Astm D6938.14709
Astm D6938.14709
Astm D6938.14709
In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and SoilAggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring
in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use
of nuclear equipment. The density of the material may be
measured by direct transmission, backscatter, or backscatter/
air-gap ratio methods. Measurements for water (moisture)
content are taken at the surface in backscatter mode regardless
of the mode being used for density. It is the intent of this
subcommittee that this standard replace D2922 and D3017.
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.
1.2 The total or wet density of soil and soil-aggregate is
measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where, in
direct transmission, the source is placed at a known depth up to
300 mm (12 in.) and the detector(s) remains on the surface
(some gauges may reverse this orientation); or in backscatter or
backscatter/air-gap the source and detector(s) both remain on
the surface.
1.2.1 The density of the test sample in mass per unit volume
is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.
1.2.2 The dry density of the test sample is obtained by
subtracting the water mass per unit volume from the test
sample wet density (Section 11). Most gauges display this
value directly.
1.3 The gauge is calibrated to read the water mass per unit
volume of soil or soil-aggregate. When divided by the density
of water and then multiplied by 100, the water mass per unit
volume is equivalent to the volumetric water content. The
water mass per unit volume is determined by the thermalizing
or slowing of fast neutrons by hydrogen, a component of water.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and
Construction Control Tests.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published August 2015. Originally
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D693810. DOI:
10.1520/D6938-15.
The neutron source and the thermal neutron detector are both
located at the surface of the material being tested. The water
content most prevalent in engineering and construction activities is known as the gravimetric water content, w, and is the
ratio of the mass of the water in pore spaces to the total mass
of solids, expressed as a percentage.
1.4 Two alternative procedures are provided.
1.4.1 Procedure A describes the direct transmission method
in which the probe extends through the base of the gauge into
a pre-formed hole to a desired depth. The direct transmission is
the preferred method.
1.4.2 Procedure B involves the use of a dedicated backscatter gauge or the probe in the backscatter position. This places
the gamma and neutron sources and the detectors in the same
plane.
1.4.3 Mark the test area to allow the placement of the gauge
over the test site and to align the probe to the hole.
1.5 SI UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be
regarded as the standard. The values in inch-pound units (ft
lb units) are provided for information only.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,
recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives; and it is common practice to
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
methods for engineering design.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
1
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
kN-m/m3))
D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
Place by Sand-Cone Method
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3
(2,700 kN-m/m3))
D2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
Drive-Cylinder Method
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
D4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit
Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density
D4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)
Content of Soil by Microwave Oven Heating
D4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water
Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles
D4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure
Tester
D4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)
Content of Soil By Direct Heating
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
Data
D7013 Guide for Nuclear Surface Moisture and Density
Gauge Calibration Facility Setup
D7759 Guide for Nuclear Surface Moisture and Density
Gauge Calibration
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
2
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this
standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in
itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;
Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
5. Interferences
5.1 In-Place Density Interferences
5.1.1 Measurements may be affected by the chemical composition of the material being tested.
5.1.2 Measurements may be affected by non-homogeneous
soils and surface texture (see 10.2). Excessive voids in the
prepared test surface beneath the gauge can cause density
measurements that are lower than the actual soil density.
Excessive use of fill material to compensate for these voids
may likewise cause biased density measurements, or biased
water content measurements, or both.
5.1.3 Measurements in the Backscatter Mode are influenced
more by the density and water content of the material in
proximity to the surface.
5.1.4 Measurements in the Direct Transmission mode are an
average of the density from the bottom of the probe in the soil
or soil aggregate back up to the surface of the gauge.
5.1.5 Gravel particles or large voids in the source-detector
path may cause higher or lower density measurments. Where
lack of uniformity in the soil due to layering, aggregate or
voids is suspected, the test site should be excavated and
visually examined to determine whether the test material is
representative of the in situ material in general and whether an
oversize correction is required in accordance with Practice
D4718.
5.1.6 Oversize particles or large voids in the source-detector
path may cause higher or lower density measurements. Where
lack of uniformity in the soil due to layering, aggregate or
voids is suspected, the test site should be excavated and
visually examined to determine if the test material is representative of the in situ material in general and if an oversize
correction is required in accordance with Practice D4718.
5.1.7 The measured volume is approximately 0.0028 m3
(0.10 ft3) for the Backscatter Mode and 0.0057 m3 (0.20 ft3) for
the Direct Transmission Mode when the test depth is 150 mm
(6 in.). The actual measured volume is indeterminate and varies
with the apparatus and the density of the material.
