Welding of Nonferrous Metal and Their Alloys
Welding of Nonferrous Metal and Their Alloys
Welding of Nonferrous Metal and Their Alloys
"(CHAPTER IX AND X)
By
Ya.
L. Klyachkin
JUL 31 1967
RECEIVED
ALE3 1967
CFSTI
, (lc eurnolnlt
l
DIstrtbUt~lon Ifl
'ftr~yi
!.,, urilim'-tcd.
-;i toik
leasel to th (,,l
Departnmirt ,)t' Coinvrrloce,
!'.)i,
FTD-MT-
65-2Z72
Ya.
L. Klyachkin
English Pages:
SOURCE:
57
TM6502183
T;4iS TRANSLATION IS A RENDITION OP THE 0161MAL FOREIGN TEXT WITHOUT ANY ANALYTICAL OR
EDITORIAL COMMENT. STATEMENTS OR THEORIES
ADVOCATEDOR IMPLIED ARE THOSE OF THE SOURCE
ANDDO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE POSITION
OR OPINION OF THE POREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION.
i-TD-MTDtIi,,
AFLC-WPAFB-JUL 67 67
PREPARED @Yo
TRANSLATION DIVISION
POIOIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
WP-AFS. OHIO.
24 Apr.
196.
This document is
nor does it
UR
,,vf
_
-____
___
___
:6
MT6500272
u TI -__
STD ...
P,43)Smce
"SVARKA TSVETNYKH METALLOV I IKH SPLAVOV"
(O.*t
UR
03))g
0000
64
.,
000
nno
(4S.4e Caj
IWI
i
0284
17
N/A
MOSKVA
IZD-VO
"MASHINOSTROYENIYE"
0
(3)70096 "welding, refactory alloy, refractory
metal, corrosion
0 O0
resistance, copper, brass, bronze, nickel alloy, lead, aluminum
alloy
0
(66)FweigA Title
(r
ga
~1
TABLE OF CONTFNTS
U. S. Board on Geographic Names Transliteration System .......
ii
i.
2.
Chapter IX.
3.
11
4.
15
5.
18
6.
23
Chapter X.
38
1.
38
2.
44
5.
6.
7.
5"
U. S.
Transliteration
A, a
Block
A
Italic
Aa
5 6
556
B, b
5.8
V,v
Fr
A a
Xu
E
*X
a9
R au
XK
11*
MM
J1
M
H
JM of
0 a
al
K
03,
f X
X
Italic
P
C 9
C C
TT
Transliteration
R, r
S, a
T,t
G, g
Y y
YYy
U, u
Ye.ye;E,e
Zh, zh
XaX
Uua
LUq
Kh, kh
To, to
Z' z
I,1
Y,j
K, k
'b S
h
b
Y, y
E, e
Yu, yu
Ya, ya
D, d
'
Block
p
L,
%
W
IU N
b b
Ba
M,m
N, n
o.
P, p
0
Xs X
V~ I
Xw
F, f
Ch, ch
Sh, sh
Shch, shch
I
9Is
V
R
yeiniti3ly, after vowels, and after 'b, b; e elsewhere.
When written as V in Russian, transliterate is y* or V.
The use of diacritical marks is preferred, but such marks
may be omitted when expediency dictates.
FTD-MT-t 5-272
ii
CHAPTER
IX
industrial practice
Also,
known methods is
different physicomechanical
practiced.
In connection wILh
such
1.
produced by all
s&mewhat from
directed
n t
intc
-Iting them,
with the
the turner.
Tht
rcfimer fi:r surfacing tr-nze- are the same as thisr, f-ir red c-pper.
t- - n-r' is melted after preliminary tinning,
:-.s.
. _
-.
f ?the forr u5
I y I rass.
. .
SJ
I
which is
iron,
However,
quantity of very small pores which are of no value when the part
works under abrasion.
in the layer of copper,
Surfacing should be
metal.
produced after
900
rC).
rod
according to [6]:
3-4
4-6
750
5-6
8-10
900
6-7
10-12
1200
are
i4
Fig. 118.
The units
are equipped with multinozzle burners into the gas mixture of which
flux BM-i is
introduced.
-if
8-10i
:f the surfacing,
t,
thc horizontal.
is
conducted
n the rise.
By applying the ak,,y.-indicated filer
-urfacint:
wl:h bra-s,
.5-
EPROI
Fig. 119.
i.
Microstructure
Fig. 120.
Microstructure
It
is
recommended for
with fillers of copper and brass; from the figures one can see the
excellent fusion of the nonferrous metal with the steel in the region
of the melted layer of steel.
