Garissa Baseline Assessment January 2010
Garissa Baseline Assessment January 2010
Garissa Baseline Assessment January 2010
January, 2010
International Organization for Migration
Regional Office for East and Central Africa
Church Road - off Rhapta Rd., Westlands
PO Box 55040-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 444 4174
Fax: +254 20 4449 577
email: MRFnairobi@iom.int
URL : http://nairobi.iom.int
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 4
2.0 LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. 9
4.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ............................................................. 10
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 10
4.2 Background Information...................................................................................................... 13
5.0 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................... 16
5.1 Overall Objective of the Assessment ................................................................................... 16
5.1.1 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................ 16
5.1.2 Scope of the assessment............................................................................................... 16
5.2 Methodology....................................................................................................................... 16
5.3 Sampling procedures........................................................................................................... 16
5.4 Design and Implementation ................................................................................................ 17
5.4.1 Local enumerators........................................................................................................ 17
5.4.2 Field experience ........................................................................................................... 17
5.5 Data Processing and Analysis............................................................................................... 17
5.6 Limitations of the Assessment ............................................................................................. 18
6.0 FINDINGS OF THE ASSESSMENT.............................................................................................. 18
6.1 Irregular Migration .............................................................................................................. 18
6.1.1 Key drivers.................................................................................................................... 18
6.1.2 Irregular Migration Destinations ................................................................................... 19
6.1.3 Travel Documents......................................................................................................... 19
6.1.4 Beneficiaries and Costs Involved................................................................................... 20
6.1.5 Mode of Transport and Routes ..................................................................................... 21
6.1.6 Those Targeted for Irregular Migration......................................................................... 21
6.1.7 Effects of Irregular Migration........................................................................................ 22
6.1.8 Counter-Smuggling and Trafficking Strategies............................................................... 23
7.0 PROFILE OF PASTORALIST DROP-OUTS................................................................................... 24
7.1 Demographic factors ........................................................................................................... 24
7.2 Cases of irregular migration................................................................................................. 24
7.3 Socio-economic aspects ...................................................................................................... 25
7.4 Agro-pastoralism ................................................................................................................. 26
7.5 Access to education............................................................................................................. 26
8.1 Indigenous Technical Skills (ITK) .......................................................................................... 28
9.0 INDICATORS OF VULNERABILITY............................................................................................. 28
10.0 PRIORITIZED ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS............................................................................. 29
10.1 Agro-pastoralism and business related alternatives........................................................... 30
10.2 Potential and Existing Small Business Ventures ................................................................. 31
10.2.1 The Existing Potential within Garissa........................................................................... 31
10.3 Gender Dimension in Promoting Micro-enterprise ............................................................ 32
10.4 Skill Gaps ........................................................................................................................... 33
10.5 Training Support Required................................................................................................. 34
10.6 Local Contribution ............................................................................................................. 34
10.7 The Proposed Cultural Centre............................................................................................ 35
10.7.1 Recommended Model ................................................................................................ 35
10.8 Core Activities of the Proposed Complex ........................................................................... 36
make traditional ornaments and 12 per cent would like to build traditional houses. However, the
respondents felt that they would be successful with financial and marketing support. On agropastoralism, the survey found out that 39 per cent of the respondents do not own any livestock. Of
the 61 per cent who owned livestock, majority owned cattle, sheep and goats.
Access to education: the assessment established that 88 per cent of the respondents had never
attended school, 9 per cent and 2 per cent had attained education up to primary and secondary
levels respectively. Analysis further shows that of those who are self employed, 92 per cent of those
who are not involved in any source of income generating activity had never attained any education.
Sources of livelihood
Casual labour: on a day-to-day basis, the pastoralist drop-outs rely on performing odd jobs or casual
work to earn some little income for purchasing food for survival. The men, women and youth are all
involved in different forms of casual labour. Such work involves provision of unskilled labour by men
within construction sites in Garissa town. They also provide manual labour on the farms which are
found within the riverine area of Garissa along the Tana River while other men also work as
watchmen, guarding various premises within Garissa.
Small business ventures: in terms of small business enterprises, a few pastoralist drop-outs are
engaged in running kiosks (small shops) which sell foodstuffs, tea, textiles and refreshments. These
kinds of business require approximately a bare minimum of Ksh. 2,000/= for one to establish.
Women are involved in merry-go-round as an income generating activity, which is locally referred to
as ayuta.
Relief and other dependant support: pastoralist drop-outs depend on occasional relief supplies from
the World Food Program (WFP) which is channelled through the Government of Kenya (GOK) and
other Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Some support from NGOs is in the form of Food for
Work (FFW). In addition, these people also get support from local relatives and friends within the
bullas and in the neighbourhood as well as remittances (for a few) from their relatives in the
Diaspora.
Indicators of Vulnerability
To a large extent, there were several indicators of vulnerability amongst the pastoralist drop-outs.
These included the following:
Access to water: virtually all pastoralist drop-out households have no access to water. Based on the
monthly rates paid for water, the average cost of one 20 litre jerrican of water goes for
approximately Ksh. 200/=. The people in the bullas mainly depend on neighbours to receive water
for domestic use. A few who can afford buy the same from mobile water vendors.
Food insecurity: access to food mainly stands at one meal in a day or nothing at all. The meals are
carbohydrate-based such as boiled maize or porridge.
No access to security: pastoralist drop-outs in the bullas have least access to security. There are
increasing incidents of extortion and theft. The insecurity situation is further exacerbated by a high
influx of irregular and regular refugee arrivals from Somalia in addition to those making their way
out of the Dadaab Refugee camp.
Very limited access to education: the immediate concern of pastoralist drop-outs is survival, but not
education. They cannot afford to put their children in school. Despite the fact that there is Free
Primary Education (FPE) and the school feeding program, the children of pastoralist drop-outs do
not attend school; instead, they carry out manual labour and other odd jobs to help their families
survive. For instance, even if the slightly older children do not go out to work and bring in one
square meal, they look after their younger siblings as their parents go out to work.
Housing structures: most structures of pastoralist drop-outs are either temporary or makeshift. The
temporary structures are constructed using makuti (unique type of grass) thatching and local poles
and sisal. These temporary shelters are known as herios in local parlance while other type are
makeshift ones that are done using banana leaves, polythene papers and carton boxes. It goes
without saying that these housing structures have no electric power at all.
Debilitating unemployment: with inadequate skills and limited schooling, where the youth hardly
transit beyond primary schooling, unemployment is a severe problem. Besides, there are scanty and
far flung institutions for post-primary training and skill development. Coupled with limited
employment opportunities within Garissa, the youth unemployment situation is even further
complicated.
Lack of livestock: pastoralist drop-outs are characterized by one common denominator i.e. that they
all lost their livestock which is the backbone of their nomadic pastoralist economy. Without
livestock, these households have no milk, meat and several other livestock by-products as well as
income accruing from the same.
Scanty health and poor or non-existent sanitation facilities: sanitation facilities are scanty especially
in the absence of running water. Most areas within the bullas do not have toilet facilitates and
present clear environmental sanitation hazards. In situations where a toilet is available, it is used by
many households. Most people can ill-afford the cost of Medicare. The bullas also lack means of
solid and liquid waste disposal.
Recommendations
Prioritized alternative livelihoods: this assessment recommended a number of interventions.