5.1.8 Other radioactive sources must not be within 9 m (30
ft) of equipment in operation.
5.2 In-Place Water (Moisture) Content Interferences
5.2.1 The chemical composition of the material being tested
can affect the measurement and adjustments may be necessary
(see Section 10.6). Hydrogen in forms other than water and
carbon will cause measurements in excess of the true value.
Some chemical elements such as boron, chlorine, and cadmium
will cause measurements lower than the true value.
5.2.2 The water content measured by this test method is not
necessarily the average water content within the volume of the
sample involved in the measurement. Since this measurement
is by backscatter in all cases, the value is biased by the water
content of the material closest to the surface. The volume of
soil and soil-aggregate represented in the measurement is
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
3
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
7.2 Effective user instructions, together with routine safety
procedures and knowledge of and compliance with Regulatory
Requirements, are a mandatory part of the operation and
storage of these gauges.
8. Calibration
8.1 Gauge calibration shall be performed in accordance with
Guides D7013 and D7759.
Ndc
Nmc
Nd0
Nm0
t
9. Standardization
9.1 Nuclear moisture density gauges are subject to longterm aging of the radioactive sources, which may change the
relationship between count rates and the material density and
water content. To correct for this aging effect, gauges are
calibrated as a ratio of the measurement count rate to a count
rate made on a reference standard or to an air-gap count (for the
backscatter/air-gap ratio method).
9.2 Standardization of the gauge shall be performed at the
start of each days use, and a record of these data should be
retained for the amount of time required to ensure compliance
with either subsection 9.2.2 or 9.2.3, whichever is applicable.
Perform the standardization with the gauge located at least 9 m
(30 ft) away from other nuclear moisture density gauges and
clear of large masses of water or other items which can affect
the reference count rates.
9.2.1 Turn on the gauge and allow for stabilization according to the manufacturers recommendations.
9.2.2 Using the reference standard, take a reading that is at
least four times the duration of a normal measurement period
(where a normal measurement period is typically one minute)
to constitute one standardization check. Use the procedure
recommended by the gauge manufacturer to establish the
compliance of the standard measurement to the accepted range.
Without specific recommendations from the gauge
manufacturer, use the procedure in 9.2.3.
9.2.3 If the values of the current standardization counts are
outside the limits set by Eq 1 and Eq 2, repeat the standardization check. If the second standardization check satisfies Eq
1 and Eq 2, the gauge is considered in satisfactory operating
condition.
and
0.99~ N dc! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T d ~ 1/2 !
0.98~ N mc! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T m ~ 1/2 !
# N d0 # 1.01~ N dc! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T d ~ 1/2 !
# N m0 # 1.02~ N mc! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T m ~ 1/2 !
(1)
(2)
where:
Td(1/2) = the half-life of the isotope that is used for the
density determination in the gauge. For example,
for 137Cs, the radioactive isotope most commonly
used for density determination in these gauges,
Td(1/2) , is 11 023 days,
Tm(1/2) = the half-life of the isotope that is used for the water
content determination in the gauge. For example,
for 241Am, the radioactive isotope in Am:Be, the
radioactive source most commonly used for water
content determination in these gauges, Tm(1/2), is
157 788 days,
ln(2)
e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T d ~ 1/2 !
5 0.99~ 2800! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! 245
11 023
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T d ~ 1/2 !
5 1.01~ 2800! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! 245
11 023
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T m ~ 1/2 !
5 0.98~ 720! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! 245
157 788
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! t
T m ~ 1/2 !
5 1.02~ 720! e
2 ~ ln~ 2 !! 245
157 788
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
4
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
9.3.6 Therefore, the moisture standard count acquired on
November 1 should lie somewhere between 705 and 733
counts, or 705 Nm0 733.
10. Procedure
10.1 When possible, select a test location where the gauge
will be placed at least 600 mm (24.0 in) away from any object
sitting on or projecting above the surface of the test location,
when the presence of this object has the potential to modify
gauge response. Any time a measurement must be made at a
specific location and the aforementioned clearance cannot be
achieved, such as in a trench, follow the gauge manufacturers
correction procedure(s).
10.2 Prepare the test site in the following manner:
10.2.1 Remove all loose and disturbed material and additional material as necessary to expose the true surface of the
material to be tested.