Surfacing with a d-c carbon electrode with direct polarity is
more rarely used and is
welding.
The method of surfacing with copper or bronze chips practiced in
certain plants,
is
of interest.
Surfacing is
subjected. to
such form are mixed with melted borax (1/10 borax by volume)
and
base metal is
The bath is
produced.
is
of liquid
molded by clay.
To decrease porosity surfacing a second heating by a carbon arc
with melting of the surface of the facing is
poured in a 10-12 mm
6-8 mm.
carried out.
Chips are
15-20 mm.
Before [addition of
thorough cleaning
220-240 amp.
After
Multilayer is
6-8 mm.
-5-
metal.
Before
surfacing.
Surfacing of copper on steel can be produced automatically under
flux with the application of the addition in
various diameters of brands MI,
M2,
The best results are ensured with surfacing under the fluxes
The latter
applied during
preferred.
(4-6%)
However,
in the copper is
in
this
Cound
descent.
-6-
limiting.
as
= 45 v, vB
p.0
25 m/hr.
wire 6 mm in
diameter is
used.
single-layer,
recommended.
-7--
According to
approximately
in height.
The coefficient of
2.
in instrument
carbon electrode under a layer of flux and gas welding with flux BM-i.
When the thicknesses of the nonferrous metal and the steel ar'
equal, the preparation of edges is carried out just as during welding
of ferrous metals.
-8-
is impossible to
is
also utilized.
is
for
requirements.
The strength of copper is
polarity is
used.
on the average,
14-20 mm.
40-55 v,
and
Current is
The
flux used are the same as for copper, and are introduced as filling in
the groove.
"Left" method of welding.
to steel,
is
shown on Fig.
a boat," as
121.
First heat the copper with a carbon electrode, and then weld with
a determined location of the electrode and filler
The speed of welding v,
Cu
-9-
S*from
= 11.5 v,
190
28.5 m/hr,
p
4W
v oA= 70
rn/hr.
with fusion.
Considering this
respectively.
Specific pressure of upsetting Is taken as 1.0-1.5 kgf/mm'.
-10-
i0
in practice
various kinds of
Welding is produced on
If
At present welding of
Ssolid
-ii-
On the whole,
quite fragile.
which encure unfused steel and melting of the aluminum and filler.
In
particular, before welding the edges of the steel are covered with
different metals by hot or galvanic means; argon arc welding with a
tungsten electrode is
filler
rod.
electrometallizing of edges.
The simplest method for covering the edges with an intermediate
metal is
aluminum, holding in
However,
it
Institute [19],
The Ye.
slowly.
(W0].
The selection of the preliminary covering depends on the requirements for strength of construction,
enterprise,
galvanic plating.
Interest art,
the meth ds ty F.
-12-
-f coatiiw:; c-aus.
I.
1" c nstni-ti-n.
cr
'r.
Table 89.
[MIG-Welding ?]
leoverrz
brand
ofsteel
ADI
Aluminum
Strength of Joint
a i,g,,fm- 2 (MN
b-.
Hot Submersion
6 2-7
TinGalvanic
Metal21 filler
Source
/mm- ;.
(60.8-76.5)
Tin
AK
7.4-7.6
(72.6-74.5)
7.4-7.8
Hotsubmerslot
Ats
._..
Alumr num
(72.6-76.5)
9.--9-5
Galvanic
*AK19]
Zn.2-93.2)
Z inc
9.8-10.1
(96.1-99.0)
6.2-9.8
Aluminum
SInge Trn
S~(105.9-14T.0)
Aluminum
Aluminum
(60. 8-96.1)
(10.65
Insert of
"plated
2.6-3.54
lated metal
AMg3
The same
AMg
The same
Silver
Galvanic
Zinc
Galvanic
".0
25.5-34.3)
AMg5V
[90]
ADI
[94)
6.7-9.6
(65.7-94.1)
8.2-9.8
(587o-r.4)
(55.9-180.4)
(11.1-15.0)
(108.8-147.1)
Hot submersion
Two layers:
Galvanic
10.2-15.6
(100.0-152.9)
14.6-20.7
(143.2-203.0)
1)copper andc
2) zinc
Brass
S)
AMg6
o.0-18.7
(19]
(.2-183.4)
Aluminum
}Hot submersion
None
jNone
Zinc
GalvanicI
IZInc
GalvanicI
(618.6-78.4t)
10.7-12.5
(104.9-122.6)
10.2-10.6
5.0-8.0
(100-104)
(49.0-78.4)
7.0-8,0
AD
(68.6-78.4)
"cruciform ,imple.