Pastoralist drop-outs need to be supported to develop alternative means of livelihood. This may
take many forms and interventions, but the bottom-line is that such interventions need to focus on
diversified forms of agro-pastoralism and micro-enterprise development. These interventions
therefore go beyond pastoralism in that they need to involve diversification into livelihoods that are
not completely alien to their lifestyles. Agro-pastoralism and business initiatives may involve
formation of groups which may bring together between 20 30 households. These groups can be
supported to undertake a variety of socio-economic activities, which include:
Production of high yielding and value addition horticultural produce such as mangoes,
bananas, water and sweet melons, capsicum, onions, tomatoes and paw paws. These are
produce that will fetch higher incomes within Garissa and the neighbouring external
markets through semi and full processing of some of the produce. Examples of this
phenomenon include the production of juices and jams.
Production of food crops such as maize, sorghum and rice. Some of these food crops can be
produced through limited irrigation, given the fact that the long term irrigation is extremely
expensive.
Undertaking value addition through semi and full processing as well as the production of
mango, mango juice, paw paws, pawpaw juice, tomatoes, tomato juice, yoghurt, ghee and
preservation of meat. Other items that can also be processed locally are milk and honey. In
interviews with the District Development Officer, it was noted that the government through
the Ministry of Livestock Development had supported the formation of women groups
(though not necessarily from pastoralist drop-outs) to undertake dairy and bee-keeping
projects. The women were piloting these twin projects along the riverine areas of the Tana
River.
The women are producing milk from dairy goats (introduced in the area from Mukurwe-ini in
Central Province) and were also harvesting the honey as intermediate outcomes. The
advantage for the womens initiatives is that there is a readily available market for their
produce in Garissa Town. Most of the local consumers are hotels; shops and open air
markets. However, for them to acquire more returns from their investments, they require
processing of the honey and coolers for the milk.
Promotion of fish farming along River Tana and along natural lakes such as Lake Jirey and
Lake Bodhai within Garissa.
Supporting womens groups to establish gardens and grow Aloe vera, a medicinal plant that
does very well in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) since it is drought tolerant. Through semi
and full processing of Aloe Vera, the women can be able to produce soap, juices, cosmetics
and other medicinal products. These groups can also be supported through training to start
doing semi-processing of the Aloe Vera to sell locally within Garissa and in the neighbouring
areas.
Empowering women to harness water through the development of hand dug wells,
boreholes and earth dams for improved health and sanitation. This can enable them put up
kitchen gardens and produce vegetables for household consumption and sell the surplus as
well.
Local contribution: this could be made in the form of labour. This will encompass unskilled, semiskilled and skilled labour. There is also available land, which can be used particularly for construction
of a complex, since already 10 acres were set aside for this purpose by the Garissa Municipal
Council. On the other hand, materials and equipment will include the purchase of wheelbarrows and
donkey carts for transportation of merchandise by the beneficiary pastoralist drop-outs. Others
forms of local contribution will include the purchase of water containers for fetching and vending
water.
It was noted that transport business in Garissa using handcarts, wheelbarrows and donkey carts is
one of the most lucrative micro-enterprises by ordinary folks. According to informed sources within
the town, wheelbarrows are hired out to interested users at a rate of Ksh. 200/= per wheelbarrow
per day (from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm). On the other hand, the hire of a donkey cart per day goes for
Ksh. 500/=. This means that there is very high demand for transporting merchandise within the
town, foremost of which is water. Some of the locally available materials are poles (locally known as
tirr) for building huts and houses, makuti for thatching huts and houses as well as plenty of sand,
stones and ballast for construction.
Local Contribution in Cash: the beneficiary household groups can make contributions in cash. This
can initially be pegged at 25 per cent, but with time this proportion can gradually be up-scaled with
the improved capacity of the beneficiaries as a way of building sustainability momentum.
This assessment further recommends a Multi-purpose Cultural Complex (MCC). This model as the
name implies will serve diverse purposes. The core purposes of the complex will include the ones
outlined below.
Provide a one-stop shop to showcase the material culture and artifacts of the Somali people
as lived over generations past and present. This will be done with the rationale of preserving,
protecting and using the material culture as part of societal memory.
Promote an understanding of the various genres of Somali literature and collective memory
i.e. oral literature, poetry, prose and drama. This category also includes works of art, history,
geography, social studies and environment (flora and fauna) of the people of Garissa and the
region.
Support skill development and up skilling (skill improvement) for pastoralist drop-outs
through training and refinement of competencies in various priority areas whose import is
immediate utilization of the same for economic self-development.
Initiate and nurture micro-enterprise development. This docket includes a range of small and
micro-enterprises that are based on a captive local market and evident consumer trends.
Promote recreation, relaxation and nurture creative talent. The complex will cater for
creative arts, theatre arts and inspire training for budding artistes in areas like drama and
community theatre generally. Social functions will be catered for such as weddings, parties,
conferences and training/meetings for organized groups.
Initiate, develop and market the Complex as an ecotourism destination for local and external
visitors.
Undertake effective market research and marketing of the MCC and the various goods and
services produced by different groups and segments of pastoralist drop-outs as well as other
stakeholders.
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On the overall, this assessment sought to recommend on a possible model and system for a Somali
cultural centre. The exercise, which took thirteen (13) days, was conducted between 28th September
and 10th October 2009. The assessment was preceded by preliminary meetings between the
Consultant and the IOM staff in Nairobi. Thereafter, the consultant undertook planning sessions
which included the development and pre-testing of instruments for field data collection in Nairobi
and Garissa respectively.
Facts about Garissa and Pastoralist Drop-outs
Geographical location of Garissa
Garissa Municipality is within Garissa town. The town is the administrative headquarters of Garissa
district as well as the regional capital of North Eastern Province (NEP). This district is mainly
inhabited by Muslim and nomadic pastoralists. Settlement patterns within the district tend to
concentrate around water points and urban/market centres. These are the areas where basic
services such as education, health, security and commercial activities are available. Garissa District is
one of the eleven districts in NEP. The district covers an area of 5,688.1 km2 and lies between
latitude 10 25N and 00 45 S and longitude 390 45E and 380 45E. Garissa borders Garbatula
District to the northwest, Lagdera to the north, Fafi District to the east and south and Tana River
District to the west.
Potential and population
The district has a vast agricultural potential, which has not been harnessed. It has 20,000 hectares of
agricultural land of which only 10% is being exploited, leaving 18,000 hectares unexploited. Since
1970, there have been intermittent periods of drought with return periods of 2 to 4 years. This
means that every 2 years, there is mild drought and every 4 years there is severe drought. Given the
pastoralist background, people have been depending solely on livestock and livestock products.
After the loss of livestock due to drought and insecurity, a vast majority of the people are rendered
destitute. This forced the pastoralists to migrate from the rural hinterland habits to Bullas (periurban villages) on the fringes of Garissa Municipality. Garissa Municipality has an estimated
population of 150,000 people. These figures are based on water consumption within the
municipality. The average household size in Garissa, like the rest of NEP region is of 6 persons per
household.
Pastoralist drop-outs
Basically, pastoralist drop-outs are in transit as they stay in these peri-urban villages. Their situation
is akin to people who are staying in no mans land because they do not know where they are
eventually going to end up. Their situation is therefore comparable to internally displaced persons,
who can be referred to as Internally Displaced Pastoralists (IDPs). Similarly, they are never sure
when they will get their next meal. Pastoralist drop-outs live in perpetual poverty and deprivation.
