where lm/Nec is the cotton count and /tex is
the density in tex.
Thread
Thread is a cotton yarn measure, equal to 54 inches (1.4 m).
Linen (lea)
298
198
149
99
74
50
37
30
2
15
10
7
Fabric
Because a fabric is sheet-like (i.e., 2-dimensional), it is measured in terms of surface density or
in terms of the number of threads involved in a piece of fabric of given size.
Mommes
Mommes (mm), traditionally used to measure silk fabrics, the weight in pounds of a piece of
fabric if it were sized 45 inches by 100 yards. One momme = 4.340 grams per square meter; 8
mommes is approximately 1 ounce per square yard or 35 grams per square meter.
The momme is based on the standard width of silk of 45 inches wide (though silk is regularly
produced in 55-inch widths, and, uncommonly, in even larger widths).
The usual range of momme weight for different weaves of silk are:
Habutai5 to 16 mm
Crepe de Chine12 to 16 mm
Gauze3 to 5 mm
Organza4 to 6 mm
Charmeuse12 to 30 mm
The higher the weight in mommes, the more durable the weave, and the more suitable it is for
heavy-duty use. And, the heavier the silk, the more opaque it becomes. This can vary even
between the same kind of silk. For example, lightweight charmeuse is translucent when used in
clothing, but 30-momme charmeuse is opaque.
Thread count
Image showing how to determine the number of twists per inch in a piece of yarn
Thread count or threads per inch (TPI)[7] is a measure of the coarseness or fineness of fabric. It
is measured by counting the number of threads contained in one square inch of fabric or one
square centimeter, including both the length (warp) and width (weft) threads. The thread count is
the number of threads counted along two sides (up and across) of the square inch, added together.
It is used especially in regard to cotton linens such as bed sheets, and has been known to be used
in the classification of towels.
Industry standard
Thread count is often used as a measure of fabric quality, so that "standard" cotton thread counts
are around 150 while good-quality sheets start at 180 and a count of 200 or higher is considered
percale. Some, but not all, of the extremely high thread counts (typically over 500) tend to be
misleading as they usually count the individual threads in "plied" yarns (a yarn that is made by
twisting together multiple finer threads). For marketing purposes, a fabric with 250 two-ply
yarns in both the vertical and horizontal direction could have the component threads counted to a
1000 thread count although "according to the National Textile Association (NTA), which cites
the international standards group ASTM, accepted industry practice is to count each thread as
one, even threads spun as two- or three-ply yarn. The Federal Trade Commission in an August
2005 letter to NTA agreed that consumers 'could be deceived or misled' by inflated thread counts.
[8]
In 2002, ASTM proposed a definition for "thread count"[9] that has been called "the industry's
first formal definition for thread count".[10] A minority on the ASTM committee argued for the
higher yarn count number obtained by counting each single yarn in a plied yarn and cited as
authority the provision relating to woven fabric in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United
States, which states each ply should be counted as one using the "average yarn number."[11]
Quality
Martindale
Main article: Martindale (unit)
The unit Martindale quantifies a textile's resistance to abrasion when used for upholstery.
References
1.
Haynes, Williams (1946). "XVII: New Fibres: New Fabrics". This Chemical Age. London:
Secker and Warburg. p. 217.
"1 denier - Wolfram|Alpha". www.wolframalpha.com. Retrieved 2015-10-02.
All About Denier "All About Hosiery Denier".
Collier 1970, p. 3
Collier 1970, p. 74
Curtis 1921, p. Cotton count
Schwalbe Tires: What does carcass EPI mean?
Federal Trade Commission Letter retrieved from NTA website February 9, 2009
Revised Test Method Further Defines Fabric Count
Hometextilestoday.com "Down For the (Thread) Count"
Down For the (Thread) Count 25 October 2004 Home Textiles Today
Curtis 1921
1.
Bibliography
Collier, Ann M (1970), A Handbook of Textiles, Pergamon Press, p. 258, ISBN 0-08018057-4, ISBN 0-08-018056-6, retrieved January 2009
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