Non-Binding Guide To Good Practice For Implementing Directive 2006 25 EC
Non-Binding Guide To Good Practice For Implementing Directive 2006 25 EC
Non-Binding Guide To Good Practice For Implementing Directive 2006 25 EC
This publication is supported by the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity
- PROGRESS (2007-2013).
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European Commission
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion
Unit B.3
Manuscript completed in June 2010
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information contained in this publication.
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Contents
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 How to use this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Relationship with Directive 2006/25/EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Scope of the guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Pertinent regulations and further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Official and non-official advice centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.
8.
9.
Control measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.1 Hierarchy of control measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.2 Elimination of the hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.3 Substitution by less hazardous process or equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.4 Engineering controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.4.1. Access prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.4.2. Protection by limiting operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.4.3. Emergency stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.4.4. Interlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.4.5. Filters and viewing windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.4.6. Alignment aides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.5 Administrative measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.5.1. Local rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.5.2. Controlled area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.5.3. Safety signs and notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.5.4. Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.5.5. Training and consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
9.5.5.1. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
9.5.5.2. Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
9.6 Personal protective equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.6.1. Protection against other hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.6.2. Eye protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.6.3. Skin protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.7 Further useful information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.7.1. Basic standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.7.2. Standards by type of product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.7.3. Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.7.4. Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.7.5. Intense light sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
C.1.4.
C.1.5.
C.1.6.
C.1.7.
1. Introduction
Directive 2006/25/EC (termed the Directive) covers
all artificial sources of optical radiation. Most of the
requirements of the Directive are similar to existing
requirements of, for example, the Framework Directive
89/391/EEC. Therefore, the Directive should place no
greater burden on employers than is already required
by other directives. However, since the Directive is so
all-embracing, there is a need to identify applications of
artificial optical radiation that are so insignificant with
regard to health, that no further assessment is required.
This guide is intended to give an indication of such
trivial applications, to provide guidance for a number of
other specific applications, present an assessment methodology and also, in some cases, suggest that further
assistance should be sought.
A number of industries have well-developed guidance
covering specific applications of optical radiation and
references to such sources of information are made.
Artificial optical radiation covers a very wide range of
sources that employees may be exposed to in the workplace and elsewhere. These sources will include area and
task lighting, indicator devices, many displays and other
similar sources which are essential to the well-being of
workers. Therefore, it is not reasonable to take a similar
approach to many other hazards by necessarily minimising the artificial optical radiation hazard. To do so may
increase the risk from other hazards or activities in the
workplace. A simple example of this is that turning the
lights off in an office may put everyone in the dark.
A range of artificial optical radiation sources are used as
input to manufacturing processes, for research and communication. Optical radiation also may be incidental, such as
when a material is hot and radiates optical radiation energy.
There are a number of applications of artificial optical radiation which require direct exposure of employees at levels
that may exceed the exposure limits given in the Directive.
These include some entertainment and medical applications. Such applications will need critical assessments to
ensure that the exposure limits are not exceeded.
Artificial optical radiations are separated into laser and noncoherent radiation in the Directive. This separation is only
used in this guide where there is a clear benefit in doing so.
The traditional view is that laser radiation exists as a beam of
a single wavelength. A worker can be very close to the beam
path but suffer no adverse health effects. However, if they get
directly into the beam then they may immediately exceed
the exposure limit. For non-coherent radiation, the optical
radiation is less likely to be a well collimated beam and the
level of exposure increases as the source is approached. It
could be claimed that with a laser beam, the probability of
being exposed is low, but the consequence may be severe;
for a non-coherent source, the probability of exposure may
be high, but the consequence less severe. This traditional
distinction is becoming less obvious with some evolving
optical radiation technologies.
The Directive was adopted under Article 137 of the Treaty
establishing the European Community, and this article
expressly does not prevent Member States from maintaining or introducing more stringent protective measures compatible with the Treaty.
x
If all of the sources in the workplace are included in the list of trivial sources in section 2.3,
there is no need for further action.
Where sources not listed in section 2.3 are present, risk assessment will be more complex.
The employer should additionally consider Sections 39 of this guide.
x
This should inform a decision on whether to carry out self-assessment or to seek external assistance.
The appendices contain further information which may be useful for employers
who are carrying out risk assessments themselves.
This guide aims to lead users through a logical path for assessing the risk from exposure of workers to artificial
optical radiation:
If the only sources of exposure to artificial optical radiation are trivial, no further action is required. Some employers may
wish to record that they have reviewed the sources and reached this conclusion.
If sources are not trivial or the risk is unknown, employers should follow a process to assess the risk and implement appropriate control measures, if necessary.
Chapter 3 of this guide outlines the potential health effects.
Chapter 4 describes the requirements of the Directive and the exposure limit values are presented in Chapter 5. These two
chapters therefore cover the legal requirements.
Chapter 6 contains a suggested methodology for carrying out the risk assessment. It is possible that the conclusion is that
there is no risk, so the process stops here.
Where inadequate information exists to carry out the risk assessment, it may be necessary to undertake measurements
(Chapter 7) or make use of manufacturers data (Chapter 8).
Chapter 9 covers control measures where it is necessary to reduce the risk.
Should someone get exposed to artificial optical radiation at levels in excess of the exposure limit values then Chapter 10
covers contingency plans and Chapter 11 covers health surveillance.
Introduction
The appendices provide further information for employers and others who may be involved with the risk assessment process:
A Nature of optical radiation
B Biological effects of optical radiation to the eye and the skin
C Artificial optical radiation quantities and units
D Worked examples. Some of the examples in this appendix provide the justification for specific sources being classed
as trivial.
E Requirements of other European directives
F Existing Member State legislation and guidance
G European and international standards
H Photosensitivity
I Resources
J Glossary
K Bibliography
L Text of Directive 2006/25/EC
radiation, this guide addresses Articles 4 (Determination of exposure and assessment of risk) and 5 (Provisions aimed at avoiding or reducing risks), and Annexes
I and II (Exposure limit values for non-coherent radiation
and laser radiation, respectively) of the Directive (see
Appendix L). Guidance is also provided on other articles
of the Directive.
Table 1.1 Relationship between articles of the Directive and sections of this guide
Articles of Directive
2006/25/EC
Title
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Article 5
Article 6
Article 7
Article 8
Definitions
Exposure limit values
Determination of exposure and assessment of risk
Provisions aimed at avoiding or reducing risks
Worker information and training
Consultation and participation of workers
Health surveillance
Appendix I
Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9
Chapters 7, 8, and 9
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Chapter 11
10
Such standards may be obtained from the national standardisation institutions against payment.
Further information can be obtained from the national
regulations and standards and the pertinent literature.
Appendix F contains references to individual publications by the competent Member State authorities.
However, inclusion of a publication in the appendix does
not mean that all of the contents are entirely consistent
with this guide.
2.1.2. Applications
The table below gives some idea of the sorts of uses that
different spectral regions have. It is also intended to indicate what spectral regions may be present despite their
not being needed for a particular process. The spectral
regions are described in Appendix A.
11
Wavelength region
UVC
Used for
Germicidal sterilisation
Fluorescence (laboratory)
Photolithography
UVB
Sunbeds
Phototherapy
Fluorescence (laboratory)
Photolithography
Germicidal lamps
Ink curing
Some area and task lighting
Projection lamps
Arc welding
UVA
Visible
IRA
IRB
IRC
Some of the spectral regions that are listed as adventitiously produced may only be emitted in fault conditions.
For example, certain types of floodlights are based on a high
pressure mercury discharge lamp. This produces radiation
in all spectral regions, but it is usually enclosed by an outer
envelope which prevents significant emission of UVB and
UVC. If the envelope is broken, and the lamp continued to
function, it will emit hazardous levels of UV radiation.
12
Germicidal lamps
Area and task lighting
Projection lamps
Arc welding
Sunbeds
Some heating/drying applications
Welding
Type
GAS
Laser
Helium Neon (HeNe)
Helium Cadmium (HeCd)
Argon Ion (Ar)
Krypton Ion (Kr)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen (N)
Xenon chloride (XeCl)
Krypton fluoride (KrF)
Xenon fluoride (XeF)
Argon fluoride (ArF)
Ruby
Neodymium: YAG (Nd:YAG)
SOLID STATE
FIBRE
THIN DISK
SLAB
SEMI-CONDUCTOR
LIQUID (DYE)
Principal wavelength
632.8nm
422nm
488nm, 514nm plus blue
lines
647nm plus UV,
blue and yellow
10600nm
(10.6m)
337.1nm
308nm
248nm
350nm
193nm
694.3nm
1064nm and 1319nm
532nm and 266nm
1064nm
10301120nm
1030nm
10600nm
Output
CW up to 100mW
CW up to 100mW
CW up to 20W
CW up to 10W
Pulsed or CW up to 50kW
Pulsed >40J
Pulsed up to 1J
Pulsed up to 40J
Pulsed or CW up to TW, 100W
average CW
Pulsed up to 150J
CW up to kW
CW up to 8000W
CW up to 8000W
400450nm
600900nm
11001600nm
3001800nm
11001600nm
Pulsed up to 2.5J
CW up to 5W
Further information on lasers can be found in the publications referenced in the Bibliography in Appendix K.
The following is a summary of some laser applications.
Category
Example applications
Materials processing
Optical measurement
Communications
Spectroscopy
Substance identification
Holography
Entertainment
Medical
13
14
Desktop projectors
Vehicle headlights
UVC
280315
UVB
315400
UVA
380780
Visible
7801400
IRA
derived from statistical consideration of these thresholds. Therefore, exceeding an exposure limit will not
necessarily result in an adverse health effect. The risk of
an adverse health effect will increase as exposure levels
increase above the exposure limit. The majority of effects
described below will occur, in the healthy adult working
population, at levels substantially above the limits set
in the Directive. However, persons who are abnormally
photosensitive may suffer adverse effects at levels below
the exposure limits.
Chronic effects often do not have a threshold below
which they will not occur. As such, the risk of these effects
occurring cannot be reduced to zero. The risk can be
reduced by reducing exposure and observance of
the exposure limits should reduce risks from exposure to
artificial sources of optical radiation to levels below those
which society has accepted with respect to exposures to
naturally occurring optical radiation.
14003000
IRB
Eye
Photokeratitis
Photoconjunctivitis
Photokeratitis
Photoconjunctivitis
Cataracts
Photokeratitis
Photoconjunctivitis
Cataracts
Photoretinal damage
Photoretinal damage
(Blue Light Hazard)
Retinal burn
Cataracts
Retinal burn
Cataracts
3000106
IRC
Corneal burn
Skin
Erythema
Skin cancer
Erythema
Elastosis (photoageing)
Skin cancer
Erythema
Elastosis (photoageing)
Immediate Pigment Darkening
Skin cancer
Burn
Burn
Burn
Burn
15
Comment
This is the fundamental information about the scenario considered. If the exposure
level is significantly below the exposure limit that would apply for exposure for a
complete working day (assumed to be eight hours) then no further assessment is
required unless exposure to multiple sources are a concern. See (h).
(b) the exposure limit values referred to From the information in (a) it should be possible to identify the applicable expoin Article 3 of this Directive;
sure limit values.
(c) any effects concerning the health
It is suggested that the approach should be reactive rather than proactive. There
and safety of workers belonging to
may be some workers who know that they are particularly sensitive to flickering
particularly sensitive risk groups;
light, for example. The employer should then consider whether modifications to
the work activity can be introduced.
(d) any possible effects on workers
It is suggested that employers should specifically consider the possibility of
health and safety resulting from
photosensitisation from chemical substances used in the workplace. However, as
workplace interactions between
with (c), the employer may need to react to issues raised by workers where the
optical radiation and photosensitising photosensitivity is caused by chemical substances used outside of the workplace.
chemical substances;
(e) any indirect effects such as tempoEye exposure to bright lights may be an issue for some work practices. The normal
rary blinding, explosion or fire;
aversion responses should provide a level of protection at exposure levels below
the exposure limit value. However, the employer should consider sources of artificial
optical radiation that may cause distraction, dazzle, glare and afterimages, where
such exposures could compromise the safety of the worker or others.
The optical radiation from some artificial optical radiation sources may be capable
of causing an explosion or a fire. This is particularly relevant for Class 4 lasers, but
should also be considered for other sources, especially in environments where
flammable or explosive agents may be present.
(f ) the existence of replacement equip- It is suggested that this should be considered where the exposure of workers to
ment designed to reduce the levels of
artificial optical radiation above the exposure limit values is possible.
exposure to artificial optical radiation;
16
To be considered
(g) appropriate information obtained
from health surveillance, including
published information, as far as
possible;
(h) multiple sources of exposure to
artificial optical radiation;
Comment
This information may come from within the employers organisation, from
industry representative groups or from international organisations such as the
World Health Organisation and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing
Radiation Protection.