The harsh and unenviable situation in which pastoralists find themselves is partly the creation of the
Government of Kenya (GOK). Since independence to date, GOK has never developed a livestock
policy for the North Eastern Province (NEP), Garissa being part of this region, whereas 60% of the
meat produced in Kenya is from this region. For example, the larger Wajir District alone has more
than 200 Camels, thousands of cattle and goats, yet it has only one government veterinary doctor.
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Perennial challenges
Every year and particularly during the spells of severe drought, the pastoralists are not cushioned
against outright losses of livestock. In exceptional circumstances, like the case of this year, the GOK
through the Ministry of Livestock Development decided, albeit in a reactive measure, to purchase
cattle that were about to die from pastoralists at throw-away prices. Since most of the cattle
purchased were emaciated with hunger and thirst, they died in their hundreds before reaching the
slaughterhouse at Kenya Meat Commission (KMC) in Athi River. A typical manifestation of reactive
measures has been defined by the governments eagerness to wait until the situation is out of hand
for it to provide relief supplies.
Map 1: Location of Garissa in Kenya
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pastoralists, primary school enrolment within Garissa currently stands at between 28 per cent and
30 per cent. This means that between 70 per cent and 75 per cent of eligible pupils are not enrolled
in school.
Porous and un-policed border
The Kenyan border with Somalia is 900 Kilometres, and undoubtedly one of the most porous
borders in the Eastern African region. This border stretches from Kiunga along the South-western
Kenyan coast to Elwak and Border Point 1 in Mandera. The main legal entry for travellers from
Somalia is Liboi. According to informed police and civilian sources, there are a total of 20 Police at
Liboi. Incidentally, due to resource constraints, these police officers use an old Landrover with an
allocation of 50 litres of fuel per month. This limited Police presence cannot be expected to police
this vast border effectively since the police and immigration officials only man the entry and exit
points, leaving the rest of the border un-policed. With the formal closure of the border by the GOK
recently due to the Al-Shabaab threat in Somalia, the army has also been supplementing the efforts
of the police in patrols. But this has not deterred migrants from Somalia to enter Kenya irregularly.
Most of these migrants use Kenya as a transit country to other African, European, Middle East and
North American destinations.
According to accounts of key informants, NEP has a population of 1.5 million people and it is
currently hosting approximately 300,000 registered refugees. The influx of refugees is increasing at a
rate of 6,000 per month due to continued instability in Somalia. These figures exclude all refugees
who come in large numbers through irregular migration. If the inflow of refugees increases at this
rate, there is likelihood that in the very near future, the population of refugees will outnumber that
of the host communities in this region.
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data. Based on this comparison, specific issues relating to the objectives of the assessment emerged
to inform the findings contained in this report.
5.6 Limitations of the Assessment
The orientation of this assessment was meant to be a rapid survey. As such the time allocated was
manifestly inadequate in allowing for more in-depth analysis of issues with diverse stakeholders. For
instance, with more time it would have been possible to conduct more FGDs with stakeholders who
were not reached due to time limitations. Moreover, it would have been desirable to carry out
mobility mapping and analysis with selected key informants, but due to time constraints, this was
not done.
To some limited extent, some households had expectations of support from the enumerators. This
was borne out of the fact that there seemed to be a trend from previous studies done by other
organizations to provide some relief to respondents. To cope with these demands, enumerators
took time to explain the purpose of the rapid assessment and how the results would be utilized,
which seemed satisfactory to those interviewed at household level. On the overall, these limitations
did not have any considerable effect on the quality of data obtained as well as the findings of this
assessment.
6.0 FINDINGS OF THE ASSESSMENT
6.1 Irregular Migration
6.1.1 Key drivers
Lure of greener pastures elsewhere
This condition emanates from the challenges of grinding poverty, psychosocial stress and
deprivation of basic needs. In addition, it also includes the better life syndrome where they are
lured to make quick money and come back to the community as investors as has been witnessed in
some situations. For instance, some youth abandoned school, went to the big towns and struck it
rich and returned with lots of cash and sleek cars. This prospect has even lured people out of their
jobs within the civil service in Garissa; there has increasingly been a mind-set that life is better
outside. A case was recounted of one man who sold his house and moved to Kilifi at the Kenyan
Coast to invest the money for quick returns. In the event though, he was duped into a con scheme
and he lost all the money. Eventually, he came back to Garissa to a life of misery, where he is now
living in lowly rental premises.
Instability in neighbouring Somalia
The protracted instability in Somalia has largely contributed to irregular migration within the area
through human smuggling and trafficking. There were allegations within Garissa that some
unemployed youths were being recruited to fight alongside the Transitional Federal Government
(TFG) forces in Somalia, which are battling the insurgency by the Al-Shabaab opposition army.
Similarly, some people from Somalia are also using local contacts either in the Dadaab Refugee
Camp or within Garissa to arrange for their smuggling through Garissa either to Nairobi or through
Nairobi to the outside world.
High unemployment rates
The unemployment rate among Somali youth is high with no hope of immediate restoration soon.
Not only are they not employed but most of them are not employable because they lack the
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requisite educational qualifications and experience. This further depicts that most of the youth are
either school drop-outs or non-literate who never enrolled in any formal school but on the other
hand had an opportunity to attend the Muslim Madrassa or religious classes. Consequently, they
suffer from psychological stress and depression and are more vulnerable to socially deviant
behaviour such as alcohol and substance abuse. Moreover, they can easily be misused by
unscrupulous politicians and business people to run for them illicit businesses, which include
smuggling willing migrants and being victims of the same practice.
6.1.2 Irregular Migration Destinations
Eastleigh, Nairobi
There are illegal migrants who originate from Garissa or transit through Garissa from other parts of
North Eastern Province such as Dadaab Refugee Camp or from Southern Somalia. This is usually a
destination or transit area for the migrants depending on where their journey is destined. While at
Eastleigh falsified travel documents and are prepared for onward travel outside Kenya.
Other African Destinations
Most of the people who are smuggled and trafficked through Eastleigh in Nairobi end up in other
African destinations. These destinations are mainly in Southern Africa, specifically in South Africa
and Botswana. According to one key informant, there are currently 1,500 young men from Ijara
District (neighbouring Garissa) aged between 18-40 years who are in South Africa. These young
people moved there (often irregularly) between 1997 and 2009.
European and North American Destinations
The most attractive destinations in Europe are Britain and Denmark. These destinations are
preferred because they are assumed to pay more in welfare for unemployed migrants and their
spouses. Principal destinations in North America are the United States (US) and Canada.
6.1.3 Travel Documents
Travel documents used by those involved in smuggling and trafficking were obtained through a
variety of illegal means. Most of the documents used by irregular migrants were either rented or
falsified. In a few cases, the people who were willing to be smuggled used genuine documents. Most
of the non-Kenya Somalis used their accomplices within Dadaab and Garissa to rent identity cards
belonging local people at a fee. Those who were facilitating smuggling and trafficking connived with
corrupt officials to get unclaimed or lost identity cards. They removed the photographs of the
genuine card holders and replaced the same with those of individuals whose travel they wanted to
facilitate.
Most of passports used are forged through organized syndicates of con schemes in Eastleigh.
Interestingly, as long as one is able and willing to pay, the passports for all desired third world
countries are readily available. Within most areas of North Eastern Province (with specific reference
to Garissa, Mandera and Liboi, a Senior Police Officer indicated that the loss of Kenyan Identity cards
is one of the highest reported cases and seems to increase by the day. He said that on average
about 20 identity cards are reported lost daily for which police issue abstracts. His informed opinion
was that these identity cards are either lost (i.e. stolen in order to be used by smugglers and
traffickers) or they are willingly sold for a handsome fee by the owners.