%'ellini
at'ter
-13-
.~!
N. F.
Kazakov.
and a method of
laycr
I z inc thr,ur-h
.."
aluminum,
i.e.,
th,
aluminu.
-14-
1:
In th1. case
,, itcd,
c ve rirw
is also
It
on
aluminum alloys to
steel (94):
tentatively:
speed
are applied.
i.e.,
in chemical
carritd
out with a certain technology which should ensure on the part of the
nonferrous metal good corrosion-resistant welds without considerable
quantities of iron impurities.
iWhen welding copper-plated steel,
it
is
necessary independently
4" the
~laye'rs.
The best firm c-f such a Joint is
w-m,
tallic
,Iectr-de.
mchanical means.
,.e
-15-
M.m Mrnt
possible.
of cutting is
It
is
with aluminum.
This process is
but considerable
angle of 30-35.
First weld the base metal; after this,
Cf the weld,
usually by manual or
steel and the transition zone (weld metal-base metal) of a weld made by
manual. arc welding.
From Fig. i24 it
is
is
this is
sharply expressed,
not
and in
is necessary.
-1.6-
in
specimen as a whole is
excellent results in
A
-.
- I'
..
"--
,,
Figb.
,'V.
12.Mcrsrctr
ltd
ea:
)bs
adplating layer.
"
S~steel-brass
iOO0.
III
is
In practice it
ii
/i
-e
,'
In this case it
but by means of
necessary to join
the steel and the copper sheet over the entire plane by arc spot
welding.
their holes.
S~thickness
.
alianetr
produced.
Usually the
f-17-
the idea being to carry out the welding from the side of
weld is
filler
and subsequent
fillet
a lining of
2 layers,
of the fluxes and dressings are the same as during welding of copper,
but for steel are appropriate to its brand.
5.
since in
as is
125.
-i8-
copper alloy with a copper content of more than 12% is very brittle
and is inclined to the formation of cracks.
'to
Fig. 125.
Properties of
Fig. i26.
alumunim-copper alloys,
depending upon the copper
content
"Locked" joint
contains 54.1%
aluminum.
According to V. A. Kuznetsov and A. A. Oberstein [54],
a welded
Joint is used.
-19-
Welding
If
is conducted with molded graphite planks [strips].
The conditions of welding of aluminum to copper differ little
from those for welding of aluminum.
polarity.
in connection
Cpptr
Table 90.
Aluminum Wires
Diameter
of welded
wire in
mm
Capacity
and of
capacitors
in
Voltage
(-of
capacitors
in v
Initial
distance
between
welded
F-orce of
upsettine
In kgf (N)
parts In
micro farads
mm
;5.
256
1i1k
2.8
256
140O
10
13;50
15
12oo
1500
15
12
.".
2.8
5..
8380
a10015
550
55'-u
1 -.
120-71
.-20-
1o.
(147v)
15,(i 471i)
g
15o(1471)
X;
175(11,
l
1f..'(
-)
should be greater.
To decrease the amount of burr from the internal side of the tube,
it
possible subsequently,
This
will be distorted
S.F.r
with a diameter of
in kef/i
(%-!I/m,')...........
Density nf current of
pting,
t
/Ia/m
.............
"-21-
?Q-?
(1%-?1#)
2
Density of current
during fusion in amp/mm ......
240
12-15
100-120
8-10
2-8
mma ......................
Duration of welding in
the copper.
3,5--5
sec....
.e
1,1-1,2
Inclusions of copper in
the aluminum do
not occur.
Destruction of a joint with sufficient strength occurs along the
aluminum tube.
may be
wider and then destruction of the joint proceeds along the transition
zone.
For welding of tubes of' Br. AMts and Br. AMts 9-2, 16 and 26 mm
In
obtained
speeds
ifn
the MSKN-150
machine.
Upsetting under current was conducted for 0.02-C.J3 sec.
rate of upsetting was 180-200 mm/sec.
f r a diamcter
The
-22-
alloys.
A current density
required.
Likhachev],
respectively.
According to ZIL
2415C;
zirconium (Zr),
recent years,
18250C.
the
welding of other refractory metals and their alloys has been widely
introduced.
Good results in
in different linkages is
[I].
Thus,
intense absorptl
it
jf gaselz adi
tch Int
-23-
f th,
preparation bef r,
'dgcs.