From the information obtained in (a) and (b), it may be possible to determine the
proportion of the exposure limit that will be provided by each artificial optical radiation source. A simplified approach will be to consider this for the number of sources
that may expose workers and add the proportions. If the sum is less than one, then
the exposure limit values are unlikely to be exceeded. If the sum exceeds one then a
more detailed assessment will be required.
Class 3B and Class 4 laser products emit accessible laser radiation that could lead
to the exposure limit values being exceeded. However, under some circumstances,
lower-hazard-class lasers may also need assessment. EN 62471 assigns non-laser
artificial optical radiation sources into a different classification scheme. Risk Group
3 devices should be assessed, but consideration should also be given to the likely
exposure scenarios for lower risk groups.
Employers should request adequate information from manufacturers and
suppliers of artificial optical radiation sources and products to ensure that they
can undertake the assessments required by the Directive. It is suggested that
the availability of such information could form the basis for procurement policy.
4.6 Summary
Many of the requirements of the Directive are already
covered in other directives, particularly Directive
89/391/EEC (See Appendix E). Specific guidance on how
to comply with the articles of the Directive is provided in
chapters of this guide.
17
18
Wavelength range
(nm)
Limiting aperture
(mm)
ELV (Wm-2)
180 to 302.5
302.5 to 315
1
1
10
10
3.0
3.16 to 1000
305
308
310
312
315 to 400
400 to 450
450 to 500
500 to 700
700 to 1050
1
1
1
1
1
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
10
0.25
0.25
0.25
10
10
39.8
100
251
1000
25.4
25.4
25.4
10 to 50
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050 to 1400
1050 to 1150
1170
1190
1200 to 1400
1400 to 1500
1500 to 1800
1800 to 2600
2600 to 105
105 to 106
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12.5
15.8
19.9
25.1
31.6
39.8
50 to 400
50
114
262
400
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Maximum power
through aperture
(W)
0.000 002 4
0.000 002 5 to
0.000 79
0.000 007 9
0.000 031
0.000 079
0.000 20
0.000 79
0.000 98
0.000 98
0.000 98
0.000 39 to
0.001 9
0.000 49
0.000 61
0.000 77
0.000 97
0.001 2
0.001 5
0.001 9 to 0.015
0.001 9
0.004 4
0.010
0.015
0.009 6
0.009 6
0.009 6
0.009 6
0.095
Maximum power
through aperture
(mW)
0.002 4
0.002 5 to 0.79
0.007 9
0.031
0.079
0.20
0.79
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.39 to 1.9
0.49
0.61
0.77
0.97
1.2
1.5
1.9 to 15
1.9
4.4
10
15
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
95
19
0.1
0.01
S()
0.001
0.0001
0.0000 1
180
230
280
330
380
Wavelength (nm)
20
0,1
B()
0,01
0,001
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Wavelength (nm)
then it will not be exceeded when a more detailed assessment is carried out.
The weighting factor R() is defined between 380 and
1400nm and is plotted below.
10,00
1,00
0,10
R()
0,01
0,000
380
580
780
980
1180
1380
Wavelength (nm)
21
5.3 References
Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation
of Wavelengths Between 180nm and 400nm (Incoherent
Optical Radiation), Health Physics 87 (2): pp. 171186, 2004.
Revision of the Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Laser
radiation of wavelengths between 400 nm and 1.4 m,
Health Physics 79 (4): pp. 431440, 2000.
22
Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Broadband Incoherent Optical Radiation (0.38 to 3m), Health Physics 73
(3): pp. 539554, 1997.
Guidelines on UV Radiation Exposure Limits, Health
Physics 71 (6): p. 978, 1996.
Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Laser Radiation of
Wavelengths between 180nm and 1mm, Health Physics
71 (5): pp. 804819, 1996.
Determining the risk of exposure, i.e. how likely the exposure is, may not be straightforward. A well-collimated
laser beam can be present in the workplace and the risk
of exposure to the laser beam may be small. However,
the consequences, should an exposure take place, may
be great. In contrast, the risk of exposure to the optical
radiation from many non-coherent artificial sources may
be high, but the consequences could be low.
For most workplaces, the requirement to quantify the risk
of exposure is not justified, beyond assigning a common
sense high, medium or low probability.
Step 3
Decide on the appropriate preventive action
Record the justification for the decision
Step 2
Consider making a record of trivial sources
Record sources where a risk of exceeding the exposure
limit value exists
Make a judgement on the risk
Consider any workers who may be particularly photosensitive
Prioritise control measures for sources likely to expose
workers above the exposure limit value
Although the exposure limit values for ultraviolet radiation can be used to determine the maximum irradiance that a worker can receive over a working day, such
repeated exposures for every working day are not ideal.
24
Step 5
Decide on an appropriate routine review interval
perhaps 12 months
Ensure that reviews are carried out if the situation
changes, such as new sources are introduced, work practices change, or adverse incidents occur
6.6 References
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work:
http://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/riskassessment
25
26
Useful to remember
Hazard
Laser class
1
1M
2M
3R
3B
8.1.1.1. Class 1
Laser products that are considered safe during use, including
long-term direct intrabeam
viewing, even when using
optical viewing instruments
(eye loupes or binoculars). Users of Class 1 laser products are generally exempt from optical radiation hazard
controls during normal operation. During user maintenance or service, a higher level of radiation might become
accessible.
This class includes products that contain high-power
lasers within an enclosure that prevents human exposure
to the radiation and that cannot be opened without shutting down the laser, or require tools to gain access to the
laser beam:
Laser printer
CD and DVD players and recorders
Materials processing lasers
8.1.1.2. Class 1M
Safe for the naked eye under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation, but may be hazardous if the user employs
optics (e.g. loupes or telescopes) within the beam.
27
8.1.1.3. Class 2
Laser products that emit visible radiation and are safe for
momentary exposures, even when using optical viewing
instruments, but can be hazardous for deliberate staring
into the beam. Class 2 laser products are not inherently
safe for the eyes, but protection is assumed to be adequate
by natural aversion responses,
including head movement and
the blink reflex.
Examples: bar code scanners
8.1.1.4. Class 2M
Laser products that emit visible laser
beams and are safe for short time
exposure only for the naked eye;
possible eye injury for exposures when
using loupes or telescopes. Eye protection is normally provided by aversion
responses, including the blink reflex.
Examples: level and alignment instruments for civil
engineering applications
8.1.1.5. Class 3R
Direct intra-beam viewing is potentially hazardous but
practically the risk of injury in most cases is relatively
low for short and unintentional exposure; however, may
be dangerous for improper use by untrained persons.
The risk is limited because of natural aversion behaviour
for exposure to bright light for the case of visible radiation and by the response to heating of the cornea for far
infrared radiation.
Class 3R lasers should only be
used where direct intra-beam
viewing is unlikely.
Examples: surveying equipment,
higher power laser pointers,
alignment lasers
28
8.1.1.6. Class 3B
Hazardous for the
eyes if exposed to the
direct beam within
the nominal ocular
hazard
distance
(NOHD see 8.2.1).
Viewing diffuse reflections is normally safe, provided the
eye is no closer than 13 cm from the diffusing surface
and the exposure duration is less than 10 s. Class 3B
lasers which approach the upper limit for the class may
produce minor skin injuries or even pose a risk of igniting
flammable materials.
Examples: lasers for physiotherapy treatments; research
laboratory equipment
8.1.1.7. Class 4
Laser products for which direct viewing and skin exposure
is hazardous within the hazard distance and for which
the viewing of diffuse reflections may be hazardous.
These lasers also often represent a fire hazard.
Examples: laser projection displays, laser surgery and laser
metal cutting
Table 8.1. Summary of required controls for different laser safety classes
Class 1
Description
of hazard
class
Controlled
area
Key control
Training
PPE
Protective
measures
Class 1M
Class 2
Class 2M
Class 3R
Class 3B
Class 4
Safe for naked Safe for short Safe for naked Risk of injury Direct viewing Hazardous
eye;, may be
exposures;
eye for short
is relatively
is hazardous for eye and
hazardous
eye protecexposures,;
low, but may
skin; fire
if the user
tion is
may be
be dangerous
hazard
employs optics
afforded
hazardous
for improper
by aversion
if the user
use by
response
employs optics
untrained
persons
Not required
Localised or
Not required
Localised or
enclosed
Enclosed
Enclosed
enclosed
enclosed
and interlock
and
protected
interlock
protected
Not required Not required Not required Not required
Not required
required
required
Recommended
Follow
Recommended
Required
Required
Required
Follow
manufacmanufacturer instructurer instruction for safe
tion for safe
use
use
Not required Not required Not required Not required
May be
required
required
required
subject to the
findings of the
risk assessment
Not necesPrevent use of Do not stare
Do not stare Prevent direct Prevent eye Prevent eye
sary under
magnifying,
into the
into the beam. eye exposure
and skin
and skin
normal use
focusing or
beam
Prevent use of
exposure to
exposure
collimating
magnifying,
the beam.
from direct
optics
focusing or
Guard against and diffuse
collimating
unintentional reflection of
optics
reflections
the beam.
Safe under
reasonably
foreseeable
conditions
29
Hazard
Risk group of Broadband source
Exempt Risk group 1 Risk group 2 Risk group 3
30
Information and
training
No information needed
Information about
hazards, risks and
secondary effects to be
provided by manufacturer.
Special restrictions
Information about
and protective meas- hazards, risks and
ures essential.
secondary effects to be
provided by manufacturer. Training may be
necessary.
EB
(for <11mrad)
1mWm-2
10mWm-2
>10mWm-2
LB
(for 11mrad)
10Wm-2sr-1
100Wm-2sr-1
>100Wm-2sr-1
ER
Category
33Wm-2
100Wm-2
>100Wm-2
0
1
2
At some distance, as the laser beam diverges, the irradiance will equal the ELV for eyes. This distance is called
the Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD). At greater
distances the ELV will not be exceeded the laser beam
is considered safe beyond this distance.
32
9. Control measures
The hierarchy of control measures is based on the principle that if any hazard is identified, then this hazard must
be controlled by engineering design. Only when this is
not possible, should alternative protection be introduced.
There are very few circumstances where it is necessary to
rely on personal protective equipment and administrative procedures.
33
If access is needed, then a movable/opening guard interlocked to the process can be used.
Important
Warning lights
Audio signals
Remote
controls
Alignment aids
Attenuators
shutters
Viewing and
filtered windows
Elimination of
reflections
34
Control measures
9.4.4. Interlocks
There are many variations of interlock switches and each
design comes with its own features. It is important that
the right device be chosen for the application.
Important
Interlock should be well constructed and reliable under the foreseeable extreme conditions
Important
35
36
Control measures
Typical signs used in the work environment to advise of hazards and recommend the use of personal protective equipment
All safety signs should comply with the requirements of Safety Signs Directive (92/58/EEC).
9.5.4. Appointments
Optical radiation safety should be managed through the
same health and safety management structure as other
potentially hazardous activities. The detail of the organisational arrangements may vary according to the size and
structure of the organisation.
For many applications, the training of an expert in optical
radiation safety management may not be justified. It may
also be difficult for staff to keep up to date with optical
radiation safety if they are only required to use their skills
37
Whether the workers are required to assist with risk assessments or their review
38
9.5.5.2. Consultation
Article 7 of the Directive refers to the general requirements of Article 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC:
Control measures
Article 11
Consultation and participation of workers
1. Employers shall consult workers and/or their representatives and allow them to take part in discussions on all questions
relating to safety and health at work.
This presupposes:
the consultation of workers,
the right of workers and/or their representatives to make proposals,
balanced participation in accordance with national laws and/or practices.
2. Workers or workers representatives with specific responsibility for the safety and health of workers shall take part in a
balanced way, in accordance with national laws and/or practices, or shall be consulted in advance and in good time by
the employer with regard to:
(a) any measure which may substantially affect safety and health;
(b) the designation of workers referred to in Articles 7 (1) and 8 (2) and the activities referred to in Article 7 (1);
(c) the information referred to in Articles 9 (1) and 10;
(d) t he enlistment, where appropriate, of the competent services or persons outside the undertaking and/or establishment, as referred to in Article 7 (3);
(e) the planning and organisation of the training referred to in Article 12.
3. Workers representatives with specific responsibility for the safety and health of workers shall have the right to ask the
employer to take appropriate measures and to submit proposals to him to that end to mitigate hazards for workers and/
or to remove sources of danger.
4. The workers referred to in paragraph 2 and the workers representatives referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 may not be
placed at a disadvantage because of their respective activities referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3.
5. Employers must allow workers representatives with specific responsibility for the safety and health of workers adequate
time off work, without loss of pay, and provide them with the necessary means to enable such representatives to exercise
their rights and functions deriving from this Directive.