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only Ksh. 40,000 to get a Kenyan passport and USD 4,000 to get a passport for any other country of
ones choice.
Reported cases of forgeries included identification cards and degrees from universities of ones
choice. It was explained by key informants that degrees from a Somali university forged, one only
required USD 200, while Indian university degrees go for USD 1,000, while those from Kenyan
universities may require a higher amount of money. However, it needs again to be noted that
masters degrees require more cash than bachelors degrees in order to effect the forgeries.
Besides, the choice of degree (in terms of the field of specialization) has a bearing on the amount of
money required.
6.1.5 Mode of Transport and Routes
Mode of transport
There are several vested interests as well as stakeholders in smuggling and trafficking of people
within and across Kenyas borders. The means of transport used include private vehicles, taxis and
buses as well as boats. The latter are mainly used to navigate across River Tana as a means of
evading official Kenya Police checkpoints. In other circumstances, lorries (which normally ferry
transit goods or livestock) are used to transport persons being smuggled.
Common routes used
Commonly used routes for smuggling and trafficking within and out of the country are detailed
below. Note that these are not necessarily the only routes as new ones are bound to emerge as the
smugglers and traffickers become more sophisticated to avoid detection by the security forces and
immigration officials as well as other related agencies such as IOM. The table below illustrates some
of common routes.
Table 1: Transit routes and destinations
Origin
Southern Somalia
Garissa, crossing R. Tana by
canoe
Garissa
Dadaab Refugee Camp
Ijara
Mogadishu
Garissa
Liboi
Liboi
Mandera
Fafi
Moyale
Transit points
Liboi, Fafi
Madogo, Bangali, and Mwingi
Destination
Garissa
Nairobi
Wajir
Ijara
Nairobi, Dar Esalaam, Maputo
Liboi, Garissa, Nairobi
Nairobi, Sudan and Libya
Dadaab and Garissa
Dadaab, Modogashe, Isiolo,
Nanyuki, Nyahururu and Nakuru
Wajir, Modogashe and Isiolo
Ijara, Garsen,and Mombasa
Marsabit, Isiolo and Nanyuki
Kismayu
Mombasa
South Africa
South Africa
Malta and Italy
Nairobi, USA, Canada
Nairobi, Britain
Nairobi, Denmark
Nairobi, Botswana
Nairobi, Botswana
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youth and children. But in most cases it is the youth (employed or unemployed) who either seek to
move in search of greener pastures or are targeted by traffickers.
Cases were recounted of girls who were lured from Garissa to Eastleigh into sex tourism. What was
interesting about such cases was that the purported suitors come from the diaspora and formally
negotiate with the parents to marry the girls. When consent is given they whisk away the girls
presumably to Nairobi en-route to their countries of residence but the unsuspecting girls are
abandoned after staying with their suitors for a couple of months in the country. Some end up
getting pregnant and are left with the burden of raising the babies alone. Others become too
embarrassed to go back to their homes in Garissa and slide into prostitution. A few who go back to
Garissa end up working as house servants within the town.
6.1.7 Effects of Irregular Migration
Police harassment
Increased police harassment of the local people on suspicion that they are either not genuine
Kenyan Somalis or that they could be harbouring illegal aliens. Due to these suspicions, there are
several barriers and checkpoints which make travelling laborious and cumbersome.
Rising cost of living and consumer index
The cost of renting houses, business premises, public transport, food and fuel within and outside
Garissa has been steadily rising due to the influx of a lot of money that is partly attributed to inflows
from local investors who are in the diaspora and also from cash related to proceeds from human
smuggling. Similarly, the purchase price of land and plots within and on the outskirts of Garissa
municipality has been on a steady rise. According to one key informant, Garissa is the fastest
growing town. This is the only town where development has overtaken planning.
Bureaucracy in acquiring identity documents
Due to the abuse of identity documents such as national identity cards and passports through
rentals, thefts and forgeries to facilitate illegal migration, it is now extremely difficult to acquire
these documents. The process is quite bureaucratic and tortuous as applicants have to go through a
time-consuming vetting process.
School drop-outs
Most school going children and youths left school due to a number of factors. Some of the main
reasons include extreme poverty at household level and the others are the lure of greener pastures
and the allure of marriages (mainly through human smuggling and trafficking).
Family break-ups
Some young people, as young as 18 or 19 years want to migrate. Incidentally, these young people
are the ones that pastoralist drop-out families are depending upon to do some odd jobs in order for
them to earn a living. In other situations breadwinners are lured by quick money to the extent that
men abandon their families and jobs in search of better livelihoods. This leads to severe family
constraints and eventual break-ups. In related situations the inability for men to fend for their
families are becoming a source of stress and divorce within the family unit.
Increasing incidents of theft and banditry
Pastoralist men and youths are also resorting to thefts and banditry as a way of earning a living.
These tendencies are also manifested in assaults on victims from whom they extort money. Others
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also resort to livestock thefts or rustling. The escalating rate of crime in Garissa Town and within
Eastleigh in Nairobi, according to those interviewed, has a direct relationship to irregular migration.
Increase in prostitution, substance and dug abuse
The youth are gradually taking to the use of drugs and substances as a way of coping with the harsh
economic and social environment. There is also a notable rise in prostitution amongst the youth and
adults within and outside Garissa.
6.1.8 Counter-Smuggling and Trafficking Strategies
Awareness creation
Create awareness on smuggling and trafficking in general and their consequences through
information and experience sharing. Effective and powerful case studies and case stories need to be
used for this purpose.
Lobbying for effective policy change and legislation
Lobby and advocate for tough legislation against intra and transnational smuggling and human
trafficking including confiscation of ill-gotten wealth (all moveable and immoveable assets) accruing
from these illicit practices. Such legislation needs to be preceded by serious policy review that will
seek to strengthen and ensure well coordinated cooperation and collaboration between the various
arms of government and non governmental agencies that are dealing with the issue of unprocedural migration within, into and out of the country.
In addition, effective legislation to put in place as deterrent measures aimed at dealing head-on with
corruption that has apparently abetted the twin practices of human smuggling and trafficking.
Furthermore, hotels, lodges and restaurants as well as other resorts that are known (by fact and
evidence) to harbour smugglers and traffickers should have their trading licenses revoked by
housing and rent tribunal altogether.
Fool-proof computerization of identification documents
There will be need to review the existing loopholes in the issuance of identification and travel
documents including identity cards and passports. This will ensure that these documents cannot be
susceptible to forgeries and counterfeiting by racketeers. Some of these measures have been
mooted by the government. However, not much has been done beyond the expression of intent.
Youth enterprise creation
The youth need to be more gainfully engaged. This can be done by opening up capacity building and
skill upgrading opportunities in various priority areas in order for them to create alternative sources
of livelihoods. For instance, they could be trained in various crafts and trades within Garissa in
institutions such as the Garissa Agricultural Training Centre (ATC). Areas of particular importance are
entrepreneurship development, Motor Vehicle Mechanics (MVM), processing of agricultural and
livestock products, tailoring and dress making among others.