At room temperature
sufficiently plastic.
will cause
The plasticity of
with aluminum,
inadequate.
it
has become Joint by the introduction into the weld metal of rhenium
(Rt),
produced in
thickness of up to I mm.
Ti
At
5 to 7 times.
F, r resistance weldine allys
-," Industry,
I' r
paramunt
0t 1[TnkZ
-,;
- ',
;Lligat.ry pr t1.-
i, n
it
less then 0.3 mm be welded by the argon arc method with a tungsten
In connec:tion with the great thermal conductivity of
,lectrode.
rcfractiry metals,
dimensions.
Conditions of welding for the entire group of refractory metals
can be tentatively selected, according to the foreign literature,
In
!rTable
91.
kv, team
These co)ndltl,-,ns
speld
-it shct
.
rt.spectivcly.
f hs"' ,
i~'1
,.,ipmcnt.
*i :~4r
a
i," rrtr
fr m. vac-uur,
.f thin-walled I A|,s
I'
f"
f 1%,
-c t th -
a.
i an;i rv 1,., n
-25-
ri
i
-
al w:1L
n, i
.7-
:r~
a-
gases.
it
is
necessary to.
tantalum.
Beomrc.
created in
it
is
the chamber.
especially
F, r the
Resistance wtldint-
is also used.
As an example of the application of welding of zircnium we can
cite the manufacture by the firm General Electric (United Statfs)
,T precision pipes from the alloy Zircalloy-2, containin!: 2Y tin,
wlth a wall thickness if 3.9 mm,
-o rmm.
diameter of 98 mm,
Yn
1'a
"?h. preparati
the f." rm
'apo.
with
f-dir,
-2t-
JUArt.
.3
lff7
Tenative Conditions for Welding Refractory Metals Argon Arc
Table 91.
Expenditure of
argon in liters/hr
Thickness
()f metal
Diameter of
tungstcn
In mm
in the
burner
for
protection
d-c welding
current of
Speed of
.elding
electrode In
of the
forward
in cm/min
mm
reverse
polarity in
amps
0,3
1,6
340
side of
the joint
140
45
50
0,5
0,75
1,6
1,6
400
400
140
140
80
100
62
62
1,0
t1,25
1,5
2,4
2,4
3,2
450
450
450
140
140
140
125
150
160
50
50
50
2,0
3,2
450
140
180
50
Spot Welding_
Thickness
Df metal
in mm
Pressure
during
welding
in kgf/mm
Diameter
of spot
in mm
(MN/m22
0,5
1,0
8,4 (82)
52,5 (515)
3,8
5,0
1,5
42 (412)
7,5
2,5
35 (343)
10,0
Roll Welding
Duration of
weldinC in
periods of
current with
frequency of
50 Cps
elcctr,,des r-ller
in kgf (N) ferrul'.
In .ram
metal
i ,f
welding
in
cr/, in
connvcted
,1,
.. il3)
d.
u.-
*-
-.4
3~
!1iictei
1.
it;
-. lf-r lin{nr.,
.'-r- . ;1at,:,
i
P(-:-
al attachmcr"
w? : !
('nzuri,
-2-7-
h. a
in ta.h,
I'l.ank
w:t1i1h u"
,7
II1
f ri-
f n
-i as
."
'a',z.
No
which are heated above 370 C must be protected by gases from oxidation.
Conditions for welding with a tungsten electrode 3.2 mm in
diameter d-c with forward polarity,
in speed
of welding 0.43 mimin with the overlay to the burner equal to 27 mm.
The total consumption of gas for the protection of the arc and
the reverse side of the weld constitutes 20.425 m3/hr, for Ar and
S
1.i3 m /r
for He.
attachment,
joint equal to the strength of the base metal from the Zir alloy-2.
The strength indices are as follows:
Metal
Prooerties
base
omNield ooint in
(MN/m
Elornati'con on 50 mm in %................
2) .
) ......
welued joint
hA.
..
te:mperatures.
According to N. V.
hardness Hv = 100
Grevtsev [33]
and burner..
However,
in
A.
used.
-29-
Fig. 127.
is
protecting the reverse side of the weld with argon; in connection with
this, butt Joints are recommended.
Welding is
conducted on the
according to M. V.
During welding
is
recommended.
For manual welding the current conditions are somewhat lower (by
the
For
When filler
brand VTM
is
used,
is
taken as d = s,
i.e.,
ignition and
on special strips.
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H~
C.u
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10
4 4)
minutes should pass before the protective gas is turned off; otherwise
the metal of the weld and the transition zone will be oxidized.
Table 93.