6. Workers and/or their representatives are entitled to appeal, in accordance with national law and/or practice, to the
authority responsible for safety and health protection at work if they consider that the measures taken and the means
employed by the employer are inadequate for the purposes of ensuring safety and health at work.
Workers representatives must be given the opportunity to submit their observations during inspection visits by the
competent authority.
IEC TR 60825-14: 2004 recommends a minimum training requirement for laser users.
EN 60825-2: 2004 specifies additional requirements for users working on optical fibre communication systems.
EN 60825-12: 2004 specifies additional requirements for users working on free-space communication systems.
CLC/TR 50448: 2005 provides a guide to levels of competency required in laser safety.
39
Heat/Cold
Harmful dust
Biological
Electrical
Function
Protective
eyewear:
safety spectacles, goggles,
face shields,
visors
Protective
clothing and
gloves
Respiratory
equipment
Ear defenders
40
Q: Luminous
transmittance?
Quality of vision?
Q: Too much
reflection?
Q: If eyewear is
powered by mains
or batteries and
power is interrupted, does it fail
to safety?
Control measures
9.7.3. Welding
EN 175: 1997 Personal protection Equipment for eye
and face protection during welding and allied processes
EN 379: 2003 Personal eye-protection Automatic
welding filters
EN 1598: 1997 Health and safety in welding and allied
processes Transparent welding curtains, strips and
screens for arc welding processes.
9.7.4. Laser
41
42
11.2 Records
Member States are responsible for establishing arrangements to ensure that individual records are made and
kept up to date. The records should contain a summary of
the results of the health surveillance carried out.
energetic the radiation is. Thus, blue light is more energetic than green light which, in turn, is more energetic
than red light. Ultraviolet radiation is more energetic than
any visible wavelength.
The wavelength of radiation also determines the degree
to which it penetrates and interacts with the body. For
example, UVA is transmitted to the retina less efficiently
than green light.
Some of the invisible portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum are included in the term optical radiation. These
are the ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions. Although
they cannot be seen (the retina doesnt have detectors
for these wavelengths) portions of these spectral regions
can penetrate the eye, to a greater or lesser degree. For
convenience, the optical radiation spectrum is divided up,
by wavelength, as follows:
UVB 280315nm
UVA 315400nm
Visible 380780nm
IRC 30001000000nm
(3m1mm)
The Directive contains exposure limits covering the
spectral region 1803 000 nm for non-coherent optical
radiation and from 180nm to 1mm for laser radiation.
45
46
appendix B
Biological effects of optical radiation on the eye and the skin
47
48
B.3.3. IRA
Effects on the skin
IRA penetrates several millimetres into tissue, that is, well
into the dermis. It can produce the same thermal effects
as visible radiation.
B.3.4. IRB
Effects on the skin
IRB penetrates less than 1mm into tissue. It can cause the
same thermal effects as visible radiation and IRA.
appendix B
Biological effects of optical radiation on the eye and the skin
B.3.5. IRC
49
C.1.2. Energy
Radiant power
50
Beam divergence
This is the angle by which a beam of optical radiation
diverges as it moves away from the source. It can be
calculated by taking the beam width at two points, and
dividing the change in width by the distance between the
points. It is measured in radians.
appendix C
Artificial optical radiation quantities & units
Irradiance
Irradiance can be thought of as the rate at which energy
arrives, per unit area, at a given location. As such, it depends
on the optical radiation power, and the area of the beam on
the surface. It is calculated by dividing the power by the
area, giving units which are some multiple of watts per
square metre (Wm-2). It is represented by the symbol E.
Radiant exposure
Radiant exposure is the amount of energy that has arrived,
per unit area, at a given location. It is calculated by multiplying the irradiance, in Wm-2, by the exposure duration,
in seconds. Its units will then be joules per square metre
(Jm-2). It is represented by the symbol H.
Radiance
Radiance is a quantity which is used to describe how
concentrated a beam of optical radiation is. It can be
calculated by dividing the irradiance at a given location
by the solid angle of the source, as seen from that location. Its units are watts per square metre per steradian
(Wm-2sr-1). It is represented by the symbol L.
C.1.7. Luminance
One example of a biologically effective quantity which
has so far gone unmentioned is luminance. Although not
used for any exposure limit, it is very useful for preliminary assessment of the potential of broadband white
light sources to cause retinal damage.
Luminance has the symbol L, and is measured in candela
per square metre (cd m-2). The biological effect which it
describes is illumination, as seen by the daylight adapted
eye, and it is related to the quantity illuminance (E, measured in lux) which is familiar to many lighting engineers.
The relationship may be described as L = E/. Given the
illuminance from a source onto a surface, the distance
to the source and the dimensions of the source,
the luminance may be easily calculated.
52
appendix D
Worked examples
Index
Wavelength, nm
Units
180400
(UVA, UVB, UVC)
Jm-2
315400
(UVA)
300700
(Blue Light)
(where 11mrad and
t10000s)
300700
(Blue Light)
(where 11mrad and
t>10000s)
Jm-2
300700
(Blue Light)
(where < 11mrad and
t10000s)
300700
(Blue Light)
(where < 11mrad and
t>10000s)
3801400
(visible and IRA)
(for t>10s )
3801400
(visible and IRA)
(for t10s to 10s)
3801400
(visible and IRA)
(for t<10s)
7801400
(IRA)
(for t>10s )
7801400
(IRA)
(for t 10 s to 10 s)
780 1400
(IRA)
(for t<10s)
7801400
(IRA, IRB)
(for t 1000 s)
7803000
(IRA, IRB)
(for t>1000s)
3803000
(visible, IRA, IRB)
Part of the
body
eye cornea
conjunctiva
lens
skin
eye lens
Hazard
Appropriateness
photokeratitis
photoconjunctivitis
cataractogenesis
erythema
elastosis
skin cancer
cataractogenesis
Wm-2sr-1
Wm-2sr-1
eye retina
photoretinitis
Wm-2
Not often, as common
sources are usually
quite large.
Wm-2
Wm-2sr-1
eye retina
retinal burn
Wm-2sr-1
Wm-2sr-1
Wm-2sr-1
Wm-2sr-1
eye retina
retinal burn
Not often, as common
sources usually emit
visible radiation which
makes limits g, h and I
more appropriate.
Wm-2sr-1
Wm-2
eye cornea
lens
corneal burn
Wm-2
Jm-2
skin
burn
Therefore, we are usually concerned to apply exposure limits a and b (if the source emits UVR), and/or limits d and g (if
the source emits visible and IRA).
53
To calculate Z:
apparent length, l, of source = actual length cos
apparent width, w, of source = actual width cos
Z is the average of l and w
Note that:
if the source is viewed perpendicularly to its
surface, cos = 1
Geometric factors
If the source emits visible and/or IRR, the appropriate
exposure limits and radiometric quantities will depend
on geometric factors which must be calculated. Some
of these factors are defined in the Directive, and others
are explained in EN 62471 (2008). If the source only emits
UVR, these factors are all irrelevant.
Preliminary assessment
54
appendix D
Worked examples
Data required
Generally speaking, it will be necessary to find data that
cover the complete spectral range of all exposure limits
which are to be applied. At worst, this would seem
to require data extending from 180nm to 1400nm.
The spectral range over which data are required can be
reduced. This is obvious when a particular exposure limit
does not apply: if a source does not emit UVR, then only
data from 400nm to 1400nm are needed.
It is also possible that a source is known to have zero emissions in a particular spectral region. For example:
LEDs often emit in a fairly narrow spread of wavelengths. If a green LED were to be assessed, it may
be sufficient to only measure from about 400nm
to about 600 nm, with data beyond this range
assumed to be zero;
sources which emit below 254nm are very rare, and
not likely to be encountered in most workplaces;
many luminaires have glass covers which will
prevent emissions below about 350nm;
apart from incandescent sources, most common
sources will have negligible IRR emissions.
In any case, once the spectral range of the data has been
decided, the data must be acquired (by measurement or
other means). The most useful data will be spectral irradiance. These data can be weighted using the functions
(S (), B (), R () and possibly V()) appropriate to the
exposure limits to be used. Weighted data should then
be summed.
Simplifying assumptions
These assumptions have been used to simplify the measurement and assessment process in the visible spectral
region. They are not necessary if the only hazard under
consideration is from UVR emissions.
Any spectral irradiance measurements must be made
with an appropriate instrument: for exposure limits
concerning the retina, the instrument must have a field
of view which is limited to specific values of , depending
55
-2
If the effective irradiance, Eeff , is expressed in W m-2, then the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) time, in seconds,
= 30Jm-2/Eeff.
If this is >8 hours, there is no risk that the exposure limit will be exceeded at distance r
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
If the effective irradiance, EUVA , is expressed in W m-2 then the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) time, in seconds,
= 104Jm-2/EUVA
If this is >8 hours, there is no risk that the exposure limit will be exceeded at distance r
Limit d
The exposure limit is 100Wm sr
-2
-1
If the effective radiance, LB, is less than the exposure limit, there is no risk that the exposure limit will be exceeded.
This applies to all distances, so long as remains the same.
Limit g
The exposure limit is 2.8 107/C. In this case, C. depends upon . The most restrictive exposure limit comes when
100mrad. In this case, C = 100mrad and the exposure limit is 280000Wm-2sr-1
If the effective radiance, LR, is less than the exposure limit, there is no risk that the exposure limit will be exceeded. This
applies to all distances, so long as remains the same.
appendix D
Worked examples
Geometric factors
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured
and is 1 477 mW m-2. This equates to an illuminance
of 1009lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 1 009/0.68 =
1484cdm-2.
No further assessment is necessary.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance Eeff <10Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 17mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 338mWm-2
Effective irradiance (thermal injury), ER = 5424mWm-2
Simplifying assumptions
Effective radiance (Blue Light), LB = 338mWm-2/0.68sr
= 0.5Wm-2sr-1
Effective
radiance
(thermal
injury),
LR
=
-2
-2 -1
5424mWm /0.68sr = 8Wm sr
Eeff <10Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 17mWm-2
Limit d
LB = 0.5Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
LR = 8Wm-2sr-1
57
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and
is 1 640 mW m-2. This equates to an illuminance of
1120lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 1 120/0.03 =
37333cdm-2.
Further assessment of retinal hazard seems to be necessary. UVR must also be assessed.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance Eeff = 600Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 120mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 561mWm-2
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
-2
Eeff = 600Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 120mWm-2
Limit d
-1
LB = 19Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
58
LR = 261Wm-2sr-1
appendix D
Worked examples
Preliminary assessment
Four 57 cm 2 cm 18 W
fluorescent general lighting lamps are mounted
in a 57cm 57cm ceiling
luminaire which incorporates reflectors behind each lamp and is open fronted.
This is very similar to the luminaire seen in example D.1.4,
except that the lamps are from a different manufacturer.
The source is not homogenous, with the four lamps being
the brightest emitters.
Radiometric data
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
Effective radiance (Blue Light), LB = 139mWm-2/0.011sr
= 13Wm-2sr-1
-2
Eeff = 1.04mWm-2
Although, in practice, continual exposure at 100cm is unlikely, this exposure must be borne in mind if other UVR sources
are present in the environment.
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 115mWm-2
Limit d
The exposure limit is 100Wm-2sr-1
LB = 13Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
LR = 183Wm-2sr-1
59
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
64mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 43lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 43/2.5 =
17cdm-2.
No further assessment is necessary.
Radiometric data
A desktop personal computer has a visual display unit incorpo-
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
Eeff = 130Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 8mWm-2
Limit d
LB = 24mWm-2sr-1
Limit g
60
LR = 286mWm-2sr-1
appendix D
Worked examples
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
134mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 92lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 92/1.7 =
54cdm-2.
No further assessment is necessary.
Radiometric data
LCD displays do not emit significant quantities of ultraviolet or infrared radiation. Any hazard will arise from exposure to visible wavelengths. Limit d applies.
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
Effective radiance (Blue Light), LB = 62mWm-2/1.7sr =
36mWm-2sr-1
Effective radiance (thermal injury), LR =
794mWm-2/1.7sr = 467mWm-2sr-1
-2
Eeff = 70Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 4mWm-2
Limit d
-1
LB = 36mWm-2sr-1
Limit g
-1
LR = 467mWm-2sr-1
61
intended. This is not the case here, and so limit d will be used
for the assessment. See note 2 to Table 1.1 in the Directive.
The source has a surface area of 0.2cm2.
Therefore = 0.00002sr.
Therefore B = 0.01sr and R = 0.0001sr.
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and
is 4 369 mW m-2. This equates to an illuminance of
2984lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 2984/0.00002 =
149000000cdm-2.