Use of the Barefoot Initiative
This is an education and training initiative that borrows from a college in India known as Barefoot
College, which focuses on training people who have failed in making it through the educational
system. Those who passed or made it through schooling do not qualify for entry and training. This
initiative can be used as a panacea for pastoralist youth drop-outs within Garissa. For instance,
Garissa ATC can be supported to expand its facilities and curriculum orientation in order to cater for
23
such unemployed youths who dropped out of school. However, effective Training Needs
Assessment (TNA) will have to be undertaken to determine the type, scope and extent of training
required as well as the requisite duration for such training courses. An alternative to this approach
is making such training part of the Multi-purpose Cultural Complex. This approach, according to
Engineer Osman Ahmed (NWSB), will salvage people who have fallen through the cracks of life.
7.0 PROFILE OF PASTORALIST DROP-OUTS
7.1 Demographic factors
Analysis results show that 64 per cent of the respondents were between the age group of 20-40,
while 24 per cent were in the 41-60 age group. Further analysis shows that 69 per cent of the
respondents were married, 14 per cent single, 12 per cent widows and 2 per cent widowers and
those in other categories were divorcees.
In relation to gender of the respondents, a majority of those interviewed were female, who
represented a proportion of 58 per cent, while 42 per cent were male. In relation to marital status,
the results are summarized below:
Figure 1 Marital status of study respondents
Of the 90 per cent who arrived with members of their household, 40 per cent have since moved
with majority leaving to search for greener pastures or employment.
Migration is known to increase vulnerability of immigrants and this alternatively affects their mode
of livelihoods. Results show that 33 per cent of the respondents have lost their livestock and 13 per
cent have lost a family member. This in turn has affected their ability to earn a living and in turn
made them to rely on other coping mechanisms. For instance, 57 per cent of the respondents
depend on local relatives for survival. .
7.3 Socio-economic aspects
Results show that the respondents face problems of inadequate food, insufficient water supply and
availability as well as poor access to healthcare, all which are directly affected by low income. As a
result of this, pastoralist drop-outs mainly depend on relatives and support from relief agencies to
help meet the survival gap. Other sources of income are self employment (mainly doing odd jobs)
with 64 per cent of the respondents being involved in manual work.
Other factors that assessed the socio-economic aspects were structures of the houses and latrines.
Results show that 40 per cent had semi permanent structures and 32 per cent were prefabricated
carton boxes. A proportion of 56 per cent of the pastoralist drop-outs did not have access to any pit
latrine, while only 22 per cent who had access to pit latrines reported that those latrines were semi
permanent.
Statistics further show that 4 per cent of the respondents have had professional trainings such as
driving, weaving, sewing and hair dressing. These respondents have had these trainings for less than
5 years. Concerning types of businesses run within the bullas inhabited by pastoralist drop-outs, 12
per cent run tea shops. 7 per cent hawk and 9 per cent run other types of businesses. Results
further show that 59 per cent of the respondents have not had any business experience. Goods and
services that the respondents felt they could provide are summarized below in the pie chart below.
Figure 2: Goods and services respondents felt they can provide (n=100)
25
In relation to specific garments or cultural items, 23 per cent felt they could weave, 13 per cent
would like to make traditional ornaments and 12 per cent would like to build traditional houses.
However, the respondents felt that they would be successful with financial and marketing support.
Of the respondents who reported owning land, 70 per cent own between one and three acres of
land and 27 per cent do not own any land whereas only 6 per cent of the land owned had been
utilized.
7.4 Agro-pastoralism
Study found out that 39 per cent of the respondents do not own any livestock. Of the 61 per cent
who owned livestock, majority owned cattle, sheep and goats as summarized below
Figure 3 results showing livestocks owned
26
labour to help in transporting animals of livestock traders from one point to another. Girls become
engaged as house servants in Garissa town.
Small business ventures
In terms of small business enterprises, a few pastoralist drop-outs are engaged in running kiosks
which sell foodstuffs, tea, textiles and refreshments. These kinds of business require approximately
a bare minimum of Ksh. 2,000/= for one to establish. Women are involved in merry-go-round as an
income generating activity, which is locally referred to as ayuta. There are also small livestock
businesses involved in selling sheep and goats to butchery owners and to those who organizing
ceremonies and other social occasions. Small scale business-women also sell fish and miraa or khat
(a leafy stimulant).
Table 2 below shows some of the informal and micro-enterprise activities pastoralist drop-outs are
undertaking in order to earn some meagre income for survival. Note that the Income Generating
Activities (IGAs) outlined in the table are gender specific for different segments of pastoralist dropouts.
Table 2: Informal micro-enterprises for pastoralist drop-outs
27
28
provide manual labour and other odd jobs to help their families survive. For instance, even if the
slightly older children do not go out to work and bring in one square meal, they look after their
younger siblings as their parents do so. Besides FPE is not strictly free as the parents are required to
buy uniforms and pay a few miscellaneous charges like activity levy which most parents cannot
afford. For the few who access education, they hardly go beyond primary school due to poor
performance, completion and transition rates. Note that most again cannot afford the fees for
secondary and post-secondary schooling.
The state of primary schools within the Garissa Municipality is also far from adequate. A few District
Education Board (DEB) schools in the municipality are grossly wanting in terms of facilities and
personnel. Some schools have up to 5 classes only and are served by one teacher. In these schools,
the pupils learn sitting on the floor. For this reason, some schools within Garissa are only feeder
schools. This means they educate pupils up to intermediate level so that those doing well can join
extremely few available boarding schools. Moreover, the parents who are slightly better endowed
give priority for schooling to boys rather than girls for socio-cultural reasons. According to the Kenya
Demographic Health Survey-KDHS (2003), 94% of women in NEP are functionally illiterate.
Therefore, they dont provide effective role models to their children in general and girls in particular
to access education.
Housing structures
Most structures of pastoralist drop-outs are either temporary or makeshift. The temporary
structures are constructed using makuti thatching and local poles and sisal. These temporary
shelters are known as herios in local parlance while other type are makeshift ones that are done
using banana leaves, polythene papers and carton boxes. It goes without saying that these housing
structures have no electric power at all.
Debilitating unemployment
With inadequate skills and limited schooling, where the youth hardly transit beyond primary
schooling, unemployment is a severe problem. Besides, there are scanty and far flung institutions
for post-primary training and skill development. Coupled with limited employment opportunities
within Garissa, the youth unemployment situation is even further complicated.
Lack of livestock
Pastoralist drop-outs are characterized by one common denominator i.e. that they all lost their
livestock which is the backbone of their nomadic pastoralist economy. Without livestock, these
households have no milk, meat and several other livestock by-products as well as income accruing
from the same.
Scanty health and poor or non-existent sanitation facilities
Sanitation facilities are scanty especially in the absence of running water. Most areas within the
bullas do not have toilet facilitates and present clear environmental sanitation hazards. In situations
where a toilet is available, it is used by many households. Most people can ill-afford the cost of
Medicare. The bullas also lack means of solid and liquid waste disposal.
10.0 PRIORITIZED ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS
Pastoralist drop-outs need to be supported to develop alternative means of livelihood. This may
take many forms and interventions, but the bottom-line is that such interventions need to focus on
diversified forms of agro-pastoralism and micro-enterprise development. These interventions
29
therefore go beyond pastoralism in that they need to involve diversification into livelihoods that are
not completely alien to their lifestyles. Agro-pastoralism and business initiatives may involve
formation of groups which may bring together between 20 30 households. These groups can be
supported to undertake a variety of socio-economic activities, which include:
10.1 Agro-pastoralism and business related alternatives
Production of high yielding and value addition horticultural produce such as mangoes,
bananas, water and sweet melons, capsicum, onions, tomatoes and paw paws. These are
produce that will fetch higher incomes within Garissa and the neighbouring external
markets through semi and full processing of some of the produce. Examples of this
phenomenon include the production of juices and jams. Besides, food crops such as maize,
sorghum and rice can be produced.