Expenditure of
argon in liter/
min
Thickness
of metal
in mm
Diameter
of
tungsten
electrode
in
Voltage
in v
Speed of
of
welding
in m/hr
in the
burner
8-10
45-
55
1,0
1,5
10-12
50-60
1,2
1,5
10-12
55-65
in the
backing
from
reverse
side of
(m/sec.)
-o
1,0-1,5
o,8
Current
in amp
weld
18-25
6-8
3-4
(0,007)
18-22
(0 007)
6-8
3-4
18-22
6-8
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
9-12
3-4
9-12
3-4
(0 007)
11-13
1,5
1,5
70-90
18-22
(0,007)
11-13
1,5
1,8
80-100
18-22
(0 007)
1,5-2,0
2,0
11-13
110-130
1b-22
(0,007)
2,5
2,0-2,5
11-13
150-180
3,0
2,5-3,0
12-13
200-220
20-22
(0,007)
20-22
(0,007)
An oxidized alloy is
A poor weld is
charactorized by
black and gray color with the presence of blues (temper co~.or)
in the
transition zone.
Table 94.
Thickness
Type of
Welding
Operating
Speed of
of metal
in mm
Joint
current
in amp
voltage
In v
welding
in m/hr
3-5
Butt
250-320
24-38
3-5
Corner
250-300
32-36
2-3
Lap
250-300
30-35
-32-
50
40-50
40
alloys,
depending upon the brand of the alloy and the methods of fusion welding,
constitutes 0.6-0.8 of the strength of the base metal.
VT4,
and
up to 3% tin.
most complicated,
AN-T2 [35] with shielding of the slag bath by argon of the Ist
composition.
transformer -
a three-phase
dimensions of 60 x
According to (35],
not
this
Application
pressed metal.
The strength of a welded joint of alloy VT5-1 made by the electroslag process corresponds to the following to average data:
Character and section of blank in mm
aob in kgflmm 2
Relative
elongationn
2MNelongatiwe
(MN/mof
weld
metal in %
Forging,
Pressed
Pressed
Pressed
60 x 60
profile,
profile,
profile,
.............
......
43 x 56 ...........
47 x 61 ...........
55 x 64 ...........
836
54,5
64,5
720
51
532
532
8,6
14,6
20,0
15,8
no
is
best of all
with emery
is
)f
in Table 95.
Titanium of thicknesses up to 4 mr,. can be welded by line and spot
welding on machines of the MTP and MShP type.
According to [85],
the
-34-
Table 95.
in
1A
Area of Pressure
Overhand fusion upsetting Terminal
welded of
of blank
velocity
section upsetting from
of
in mm
2 eiectrodes
fusion
in
in kgf/mm iin mm
mi
(MN/m 2
mm/sec
150
250
500
0,3
(2,9)
0,5-0,8
(4,9-7,8)
1,0-1,5
(9,8-14,7)
Durrent
of fusion
in
kiloamperes
To 25
1,5-2,0
25-40
10
2,5-3,0
45
4
10
5,0-7,0
1000
2,0-2,5
(20-24)
50
12
10
1500
3-6
(29-59)
4-10
60
15
10
7,5
65
18
12
10
70
20
12
12,5
100
22
14
15,0
110
24
15
20,0
130
26
15
3,5
25,0
140
28
15
3,5
30,0
150
30
15
3,0
35,0
165
35
15
3,0
40,0
180
40
15
2,5
45,0
180-200
40
15
2,5
50,0
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
(39-98)
5-15
(49-147)
10-20
(98-196)
15-30
(147-294)
20-40
(196-392)
35-50
(343-490)
30-50
(294-490)
35-60
(343-588)
45-90
(441-882)
50-100
(490-981)
VNIIAVTOPROM (All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Auto
Industry?] has conducted successful work on percussion butt seam welding
of tubes of VT-1-2 titanium 10-23 mm in diameter, with wall thicknesses
of 1.0-1.5 mm,
The
-35-
Table 96.
.Ln
Table 98.
Thickness
of sheets
in mm
Diameter
Force on
of
electrodes
contact
in kgf (N)
surface
of
electrodes
in mm
4,0-4,5
o,8
Duration
of
welding
(passage
of
current)
in sec
200-250
Time of
compression
of
components
in sec
Welding
current
in amp
0,10-0,15
0,1
7000
0,15-0,20
0,3
8000
0,20-0,25
0,3
8500
0,25-0,30
0,4
9000
0,25-0,30
0,4
1000o
0,30-0,40
0,4
12000
(1969-2452
4,5-5,0
1,0
1,2
5,0-5,5
1,5
Table 97.