Further assessment of retinal hazard is necessary, and
potential UVR hazard remains to be assessed.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance Eeff = 110Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 915mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 2329mWm-2
Effective irradiance (thermal injury), ER = 30172mWm-2
Geometric factors
Spectral irradiance data will be measured at a distance of
100cm from the lamp, looking directly at it.
Simplifying assumptions
-2
k
k
Eeff = 110Wm-2
Limit b
EUVA = 915mWm-2
However, the intense brightness of the lamp is likely to limit each exposure episode to about 0.25 seconds.
Limit d
The exposure limit is 100Wm-2sr-1
LB = 233Wm-2sr-1
The exposure limit is exceeded
62
appendix D
Worked examples
Geometric factors
Spectral irradiance data will be measured at a distance of
100cm from the lamp, looking directly at it.
The source has an average dimension of 8cm.
Therefore = 0.08rad.
The source has a surface area of 39cm2.
Therefore = 0.0039sr.
Therefore B = 0.01sr and R = 0.0039sr.
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
366mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 250lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 250/0.0039 =
64000cdm-2.
Further assessment of retinal hazard is necessary.
A 26W compact fluorescent lamp, measuring 3 13cm is
incorporated into a luminaire which also features a crude
rear reflector and a transparent cover. It is intended to
be mounted on building parapets and to illuminate the
area below. The lamp is the strongest emitter in this nonhomogenous source.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance Eeff = 10Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 2mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 149mWm-2
Effective irradiance (thermal injury), ER = 1962mWm-2
Simplifying assumptions
Effective radiance (Blue Light), LB = 149mWm-2/0.01sr
= 15Wm-2sr-1
Effective radiance (thermal injury), LR =
1962mWm-2/0.0039sr = 503Wm-2sr-1
Eeff = 10Wm-2
Limit b
-2
EUVA = 2mWm-2
Limit d
-1
LB = 15Wm-2 sr-1
Limit g
-1
LR = 503Wm-2sr-1
63
Geometric factors
Spectral irradiance data will be measured at a distance of
100 cm from the EIK. As the EIK is wall-mounted, it will
be measured from approximately head height. Hence
the detector will be looking up at the EIK at an angle of
approx 30 from horizontal. As the lamps in the EIK are
circular in cross section, it is still possible to assume that
they are being viewed at 90 relative to their surfaces.
Each lamp has an average dimension of 13.5cm.
Therefore = 0.135rad.
Each lamp has an apparent surface area of 26cm2.
Therefore = 0.0026sr.
Therefore B = 0.01sr and R = 0.0026sr.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance Eeff= 10Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 34mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 17mWm-2 =
8.5mWm-2 per lamp
Simplifying assumptions
Effective radiance (Blue Light), LB = 8.5mWm-2/0.01sr
= 0.85Wm-2sr-1
Effective radiance (thermal injury), LR =
86mWm-2/0.0026sr = 33Wm-2sr-1
Eeff = 10Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 10 Jm
4
-2
EUVA = 34mWm-2
Limit d
-1
LB = 0.85Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
64
-1
LR = 33Wm-2sr-1
appendix D
Worked examples
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
484mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 331lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 331/0.001 =
331000cdm-2.
Further assessment of retinal hazard is necessary.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
A ceiling-mounted spotlight incorporates a 50W tungsten
halogen lamp in a sealed luminaire with a dichroic reflector
and a glass front cover. The sealed luminaire has a diameter
of 4cm. When lit, the source appears homogenous.
Simplifying assumptions
Geometric factors
-2
Eeff = 30Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 12mWm-2
Limit d
LB = 12.9Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
LR = 2998Wm-2 sr-1
65
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
522mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 357lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 357/0.006 =
37188cdm-2.
Further assessment of retinal hazard is necessary.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff = 50Wm-2
Simplifying assumptions
Geometric factors
Spectral irradiance data will be measured at a distance of
50cm from the lamp, looking directly at it.
Eeff = 50Wm-2
EUVA = 18mWm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
Limit d
The exposure limit is 100Wm sr
-2
-1
LB = 0.92Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
66
-1
LR = 501Wm-2sr-1
appendix D
Worked examples
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
559mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 383lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 383/0.00006 =
6000000cdm-2.
Further assessment of retinal hazard is necessary.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff = 110Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 26mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 138mWm-2
Effective irradiance (thermal injury), ER = 5172mWm-2
Simplifying assumptions
Geometric factors
-2
Eeff = 110Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 26mWm-2
Limit d
LB = 14Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
LR = 52kWm-2sr-1
67
D.1.14. A photocopier
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
197 mW m-2. This was from two strips: as each strip is a
separate visual source, each contributes 98.5 mW m-2
to the total. This equates to an illuminance of 67lux per
lamp.
The luminance of this source is therefore 67/0.007 =
9643cdm-2.
No further assessment is necessary.
A photocopier incorporates a scanning light source in the
form of two illuminated strips. These strips are 21cm long
and are mounted 1.5cm apart. They can be seen on the
left of the photocopier cover glass in the figure right. Each
illuminated strip is approximately 3mm across.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff = 10Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 22mWm-2
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
-2
Eeff =10Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 10 Jm
4
-2
EUVA = 22mWm-2
Limit d
-1
LB = 6.2Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
68
-1
LR = 115Wm-2sr-1
appendix D
Worked examples
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and
is 2 984 mW m-2. This equates to an illuminance of
2038lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 2038/0.0001
= 20000000cdm-2.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff = 30Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 1.0mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 2237mWm-2
Effective irradiance (thermal injury), ER =
24988mWm-2
Geometric factors
The three primary colours are mixed to produce colour
images. The worst case will be when all three primary
Simplifying assumptions
Effective radiance (Blue Light), LB = 2237mWm-2/0.01msr
= 224Wm-2sr-1
Effective radiance (thermal injury), LR =
24988mWm-2/0.0001msr = 250kWm-2sr-1
Limit a
Eeff = 30Wm-2
EUVA = 1mWm-2
Limit b
Limit d
LB = 224Wm-2sr-1
69
Preliminary assessment
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance Eeff = >10Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 0.5mWm-2
Effective irradiance (blue light), EB = 440mWm-2
Effective irradiance (thermal injury), ER = 5333mWm-2
Simplifying assumptions
Geometric factors
The three primary colours are mixed to produce colour
images. The worst case will be when all three primary
colours are present a white image. Spectral irradiance
data will be measured at a distance of 200cm from the
lamp, looking directly at it.
-2
Eeff = 30Wm-2
EUVA = 1mWm-2
LB = 44Wm-2sr-1
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
Limit d
The exposure limit is 100Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
The exposure limit is 280kWm sr
-2
70
-1
LR = 27kWm-2sr-1
appendix D
Worked examples
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
11mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 8lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 8/0.18 =
44cdm-2.
A wall-mounted digital interactive whiteboard has
dimensions of 113 65cm.
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
Radiometric data
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 10 Jm
4
-2
EUVA = 250Wm-2
Limit d
LB = 56mWm-2sr-1
Limit g
LR = 0.6Wm-2sr-1
71
Preliminary assessment
A pair of 2 cm 13 cm
26 W compact fluorescent lamps are mounted
in an open-fronted luminaire recessed into a
ceiling. The luminaire
incorporates a rear
reflector, and has a diameter of 17 cm. The reflector is of a high quality, and the
source appears to be almost homogenous. It will be evaluated as if it is not homogenous, as this errs on the side of
caution.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff = 40Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 55mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 321 mW m-2 =
161mWm-2per lamp
Geometric factors
Spectral irradiance data will be measured at a distance of
100cm from the lamp, looking directly at it.
Simplifying assumptions
LR
Eeff = 40Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 55mWm-2
Limit d
LB = 16Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
72
-1
LR = 1073Wm-2sr-1
appendix D
Worked examples
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
30mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 20lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 20/0.16 =
125cdm-2.
No further assessment is necessary.
Data required
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff <10Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 40Wm-2
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
-2
Eeff <10Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 10 Jm
4
-2
EUVA = 40Wm-2
Limit d
-1
LB = 1.2mWm-2sr-1
LR = 0.22Wm-2sr-1
Limit g
The exposure limit is 280kWm-2sr-1
73
D.1.20. A PDA
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
47mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 32lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 32/4.4 =
7.3cdm-2.
No further assessment is necessary.
Data required
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff <10Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 30Wm-2
Geometric factors
Simplifying assumptions
-2
Eeff <10Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 10 Jm
4
-2
EUVA = 30Wm-2
Limit d
LB = 6mWm-2sr-1
LR = 75mWm-2sr-1
Limit g
The exposure limit is 280kWm-2sr-1
74
appendix D
Worked examples
Geometric factors
Spectral irradiance data will be measured at a distance
of 50cm from the lamp.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Effective irradiance, Eeff = 30Wm-2
UVA irradiance, EUVA = 176mWm-2
Effective irradiance (Blue Light), EB = 3mWm-2
Effective irradiance (thermal injury), ER = 14mWm-2
Simplifying assumptions
Effective radiance (Blue Light), LB = 3mWm-2/0.055sr
= 55mWm-2sr-1
Effective
radiance
(thermal
injury),
14mWm-2/0.055sr = 255mWm-2sr-1
LR
-2
Eeff = 30Wm-2
Limit b
The exposure limit is HUVA = 104Jm-2
EUVA = 176mWm-2
Limit d
LB = 55mWm-2sr-1
Limit g
LR = 255mWm-2sr-1
75
Preliminary assessment
The photopic effective irradiance was measured and is
327mWm-2. This equates to an illuminance of 223lux.
The luminance of this source is therefore 223/0.0002 =
1115000cdm-2.
Further assessment of retinal hazard is necessary, and
potential UVR hazard remains to be assessed.
Radiometric data
Measured effective irradiance values are:
Simplifying assumptions
Geometric factors
Because the lamp housing is intended for use atop a
lamp-post, the worst case exposure scenario (i.e. looking
-2
-2
Eeff = 7Wm-2
EUVA = 29mWm-2
LB = 8.6mWm-2sr-1
LR = 6.7kWm-2sr-1
Limit b
Limit d
The exposure limit is 100Wm-2sr-1
The exposure limit is 280kWm sr
-2
76
-1
Limit g
appendix D
Worked examples
Distance
Source
100cm
100cm
100cm
10cm
10cm
100cm
100cm
100 cm
100cm
50cm
50cm
30cm
200cm
200cm
200 cm
100 cm
0.5cm
2cm
50cm
100cm
The table shows that, in all instances where source luminance was < 104 cd m-2, neither of the retinal exposure
limits (d and g) would be exceeded. Even where the source
luminance exceeded 104cdm-2, most of the sources were
subsequently shown not to present a hazard to the retina.
Of the sources examined here, only the metal halide
floodlight and the desktop projector were likely to lead
to exposure limits being exceeded. In most cases, these
were exposure limits set to protect the retina: subsequent
calculations (see the individual examples) suggest that
the exposure limits are unlikely to actually be exceeded
due to aversion responses and to the overly conservative
conditions of the original assessment. This does not imply
that these sources need not be treated with caution, as it
is possible that the aversion responses will not operate.
If a source is in the peripheral visual field, the aversion
77
Beam alignment
Laser installation engineer
Laser operator
Other installation engineers
Security staff
Venue staff
Laser show
Laser operator
Lighting and sound desk engineers
Performers
Security staff
Venue staff
78
Vendors
appendix D
Worked examples
D.2.5. Conclusion
Designing the show to ensure that no workers are exposed
to the laser beam means that detailed, and usually complex
and time-consuming, assessments against the ELVs are
not required. The combined use of operator training and
straightforward control measures should ensure that the
ELVs are not exceeded for workers.
79
Hanalux
3210
None
Hanalux
Oslo
None
Therapeutic sources
Ultraviolet phototherapy
sources
Birthing lights
Spotlights
Photodynamic therapy
sources
Physiotherapy lasers
Diagnostic lights
Surgical lasers
Fetal transilluminators
Ophthalmic lasers
Woods lamps
Solar simulators
80
Hanalux
3004
Martin
ML702HX
None
None
May be
exceeded in
~30 minutes
for direct
viewing
May be
Below exposure limit exceeded in
for 8 hours ~30 minutes
for direct
exposure
viewing
None
<20% of ELV
None
None
<20% of ELV
Other
optical
radiation
hazards
None
None
None
None
Martin
None
None
<20% of ELV None
ML502HX
Martin
None
None
<20% of ELV None
ML1001
Assessment data courtesy of Medical Physics
(*)
Department, Guys & Thomas NHS Foundation Trust,
London
It should be noted that the lights are used to provide illumination from above and it would therefore be unlikely that
anyone would look directly into the source at close range.
In addition, the lights are bright and it would be uncomfortable to look directly into them for extended periods.