Some of these food crops can be produced through limited irrigation, given the fact that
the long term irrigation is extremely expensive. These are not just possibilities, but
realities. Already, the Ministry of Agriculture in liaison with Livestock development is
supporting some organized groups along the Tana River to produce some of these food
crops. In addition, the availability of fruits in this area makes it possible (with limited
technology and financial inputs, to produce fruit jams, which have a ready market.
Undertaking value addition through semi and full processing as well as the production of
mango, mango juice, paw paws, pawpaw juice, tomatoes, tomato juice, yoghurt, ghee and
preservation of meat. Other items that can also be processed locally are milk and honey. In
interviews with the District Development Officer, it was noted that the government
through the Ministry of Livestock Development had supported the formation of women
groups (though not necessarily from pastoralist drop-outs) to undertake dairy and beekeeping projects. The women were piloting these twin projects along the riverine areas of
the Tana River.
The women are producing milk from dairy goats (introduced in the area from Mukurwe-ini
in Central Province) and were also harvesting the honey as intermediate outcomes. The
dairy goats that were introduced from Mukurwe-ini through the facilitation of the Ministry
of Livestock development have so far adapted very well to the environment of Garissa.
Honey harvesting is also increasing taking shape as an income generating activity. The
advantage for these womens initiatives is that there is a readily available market for their
produce in Garissa Town. Most of the local consumers are hotels; shops and open air
markets. However, for them to acquire more returns from their investments, they require
processing of the honey and coolers for the milk.
Promote fish farming along River Tana and along natural lakes such as Lake Jirey and Lake
Bodhai within Garissa.
Support womens groups to establish gardens and grow Aloe vera, a medicinal plant that
does very well in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) since it is drought tolerant. Through semi
and full processing of Aloe Vera, the women can be able to produce soap, juices, cosmetics
and other medicinal products. These groups can also be supported through training to start
doing semi-processing of the Aloe Vera to sell locally within Garissa and in the
neighbouring areas.
Empower women to harness water through the development of hand dug wells, boreholes
and earth dams for improved health and sanitation. This can enable them put up kitchen
gardens and produce vegetables for household consumption and sell the surplus as well.
30
Recreational facilities for adults, youth and children. This will include facilities such as
videos and documentaries.
31
abstract art. Somali women do weaving and they have the ability to engage in tailoring and
dressmaking using modern fabrics. The youth can engage in sign writing and general painting as well
as sculpture. If this ITK harnessed the youth (boys) can make advertising banners, billboards,
business sign posts and murals.
Women are skilful when it comes to preparation of Henna (a dye for body decoration as well as
decoration of table clothes and fabrics). Henna is normally extracted from the barks of trees, grass
and clay. It has been used for a long time by women to make artistic impressions on their bodies,
clothing and household vessels. Similarly, women also undertake pottery and embroidery where
they make pots and other water containers. Ordinarily, women form effective cultural dance
troupes to perform traditional Somali dances for purposes of relaxation and entertainment. On a
general perspective, the girls normally do most of the things that the women do, which include all
that have been alluded to above.
As far as marketing is concerned, the above products can be marketed through a variety of avenues,
given the fact that there is a readily available local demand for the products within Garissa and the
adjacent areas. The Multi-purpose Cultural Centre (MCC) is one marketing avenue, where stalls can
be set aside for marketing of these and other products. Away from the MCC, the Garissa Municipal
Council should be lobbied to provide stalls within the different areas of the town and within the
bullas for the pastoralist drop-outs to display and sell these products.
10.4 Skill Gaps
In order for livelihoods interventions to succeed, it is noted that pastoralist drop-outs have skill gaps
which need to be addressed first. These include limited production skills in a number of trades and
general limitations in marketing of their products. First and foremost, they have skill gaps in the
critical areas of relevant agro-pastoralist businesses and production procedures. Limited skills in
traditional and modern semi or full processing of horticultural products especially locally available
fruits are clearly evident amongst these people. For agro-pastoralist businesses to succeed there is
need to create awareness of agro-pastoralist approaches such as Farming as a Business (FAB).
Examples here include limitations in the production and marketing of hay and other animal feeds,
hides and skins as well as non-prescription human and veterinary drugs through the Bamako
Initiative.
Secondly, they have limited or non-existent skills in e-marketing and the general inability to venture
out into non-traditional businesses. This scenario underlines in limitations in appreciating and
utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which essentially involves the use of ebusiness to reach potential markets and market products within and outside Garissa. Coupled with
this limitation is the fact that most pastoralist drop-outs do not access Internet facilities as well as
computers. This is mainly due to their background, lifestyle and low levels of education.
Thirdly, pastoralist drop-outs lack business management skills. This is manifested both at individual
and collective levels. At best those who have been involved in some business venture only do some
hawking. These individual business ventures denies them the opportunity to undertake collective
ventures in selling and marketing including lobbying the authorities to provide for them stalls and
other amenities so that they can do more secure and decent businesses within the township. Some
of these amenities definitely include mounting of display and exhibition stands for them since they
pay taxes to the municipal council.
33
Fourthly, the pastoralist drop-outs require resource mobilization skills especially localized
fundraising skills and simplified proposal preparation techniques. These skills are crucial for ensuring
that prospective businesses start-up capital and financing. In addition to this, they have limited or
non-existent craft and trade skills such as skills in painting especially with regard to abstract and still
art for both men and women. They also require skills in tailoring and dress-making.
10.5 Training Support Required
Literacy and numeracy are extremely fundamental to the success of any improvements in livelihood
alternatives for pastoralist drop-outs. These are actually prerequisites for their effective
involvement in any business ventures of whatever sort. Since a vast majority of these people are
functionally illiterate, it is proposed that opportunities be provided for them to benefit from literacy
training packages known as Regenerated Frierian Functional Adult Literacy (RFFAL). These training
packages are tied to and closely interwoven with specific Income Generating Activities (IGA), in
which the people are involved. This means that business is not delayed as people go through the
numeracy and literacy training. On the contrary, people learn as they do business to earn their
living.
.
Other training interventions include phased training on the management of Small and Microenterprises (SME). These training interventions need to be designed and implemented based on the
existing skills amongst the pastoralist drop-outs. For instance, the people could be divided into
different cohorts. These are determined by parameters such as entry levels and experience of those
to be trained, interest in certain crafts or trades, their current business interests and what they seek
to do as fresh starters in SMEs. Resource mobilization including simplified proposal and report
writing for SME need to be done together with exchange or cross-visits and mentoring of upcoming
and successful business ventures. Skill building needs to focus on processing of agro-pastoralist
produce with emphasis on horticultural produce (i.e. semi- or full processing of available fruits) and
skills on creative local marketing and market outreach approaches.
Other non-training support
I. Provide support in the farm of seed capital for revolving loans that are la-riba (Sharia
compliant) to support small and micro-enterprise IGAs.
II. Provide initial repayable capital in the form of sewing machines and start-up fabrics for
dress making and tailoring.