320-350
(3148-3442
5,5-6,0
2,0
2,5
250-300
(2452-2952
400-500
(13933-4913
6,0-7,0
500-600
(4913-5894
600-700
(5894-6875
I 7,0-8,0
of sheets seam in
in mm
mm
impulse
rollers
pause
Speed
Welding
of
in kgf(N)
current
o,8 + 0,8
1,0 +. 1,0
3,5-4,0
4,5-5,5
1,5 + 1,5
5,5-6,5
2,0 + 2,0
2,5 + 2,5
6,5-7,5
7,0-8,0
300 2952)
0,1-0,12 0,18-0,20 ),8-1,o
400 3933) 0,14-0,16 0,24-0,28 ),6-0,8
6ouu
7500
0,3-0,4
),5-0,6
100o0
0,4-0,5
3,4-0,5
),3-0,4
120M00
15000
0,6-0,8
pipes,
kgf
Lut a"'3wP
-36-
24"
v,
thre
i,
VIP
Fusion :ccurs inside and outside the tube in the form of a
splash.
Table 98.
Capacitance in microfarads
Force of
upsetting
in kgf(N)
Brand
farads
10 x 1
5000
850-900
23 x 1,5
7000
200-2100
BT-2-1
Overhang Coefficient of
of tube transformation
from
inserts
in mm
900-1000
(8935-9806)
i-i,5
84
1,2-1,8
84
2300-2450
(22565-24036)
4).
1962, No.
it
zoc; welding, 0.22 sec; fxrging, J.22 sec; pulse 0.04-0.06 sec; fc-rc,
-,-mpre.si1,n 3J-19U
The weldntn,
gfr
:.m-rt, ha: t,-en exp, rlencc in the welding ,:f silver co-ntacts tc bride,:
f weldin;
c verirn"
than i0-1
,.
-'7-
)f ant-o -rr'1!
CHAPTER
i)
cold;
it
5) ultrasonic;
6) electron-beam;
1.
3) diffusion;
4)
spin;
and 7) explosi':e.
Cold Welding
(aluminum,
a)
b)
The mtchar.i:-,i
Is
This is
realized
Fig.
l28.
As a result
is an exchange
j, Innd metals,
is
finrmed.
destroyed in the
process of welding.
Destruction of thr
- ,......
129.
2S.heme of, cold
seam welding.
tutt
welding.
It
by 3-4 times.
the
i aLuninumr
xd.
the thtr.
nut
1ia t , ry.
,hre ar,
-e
"" 'h',
,
a.;pi
p ,
*~~r
-r.nr
.ar-
irs--nr
-
f"
'n..
,'arr'-,d
Ir
:.iv I
li welding:
ut1u,
.ap and
wd
th,,or
w.ld ing
r
n<ly
C Id
r, und
n.
iz
r re<t an-u(
utt wcldins- at
f wir,.rs with
n up
ne.:
--- t
'
-Ir
"
,iA
(294-784
and at s
0.5-2.U
,m,
15C-175 kgf/rnm
) [12].
Welding occurs not only under the working part of the punch, but
also in the peripheral zone.
the working flanges of -he punch the strength of the welded joint is
increased.
During welding with preliminaryr pressing of parts (Fig. 1285b)
prior to the pressing in of the punches 2 the welded components i
arc pressed by clamp 5,
-40-
Cold weldirio
carried out oa
is
industry.
on Fig. 130.
Cold welding is
used
zinc,
and cadmium;
for
Types of coldFig.
joints.
welded130.
It
which
Of aluminum
Fig. 131.
and 10 m.
-41-
I1
.1
131b
MSKQ-30,
1,7-2,6
2,5-4
8
120011668)
1,4(13,7)
VNIIESO are used for butt welding of rods of aluminum and its alloys
of considerable sections.
a '
b)
Fig. 131.
Overall view of tongs for
cold welding of wires:
a) hand type
KS-6,
b) table type SNS-2.
-42-
Table 99.
Aluminum
[12]1
Ratio of
length
of
overhang
to
diameter
in %
Cross
section
in mm
Overhang
during
welding
in mm
50,2
50
6,6-6,8 (65-67)
10
I0
10
12
12
20
20
20
Strip
20 x 20
78,4
78,4
78,4
111,2
111,2
314
314
314
200
200
4
5
6
5
6
6
7
8
6
7
40
50
60
42
60
30
35
40
60
70
7,7-7,8 (75-76
7,7-7,9 75-77)
7,6-7,9 (74-77)
8,2-8,3 (80-81
8,5-8,6 83-84)
6,85 57
6,65
f55
6,65 55
7,75 65
7,8
66
Diameter
of blank
in mm
I.