Hence, in practice, exposures will be much lower than those
assessed in tableD.3.1. and are unlikely to be hazardous.
appendix D
Worked examples
Irradiance (mW/m2)
25
15
10
5
0
20
300
400
500
600
700
800
700
800
Wavelength (nm)
Irradiance (mW/m2)
20
15
10
5
0
300
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
81
Table D.3.2.
Source
Neonate 100
Wee Sight
TM
Actinic UV hazard
UVA hazard
Thermal hazards
None
None
<5% of ELV
~2% of ELV
None
None
None
None
(*) Measurements facilitated courtesy of Radiation Protection Department, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading
Irradiance (mW/m2)
120
80
40
0
300
400
500
600
700
800
700
800
700
800
Wavelength (nm)
82
150
100
50
0
300
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
200
Irradiance (mW/m2)
Irradiance (mW/m2)
200
150
100
50
0
300
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
The spectra presented above show that ultraviolet phototherapy sources (examples A and B) generally have strong
emission in the UV region of the spectra and may also
emit in the visible, particularly towards the blue end. As
expected, assessment of the hazard (TableD.3.3.) suggests
that the principal hazards from these units relate to either
actinic UV or UVA. Example C shows the spectrum from
a Blue Light phototherapy source and, as expected, this
emits strongly in the blue region of the visible spectrum
but has little if any emission in the ultraviolet or near
infrared regions.
appendix D
Worked examples
TableD.3.3.
Source
Actinic UV hazard
UVA hazard
Waldmann UV 7001
UVB(*)
May be exceeded in
~5h
Other optical
radiation hazards
None
Waldmann TL01
UV5000()
May be exceeded in
~7.5h
None
None
Waldmann UV6
UV5001BL()
May be exceeded in
~4h
None
None
Waldmann UV
181BL(*)
Waldmann UV 7001
UVA()
None
None
May be exceeded in
~5h
None
Sellamed UVA1
24000()
None
May be exceeded in
~45min
None
Draeger 4000(*)()
None
None
(*) Measurements facilitated courtesy of Radiation Protection Department, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading
() Assessment data courtesy of Medical Physics Department, Guys & Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London
The most widely used ultraviolet phototherapy cabinets do not permit access to the direct emissions whilst
the equipment is in operation. However, there may be
leakage (see example A above) that can be a source of
concern for staff. In particular, the need for air flow and
to minimise the claustrophobic nature of enclosure for
the patient means that the top of the cabinet is often
open. This can result in significant scatter of UV from
the ceiling. In general the hazard is relatively low as staff
are unlikely to stand close to the cabinet all the time it
is operating. Nevertheless, there is a risk of long-term
effects from cumulative exposure to UV and this can be
minimised by the use of straightforward engineering
controls including: designated treatment rooms; curtains
around the cabinet; and remote control of monitoring
workstations. For example in (A) above, the use of a
curtain around the cabinet increased the time required
to reach the ELV for actinic UV from 5 hours to almost
13hours. Some other phototherapy devices, such as the
unit for hand and foot exposure shown in example (B)
require a high degree of procedural control to minimise
staff exposure. In this case staff place black towels over
the unit when in use to reduce stray UV in the environment. Again this control can be simply supplemented
by placing the unit in a curtained cubicle. Occasionally
hospital staff may require close access to operational
equipment for QA checks. As part of the control measures they may be required to wear a UV protective face
shield, appropriate gloves and clothing. Where there is a
strong dependence on procedural controls these should
be clearly documented.
83
TableD.3.4.
Source
Actinic UV hazard
UVA hazard
Blue Light hazard
Thermal hazards
UV-X
Below exposure limit
Below exposure limit
None
None
Aktilite CL128 lamp(*)
None
None
<3% of ELV
None
Assessment data courtesy of Medical Physics Department, Guys & Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London
(*)
Table D.3.5.
Source
UVA hazard
In general, task and diagnostic lighting used in medical practice are not expected to present a significant hazard in normal use.
Therapeutic sources may be hazardous under some circumstances. Many of these sources have the potential to give rise to
exposures in the ultraviolet and Blue Light hazard regions where exposures will be cumulative during the working day and
may carry a risk of long-term adverse health effects. Hence, in assessing exposures it is important to assess realistic exposures scenarios and combine these with a consideration of work patterns to assess total exposures. Where significant risks
are identified, these should be controlled through restricting access to the emission wherever possible. If it is necessary to
rely on procedural controls, these should be robust and recorded in writing.
84
appendix D
Worked examples
As will be shown, the first two examples represent a trivial level of exposure: it is not necessary to compromise visibility and road safety
to reduce the exposure. Potential exposure
to optical radiation above Exposure Limits
during servicing and repairing cars could be
managed by appropriate working procedures
and local rules.
High performance Mazda RX8 with Xe headlamps
Medium family car Mercedes A180
Compact Fiat 500
Minibus LDV
Assessment conditions were chosen to represent worst
case of foreseeable occupational exposure: see Table D.4.6
and Fig D.4.1
Looking at lamp
Looking horizontally
Lamp level: looking directly
into the beam
Distance
0.5m, 1m, 2m
and 3m
1m
0.5m
85
Measurements of spectral irradiance and specific configurations of the car lamps were used to assess optical radiation
hazards and compare them with Exposure Limit Values (ELVs).
RX8
None
None
May be exceeded: see
Table D.4.8. for details
Retinal burn
<30% of ELV
A180
None
None
May be exceeded: see
Tables D.4.8. and D.4.9.
for details
<10% of ELV
F500
None
None
May be exceeded: see
Table D.4.8. for details
LDV
None
None
May be exceeded: see
Table D.4.8. for details
<3% of ELV
<2% of ELV
86
RX8
A180
F500
LDV
~3 min
~5 min
~30 min
~1 h
~2 h
~8 h
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
appendix D
Worked examples
Table D.4.9. Blue Light hazard levels from Mercedes A180 lights
Car lights
Headlamp, lamp level at 1m, looking
directly into the beam position B in
Fig. D.4.1.
Headlamp, lamp level at 1m, looking
directly into the beam positions A and C
= 0.5m in Fig. D.4.1.
Headlamp, eye level at 1m, looking at lamp
Headlamp, eye level at 1m, looking horizontally
Fog light
Brake light
Indicator light
Reverse light
~15min
dipped
>8h
high beam
>8h
dipped
high beam
dipped
high beam
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
>8h
Risk of overexposure
Unlikely, direct intra-beam viewing should be
prevented by aversion response to very bright
light. Working procedures should be adopted
to minimise unnecessary exposure
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Car lighting is not expected to present a risk of over-exposure to optical radiation for road users, including drivers,
traffic police and road workers. However, specific operations requiring extended direct viewing of headlamps
on lamp level may constitute a low risk of a Blue Light
hazard.
Important
87
D.5 Military
Artificial optical radiation sources are widely used by the
military. During combat operations, commanders may
need to take decisions on the cost/benefit of courses of
action to weigh the small risk of real injury if the exposure
limits are exceeded against the risk of serious injury or
death from other hazards. Therefore, this section will only
deal with non-combat guidance, including training.
Military uses of artificial optical radiation may include:
Searchlights
Lighting at military airfields
Infrared communication systems
Infrared target illuminators
Laser target designators
Simulated weapons systems
Infrared countermeasures
Magnesium flares
Optical radiation from explosions
88
The use of PRA is complex and requires specialist expertise. However, the benefits for the military are that it
may permit the use of artificial optical radiation in situations that may not be considered acceptable with a less
rigorous assessment.
appendix D
Worked examples
Further information
[m.K]
89
90
appendix D
Worked examples
The assistance of Mr M Brose of Fachbereich Elektrotechnik, Referat Optische Strahlung, Berufsgenossenschaft Elektro Textil Feinmechanik, Germany, with these
assessments is gratefully acknowledged.
Hazardous levels of optical radiation, mainly in the ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions, are emitted as a part of
glass processing and glass forming. Manual manipulation
91
Photographer
Person being photographed (e.g. model)
Photographer
Model
Flash
Flash from
projector professional
camera
Flash from
domestic
camera
Spectral irradiance and temporal characteristics (flash duration) for each source at the range of distances were used to
evaluate the worst case exposure level and to compare it with applicable Exposure Limit values.
For UV and Blue Light limits worst case exposures are accumulative over an 8 hours exposure period and may be additive
for multiple sources: they are expressed in terms of the number of photographic shots (flash or illumination) to exceed the
applicable exposure limit.
Retinal Thermal hazard does not change with time for exposure durations longer than 10 seconds and is limited by field-ofview of 100mrad: only a single shot from a single source is considered for the assessment of this hazard.
Hazard levels of UV, UVA and IR limits for all tested sources were insignificant
Table D.9.2. Worst case hazard levels from flash photographic sources
Number of shots to
exceed Blue Light ELV
% of Retinal Thermal ELV
in a single shot
Diffuse illumination
source
>107
Flash projector
>106
<0.03%
<1%
<1%
<1%
Photography is not expected to present a real risk of over-exposure to optical radiation for a photographer or a person
being photographed: number of flashes to exceed Blue Light ELV is in excess of few thousands for worst case simultaneous
intra-beam exposure from multiple sources.
92
Appendix E. Requirements
of other European directives
A European directive results from a mutually binding
collective decision made by the Member States, acting
through their national government ministers (in the
Council of the European Union) and members (in the
Parliament). Both bodies must approve the text of the
directive in identical terms. A directive fixes the agreed
objectives to be pursued by the Member States, but
allows flexibility in the means of achieving them. How
each Member State implements the directive will depend
on its legal structure, and may vary. In practice, the Union
addresses directives to all Member States, and specifies
a date by which the Member States must have implemented the directive.
In 1989 Directive 89/391/EEC, on the introduction of
measures to encourage improvements in the safety and
health of workers at work, was published. This directive
concerned the management of health and safety at work,
its obligations taking the form of principles applicable to
such management. Given the wide scope of this directive, it is not possible to adequately summarise it in a
short space: there is no substitute for reading the whole
directive, or the appropriate regulations which transpose it into the laws of the Member State in which the
particular employer is operating. In general, the directive
established the obligation to carry out risk assessments
according to a set of general principles.
Directive 89/391/EEC is often referred to as the Framework Directive. This is because one of its articles undertook to create a number of individual directives which
would expand on the management of health and safety
93
Framework Directive
Workplace Directive
94
However, the employer should be aware that these directives exist, and that any plant or production equipment,
or protective equipment which is found on the European
market must comply with them. Two of these directives
also mandate that the supplier shall provide the user
with detailed information as to the nature of the radiation,
means of protecting the user, means of avoiding misuse and
means of eliminating any risks inherent during installation.
appendix E
Requirements of other European directives
PPE Directive
95
Current legislation
Country
Austria
96
Sicherheitsinformation der Allgemeinen Unfallversicherungsanstalt: Sicherheit Kompakt:
M 014 UV-Strahlenbelastung am Arbeitsplatz
M 080 Grundlagen der Lasersicherhet
Current guidance
Current Legislation
5 11 2010 .
,
[ , 49,
29/06/2010, 00035-00048]
[ , 15, 23/02/2010]
[ ,
12, 12/02/2010]
7 23.09.1999 .
e [ , 40, 18/04/2008]
( )
2010 [Cyprus Gazette, 4433, 11/06/2010, 01473-01493]
Country
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Guidance for work with lasers No. 61
UV Zareni poster (warning of dangers of UV radiation)
ICNIRP Guidelines
Current Guidance
appendix F
EU Member States national regulations transposing Directive 2006/25/CE (to the date of 10 December 2010) and guidance
97
TTERVISHOIU JA TOHUTUSE SEADUSE MUUTMISE SEADUS [Elektrooniline Riigi Teataja, , , RTI, 16.01.2007, 3, 11].
Ttervishoiu ja tohutuse nuded tehislikust optilisest kiirgusest mjutatud
tkeskkonnas, tehisliku optilise kiirguse piirnormid ja kiirguse mtmise
kord1 [Elektrooniline Riigi Teataja, , , RTI, 22.04.2010, 16, 84].
