Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
AI is a branch of science which deals with
helping machines find solutions to computer problems
in a more human like fashion. we start by making a
distinction between mind and cognition, and by
positing cognition is an aspect of mind .The term AI was
coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. The field was founded on the
claim that a central property of humans, intelligence
the sapience of Homo sapienscan be so precisely
described that it can be simulated by a machine. This
raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind
and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been
addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since
antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of
optimism, but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has
become an essential part of the technology industry,
providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult
problems in computer science, Mechanical or "formal"
reasoning has been developed by philosophers and
mathematicians since antiquity. AI generally involves
borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and
applying them as algorithm in human friendly way. It is
basically the ability of a machine to think for itself. It
aims at getting computers to do tasks which require
human intelligence. In short it can be described as
simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate like:
Recognizing a face, Navigating a busy street,
Understanding what someone says.
We tried to explain the brief ideas of AI and its
application to various fields. It cleared the concept of
computational and conventional categories. It includes
various advanced systems such as Neural Network,
Expert Systems, Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary
computation. AI is used in typical problems such as
Pattern recognition, Natural language processing and
more. This system is working throughout the world as an
artificial brain. This paper throws light on evolution of
ai in india along with pros and cons.
1. Introduction
It is the branch of Computer Science concerned with
making computers behave like humans. It is the Science
and Engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs. It is the hot
topic on many boards and software houses.
Although AI has a strong science fiction connotation, it
forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with
intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines.
It combines with and contributes to several other
disciplines, including:
Psychology
Philosophy
linguistics
biology
anthropology
logic
mathematics
computer science & software engineering
Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to
automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples
include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to
answer diagnostic and consumer questions, handwriting,
speech, and facial recognition. As such, it has become a
scientific discipline, focused on providing solutions to
real life problems.
AI systems are now in routine use in economics,
medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being
built into many common home computer software
applications, traditional strategy games like computer
chess and other video games.
2. History
3.Categories of AI :
AI divides roughly into two schools of thought:
Conventional AI:
Computational Intelligence (CI):
Conventional AI : Conventional AI mostly involves
4. Mechanisms
Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been
focusing on solving specific problems. Numerous
solutions have been devised and improved to do so
efficiently and reliably. This explains why the field of
Artificial Intelligence is split into many branches. Some
of the branches have been explained below.
4.1 Planning:
Planning programs start with general facts about the
world (especially facts about the effects of actions), facts
about the particular situation and a statement of a goal.
From these, they generate a strategy for achieving the
goal. In the most common cases, the strategy is just the
sequence of actions.
4.2 Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is getting a computer to
recognize, make senses and recreate in what it sees and
hears.
The two major divisions of pattern recognition are
machine vision and sound.
Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
It's goal is to get a computer to recognize pictures so that
it can recognize objects in its surroundings that would be
helpful in robotics.
Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a primary
concern with companies that want to produce a new
means in which a person interacts with a computer by
talking.
4.2 Ontology:
Ontology is the study of what objects are and what are
they made of. It is the study of kinds of things that exist.
In AI, the programs and sentences deal with various
kinds of objects, and we study what these kinds are and
what their basic properties are.
4.3 Robotics:
5. Research challenges:
Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely to creep into
our lives without us really noticing. However, AI has
spawned some useful applications like expert systems
and game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is still to
come as more research and improved technology surfaces
in the future. Here are a few applied innovations that AI
promises in the future and the technologies behind them.
Research Assistants:
The world is moving from the Industrial Age to the
Information Age where the phrase "knowledge is power"
is becoming a reality. With so much information out
there, it has become harder and harder to find what is
really relevant. This is where a research assistant
powered by AI can help. Not only can the assistant
understand what one is looking for, which requires
natural language processing, it is smart enough to know
where to look and compare what it finds to what it is
looking for to see how relevant the information is, so the
person doesn't have to do the 'dirty work.' Research
assistants will be an important tool in the future by
keeping the world of information from exploding into an
infinite chaos of unorganized facts and figures.
