Schneider EE WhitePaper1
Schneider EE WhitePaper1
Schneider EE WhitePaper1
Summary
@ Executive Summary....................................................p 3
@ Purpose.....................................................................p 4
@ Introduction................................................................p 5
@ Electrical energy usage...............................................p 6
@ Electricity generation and distribution .........................p 7
@ Energy efciency.........................................................p 8
@ Managing energy with electricity..................................p 9
@ Managing energy in commerce ................................p 10
@ Managing energy in industry......................................p 12
@ Managing energy in residential properties..................p 14
@ Energy efciency in the public sector.........................p 15
@ Conclusions..............................................................p 15
Executive Summary
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The most important ingredient however, lies with the ability of those
in control of industry, business and government to concentrate
their hearts and minds on making energy efciency a critical target.
Otherwise, it might not be just the Kyoto targets on which the lights
go out.
The message to heed is that if those empowered to save energy
dont do so willingly now, they will be compelled under legal threat
to do so in the future.
Companies such as Schneider Electric have the expertise and
experience to provide the very best advice, backed by the latest
technology to make savings inexpensively, quickly and simply
visit:
www.schneider-electric.com
Purpose
This white paper demonstrates that energy consumption can be lowered by effective
control and that such measures can signicantly reduce carbon emissions and make a
major contribution towards meeting Kyoto targets.
Energy rst came into sharp focus during the oil crisis in the 1970s following which
some countries adopted energy policies. However, at that time most measures aimed at
addressing building materials, insulation, glazing and heating efciency.
Even today, most people think only of lighting control when electrical energy is considered.
It also remains true that with a few recent notable exceptions (such as Building Regulations
Part L in the UK, and the move towards the European Buildings Directive to rate buildings
CO2 emissions) most regulations address thermal and insulation issues.
Electricity and energy efciency delivers a further benet for industry, business and
government in being perceived by their respective publics as being socially and
environmentally responsible. They will achieve lower energy costs too.
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Introduction
This white paper explores every aspect of the use of electricity and
its impact on the environment. With greenhouse gas emissions
in sharp focus around the world, the time has come for everyone
to take action to economise on energy use by the intelligent
application of technology to bring about energy efciency.
Economies are readily possible in electricity generation and
distribution, in its use and in the way electricity can be used
wisely to make efciencies in the use of other energy. Indeed, the
management and control of other primary thermal energy from
coal, oil and gas is also a key to reducing both consumption and
emissions.
The technology is available to maximise the effectiveness of
electricity and the way in which it is distributed.
The technology is there to control buildings energy use in lighting,
heating, HVAC, building controls and distribution. Lighting alone
can account for 40% of a typical commercial enterprises electricity
consumption. It is also important to consider that passive energy
reduction measures such as installing insulation, can create
problems if adequate ventilation is not considered at the same time.
In industry there are proven systems to reduce the power
consumed by electric motor systems and to better control the
application of electrical power throughout a plant. Two thirds of
electrical energy used by industry is used powering motors. In most
countries less than 10% of those motors have any kind of control
and therefore cannot be slowed down or switched off automatically.
In the home, new products enable lighting and heating controls that
enhance living standards yet save electricity. In most countries,
every single domestic dwelling (including individual apartments)
contributes about 6.5 tonnes of CO2 each year - or, to put it another
way, enough gas to ll six hot air balloons!
Yet, just switching off lights in unoccupied rooms could save 2.2
tonnes per household.
In short, there is no reason not to be able to save electricity and
other energy, provided there is the understanding of what is at
stake, together with the desire to do something about it.
140.0
Quadrillion Btu
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
2003
Oil
Natural Gas
2010
2015
Coal
Nuclear
2020
Renewables
2025
2030
Electricity generation
and distribution
The debate about how electricity is generated continues to rage and there are strong
arguments for all the technologies that can be deployed. The greatest impact on carbon
reduction would be to see an end to the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation.
However, in developing countries, coal, oil and gas powered stations remain the most
economical. Nuclear power still attracts negative lobbies, but has been shown to be a
clean, reliable source of power. Of the renewable energy technologies, hydroelectric
generation is a signicant contributor where such opportunities exist, while in Europe wind
powered electricity generation is accelerating.
From a consumption perspective, one of the areas in which utility companies can make
a contribution is in the efciency of both their generating systems and their distribution
infrastructure. Higher voltage transmission helps - for example, the UK retains an 11kV
supply whereas most developed countries have adopted a 22kV network - but low loss
transformer technology also needs to be deployed more extensively.
In power generation, better monitoring and control can lead to leaner burning stations.
Equipment powered by electric motors can have speed controls tted to reduce energy
consumption. Equipment maintenance and upgrading can also improve efciency.
Energy efficiency
Responsible equipment manufacturers are continually developing
more efcient products. However, while for the most part the
efciency of the equipment is a fair representation of its energy
saving potential - say, in the example of a domestic washing
machine or refrigerator - it is not always the case in industrial and
commercial equipment.
In many cases the overall energy performance of the system is
what really counts. Put simply, if an energy saving device is left
permanently on stand-by it can be less efcient than a higher
consuming device that is always switched off when not in use.
It is also important that all the elements in a system combine to
bring about the maximum energy efciency possible. For example,
it is well understood that energy efcient (Eff-1) AC electric motors
save signicant amounts of energy. Some argue that such efcient
motors are more expensive, but the purchase price of such
equipment is a very small part of the true costs. For example, the
lifetime energy costs in running an Eff-1 or lower rated AC motor is
often 100 times its purchase price over a lifetime expectancy of 13
years (average). An 11kW motor costing perhaps 400 euros to buy
can consume in its lifetime up to 80,000 euros at current electricity
prices.