M.),
the
the duralumins DIT and Di6T, are welded well by butt cold welding;
high strength of the joint is
10 mm,
ensured.
8) with a good
equal to 18-24%:
Brand
In refrigeration engineering
evaporators are used which are
Yield Strength
2
a kg/mm 2 (MN/m ).
b
AMTs
AM 5V
16 (157)
19 (186)
32 (314)
DIM
DI6M
AM 6
21 (206)
23 225
38 373
series of tubes is
special point,
outlined with
and all
-43-
the other,
The places
well-cleaned places
Such
Press Welding
128a;
it
is
but
Heating
also possible.
this case,
sheet is
produced.
its thickness,
degree of deformation,
on the average,
is
With considerable
bending of the
overhanging parts.
Before welding the adjoining surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned
by chemical or mechanical means.
bo'h methods of cleaning; first
mechanical -
It
is
chemical treatment,
and after it
the form of
a burr.
Press welding proceeds best during joining of aluminum-manganese
and aluminum-magnesium alloys.
This method provides excellent welding of sections of cooling
radiators.
In the institute of electrical engineering of the Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences,
(1167 MN/m
2
The pressure of upsetting constitutes 120 kgf/mm
).
Table 100.
Samples
ab in k&/mm2
2
(MN/mr)
Angle
oof bend
'n deg
Note
21,6 (202)
28,3 (267)
180
150
21,0 (196)
28,1 (265)
(2"5)times
160
120
Samples had an
overhang
ensuring an
increase in
section by two
during
upsetting.
ql|_
LW-
___
Diffusion-Vacuum Welding
[64],
proposed by N. F. Kazakov,
in
particular,
applied on
k,:'
he weldment in
f the metal,
The
the possibility
-thor methods,
r:inumum pmssilb~e
del' rmatin
-46-
-3-105 mm Hg is created.
were a vacuum of
carried out by a
Heating
Unfortunately,
has not yet been set up and each enterprise must develop and manufacture
the required installations on their own,
be welded.
At NILDSV
under MTIMMP
in
is
in
for 40
gasses absorbed in
-i
Evacuation continues,
the vaccum is
47-______________________________
brought to
Ed.
note].
10 -3-10-4 mm Hg,
is
cooled.
applied.
Xtst ion of
10 Ie--
h-f ou lip
Wd
Loa
Fig* 131,
During this
pmp
Before welding,
To
their
which
applied.
close
Welded metals
Temperature
of 8eating
in C
Aluminum (ADI)
800
880
1000
850
+ kovar
DIT
+ c(pper ........
AMgb + slloy
of AMg6
Pressure
Duration .'"
in kgf/mm2 welding in
(MN/mi 2 )
minutes
0,7 (6,9)
0,56 (5,9)
2,0 (q,6)
0,5 (4.9
20
8
25
10
20..
450
1, (8)
0,2 (1,9
10
850
0,5 14,9)
370
0,2
1,9
1'9N
50o
500
0,5
4,9
i,)
750
0,8 (7,5)
-48-
4.
"Friction Welding"]
without a lubricant,
which to a considerable
liberated,
and
scorching of bearings,
so forth).
Lathe operator A. I.
"Chudikov
proposed a method
of
This
method has been used with success for the welding of nonferrous metals
between themselves and with ferrous metals.
Spin welding is
carried
axial shift in
from which it
Thus,
as a consequence of
heat emission and axial force there appears plastic deformation of the
end forces of the components.
-49-
Table 102.
Desination
of' welded
Diameter
of
Duration
of
Axial force
in
P
material
sample
in mm
welding
in sec
kgf (N)
upset
oge/oe2c8Doe in mm
kgf/mm
)2
(MN/m
Aluminum ADI..
Brass L62.....
Aluminum +
copper........
20
16
4
3
30-50
Total
End thrust
Pocee in
0,8 (7,8)
3,2 (31,4)
3
6-7
13
250 (2441)
660 (6462)
It
usable.
However,
load, it
machines
135.
f tul
t 0 1),
4X..nwires c. nnectod
n t."-
*i,-5.ko" :i
w.
v wat(,r
ver the
Aloernainr..
w:n.:..
an'. "
-50-
ti.