10.2.2 Prepare an area sufficient in size to accommodate the
gauge by grading or scraping the area to a smooth condition so
as to obtain maximum contact between the gauge and material
being tested.
10.2.3 The depth of the maximum void beneath the gauge
shall not exceed 3 mm (18 in.). Use native fines or fine sand to
fill the voids and smooth the surface with a rigid straight edge
or other suitable tool. The depth of the filler should not exceed
approximately 3 mm (18 in.).
10.2.4 The placement of the gauge on the surface of the
material to be tested is critical to accurate density measurements. The optimum condition is total contact between the
bottom surface of the gauge and the surface of the material
being tested. The total area filled should not exceed approximately 10 percent of the bottom area of the gauge.
10.3 Turn on and allow the gauge to stabilize (warm up)
according to the manufacturers recommendations (see Section
9.2.1).
10.4 Procedure A - The Direct Transmission Procedure:
10.4.1 Select a test location where the gauge in test position
will be at least 150 mm (6 in.) away from any vertical
projection.
10.4.2 Make a hole perpendicular to the prepared surface
using the rod guide and drive pin. The hole should be a
minimum of 50 mm (2 in.) deeper than the desired measurement depth and of an alignment that insertion of the probe will
not cause the gauge to tilt from the plane of the prepared area.
10.4.3 Mark the test area to allow the placement of the
gauge over the test site and to align the probe to the hole.
Follow the manufacturers recommendations if applicable.
10.4.4 Remove the hole-forming device carefully to prevent
the distortion of the hole, damage to the surface, or loose
material to fall into the hole.
NOTE 2Care must be taken in the preparation of the access hole in
uniform cohesionless granular soils. Measurements can be affected by
damage to the density of surrounding materials when forming the hole.
so that the back side of the probe is in intimate contact with the
side of the hole in the gamma measurement path.
NOTE 3As a safety measure, it is recommended that a probe
containing radioactive sources not be extended out of its shielded position
prior to placing it into the test site. When possible, align the gauge so as
to allow placing the probe directly into the test hole from the shielded
position.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
5
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
oversize particles. A rock correction can then be made for both
water content and wet density by the method in Practice
D4718.
10.6.3 When sampling for water content correction or
oversize particle correction, the sample should be taken from a
zone directly under the gauge. The size of the zone is
approximately 200 mm (8 in.) in diameter and a depth equal to
the depth setting of the probe when using the direct transmission mode; or approximately 75 mm (3 in.) in depth when
using the backscatter mode.
11. Calculation of Results
11.1 Determine the Wet Density:
11.1.1 On most gauges read the value directly in kg/m3
(lbm/ft3). If the density reading is in counts, determine the
in-place wet density by use of this reading and the previously
established calibration curve or table for density.
11.1.2 Record the density to the nearest 1 kg/m3 (0.1
lbm/ft3).
11.2 Water Content:
11.2.1 Use the gauge reading for w if the gauge converts to
that value.
11.2.2 If the gauge determines water mass per unit volume
in kg/m3 (lbm / ft3), calculate w using the formula:
w5
M m 3 100
d
(3)
w5
M m 3 100
2 Mm
(4)
or,
where:
w
=
d =
=
Mm =
water content
dry density in kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3),
wet density in kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3), and
water mass per unit volume in kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)
11.2.3 If the water content reading was in counts, determine the water mass per unit volume by use of this reading and
previously established calibration curve or table. Then convert
to gravimetric water content in accordance with 11.2.2.
11.2.4 Record water content to the nearest 0.1 %.
11.3 Determine the Dry Density of the soil by one of the
following methods:
11.3.1 If the water content is obtained by nuclear methods,
use the gauge readings directly for dry density in kg/m3
(lbm/ft3). The value can also be calculated from:
d 5 2 Mm
100 3
1001w
(5)
(6)
3
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D18-1004.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
6
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
TABLE 1 Results of Statistical Analysis (Wet Density)A
Direct Transmission:
MaterialB
ML
CL
SP
Backscatter:
MaterialB
ML
Average
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft 3)
Repeatability
Standard Deviation
kg/m 3 or (lbm/ft3)
2084 (130.1)
1837 (114.7)
1937 (120.9)
7.4 (0.46)
5.4 (0.34)
4.2 (0.26)
Average
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft 3)
Repeatability
Standard Deviation
kg/m 3 or (lbm/ft3)
1997 (124.6)
16.0 (1.00)
Reproducibility
Standard Deviation
kg/m 3 or (lbm/ft3)
12.3 (0.77)
10.6 (0.66)
11.0 (0.68)
Reproducibility
Standard Deviation
kg/m 3 or (lbm/ft3)
32.0 (2.00)
95 % Repeatability
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)C
21 (1.3)
15 (0.9)
12 (0.7)
95 % Repeatability
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)C
45 (2.8)
95 % Reproducibility
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)C
34 (2.1)
30 (1.9)
31 (1.9)
95 % Reproducibility
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)C
90 (5.6)
The data used to establish this precision statement are contained in a Research Report available from ASTM Headquarters.3
Materials are distinguished by soil types. For definitions of soil types see Practices D2487 and D2488.