Dcret no 2010-750 du 2 juillet 2010 relatif la protection des travailleurscontre les risques dus aux rayonnements optiques artificiels [Journal Officiel
de la Rpublique Franaise (JORF), 04/07/2010]
Verordnung zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2006/25/EG zum Schutz der Arbeitnehmer vor Gefhrdungen durch knstliche optische Strahlung und zur
nderung von Arbeitsschutzverordnungen vom 19. Juli 2010 [Bundesgesetzblatt Teil 1 ( BGB 1 ), 38, 26/07/2010, 00960-00967]
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Current Legislation
Denmark
Country
98
Information BGI 5006: Exposure Limit Values for Artificial Optical Radiation
Non-ionizing Radiation Guideline: Laser Radiation
Non-ionizing Radiation Guideline: Ultraviolet Radiation from Artificial Sources
Non-ionizing Radiation Guideline: Visible and Infrared Radiation
Risks assessment methods for optical radiation from artificial sources are described in the following documents:
Accident Prevention Regulation BGV B2: Laser Radiation
DIN EN 60825-1: 2008: Safety of Laser Products - Part 1: Equipment Classification, Requirements and Users Guide
DIN EN 14255-1: 2005: Measurement and Assessment of Personal Exposures to Incoherent Optical Radiation - Part 1:
Ultraviolet Radiation Emitted by Artificial Sources in the Workplace
IEC 62471: 2006: Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems
DIN EN 12198-1:2000 Safety of Machinery Assessment and Reduction of Risks Arising from Radiation Emitted by
Machinery Part 1: General Principles
Non-ionizing Radiation Guideline: Ultraviolet Radiation from Artificial Sources
BGR 107: Safety Rules for Dryers of Printing and Paper Processing Machines
Risk reduction methods for optical radiation from artificial sources are described in the following documents:
Accident Prevention Regulation BGV B2: Laser Radiation
Information BGI 5006: Exposure Limit Values for Artificial Optical Radiation
Information BGI 5007: Laser Devices for Shows and Projections
DIN EN 12198-3:2002 Safety of Machinery - Assessment and Reduction of Risks arising from radiation emitted by
machinery - Part 3: Reduction of Radiation by
Attenuation or Screening
Non-ionizing Radiation Guideline: Laser Radiation
Non-ionizing Radiation Guideline: Ultraviolet Radiation from Artificial Sources
Risk reduction methods on branch level are also described in the following documents:
Accident Prevention Regulation BGV D1: Welding, Cutting and Related Methods
UV-Drying, Professional Association Printing and Paper Conversion
Merkblatt ber Betrachtungspltze fr die fluoreszierende Prfung mit dem Magnetpulver- und Eindringverfahren
Ausrstung und Schutzmanahmen bei Arbeiten mit UV-Strahlung
Information BGI 5092 Auswahl von Laser-Schutzbrillen und Laser-Justierbrillen
Information BGI 5031 Umgang mit Lichtwellenleiter-Kommunikations-Systems (LWKS)
Leaflets and flyers:
Leaflet of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Damit nichts ins Auge geht... - Schutz vor Laserstrahlung
Flyer of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Dazzle: Blind for a Moment. Protection Against
Optical Radiation
Flyer of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Hand-held Lasers to Work Materials
The Danish Working Environment Act is to provide a safe and healthy working environment. In the administration
thereof, the ICNIRP recommendations on optical radiation are used as guidelines together with the relevant European
norms (eg. EN 60825 and EN 207/208).
Current Guidance
Current Legislation
(
), 2006/25/ [
() ( ), 145, 01/09/2010, 03075-03094]
1991. vi XI.
Trvny
az llami Npegszsggyi
s Tisztiorvosi Szolglatrl
[Magyar Kzlny, , 00753-00759]
2/1998. (I. 16.) MM rendelet
a munkahelyen alkalmazand biztonsgi s egszsgvdelmi jelzsekrl
[Magyar Kzlny, 16/01/1998, 174-192, 2]
A Kormny 218/1999. (XII. 28.) Korm. rendelete az egyes szablysrtsekrl
[Magyar Kzlny, 28/12/1999, 08942-08968, 1999/125]
Az egszsggyi miniszter 22/2010. (V. 7.) EM rendelete
a munkavllalkat r mestersges optikai sugrzs expozcira vonatkoz
minimlis egszsgi s biztonsgi kvetelmnyekrl
[Magyar Kzlny, , 14597-14614]
1997. vi XLVII.
Trvny
az egszsggyi s a hozzjuk kapcsold szemlyes
adatok kezelsrl s vdelmrl
[Magyar Kzlny, 05/06/1997, 03518-03528, 1997/49]
2009. vi CLIV. Trvny
az egyes egszsggyi trgy trvnyek mdostsrl
[Magyar Kzlny, , 47035-47090]
1993. vi XCIII. tv. a munkavdelemrl
[Magyar Kzlny, 03/11/1993, 9942-9953, 160]
33/1998. (VI. 24.) NM rendelet a munkakri, szakmai, illetve szemlyi higins
alkalmassg orvosi vizsglatrl s vlemnyezsrl
[Magyar Kzlny, 24/06/1998, 4489-4516, 54]
Country
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Latvian Standard: Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation Part 2: Visible
and infrared radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace
ICNIRP Guidelines
Current Guidance
appendix F
EU Member States national regulations transposing Directive 2006/25/CE (to the date of 10 December 2010) and guidance
99
Current Legislation
Besluit van 1 februari 2010 tot wijziging van het Arbeidsomstandighedenbesluit, houdende regels met betrekking tot de blootstelling van werknemers aan
de risicos van kunstmatige optische straling
[Staatsblad (Bulletin des Lois et des Dcrets royaux), 09/03/2010, 00001-00021,
Stb. 2010, 103]
Country
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
100
Poland
There are some publications available pertaining to occupational risk assessment method and guidelines which cover
optical radiation. These are:
Occupational risk assessment. Part I :Methodological basis. ed. M.W Zawieska, CIOP-PIB, Warszawa 2004 (3-rd edition)
Occupational risk assessment. Part 2. STER-computer aided support. ed. M.W Zawieska, CIOP, Warszawa 2000
Occupational risk . Methodological basis of evaluation ed. M.W .Zawieska, CIOP-PIB Warszawa, 2007.
Current Guidance
Current Legislation
Country
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Current Guidance
appendix F
EU Member States national regulations transposing Directive 2006/25/CE (to the date of 10 December 2010) and guidance
101
Current Legislation
Real Decreto 486/2010, de 23 de abril, sobre la proteccin de la salud y la seguridad de los trabajadores contra los riesgos relacionados con la exposicin a
radiaciones pticas artificiales
[Boletn Oficial del Estado ( B.O.E ), 24/04/2010, 36103-36120, 99/2010]
Correccin de errores del Real Decreto 486/2010, de 23 de abril, sobre la
proteccin de la salud y la seguridad de los trabajadores contra los riesgos
relacionados con la exposicin a radiaciones pticas artificiales
[Boletn Oficial del Estado ( B.O.E ), 06/05/2010, 40171-40171, 110/2010]
The Control of Artifical Optical Radiation at Work Regulations 2010 [Her Majestys Stationery Office (HMSO), 06/04/2010, , GB SI 2010 No. 1140]
The Control of Artificial Optical Radition at Work Regulations (Northern Ireland)
2010 [Her Majestys Stationery Office (HMSO), , , SR of NI 2010 No.180]
Factories (Protection of Workers from Physical Agents) (Artifical Optical Radiation) Regulations 2010 [Gibraltar Gazette, 3801, 29/07/2010]
Country
Spain
102
Sweden
United Kingdom
MHRA DB2008(03) Guidance on the safe use of lasers, intense light source systems and LEDs in medical, surgical, dental
and aesthetic practices.
HSG95 The radiation safety of lasers used for display purposes.
STANDARDS
UNE-CR 13464: 1999 Gua para la seleccin, utilizacin y mantenimiento de los protectores oculares y faciales de uso
profesional.
UNE EN 166: 2002 Proteccin individual del ojo. Requisitos
UNE EN 169: 2003 Proteccin individual de los ojos. Filtros para soldadura y tcnicas relacionadas. Especificaciones del
coeficiente de transmisin (transmitancia) y uso recomendado
UNE EN 170: 2003 Proteccin individual de los ojos. Filtros para el ultravioleta. Especificaciones del coeficiente de
transmisin (transmitancia) y uso recomendado.
UNE EN 207 Filtros y protectores de los ojos contra la radiacin lser (gafas de proteccin lser). (Esta norma tiene
ampliaciones y modificaciones).
UNE EN 208 Gafas de proteccin para los trabajos de ajuste de lser y sistemas lser (gafas de ajuste lser). Esta norma
tiene ampliaciones y modificaciones).
UNE-EN 60825 Seguridad de los productos lser esta norma tiene varias partes y numerosas correcciones
UNE-EN 14255 Medicin y evaluacin de la exposicin de las personas a la radiacin ptica incoherente. (Esta norma
tiene varias partes)
POSTERS
La Directiva 2006/25/CE sobre exposicin laboral a radiaciones pticas artificiales.
Methodology to assess occupational exposure to optical radiations
Spectralimit: an Application to Assess the Occupational Exposure to UV & Visible Radiation
OTHER INSHTS DOCUMENTS
NTP 755: Radiaciones pticas: Metodologa de evaluacin de la exposicin laboral.
NTP 654: Lseres: nueva clasificacin del riesgo (UNE EN 60825-1 /A2: 2002).
NTP 261: Lseres: riesgos en su utilizacin.
FDN-17: Seleccin de pantallas faciales y gafas de proteccin.
FDN-23: Comercializacin de las Pantallas de Proteccin para Soldadores.
Guas orientativas para la seleccin y utilizacin de EPI - Protectores oculares y faciales.
CD_R. Prevention of Labour Risks. Advanced training course for the performance of functions of Superior Level. Version
2.
Algunas cuestiones sobre seguridad Lser. (Some topics about laser safety).
Evaluacin de las Condiciones de Trabajo en la pequea y mediana empresa.
Riesgos por radiaciones pticas procedentes de fuentes luminosas.
La exposicin laboral a radiaciones pticas
Current Guidance
G.1 Euronorms
103
104
appendix G
European and international standards
105
106
Appendix H. Photosensitivity
H.1 What is photosensitivity?
Chemical reactions triggered by visible or UV radiation
are natural processes and essential for the survival of
living organisms. They are also called photochemical
reactions: energy must first be absorbed by a molecule
or a living cell to bring it to an excited state in order to
produce the reaction.
Under normal circumstances the net effect will be positive
and no damage will happen to the body, in this particular
case to the skin.
However the absorption, ingestion or inhalation of specific
substances may induce severe amplification effects and
create real damage similar to acute sunburn by several
orders of magnitude. These substances are commonly
named photosensitizers.
Sometimes, adverse effects (like sunburn, blistering,
prickling) can show up almost immediately.
in your daily life: specific medicines such as cardiac regulators or those against hypertension, some substances in
vegetables, wood protection substances such as carbonileum, garden plants, perfumes and cosmetics;
in your occupational environment: colouring substances,
pesticides, printing inks, food additives for animals;
in a medical environment: light therapy, antibacterial
substances, tranquilizers, diuretics, anti-infection treatments.
107
108
exposure to sunlight. Exposure to sunlight will sometimes be clearly forbidden. In such a situation it is also
advisable to avoid excessive exposure at work to artificial (and natural) light or UV sources. Always read
the label! It is strongly recommended that you inform
your employer yourself or using existing channels or
procedures in your country.
If you notice an adverse effect on your skin, go and see
a medical doctor without delay. If you suspect that it
has an occupational origin, tell the doctor. If an occupational cause can be suspected, it is again strongly
recommended that you inform your employer yourself
or using existing channels or procedures in your country.
Only then, will appropriate adaptations to your working
conditions be possible.
Appendix I. Resources
I.1 Internet
These lists are not intended to be exhaustive; no endorsement or recommendation is implied with regard to the content
of external sites.