But, once coupled with a variable speed drive (AC inverter) savings
can be multiplied many fold. Indeed, savings are typically three
times greater for a high efciency motor tted with a VSD rather
than using ordinary xed speed starters.
Adopting Eff-1 motors can be considered a passive response to
energy efciency, while using VSDs represents an active approach.
Whatever the scenario, maximum energy efciency comes from
taking a view of the complete picture.
Managing energy
with electricity
Managing energy is the key to maximising its usefulness and economising on its waste.
While there are increasing numbers of products that are now more energy efcient
than their predecessors, controlling switching or reducing settings of variables such as
temperature or speed, makes the greatest impact.
It is not just by reducing electricity consumption that savings can be made. In fact, the
judicious use of electricity in controlling other energy can bring huge reductions in the use
of fossil fuels, gas, and uid power such as hydraulics and compressed air.
Buildings
Renovation can yeld up to 30% of
energy savings
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The diagram below shows gures for ofce buildings produced by the Carbon Trust in
the UK. This data highlights a summary of energy usage that has parallels throughout the
developed world. The potential for savings is immense.
Energy use indices (EUIs) for good practice and typical examples of the four ofces
types
Energy cost indices (ECIs) for good practice and typical examples of the four ofces
types
Carbon dioxide emission indices (CEIs) for good practice and typical examples of the
four ofces types
Energy intensive industries such as metals manufacturing, glass and plastics processing
and food and beverage production understand the need for energy management because
their processes involve great amounts of heat. These businesses have traditionally
sought ways to maximise their return on investment from the energy used in their primary
processes. However, even these energy aware businesses often fail to realise how much
more can be saved through building controls and a company wide energy policy.
All industries can benet from energy policy, but it must extend beyond the production
environment and into every aspect of the sites. Ofces, for example, stand to save just as
much as in the commercial sector.
While in many countries industrial energy use has now been slightly outweighed by that
consumed by commercial and residential buildings, it is a fact that industry consumes huge
amounts of electrical power. About two thirds of that is typically consumed powering electric
motors. Of these, an overwhelming majority can be made signicantly more energy efcient
by controlling their switching on and off or by controlling their speed.
80
History
Quadrillion Btu
60
Projections
Coal
Natural Gas
40
Renewables
Nuclear
20
Oil
1970
1980
Oil
Natural Gas
1990
Coal
Nuclear
2000
2010
2020
Renewables
1973
2004
Other sectors*
56.8%
Other sectors*
46.3%
Industry
41.4%
Industry
51.3%
Transport
1.8%
Transport
2.4%
439 Mtoe
1 239 Mtoe
* Other sectors comprices agriculture, commercial & public services, residential and non-specified
This is a relatively simple task of equipment retrotting, yet it is clear that most
manufacturing and process plants fail to take the step. The reason is often because those
that control the costs of an industrial operation are not communicating with those charged
with the management of the production processes.
For example, if a painting plant uses hundreds of AC motors on fans, pumps and
compressors (continuous duty applications) it could readily benet from the use of
variable speed drives. However, while the plant manager, as an engineer, understands
this, he or she is invariable responsible only for improving productivity or output and not
for the overhead costs. Higher management is concerned with paying the overheads but
remains unaware that such a saving could be made because it is never on the agenda in
engineering meetings.
In industry, senior management and plant engineers must learn to talk if comprehensive
energy efciency is to be achieved. In no other sector is the communication gap wider than
between those charged with making energy decisions in industry, and those who actually
know how energy can be saved.
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B. Type
A. Subsector
Chemicals &
Petrochemicals
23%
Cement
Fossil Fuel
Combustion
(CO2)
13%
49%
Industry 21%
Iron & Steel
Rest of Global
GHGs 79 %
13%
Non-Ferrous
Metalls
7%
Machinery
5%
Food & Tobacco 5%
Paper, Pulp
& Printing
Electricity &
Heat (CO2)
35%
5%
Process Emissions
(CO2)
10%
High GWP Gases 6%
Sources & Notes: EA, 2004. Absolute emission in this sector, estimated here for 2000, are 8.156 MtCO2
Public
Electricity
B. Commercial
43%
Public
Electricity
65%
Residential 65%
Buildings 15%
Rest of Global
GHGs 85 %
Dist. Heat 4%
Commercial 35%
Direct Fuel
Combustion 45%
Sources & Notes: EA, 2004. Absolute emission in this sector, estimated here for 2000, are 6.418 MtCO2
Direct Fuel
Combustion 31%
Residential
Energy Efciency products may
save 10 to 40% in electricity
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Conclusions
There is not a single person that can afford to ignore the potential for saving energy particularly electrical energy.
There is no option; if individuals, organisations and management do not act now, they will
be forced to act with no control over timescales or requirements. The fact is that there is
available expertise through the likes of Schneider Electric and there are easily affordable
technology investments that can be made simply and payback quickly.
In most cases however, there is still the battle to win the hearts and minds of people to
focus on energy and think about it differently.
Few people fully appreciate how much energy they use, how and where they use it and
how much they actually need. This is possibly even truer of those in industry and commerce
than for the general public.
In many cases there is a lack of understanding about how energy can be managed and
how energy efciency can be achieved.
Those with the expertise, experience, knowledge and technology must concentrate their
efforts on educating, informing, inuencing and persuading people to conserve electrical
energy. Everybodys futures depend on it.
Schneider Electric SA
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conrmation of the information given in this publication.
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