10.6 Local Contribution
Labour: Local contribution can be made in the form of labour. This will encompass unskilled, semiskilled and skilled labour.
Land: There is available land, which can be used particularly for construction of a complex, since
already 10 acres were set aside for this purpose by the Garissa Municipal Council. This land was set
aside in earlier negotiations involving the Ministry Gender, Culture and Sport and Garissa Municipal
Council. The purpose of setting aside this land was to allow for the construction of a centre for
hosting cultural activities within the municipality. However, by the time this land was being set
aside, there were no immediate development plans for such a centre.
Materials and equipment: These will include the purchase of wheelbarrows and donkey carts for
transportation of merchandise by the beneficiary pastoralist drop-outs. Others forms of local
contribution will include the purchase of water containers for fetching and vending water. It needs
to be noted that transport business in Garissa using handcarts, wheelbarrows and donkey carts is
34
one of the most lucrative micro-enterprises by ordinary folks. According to informed sources within
the town, wheelbarrows are hired out to interested users at a rate of Ksh. 200/= per wheelbarrow
per day (from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm). On the other hand, the hire of a donkey cart per day goes for
Ksh. 500/=. This means that there is very high demand for transporting merchandise within the
town, foremost of which is water. Some of the locally available materials are:
Poles (locally known as tirr) for building huts and houses.
Makuti (unique type of grass) for thatching huts and houses.
Plenty of sand, stones and ballast for construction.
Local Contribution in Cash
The beneficiary household groups can make contributions in cash. This can initially be pegged at
25%, but with time this proportion can gradually be up-scaled with the improved capacity of the
beneficiaries as a way of building sustainability momentum.
10.7 The Proposed Cultural Centre
This assessment proposes the setting up of a Multi-purpose Cultural Centre (MCC). This is a
structure that serves diverse functions within a given socio-economic and cultural context. The
overriding functions of an MCC are the promotion of socio-cultural and economic initiatives of a
community or community within a given geographical area. Effective MCCs have a strong input
from the local communities, hence the fact that it enjoys the ownership, acceptance and utilization
of its core functions.
10.7.1 Recommended Model
This assessment recommends a Multi-purpose Cultural Complex (MCC). This model as the name
implies will serve diverse purposes. Th e core purposes of the complex will include the ones outlined
below.
Provide a one-stop shop to showcase the material culture and artifacts of the Somali
people as lived over generations past and present. This will be done with the rationale of
preserving, protecting and using the material culture as part of societal memory.
Promote an understanding of the various genres of Somali literature and collective memory
i.e. oral literature, poetry, prose and drama. This category also includes works of art,
history, geography, social studies and environment (flora and fauna) of the people of
Garissa and the region.
Support skill development and up skilling (skill improvement) for pastoralist drop-outs
through training and refinement of competencies in various priority areas whose import is
immediate utilization of the same for economic self-development.
Initiate and nurture micro-enterprise development. This docket includes a range of small
and micro-enterprises that are based on a captive local market and evident consumer
trends.
Promote recreation, relaxation and nurture creative talent. The complex will cater for
creative arts, theatre arts and inspire training for budding artistes in areas like drama and
community theatre generally. Social functions will be catered for such as weddings, parties,
conferences and training/meetings for organized groups.
Initiate, develop and market the Complex as an ecotourism destination for local and
external visitors.
Undertake effective market research and marketing of the MCC and the various goods and
services produced by different groups and segments of pastoralist drop-outs as well as
other stakeholders.
35
36
37
38
and mission), strategies, core values and strategic objectives as well as core sectors and activities. In
addition, this team will ensure that the relevant policies, procedures and systems that will
determine how the MCC is run are put in place. Furthermore, the MC shall be mandated to identify
and hire staff to help run the various sectors that are established.
39
11.0 ANNEXES
Annex 1: Household Survey Questionnaire
Household Code--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Location
Sub-location
District:
Day:
Month:
Year:
203
: What is your age? 1. Below 20 years, 2. 20 40 years, 3. 41 - 60 years, 4.
Above 60 years
204
: Marital status: 1. Married, 2. Single, 3. Widow, 4. Widower, 5. Other
(specify)
----------------------------Section 300: Aspects on Migration
301 When did you move here?
1.
Within the last six months 2. Six months -2 years 3. 2-4 years 4. More than 4
years.
302: How many members of the household arrived with you when you settled here?
Specify ----------------------------------303: Did some members leave this place for another town or country? 1. Yes 2. No
304: If yes, how many have left here since then? Specify -------------------------------------------305: Where did they go to?
A. Other towns in Kenya, B; Within East Africa, Within Africa, C. Middle
Europe
40
East, D.
306: For what purposes did they move? Specify-------------------------------------------------------307: How did they go? 1. By road
2. By air 3. By Sea
308: Which are some of the routes used? Specify-----------------------------------------------------309: What assistance did they get to travel to those places? (More than one response
accepted).
1. Forged documents for travelling from the hunters
2. Information by those who are already smuggled
3. Pay for the services at the end of the journey
310: Why did you migrate?
A. Desperation after all their wealth is destroyed
B. Victims are sometimes tricked and lured by false promises
C. Physically forced and threatened
D. Debt bondage and other abuse
E. Force-feeding with drugs to control their victims
F. coercive and manipulative tactics (deception, intimidation, feigned love)
G. Other attractive forces (specify----------------------------------------------------------------)
311: Who gave them the assistance?
A. Local Cartels/bought service, B. Knew government migration officials, C,
Friends who have travelled before, D. Unknown but perceived pleasant
people
312. When do they usually travel? A. In the day, B. At night, C. Any time, D. Not sure
313: List the number of household occupants below
No. 313a.Name of child
3138b.Sex
1. Male
2. Female
313d. Enrolment in
school
(e) Not enrolled
(f) Early childhood
(g) Primary school
(h) Secondary school
(i) Post-secondary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
314: Do you have any occupants in your household who are not members of the
nuclear family?
1. Yes, 2. No
315: If yes, give reasons for supporting them.
1. Lack parental support, 2. Lack shelter, 3. Lack food, 4. Lack of income,
41
5. Other (specify)--------------------------------------------------------------------------316: Do you have any one in your household that enrolled in school but dropped out?
1. Yes 2. No
317: If yes, what was the reason for drop out? (List as reported)
1. No school fees, 2. School too far, 3. Got married, 4. Started small business, 5. Due to
peer pressure, 6. Unknown reason, 7. Just didnt like schooling, 8. Other (specify)-----------------------318: Is the person who dropped out of school still living in this house?
1. Yes 2. No 3. Unwilling to disclose
319: If no, where is he/she at the moment?
1. Just staying at home, 2. Migrated to town, 3. Got married, 4. Started small business,
5. Whereabouts unknown, 6. Dont know
Section 400: Socio-Economic Characteristics
401: List the main problems you experience within the household.
1. Inadequate food 2. Insufficient water 3. Poor access to healthcare 4. Low income 5:
Other (specify)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------402: What losses have you experienced since January 2008 in relation to the
following?
Loss relative to:
Human life
Livestock
Poultry
Housing
Clothing
Furniture
Food stuffs
Grazing land
Others (specify)
No
403 Have these events affected your ability to earn a living and provide for your
family? (More than one response allowed).
(a) Loss of life
(b) Loss of pastures
(c) Loss of livestock
(d) Limited access to markets
(e) Limited access to healthcare
(f) Poor health of the livestock
(g) Children dropping out of school
(h) Others (specify)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------404: How do you cope with some of these problems?
