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    Diabetes Mellitus

    Uploaded by

    Brylle Capili
    This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM), including its objectives, types, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, management, and treatment. There are three main types of DM: type 1 results from the body failing to produce insulin; type 2 begins with insulin resistance; and gestational occurs in pregnant women. Signs include increased urination, thirst, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. DM is diagnosed through blood sugar tests such as fasting blood sugar. Management includes insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs, diet, exercise, and patient education. The goals are to address health problems, prevent complications, and improve quality of life for those with diabetes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Diabetes Mellitus

    Uploaded by

    Brylle Capili
    388 views9 pages
    This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM), including its objectives, types, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, management, and treatment. There are three main types of DM: type 1 results from the body failing to produce insulin; type 2 begins with insulin resistance; and gestational occurs in pregnant women. Signs include increased urination, thirst, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. DM is diagnosed through blood sugar tests such as fasting blood sugar. Management includes insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs, diet, exercise, and patient education. The goals are to address health problems, prevent complications, and improve quality of life for those with diabetes.

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    Diabetes Mellitus

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    This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM), including its objectives, types, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, management, and treatment. There are three main types of DM: type 1 results from the body failing to produce insulin; type 2 begins with insulin resistance; and gestational occurs in pregnant women. Signs include increased urination, thirst, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. DM is diagnosed through blood sugar tests such as fasting blood sugar. Management includes insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs, diet, exercise, and patient education. The goals are to address health problems, prevent complications, and improve quality of life for those with diabetes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    388 views9 pages

    Diabetes Mellitus

    Uploaded by

    Brylle Capili
    This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM), including its objectives, types, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, management, and treatment. There are three main types of DM: type 1 results from the body failing to produce insulin; type 2 begins with insulin resistance; and gestational occurs in pregnant women. Signs include increased urination, thirst, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. DM is diagnosed through blood sugar tests such as fasting blood sugar. Management includes insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs, diet, exercise, and patient education. The goals are to address health problems, prevent complications, and improve quality of life for those with diabetes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Diabetes

    mellitus
    Dela Cruz, Mirasol
    Jaramillo, Marife
    Libao, Kelvin Lemuel

    Objectives

    To know the signs and symptoms


    To correct associated health problems and to reduce morbidity, mortality and
    economic
    costs of diabetes
    To prevent as much as possible acute and long-term complications; to monitor the
    development of such complications and to provide timely intervention
    To improve the quality of life and productivity of the individual with diabetes

    Diabetes Mellitus
    -Also known as simply diabetes is a group of metabolic disease in which there are
    high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
    This high blood sugar produce the symptoms:
    Polyuria
    Polydypsia
    Polyphagia
    Untreated diabetes can cause many complications, acute complications including:
    diabetic ketoacidosis
    nonketotic hyperosmolar coma
    Serious long term complications including:

    Heart disease
    Stroke
    Kidney failure
    Foot ulcer
    Damage to the eye
    Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cell of
    the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.

    There are 3 main types of DM:

    Type1 DM- results from the bodies failure to produce enough insulin or no insulin at all
    (insulin dependent DM)
    causes:
    viral or bacterial infection
    chemicaltoxins with in food
    unidentified component autoimmune reaction
    Type 2 DM- begins with insulin resisitance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to
    insulin properly (non-insulin dependent DM) the primary cause is excessive body
    weight and not enough exercise.
    Gestational diabetes- is the third main form and occurs when pregnant woman without
    a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level.
    Causes:
    -family history of gestational diabetes
    -overweight or obese
    -suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome
    Anatomy & Physiology

    Pathophysiology:
    Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

    Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

    Signs & Symptoms:


    Polyuria
    Polydipsia

    Polyphagia
    Fatigue
    Dizziness
    Blurry vision
    Slow wound healing
    Weight loss

    Diagnostic test :

    Blood sugar
    Random Blood Sugar (RBS)

    -blood specimen is drawn without preplanning

    Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)

    -blood specimen after 8 hours of fasting

    Postprandial Blood Sugar

    -blood sample is taken 2 hrs after a high CHO meal

    Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)


    -diet high in CHO is eaten for 3 days
    -client then fast for 8 hrs
    Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
    -single sample of venous blood is withdrawn
    -the amt of glucose stored by the hemoglobin is elevated above 7% in newly
    diagnosed client with DM, in one who is noncompliant, or one who is anadequately
    treated

    Nursing Diagnosis :

    Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements r/t poor nutrition intake.
    Activity Intolerance r/t physical weakness.
    Risk for Infection r/t high glucose levels
    reduction in leukocyte function.

    Management:

    Insulin
    Sulfonylureas- stimulate the beta cells to secrete more insulin

    SE: weight gain, hyperglycemia, secondary failure of pancreas due to overstimulation


    Classification: antidiabetic drugs
    Nonsulfonylureas

    Metformin help tissues use available insulin more efficiently.

    SE: nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, flatulence, diarrhea


    no weight gain and no hyperglycemia unlike sulfonylureas
    Classification: biguanides
    -Glipizide
    SE:Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, constipation, upset
    stomach, headache, and weight gain may occur.

    -Glimepiride
    SE:Nausea and upset stomach may occur.
    Alpha- glucosidase inhibitors
    -Miglitol (Glyset), Acarbose (Precose)
    -an intestinal enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, when enzyme is
    inhibited, the process of forming glucose is slowed and glucose is absorbed more
    slowly from the small intestine
    -taken 15 minutes before meal
    -Thiazolidinediones

    SE: weight gain, edema & liver damage


    -Meglitinides
    SE: same as with sulfonylureas

    Treatment:

    1. diet
    2. oral hypoglycemic therapy
    3. insulin treatment
    Education of the person with diabetes is an essential component of management
    in every case. To ensure appropriate management, the basic knowledge and
    skills should be acquired by the patient and his family and the health care team
    should work closely with the patient to achieve this objective and to promote selfcare. The person with diabetes should also be involved in setting therapeutic
    targets for weight, blood pressure and blood sugar control.

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