Unit 6 Ict Artificial Intelligence
Unit 6 Ict Artificial Intelligence
Unit 6 Ict Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence - is branch of Science which deals with helping machines find
solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion.
- Borrowing characteristics from human intelligence.
- Then, applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly way.
What are the possible reasons why people consider Artificial Intelligence?
To simply understand human intelligence.
To have smarter programs.
To be set out to solve domain specific problems, by using algorithms.
Techniques of Artificial Intelligence
a) Knowledge Representation - These techniques that have evolved are concerned with
how we represent, manipulate, and reason with knowledge in order to solve problems.
Knowledge must be meaningfully represented so that we know how it relates back to the
real world. A knowledge representation scheme provides a mapping from features of the
world to the formal language. The formal language will just capture certain aspects of
the world, which we believe are important to our problem. (Sometimes, we may miss out
crucial aspects and so fail to solve our problem. When we talk about the semantics of
representation languages situations like manipulating formal language using a computer
to make sure that we still have meaningful expressions that can be mapped back to the
real world.
b) Search - It is another crucial general technique required when writing AI program. Often
there is no direct way to find a solution to some problems. However, generating
possibilities is next in line. Developing good ways to search through these possibilities
for a good solution is therefore vital. And here are the two major ways to search:
The Brute Force Techniques (very strong or forceful) where you generate and try
out every possible solution may work. But this technique is often very inefficient,
as there are too many possibilities to try.
While the Heuristic Techniques (it means involving /serving as an aid to
problem solving by experimental and/or trial-and-error) are often better where
you only try the options which you think (based on your current best guess) are
most likely to lead to a good.
c) Fuzzy Logic - system of logic in which statements can be true, false or any continuum of
values in between. It uses rules but assumes that conditions and conclusions of rules are
stated in an approximate (almost correct or exact: close in amount but not precise) way
without forcing people to pretend that their perceptions and beliefs are unrealistically
precise. Decision-making answers are always clouded by may be as a pretty good
guesses. In this technique, everything has a degree of certainty. This degree of certainty
has a value from 0 to 1. 0 for FALSE and 1 for TRUE. **The numbers between 0 and 1
are used to indicate what extent an answer is uncertain. While the Heuristic Techniques
are often better where you only try the options which you think (based on your current
best guess) are most likely to lead to a good solution.
d) Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction (ICAI) - It refers to the work of machines that
can tutor humans.
Uses of ICAI
For Problem Solving
Simulation
Discovering
Drill And Practice
Games
e) Computer Vision or Vision System - It includes hardware and software that permits
computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures. Visual
Recognition, It is the addition of some forms of computer intelligence and decisionmaking to digitalized visual information received from a machine sensor. Combined
Information, It is used to perform or control such operation as robotics movement,
conveyer speed, and production line quality control.
f) Machine Learning - It refers to a set of methods that attempt to teach computers solve a
problem or to support problem-solving by analyzing historical cases.
g) Handwriting Recognizers - It is supported by an expert system and neural computing
and is available in some-pen based computers. Scanners are good at reading typed or
printed material but they are not very good in handwriting recognition. Scanners can
interpret handwritten input and are subject to considerable error. Handwritten entries
input should follow very specific rules.
Application of Artificial Intelligence