C
Two separate readings at a singular site with constant gauge orientation and settings.
Average
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)
Repeatability
Standard Deviation
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)
Reproducibility
Standard Deviation
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)
ML
CL
SP
313 (19.6)
193 (12.1)
320 (20.0)
5.7 (0.36)
6.1 (0.38)
4.3 (0.27)
8.1 (0.50)
8.5 (0.53)
10.3 (0.64)
95 % Repeatability
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)C
16 (1.0)
17 (1.1)
12 (0.7)
95 % Reproducibility
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
kg/m3 or (lbm/ft3)C
23 (1.4)
24 (1.5)
29 (1.8)
The data used to establish this precision statement are contained in a Research Report available from ASTM Headquarters.3
Materials are distinguished by soil types. For definitions of soil types see Practices D2487 and D2488.
C
Two separate readings at a singular site with constant gauge orientation and settings.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
7
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
TABLE 3 Results of Statistical Analysis (% Water Content)A
MaterialB
Average
%
Repeatability
Standard Deviation
%
Reproducibility
Standard Deviation
%
ML
CL
SP
17.7
11.8
19.8
0.39
0.40
0.32
0.59
0.58
0.81
95 % Repeatability
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
%C
1.1
1.1
0.9
95 % Reproducibility
Limit on the Difference
Between Two
Test Results
%C
1.7
1.6
2.3
The data used to establish this precision statement are contained in a Research Report available from ASTM Headquarters.3
Materials are distinguished by soil types. For definitions of soil types see Practices D2487 and D2488.
C
Two separate readings at a singular site with constant gauge orientation and settings.
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. GAUGE PRECISION
(A1.1)
where:
P = precision
= standard deviation, cpm
S = slope, cpm/kg/m3 or cpm/lbm/ft3
NOTE A1.1Displayed gauge counts may be scaled. Contact the
manufacturer to obtain the appropriate pre-scale factor.
where:
3w
1001w
(A2.1)
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
8
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
D6938 15
sites shall be determined using Test Method D2216. Use the
mean value of the replicate readings as the calibration point
value for each test site.
A2.2 The amount of water shall be within 62 % of the
water content established as optimum for compaction for these
materials. Determine the water content w. A microwave oven
or direct heater may be utilized for drying materials that are not
sensitive to combustion of organic material, in addition to the
method listed in A2.1.2. A minimum of three comparisons is
recommended and the mean of the observed differences used as
the correction factor.
A2.3 Container(s) of compacted material taken from the test
site shall be prepared in accordance with A2.1.1.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
In accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard since
the last edition (2010) that may impact the use of this standard. (August 1, 2015)
(1) Deleted the term probe from the Terminology section and
created a modified definition as 6.8 of the Apparatus section.
(2) Modified 5.1.2 and 5.1.5 of the Interferences section to
expand upon the possible effects of non-homogenous soils,
surface texture, oversize particles, and large voids in the
source-detector path upon measurements.
(3) Omitted Annex A1 and A2 due to the publication of ASTM
D7759, a publication that makes these two annexes on gauge
calibration obsolete and redundant. Also modified Section 8 on
calibration to refer to ASTM D7759 rather than Annex A1 and
A2. Finally, added D7759 to the Referenced Documents
section.
(4) Changed the title to the plural Standard Test Methods for
In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate
by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) since the standard
covers more than one test procedure.
(5) Changed the term in-situ to in situ throughout the
document.
(6) Added a period to the last sentence in A1.2.
(7) References regarding water content measurement techniques previously listed in Annex A4 were moved into Annex
A2 since the previously referenced techniques had been either
omitted or moved to ASTM D7759.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Mar 10 10:00:33 EST 2016
9
Downloaded/printed by
Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica (Instituto Techologico De Costa Rica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.