Water Chemistry

Examination of Lipids
Physical examination
1. Determination of water
The moisture content of oils and fats is determined by Karl-Fischer reagent.
2. Melting point (M.P.)
Melting point of lipid is directly proportional to the chain length of fatty acids and
inversely proportional to the number of double bonds.
Melting Point
Solubility in H O
2
Chain Length
3. Titre test
It is the solidification point of the mixed fatty acids
4. Specific gravity
5. Refractive index (R. I.)

Refractive index is the ratio of sine of the angle of incident
light to the sine of refraction.
6. Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance due to friction between
particles. It can be measured by the use of viscometer
7. Colour
8. Maumene s test (thermal test)
It depends on measuring the rise in temperature due to
Interaction of double bonds with either H2SO4 or
Bromine (Br2).
Identifying Lipids by Their Physical properties
We divide lipids into their various classes on the basis of three physical properties: grease-spot
formation,solubility, and emulsification. These properties can also be used to differentiate lipids
from non-lipid compounds.
Grease-spot Test
This simple test for lipids has been used for centuries. Lipids that are derived from glycerol
and sphingosine, a long-chain base that is the backbone of sphingolipids, will produce
translucent spots or stains on fabrics. If the lipid is not a derivative of glycerol or
sphingosine, it will not produce a translucent spot on the fabric. The grease-spot test requires that
the lipid be in liquid form. Semi-solid lipids, because of the higher degree of saturation in the
fatty acid chains, have melting points higher than room temperature and therefore need to be
mildly heated before testing.
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dissolve small amount of oil in ether

Put one drop of the ether soluble oil on a piece of filter paper.
Heat the spot on the paper until the solvent evaporates.
Grease spot can be observed on filter paper and it will be transparency.
Record your observations.
Solubility Test
Lipids are predominantly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Many
classes of lipids also contain nitrogen and phosphorus. The relative amounts of these elements, as
well as their structural positions, determine the degree of solubility of the lipid in various
solvents. Lipids with high hydrocarbon content are relatively non polar in nature and insoluble in
water. Lipids containing charged groups can be dissolved in water. The ionic character of a lipid
can be altered by changes in solvent pH. For example, if the solvent contains a strong acid or a
strong base, hydrolysis of some of the ester bonds will occur. When this happens, the products of
the hydrolysis may have solubility properties very different from those of the original lipid
molecule.
1. Label seven clean, dry test tubes with the identities of the seven solvents: distilled
H2O, dichloromethane, cyclohexane, methanol, toluene, 6M HCl, and 6M
NaOH.
2. Add I ml of appropriate solvents to each of the seven test tubes.
3. Add 10 drops of oil to each tube of seven tubes.
4. Mix the solution.
5. Observe whether or not ,the oil is soluble in each of the seven solvents and record your
observations.
Emulsification Test
The reduction of the surface tension between two normally immiscible liquids, thus keeping
them from separating into two layers, is known as emulsification. In order for a lipid to be an
emulsifying agent, it must contain a non polar hydrocarbon portion, which will be attracted to the
non polar molecules in the solution, and a polar portion, which will be attracted to the polar
water molecules in the solution.
There are two types of emulsion:
1. Temporary emulsion: In this case, the oil particles separate and carried above the surface
of water.
2. Permanent emulsion: In this case, the oil particles mix with water and do not separate.
Materials
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
oil
D.W
1.0 % soap solution
1.0 % sodium carbonate
Albumin
Procedure
1. Prepare and label three clean and dry test tubes and then add the following:
- 5 ml of 1% sodium carbonate
( Temporary emulsion)
- 5 ml of 1% soap solution
(Permanent emulsion)
- 5 ml of Albumin
(Permanent emulsion)
2. Add 3 drops of oil to each tube
3. Shake for 10 minutes and then let to stand.
4. Record your observations

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Examination of Lipids

5. Refractive index (R. I.)

Dissolve small amount of oil in ether

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