,1
n , ",
rrn
-I.
r...
pla.', .
an u I*raz r;-
'I.-znals
F r
'
a vlkra" r (r :
n wh1:i.
ti *n 1,
-f the melta',
c cnnected t. magnet.stri
.d
r -J 4'arid
we~lded material.
Jolnlrn
jr
w"t. 3 "r: v
r."
'. r
-8m
,
thc
magnet4)strlct1_.n.
vvibrat r.
Under the influence of the ultrasonic oscillations of the
vibrat.,r the pressed parts are brought to a state of welding at thpuints of c(ntact.
Industry has released apparetuses for spot and seam welding
according t, the diagrams of t1,e MEl (Moscow Power Engineering Institute],
MVTU [Moscow Higher Technical School],
i i.
135.
tU1tras
;1'.1' rm n,.-nntrr
an
"hr
us metals,
',.
ai,.minuir.
I-,.
"
i-54"
nd
u:ied t
niv
ry metals (tltan1im,
f the fat-
!r- spit':
A sp,cia 1 feature
l,.'euld
i.
re!'rae
1 w-mltitig
mrtaLs,
at idat 1 'L
1., di :"ers.
'K,
,-an. 1,
n, metal
;SW .s
-
- -A
15.l 1
"
tantalu..o,
. ' ud
a:!.
that their
th,
6a2t
the 'hrnes,.
nn-
t..iai:j
,idr.
cvii.
n.:.' r
n'
4.r-
.- ra:-r
R lr
.-,
:
Ar,
Table 103.
Brand
Alloys
Amplitude of
of
ultrasound
oscillations
in_L
AI
0,3-0,7
0,8-1,2
1,3-1,5
20-30 (196-294)
35-50 (343-490)
50-70 (490-686)
0,5-1,0
1,0-1,5
1,5-2,0
14-16
-
AMg6T
0,3-0,5
30-50 (294-490)
1,0-1,5
17-19
AMg3M
0,6-0,8
60-80 (588-784)
0,5-1,0
22-24
D16Am
0,3-0,7
0,8-1,0
30-60 (294-588)
70-80 (686-784)
0,5-1,0
1,0-1,5
18-20
2,0-2,5
1,1-1,3
1,4-1,6
D16AT
DIAM
0,3-0,7
110-120
979-1076)
:11::
2,5-3,5
1,0-2,0
50-80 (490-784)
0,8-1,0
1,1-1,3
90-110 1882-979)
110-120 979-1076)
2,0-2,5
2,5-3,0
1,4-1,6
0,3-0,7
130-150 (1175-1371)
30-60 (294-588)
3,0-4,0
,5-1,14-16
20-22
However,
As L
L.
It
Silin et al.
smaller than
with wall thicknesses of' 0.4 mm; lap welding of copper conductors;
welding platinum-iridium alloy PI-10 in
x 1.5 x 0.4 mm) to argentan springs and beryllium bronze of tbrand B-2
0.15 mm thick.
-52.-
with argentan
Force of' compression in kgf (N) ...........
Duration of welding in sec ................
with B-2 bronze
20 (196)
0,1
30 (294)
0,2
been mastered.
by a UZG-1O generator,
on the
UZSM-l machine,
fed
6.
This method is
thicknesses.
zirconium,
(lens)
or magnetic
applied.
A second organ is
installations for
the high-voltage
for
I3
the
10-6 mm Hg.
This system is
a fore pump,
equipment.
and measuring
installation, in
250-300 liter/sec,
30 sec.
The chamber has parts for
observation of the welding process and
a device for remote handling of welded
articles or, if
i
extent,
hexaboride.
the beam.
'-P72
Lens 9 is
FrD-MvT-r
made of tantalum
It
Cathode 3 is
it
-54-
is
4
The described gun [33] will provide a heated spot 0.6-0.8 mm in
diameter at a voltage of 14-16 kv and current of 50-60 ma.
The diameter
of the spot can be brought to 1.0-1.5 mm (at currents of about 100 ma);
can be increased current to 300 ma and the voltage to 20 kv.
Similar
I4
obtained.
This method of
instrument-making and in
Welding By Explosion
_products
(1275 10
"m/sec.
the detonation
p - 130 x 10
N/m
atm
at a speed of 6600
Scheme of wilding
Fig. 137.
b explosion.
in Fig.
137,
it
and
and also steel with copper or with the titanium alloy OT4.
VTP-MT-
filled
- 272
137,
2
-7 to one another.
-55-
The charge 4,
laid on
weld plate 3,
is
is
copper is
(71 MN/mr2 ),
It
is
7.2 kg/mm2
F'D--MT--272
welding technology.
-56-