6. Applications
Artificial Intelligence is helping people in every field to
make better use of information to work harder not
smarter. The potential applications of Artificial
Intelligence are abundant. However, some of the
applications of AI have been listed below:
Artificial nose:
Scientists have endowed computers with eyes to see,
thanks to digital cameras, and ears to hear, via
microphones and sophisticated recognition software.
Now they're taking computers further into the realm of
the senses with the development of an artificial nose.
E-nose to sniff out hospital superbugs:
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the gas over an
array of electrodes coated with different conducting
polymers. Each electrode reacts to particular substance
by changing its electrical resistance in a characteristic
way. Combining the signals from all the electrodes gives
a 'smell-print' of the chemicals in the mixture that neural
network software built into the e-nose can learn to
recognize. As a result, it can be detected from the smell
alone that what the bacterial infections are.
Military:
A new model of army soldier rolls closer to the
battlefield:
The American military is working on a new generation of
soldier, far different from the army it has. 'They don't feel
hungry,' said Gordon Johnson of the Joint Forces
Expert Systems:
The primary goal of expert systems research is to make
expertise available to decision makers and technicians
who need answers quickly. There is never enough
expertise to go around--certainly it is not always
available at the right place and the right time. Portable
with computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of
specific subjects can bring decades worth of knowledge
to a problem.
Expert Systems make a diagnosis:
Intution may seem like a human trick, but machines can
be pretty good at it too. Underlying a hunch are dozens
Attributes
Natural
Artificial
Intelligence Intelligence
(Human)
(Machine)
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
The ability to make a series LOW
of calculations rapidly and
accurately
Apart from all these issues, there is a fear of robots
superseding us! Ideally human beings should continue
being the masters of machines. If things turn the other
way round, the world will turn into chaos. Intelligent
machines may prove to be smarter than us; they might
enslave us and start ruling the world. Man's greedy
creativity may endanger mankind!
6.1 Limitations
If robots start replacing human resources in every field,
we will have to deal with serious issues like
unemployment in turn leading to mental depression,
9.Bibliography
[1]Programs with Common Sense :John McCarthy, In Mechanization of Thought Processes,
Proceedings of the Symposium of the National Physics
Laboratory, 1959.
[2]Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing
Common Sense :Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical Logic and
Artificial Intelligence. Klver Academic, 1989.
[3]Concepts of Logical AI :- Tom Mitchell. Machine
Learning. McGraw-Hill, 1997.
[4]Logic and artificial intelligence :-Richmond
Thomason.
[5]In Edward N. Zalta, editor, The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2003.
7. Goals
The goal of artificial intelligence (at least according to
the fields founders) is to create computers whose
intelligence equals or surpasses humans. Achieving this
goal is the famous AI problem. To some, AI is the
manifest destiny of computer science. To others, its a
failure: clearly, the AI problem is nowhere near being
solved. Why? For the most part, the answer is simple: no
one is really trying to solve it. This may come as a
surprise to people outside the field. What have all those
AI researchers been doing all these years? The reality is
that they have largely given up on the grand ambitions of
AI and are instead working on increasingly specialized
subproblems: not just machine learning or naturallanguage understanding, say, but issues within those
areas, like classifying objects or parsing sentences.
8.Conclusion
Over the past few decades, despite many stumbling
blocks, AI has grown from a dozen researchers, to
thousands of engineers and specialists; and from
programs
capable of playing checkers, to systems
designed to diagnose disease. As we progress
in the
development of artificial intelligence,other theories are
available,in addition to blocks, AI has grown from a
dozen researchers, to thousands of engineers and
specialists; and from programs
capable of playing
checkers, to systems designed to diagnose disease. As
we progress
in the development of artificial
intelligence,other theories are available,in addition to
building on what we can do with AI.