1. Support from the government. 2, Support from local relatives. 3. Relief supplies
from agencies. 4. Remittances from outside. 5. Children engaged in manual work
locally. 6. Small business
42
405 What is your source of income? (More than one response is allowed)
1. Paid employment
2. Self-employment
3. Doing manual work in the community
4. Others (specify)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------406: Other than you, who else provides support to your family? (More than one
response is allowed)
1.
Spouse, 2. Relative 3. Charitable organization, D. The government E. Others
(Specify)-----407: Observe the structure of the house and tick appropriately
1. Temporary 2. Semi-permanent. 3. Permanent 4. Prefabricated carton boxes and
paper
5. Other (specify)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------408: Observe the availability of pit latrines and tick appropriately
1. Temporary 2. Semi-permanent. 3. Permanent 4. None, 5. Prefabricated carton
boxes and paper, 6. Other (specify) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------409: Are you involved in any type of business? 1. Yes, 2. No
410: If the answer is yes, specify the type of business.
1. Tea shop 2. Water vendor 3. Mitumba business 4. Kiosk operator 5. Selling
Miraa, 6. General hawking. 7. Other (specify)----------------------------------------------411: Do you own any livestock? 1. Yes 2. No
412: If yes, how many do you own?
(a) Cattle: (i). 1 - 5. (ii). 6 10 (iii) 11 15, (iv) 16 20), (v) 21 25, (vi) 26 -30, (vii) over
31
(b) Camels (i). 1 - 5. (ii). 6 10 (iii) 11 15, (iv) 16 20), (v) 21 25, (vi) 26 -30, (vii)
over 31
(c) Sheep (i). 1 - 5. (ii). 6 10 (iii) 11 15, (iv) 16 20), (v) 21 25, (vi) 26 -30, (vii) over
31
(d) Goats (i). 1 - 5. (ii). 6 10 (iii) 11 15, (iv) 16 20), (v) 21 25, (vi) 26 -30, (vii) over
31
(e) Chicken (i). 1 - 5. (ii). 6 10 (iii) 11 15, (iv) 16 20), (v) 21 25, (vi) 26 -30, (vii)
over 31
(f) Ducks (i). 1 - 5. (ii). 6 10 (iii) 11 15, (iv) 16 20), (v) 21 25, (vi) 26 -30, (vii) over
31
(g) Others (specify)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------413: Do you own any land where you are staying at the moment? 1. Yes 2. No
414: If yes, what is the size of your land?
43
(a) Less than 1 acre (b) 1-3 acres, (c). 3.5 -6, (d) 6.5 10, 3. (e) Above 10 acres
415: How have you utilized your land (where you stay at the moment)?
Size of land owned
Size cultivated
416. If you were to be supported, what goods or services are you able to provide / sell
and earn income?
417. What special, traditional garments and culturally promoting items can you
produce for sale locally nationally and regionally?
418. What kind of support would motivate you to do the activity?
Section 500: Access to Social Amenities
501: What is your level of education?
1. Never attended school 2. Primary level. 3. Secondary level. 4. Post-secondary
502: Have you attended any professional training? 1. Yes
2. No
503: If yes, how long was the training? 1. Less than 5 years 2. 5 10 years 3. Over 10
years
504: What was the specific area of your professional training? (List as reported)
1--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------505. What is the source of the water you use for drinking? (More than one response
allowed)
1. Tap, 2. Protected well, 3. Protected borehole, 4, Protected spring, 5.
.Unprotected well, 6. Unprotected borehole, 7. Unprotected spring, 8. From
nearby river, 9. From a neighbours pan, 10. From earth pan 11. Roof catchment
when it rains, 12. Purchase from water vendors
506: How long does it take you to walk (to and from) the water source?
(a) Less than 30m minutes, (b). 30 minutes to 1 hour, (c). 1 - 2 hours, (d) 2 - 4 hours
(e) More than 4 hours
507: Do you pay for the water you use in your house for drinking? 1. Yes 2. No
508: If yes, how much do you pay per 20 litre Jerrican container in Shillings? (List as
reported)
(a) 10 - 20 (b). 21 - 30 (c). 31 - 40 (d). 41 50. (e). 51 - 65 (f). 66 75 (g). 76 85 (h). 86
-100
509: What is the size of the container you use for fetching water? (List as reported)
44
510: How many containers of water do you use per day in your house? (List as
reported)
Section 600: Health seeking behaviour
601a
Illness in the
last 2 weeks
1= Malaria
2= Diarrhoea
3= ARI
4= Typhoid
5=Brucellosis
6= None
7=Others
(specify)
601b
Where
treatment
sought
first
1= CHW
2= Private
clinic
3= Health
facility
4=
Herbalist
5= Shop
6=Prayers
7= others
(specify)
601c
How
much
were you
charged
for the
treatment
(List as
reported)
601d
What was
the
outcome
of the
treatment?
1=
recovered
2= still sick
3= on
treatment
45
601e
Has
the
illness
been
for
more
than
one
month
1= yes
2= no
601f
Nature of
care given
at home
1=
Antibiotic
2= Tepid
sponging
3=
Chloroquine
4= fansidar
5= Aspirin /
panadol
6= Herbs
7= ORS
8= others
(specify)
601g
Distance to
health
facility used
1= less than
30 min
2= 30 min
1 hour
3= more
than 1 hour
602: Do you have access to community animal health care services? 1. Yes 2. No
603: Yes, specify the following
1. Easily available, 2. Fairly available, 3. Occasionally available 4. Not available
604: How is the pricing of the animal healthcare services?
1. Easily affordable, 2. Fairly affordable, 3. Expensive, 4. Not affordable.
605: How often do you have your livestock checked/treated by a veterinarian?
1. Always, 2. Sometimes, 3. Once in a while, 4. Rarely, 5. Never
606: What do you do to relax?
1.
Sports, 2. Watch movies, 3. Sing in a club, 4. Sleep, 5. Visit friends, 6. Chew
Miraa, 7. Others (specify)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------607: How much do you pay to access the form of relaxation mentioned in No. 706?
1. Does not pay any money, 2. Less than 10 Shillings, 3. 11-30 Shillings, 4. 21-50
5. Above 50
608: How often do you utilize the form of relaxation mentioned in No. 512?
1.
Every day, 2. Weekly, 3. Monthly, 4. Others, specify--------------------------------------
46
Economic indicators
Socio-cultural indicators
47
Where people go
Destination
What kind of age group of people frequently migrates from this community?
What kind of goods and services are in high demand in this community?
Type of goods
Nature of services
Which small businesses would the local people be supported to establish in order to
reduce migration out of this community
Type of business
48
3)
4)
Who is currently targeted for human trafficking (the actual and potential preys)?
5)
What are the common destinations of human trafficking from this area?
6)
What are the common routes of human traffickers? Have trafficking routes or
methods changed in the past 12 months? For example: Do those involved come from
local community or are they external agents?
7)
How has human trafficking affected life in this area and its periphery (costs and
benefits)?
8)
Who are the main beneficiaries of this practice within these contexts?
9)
What travel and documentation strategies are being used to perpetuate human
trafficking?
10) What can be done to minimize and eventually eradicate human trafficking?
11) What economically viable options exist for engaging current or potential
traffickers away from this practice?
49
Annex 4: Bibliography
1. Garissa District Development Plan 2008 2012 (in draft form)
2.
50