I.2 Advisory/Regulatory
European Union
Country
Austria
Belgium
Organisation
AUVA
Institut pour la Prvention, la Protection et le Bien-tre au Travail
Website
http://www.auva.at
http://www.prevent.be/net/net01.
nsf
Cyprus
:
http://www.cysha.org.cy
Czech Republic
National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
http://www.czu.cz
Centrum bezpenosti prce a porn ochrany
http://www.civop.cz
Denmark
Danish Working Environment Authority
http://www.at.dk
Estonia
Tinspektsioon
http://www.ti.ee
Finland
Tyterveyslaitos
http://www.occuphealth.fi
France
Agence Franaise de Scurit Sanitaire de lEnvironnement et du http://www.afsset.fr
Travail
Germany
Bundesanstalt fr Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin
http://www.baua.de
Berufsgenossenschaft Elektro Textil Feinmechanik
http://www.bgetf.de
Greece
Hellenic Institute for Occupational Health and Safety
http://www.elinyae.gr
Hungary
Public Foundation for Research on Occupational Safety
http://www.mkk.org.hu
Ireland
Health and Safety Authority
http://www.HSA.ie
Italy
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention
http://www.ispesl.it
Latvia
Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health
http://home.parks.lv/ioeh
Luxembourg
Inspection du Travail et des Mines
http://www.itm.lu/itm
Malta
Occupational Health and Safety Authority
http://www.ohsa.org.mt
Netherlands
TNO Work and Employment
http://www.arbeid.tno.nl
Poland
Central Institute for Labour Protection
http://www.ciop.pl
Portugal
Autoridade para as Condies do Trabalho
http://www.act.gov.pt
Romania
Institute of Public Health
http://www.pub-health-iasi.ro
Slovakia
Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic
http://www.uvzsr.sk
Slovenia
Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs
http://www.mddsz.gov.si
Spain
National Institute of Safety and Hygiene at Work
http://www.insht.es/portal/site/
Insht
Association for the Prevention of Accidents
http://www.apa.es
Sweden
Swedish Radiation Protection Agency
http://www.ssi.se
United Kingdom Health Protection Agency
http://www.hpa.org.uk
Health and Safety Executive
http://www.hse.gov.uk
109
International
Organisation
International Commission on Non-ionising Radiation Protection
International Commission on Illumination
World Health Organisation
American Conference on Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Website
http://www.icnirp.de
http://www.cie.co.at
http://www.who.int
http://www.acgih.org
http://www.etuc.org
http://hesa.etui-rehs.org
http://www.epha.org/r/64
http://osha.europa.eu/
http://www.icohweb.org
Organisation
Website
US Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/
USA
USA
Australia
I.3 Standards
Organisation
International Electrotechnical Commission
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation
European Committee for Standardisation
International Organisation for Standardisation
American National Standards Institute
US Laser Safety Standards
Website
http://www.iec.ch
http://www.cenelec.eu
http://www.cen.eu
http://www.iso.org
http://www.ansi.org
http://www.z136.org
110
Website
http://www.myeos.org
http://www.spie.org
http://www.osa.org
http://www.laserinstitute.org
http://www.ailu.org.uk
http://www.iop.org
http://www.ipem.org.uk
http://www.bmla.co.uk
http://www.elvhis.com
appendix I
Resources
I.5 Journals
http://www.optics.org
Opto & Laser Europe
http://www.health-physics.com
Health Physics journal
http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/rpd/about.
html
Search for abstracts from laser-related publications in
Radiation Protection Dosimetry
http://lfw.pennnet.com/home.cfm
Laser Focus World monthly US optics magazine
http://www.photonics.com
Photonics Spectra, Europhotonics and BioPhotonics
http://scitation.aip.org/jla/
Journal of Laser Applications
http://www.springerlink.com/content/1435-604X/
Lasers in Medical Science journal
fibers.org/fibresystems/schedule/fse.cfm
Fibre Systems Europe journal
http://www.laserist.org/Laserist/
The Laserist journal of the International Laser Display
Association
http://www.ledsmagazine.com
Electronic magazine covering the application of LEDs
http://www.ils-digital.com
Industrial Laser Solutions magazine
http://www.rp-photonics.com/encyclopedia.html
Online encyclopaedia covering a range of laser and
optical subjects
Provider
Comments
Austrian Research An interactive training system (English & German) on Laser Safety in Industry
Centers
and Research. The CD includes a 30 minute video which goes through the
nine chapters of the CD. The chapters can also be viewed independently of
the video. Includes a test section (multiple choice) and a glossary.
LIA
Discusses applications, types of laser, laser hazards, control measures, signs
and labels, storage of eyewear, etc. Includes details of old laser classification.
University of South- Discusses laser radiation and the body, safety measures, neutral density
ampton
filters, etc. Includes details of old laser classification.
LIA
Book + CD. CD contains PowerPoint presentations of Chapters 5.2.1.1 and
5.2.1.3. The book is intended to be used as a tool in the development of a
laser safety programme.
INSHT
Advanced training course for the performance of functions of Superior
Level. Version 2.
Laservision
Booklet (English & German). The main focus of this booklet is laser safety
eyewear and filters.
BGETF
ACCESS interactive database of laser eyewear.
111
Appendix J. Glossary
Aversion response, voluntary or involuntary
closure of the eyelid, eye movement, pupillary constriction, or movement of the head to avoid an exposure to an
optical radiation stimulant
Hazard distance
minimum distance from the source at which the irradiance/radiance falls below the appropriate Exposure Limit
Value (ELV)
Illuminance (Ev)
SI Unit: Wm-2
Luminance
Non-coherent radiation
Any optical radiation other than laser radiation
112
distance at which the beam irradiance or radiant exposure equals the appropriate ocular ELVs
Optical radiation
electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between the
region of transition to X-rays (wavelength approximately
1nm) and the region of transition to radio waves (wavelength approximately 106nm)
appendix J
Glossary
Radiance
(in a given direction at a given point of a real or imaginary
surface)
quantity defined by the formula
Symbol: R()
SI unit: dimensionless
retinal hazard region
spectral region from 380nm to 1400nm (visible plus IR-A)
within which the normal ocular media transmit optical
radiation to the retina
Ultraviolet hazard
Schematic of radiance
definition
Radiant exposure
quotient of the radiant energy dQ incident on an element
of the surface containing the point over the given duration by the area dA of that element
Visible radiation
any optical radiation capable of directly causing a visual
sensation
SI Unit: Jm-2
113
Appendix K. Bibliography
K.1 History of lasers
114
appendix K
Bibliography
Ultraviolet radiation exposure, measurement and protection, Proceedings of an international workshop, NRPB,
Chilton, UK, 1820 October, 1999, McKinlay, A.F., Repacholi, M.H., (eds.), Nuclear Technology Publishing, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol 91, pp. 13, 1999. ISBN
1870965655.
Measurements of Optical Radiation Hazards, A reference
book based on presentations given by health and safety
experts on optical radiation hazards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, September 13, 1998, Munich: ICNIRP/CIE-Publications, 1999. ISBN 978-3-9804789-5-3.
Protecting workers from UV radiation, Munich: International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection,
International Labour Organisation, World Health Organisation, 2007. ISBN 978-3-934994-07-2.
Documents of the NRPB: Volume 13, No. 1, 2002, Health
effects from ultraviolet radiation: Report of an advisory group on non-ionising radiation, Health Protection
Agency. ISBN 0-85951-475-7.
Documents of the NRPB: Volume 13, No. 3, 2002, Advice
on Protection Against Ultraviolet Radiation, Health Protection Agency. ISBN 0-85951-498-6.
115
EN
27.4.2006
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Whereas:
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
116
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
(6)
EN
L 114/39
(8)
(9)
SECTION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
(1)
(2)
(3)
117
EN
Article 2
(g)
27.4.2006
(h) radiance (L): the radiant flux or power output per unit
solid angle per unit area, expressed in watts per square
metre per steradian (W m2 sr-1);
Definitions
(i)
(i)
2. The exposure limit values for laser radiation are as set out
in Annex II.
(ii) visible radiation: optical radiation of wavelength
range between 380 nm and 780 nm;
SECTION II
(c)
(e)
(f)
118
OBLIGATIONS OF EMPLOYERS
Article 4
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
L 114/41
Article 5
Provisions aimed at avoiding or reducing risks
(a)
(c)
(e)
(f)
(g)
appropriate information obtained from health surveillance, including published information, as far as possible;
(i)
(j)
(d) appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment, workplaces and workstation systems;
(e)
(f)
(g)
EN
27.4.2006
(f)
(g)
Article 7
SECTION III
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Article 8
Health surveillance
(1)
120
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
L 114/43
Committee
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 9
Penalties
Member States shall provide for adequate penalties to be
applicable in the event of infringement of the national
legislation adopted pursuant to this Directive. These penalties
must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.
Article 10
Technical amendments
1. Any modification of the exposure limit values set out in
the Annexes shall be adopted by the European Parliament and
the Council in accordance with the procedure laid down in
Article 137(2) of the Treaty.
Article 12
Reports
Every five years Member States shall provide the Commission
with a report on the practical implementation of this
Directive, indicating the points of view of the social partners.
Every five years the Commission shall inform the European
Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social
Committee and the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health
at Work of the content of these reports, of its assessment of
these reports, of developments in the field in question and of
any action that may be warranted in the light of new scientific
knowledge.
121
EN
Article 13
Practical guide
27.4.2006
122
The President
The President
J. BORRELL FONTELLES
H. WINKLER
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
L 114/45
ANNEX I
Non-coherent optical radiation
The biophysically relevant exposure values to optical radiation can be determined with the formulae below. The
formulae to be used depend on the range of radiation emitted by the source and the results should be compared with
the corresponding exposure limit values indicated in Table 1.1. More than one exposure value and corresponding
exposure limit can be relevant for a given source of optical radiation.
Numbering (a) to (o) refers to corresponding rows of Table 1.1.
= 400 nm
(a)
Heff =
(b)
= 400 nm
= 315 nm
H UVA =
= 700 nm
(c), (d)
( , t ) . S( ) . d . d t
= 180 nm
L ()
LB =
(, t) . d . dt
. B() . d
( ) . B ( ) . d
= 300 nm
= 700 nm
(e), (f)
EB =
= 300 nm
2
(g) to (l)
LR =
() . R() . d
= 3000 nm
(m), (n)
E IR =
() d
= 780 nm
= 3000 nm
(o)
H skin =
( , t) d dt
= 380 nm
For the purposes of this Directive, the formulae above can be replaced by the following expressions and the use of
discrete values as set out in the following tables:
= 400 nm
(a)
E S()
Eeff =
= 180 nm
= 400 nm
(b)
EUVA =
= 315 nm
= 700 nm
(c), (d)
LB =
(e), (f)
EB =
L . B( ) .
= 300 nm
= 700 nm
E . B ( ) .
= 300 nm
(g) to (l)
LR =
. R() .
= 3 000 nm
(m), (n)
E IR =
= 780 nm
123
L 114/46
EN
= 3 000 nm
(o)
Eskin =
= 380 nm
Notes:
E (,t), E spectral irradiance or spectral power density: the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface,
expressed in watts per square metre per nanometre [W m-2 nm-1]; values of E (, t) and E come from
measurements or may be provided by the manufacturer of the equipment;
124
Eeff
effective irradiance (UV range): calculated irradiance within the UV wavelength range 180 to 400 nm
spectrally weighted by S (), expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2];
radiant exposure: the time integral of the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2];
Heff
effective radiant exposure: radiant exposure spectrally weighted by S (), expressed in joules per square metre
[J m- 2];
EUVA
total irradiance (UVA): calculated irradiance within the UVA wavelength range 315 to 400 nm, expressed in
watts per square metre [W m-2];
HUVA
radiant exposure: the time and wavelength integral or sum of the irradiance within the UVA wavelength
range 315 to 400 nm, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2];
S ()
spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the health effects of UV radiation on
eye and skin, (Table 1.2) [dimensionless];
t, t
L (), L
spectral radiance of the source expressed in watts per square metre per steradian per nanometre [W m- 2 sr -1
nm-1];
R ()
spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the thermal injury caused to the eye
by visible and IRA radiation (Table 1.3) [dimensionless];
LR
effective radiance (thermal injury): calculated radiance spectrally weighted by R () expressed in watts per
square metre per steradian [W m- 2 sr 1];
B ()
spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the photochemical injury caused to
the eye by blue light radiation (Table 1.3) [dimensionless];
LB
effective radiance (blue light): calculated radiance spectrally weighted by B (), expressed in watts per square
metre per steradian [W m- 2 sr 1];
EB
effective irradiance (blue light): calculated irradiance spectrally weighted by B () expressed in watts per
square metre [W m- 2];
EIR
total irradiance (thermal injury): calculated irradiance within the infrared wavelength range 780 nm to
3 000 nm expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2];
Eskin
total irradiance (visible, IRA and IRB): calculated irradiance within the visible and infrared wavelength range
380 nm to 3 000 nm, expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2];
Hskin
radiant exposure: the time and wavelength integral or sum of the irradiance within the visible and infrared
wavelength range 380 to 3 000 nm, expressed in joules per square metre (J m-2);
angular subtense: the angle subtended by an apparent source, as viewed at a point in space, expressed in
milliradians (mrad). Apparent source is the real or virtual object that forms the smallest possible retinal
image.
27.4.2006
f.
e.
d.
c.
t >10 000 s
(Blue light)
[W m-2]
eye retina
eye lens
photoretinitis
cataractogenesis
skin cancer
elastosis
erythema
cataractogenesis
skin
conjunctivitis
lens
photokeratitis
Hazard
conjunctiva
eye cornea
see note 1
EB = 0,01
100
t
for t 10 000 s
EB
300-700
see note 1
(Blue light)
300-700
see note 1
t: [seconds]
(Blue light)
for 11 mrad
Comment
EB: [W m-2]
[W m-2 sr-1]
LB = 100
LB
300-700
300-700
t: [seconds]
(UVA)
[J m-2]
106
t
for t 10 000 s
HUVA = 104
315-400
[J m-2]
Units
EN
b.
Heff = 30
180-400
Wavelength nm
27.4.2006
a.
Index
Table 1.1
Exposure limit values for non-coherent optical radiation
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
L 114/47
125
126
6 106
C
for t > 10 s
sr-1]
t: [seconds]
[W m-2]
for t 1 000 s
EIR = 100
780-3 000
E: [W m-2]
[W
m-2
t: [seconds]
[W m-2 sr-1]
8,89 10
C
for t < 10 s
LR
LR
5 107
C t0,25
for 10 s t 10 s
LR
[W m-2 sr-1]
780-3 000
(IRA)
780-1 400
(IRA)
780-1 400
(IRA)
780-1 400
8,89 108
C
for t <10 s
LR
t: [seconds]
[W m-2 sr-1]
Units
1,7 mrad
11 mrad
1= 780; 2= 1 400
(measurement field-of-view:
11 mrad)
11 100 mrad
C = 100 for
C = for
C = 11 for
1= 380; 2= 1 400
C = 100 for
C = for
C = 1,7 for
Comment
lens
eye cornea
eye retina
eye retina
cataractogenesis
corneal burn
retinal burn
retinal burn
Hazard
n.
m.
l.
k.
j.
380-1 400
LR
5 107
C t0,25
for 10 s t 10 s
2,8 107
C
for t >10 s
LR
EN
i.
380-1 400
380-1 400
Wavelength nm
L 114/48
h.
g.
Index
for t < 10 s
(Visible, IRA
skin
burn
Hazard
For steady fixation of very small sources with an angular subtense < 11 mrad, LB can be converted to EB. This normally applies only for ophthalmic instruments or a stabilized eye during
anaesthesia. The maximum stare time is found by: tmax = 100/EB with EB expressed in W m-2. Due to eye movements during normal visual tasks this does not exceed 100 s.
Comment
Note 2:
t: [seconds]
H: [J m-2]
Units
The range of 300 to 700 nm covers parts of UVB, all UVA and most of visible radiation; however, the associated hazard is commonly referred to as blue light hazard. Blue light strictly speaking
covers only the range of approximately 400 to 490 nm.
and IRB)
380-3 000
Wavelength nm
27.4.2006
Note 1:
o.
Index
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 114/49
127
EN
27.4.2006
Table 1.2
S () [dimensionless], 180 nm to 400 nm
in nm
180
128
S ()
0,0120
in nm
228
S ()
in nm
0,1737
276
S ()
0,9434
in nm
324
S ()
in nm
0,000520
372
S ()
0,000086
181
0,0126
229
0,1819
277
0,9272
325
0,000500
373
0,000083
182
0,0132
230
0,1900
278
0,9112
326
0,000479
374
0,000080
183
0,0138
231
0,1995
279
0,8954
327
0,000459
375
0,000077
184
0,0144
232
0,2089
280
0,8800
328
0,000440
376
0,000074
185
0,0151
233
0,2188
281
0,8568
329
0,000425
377
0,000072
186
0,0158
234
0,2292
282
0,8342
330
0,000410
378
0,000069
187
0,0166
235
0,2400
283
0,8122
331
0,000396
379
0,000066
188
0,0173
236
0,2510
284
0,7908
332
0,000383
380
0,000064
189
0,0181
237
0,2624
285
0,7700
333
0,000370
381
0,000062
190
0,0190
238
0,2744
286
0,7420
334
0,000355
382
0,000059
191
0,0199
239
0,2869
287
0,7151
335
0,000340
383
0,000057
192
0,0208
240
0,3000
288
0,6891
336
0,000327
384
0,000055
193
0,0218
241
0,3111
289
0,6641
337
0,000315
385
0,000053
194
0,0228
242
0,3227
290
0,6400
338
0,000303
386
0,000051
195
0,0239
243
0,3347
291
0,6186
339
0,000291
387
0,000049
196
0,0250
244
0,3471
292
0,5980
340
0,000280
388
0,000047
197
0,0262
245
0,3600
293
0,5780
341
0,000271
389
0,000046
198
0,0274
246
0,3730
294
0,5587
342
0,000263
390
0,000044
199
0,0287
247
0,3865
295
0,5400
343
0,000255
391
0,000042
200
0,0300
248
0,4005
296
0,4984
344
0,000248
392
0,000041
201
0,0334
249
0,4150
297
0,4600
345
0,000240
393
0,000039
0,000037
202
0,0371
250
0,4300
298
0,3989
346
0,000231
394
203
0,0412
251
0,4465
299
0,3459
347
0,000223
395
0,000036
204
0,0459
252
0,4637
300
0,3000
348
0,000215
396
0,000035
205
0,0510
253
0,4815
301
0,2210
349
0,000207
397
0,000033
206
0,0551
254
0,5000
302
0,1629
350
0,000200
398
0,000032
207
0,0595
255
0,5200
303
0,1200
351
0,000191
399
0,000031
208
0,0643
256
0,5437
304
0,0849
352
0,000183
400
0,000030
209
0,0694
257
0,5685
305
0,0600
353
0,000175
210
0,0750
258
0,5945
306
0,0454
354
0,000167
211
0,0786
259
0,6216
307
0,0344
355
0,000160
212
0,0824
260
0,6500
308
0,0260
356
0,000153
213
0,0864
261
0,6792
309
0,0197
357
0,000147
214
0,0906
262
0,7098
310
0,0150
358
0,000141
215
0,0950
263
0,7417
311
0,0111
359
0,000136
216
0,0995
264
0,7751
312
0,0081
360
0,000130
217
0,1043
265
0,8100
313
0,0060
361
0,000126
218
0,1093
266
0,8449
314
0,0042
362
0,000122
219
0,1145
267
0,8812
315
0,0030
363
0,000118
0,000114
220
0,1200
268
0,9192
316
0,0024
364
221
0,1257
269
0,9587
317
0,0020
365
0,000110
222
0,1316
270
1,0000
318
0,0016
366
0,000106
223
0,1378
271
0,9919
319
0,0012
367
0,000103
224
0,1444
272
0,9838
320
0,0010
368
0,000099
225
0,1500
273
0,9758
321
0,000819
369
0,000096
226
0,1583
274
0,9679
322
0,000670
370
0,000093
227
0,1658
275
0,9600
323
0,000540
371
0,000090
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
L 114/51
Table 1.3
B (), R () [dimensionless], 380 nm to 1 400 nm
in nm
B ()
R ()
0,01
380
0,01
0,1
385
0,013
0,13
390
0,025
0,25
395
0,05
0,5
400
0,1
405
0,2
410
0,4
415
0,8
420
0,9
425
0,95
9,5
430
0,98
9,8
435
10
440
10
445
0,97
9,7
450
0,94
9,4
455
0,9
460
0,8
465
0,7
470
0,62
6,2
475
0,55
5,5
480
0,45
4,5
485
0,32
3,2
490
0,22
2,2
495
0,16
1,6
500
0,1
100,02(450-)
0,001
100,002 (700 - )
0,2
0,02
129
L 114/52
EN
The biophysically relevant exposure values to optical radiation can be determined with the formulae below. The
formulae to be used depend on the wavelength and duration of radiation emitted by the source and the results should
be compared with the corresponding exposure limit values indicated in the Tables 2.2 to 2.4. More than one exposure
value and corresponding exposure limit can be relevant for a given source of laser optical radiation.
Coefficients used as calculation tools within the Tables 2.2 to 2.4 are listed in Table 2.5 and corrections for repetitive
exposure are listed in Table 2.6.
E=
dP
[ W m-2 ]
dA
H = E(t) dt [ J m-2 ]
0
Notes:
dP
dA
E (t), E
irradiance or power density: the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface, generally expressed in
watts per square metre [W m-2]. Values of E(t), E come from measurements or may be provided by the
manufacturer of the equipment;
radiant exposure: the time integral of the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2];
130
integrated radiance: the integral of the radiance over a given exposure time expressed as radiant energy per
unit area of a radiating surface per unit solid angle of emission, in joules per square metre per steradian
[J m-2 sr -1].
27.4.2006
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
L 114/53
Table 2.1
Radiation hazards
Wavelength [nm]
Hazard
Radiation range
Affected organ
180 to 400
UV
eye
2.2, 2.3
180 to 400
UV
skin
erythema
2.4
400 to 700
visible
eye
retinal damage
2.2
400 to 600
visible
eye
photochemical damage
2.3
400 to 700
visible
skin
thermal damage
2.4
700 to 1 400
IRA
eye
thermal damage
2.2, 2.3
700 to 1 400
IRA
skin
thermal damage
2.4
1 400 to 2 600
IRB
eye
thermal damage
2.2
2 600 to 106
IRC
eye
thermal damage
2.2
1 400 to 106
IRB, IRC
eye
thermal damage
2.3
1 400 to 106
IRB, IRC
skin
thermal damage
2.4
131
132
Exposure limit values for laser exposure to the eye Short exposure duration < 10 s
Table 2.2
L 114/54
EN
27.4.2006
Exposure limit values for laser exposure to the eye Long exposure duration 10 s
Table 2.3
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 114/55
133
134
Table 2.4
L 114/56
EN
27.4.2006
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
L 114/57
Table 2.5
Applied correction factors and other calculation parameters
CA
Value
< 700
CA = 1,0
700 1 050
CA = 10
1 050 1 400
CA = 5,0
400 450
CB = 1,0
450 700
CB = 10
700 1 150
CC = 1,0
1 150 1 200
CC = 10
1 200 1 400
CC = 8,0
< 450
T1 = 10 s
0,002( - 700)
CB
CC
T1
450 500
> 500
min
Parameter as listed in ICNIRP
T2
0,018( - 1 150)
T1 = 10 [10
0,02 ( - 450)]
Value
T1 = 100 s
< min
CE
0,02( - 450)
Value
CE = 1,0
CE = /min
> 100
< 1,5
T2 = 10 s
> 100
T2 = 10 [10
( - 1,5) / 98,5]
T2 = 100 s
135
L 114/58
EN
t 100
100 < t < 104
27.4.2006
t > 104
Value
= 11 [mrad]
= 1,1 t
0, 5
[mrad]
= 110 [mrad]
Table 2.6
Correction for repetitive exposure
Each of the following three general rules should be applied to all repetitive exposures as occur from repetitively pulsed
or scanning laser systems:
1.
The exposure from any single pulse in a train of pulses shall not exceed the exposure limit value for a single
pulse of that pulse duration.
2.
The exposure from any group of pulses (or sub-group of pulses in a train) delivered in time t shall not exceed the
exposure limit value for time t.
3.
The exposure from any single pulse within a group of pulses shall not exceed the singlepulse exposure limit
value multiplied by a cumulative-thermal correction factor Cp=N-0,25, where N is the number of pulses. This rule
applies only to exposure limits to protect against thermal injury, where all pulses delivered in less than Tmin are
treated as a single pulse.
Parameter
Tmin
Tmin = 10
Tmin = 18 10
-6
s (= 18 s)
Tmin = 50 10
-6
s (= 50 s)
Tmin = 10
Tmin = 10 s
Tmin = 10
-3
s (= 1 ms)
Tmin = 10
-7
s (= 100 ns)
2 600 < 10
136
Value
-3
s (= 1 ns)
s (= 1 ms)
appendix L
Directive 2006/25/EC
27.4.2006
EN
L 114/59
In the opinion of the Council, when the word penalties is used in the English version of legal instruments
of the European Community, this word is used in a neutral sense and does not relate specifically to
criminal law sanctions, but could also include administrative and financial sanctions, as well as other
types of sanction. When Member States are obliged under a Community act to introduce penalties, it is
up to them to choose the appropriate type of sanction in conformity with the case law of the European
Court of Justice.
In the Community language data base, the following translations are made of the word penalty in some
other languages:
in Spanish, sanciones; in Danish, sanktioner; in German, Sanktionen; in Hungarian, jogkvetkezmnyek; in
Italian, sanzioni; in Latvian, sankcijas; in Lithuanian, sankcijos; in Dutch, sancties; in Portuguese, sanes;
in Slovak, sankcie; and in Swedish, sanktioner.
If, in revised English versions of legal instruments where the word sanctions has previously been used,
this word is replaced with the word penalties, this does not constitute a substantive difference.
137
European Commission
Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2006/25/EC
(Artificial optical radiation)
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
2011 137 pp. 21 29.7 cm
ISBN 978-92-79-16046-2
doi:10.2767/74218
Most workplaces contain artificial optical radiation sources and Directive 2006/25/EC lays down
minimum health and safety requirements regarding exposure of workers to such sources. The
European Commission non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2006/25/EC
pinpoints applications posing minimal risk and provides guidance on others. It sets out an assessment methodology and outlines measures to reduce hazards and check for adverse health effects.
This publication is available in printed format in English, French and German and in electronic format in all other EU official languages. A CD containing 22 language versions
(Catalogue number: KE-32-11-704-1X-Z, ISBN 978-92-79-19829-8) is also available.
KE-30-10-384-EN-C
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