B.SC (Chemistry)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
B.Sc (Chemistry)- SYLLABUS

Effective from the Academic Year 2008-2009
Loyola College (Autonomous)

Chennai - 34
Dept of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous), Ch-34, B. Sc (Chem) Syllabus
CONTENTS
SUBJECT
I.
II.
III.
Page
Syllabus Template
Details of the credits
Courses offered to Other Departments
List of Courses
SEMESTER-I (Major Core-MC

MC)
MC
CH-1502 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
CH-1503 CONCEPTS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
10
CH-1504 INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
12
MC)
SEMESTER-II(Major Core-MC
MC
CH-2504 HYDROCARBONS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY
13
CH-2505 ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
15
MC)
SEMESTER-III (Major Core-MC
MC
CH-3502 ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS-1
16
CH-3503 MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS AND SOLID STATE

CHEMISTRY
18
CH-3504 THERMODYNAMICS
20
CH-3505 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS AND INORGANIC

PREPARATIONS
IV.
V.
22
SEMESTER-IV (Major Core-MC

MC)
MC
CH-4502 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
23
CH-4503 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
25
CH-4020 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
26
SEMESTER-V (Major Core-MC

MC)
MC
CH-5505 ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS-II
27
CH-5506 TRANSITION ELEMENTS AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 29

CH-5507 PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND KINETICS
31

CH-5508 FUNDAMENTALS OF SPECTROSCOPY
33
CH-5509 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS AND ORGANIC

PREPARATIONS
35
SUBJECT ELECTIVE (ES

ES)
ES - Any Two
VI.
CH-5402 POLYMER CHEMISTRY
36
CH-5403 FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
37
CH-5404 BIOCHEMISTRY
38
CH-5405 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
40
SEMESTER-VI
MAJOR SPECIAL (MS
MS)
MS
CH-6606 MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
41
CH-6607 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
42
CH-6608 CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (Pack-A)
44
CH-6609 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND

SPECTROSCOPY (Pack-A)
45
CH-6610 CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS (Pack-B)
47
CH-6611 INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (Pack-B)
48
SKILL BASED (SK

SK)
SK
CH-6650 FOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
FOOD CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
CH-6651 CHEMISTRY OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS
51
54
54
CONSUMER PRODUCTS PRACTICALS
55
INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE
56
CH-6652 SEMINAR AND REPORT
57
EG)
GENERAL ELECTIVE (EG
EG
CH-2300 APPLIED CHEMISTRY
58
CH-4301 BASIC CLINICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL

CHEMISTRY
60
ALLIED REQUIRED (AR

AR)
AR
CH-2102 GENERAL CHEMISTRY FOR MATHS & PHYSICS
62

CH-2103 GEN.CHEM.LAB FOR MATHS AND PHYSICS
64
CH-3104 CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGISTS-I
65
CH-3105 CHEMISTRY PRCTICAL FOR BIOLOGISTS-I
67
PH-2103 PHYSICS FOR CHEMISTRY I
68
PH-2104 PHYSICS FOR CHEMISTRY - PRACTICAL- I
69
MT-3103 MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTRY
70
ALLIED OPTIONAL (AO

AO)
AO
CH-3202 ADVANCED GEN.CHEM. FOR MATHS & PHYSICS
71
CH-3203 PRACTICALS FOR GENERAL CHEMISTRY -II
73
CH-4204 CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGISTS-II
74
CH-4205 CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL FOR BIOLOGISTS-II
75
DETAILS OF THE CREDITS

PART-I (Language)
: 6 Credits (12Hrs)
PART-II (English)
: 12 Credits (24 Hrs)
PART-III (Major & Allied)
: 118 Credits
MC = 59
(60 Hrs)
MS = 20
(15 Hrs)
SK = 15
(15 Hrs)
AR = 8
(12 Hrs)
AO = 8
(12 Hrs)
ES = 2+2
(6 Hrs)
EG = 2+2
(6 Hrs)
PART-IV (Soft skills)
: 8 Credits
Total
: 140 Credits
COURSES OFFERED TO OTHER DEPARTMENTS

Allied Required (AR):
CH: 2102: General Chemistry for Maths & Physics
4/3
CH: 2103: General Chemistry Practical for Maths & Physics
2/1
CH-3104: Chemistry for Biologists-I
4/3
CH-3105: Chemistry Practical for Biologists-I
2/1
Allied Optional (AO):

CH-3202: Advanced General Chemistry for Maths & Physics
4/3
CH- 3203: Advanced General Chemistry Practical for Maths & Physics 2/1
CH-4204: Chemistry for Biologists-II
4/3
CH-4205: Chemistry Practical for Biologists-II
2/1
Elective General (EG):

CH-2300 Applied Chemistry
3/2
CH-4301 Basic Clinical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
3/2

SEM
II
III
IV
VI
CODE
CH 1502
CH 1503
CH 1504
CH 2504
CH 2505
CH 3502
CH 3503
CH 3504
CH 3505
CH 4502
CH 4503
CH 4020
CH 5505
CH 5506
CH 5507
CH 5508
CH 5509
CH 5402
CH 5403
CH 5404
CH 5405
CH 6606
CH 6607
CH 6608
CH 6609
CH 6610
CH 6611
CH 6650
CH 6651
CH 6652
II
IV
CH 2300
CH 4301
II
III
CH 2102
CH 2103
CH 3104
CH 3105
III
IV
CH 3202
CH 3203
CH 4204
CH 4205
MAJOR CORE (MC) SUBJECTS

Analytical Chemistry
Concepts in Inorganic Chemistry
Inorg. Qual. Analysis - lab
Hydrocarbons & stereochemistry
Org. Qual. Analysis - lab
Organic Functional Groups-I
Main Group Elements& Solid state Chemistry
Thermodynamics
Vol. Anal. and Inorg. Prepn. - lab
Electrochemistry
Physical Chemistry Practicals-lab
Computer applications
Organic Functional Groups-II
Transition Elements & Nuclear Chemistry
Phase Equilibria & Kinetics
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy + Seminar
Gra. Anal. and Org. Prepn. - lab
ELECTIVE SUBJECT(ES) Any Two
Polymer Chemistry (OR)
Forensic science
Biochemistry (OR)
Agricultural Chemistry
Molecular Dynamics
Coordination Chemistry
Chem. of materials (Package A)
Syn. Org. Chemistry & Spect. (Package A)
Chemistry of Natural Products (Package B)
Industrial Chemistry (Package B)
SKILL-BASED (CH 6650 or CH 6651)
Food Chem and Technology (Skill-based)
Chem. Cons. Products (Skill-based)
Seminar
ELECTIVE GENERAL (EG)
Applied Chemistry
Basic Clinical and Pharm. Chem.
Allied Required (AR)
Gen. Chem. For Maths and Physics
Gen. Chem. Lab For Maths and Phys
Chem. For Bilogists-I
Chem. Practical for Biologists-I
Allied Optional(AO)
Adv.Gen.Chem. For Maths and Phy
Adv.Gen. Chem. Lab For Maths &Phy
Chem. For Biologists-II
Chem. Practical for Biologists-II
Hours
Credit
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
5
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
4
5
2
2
2
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
13
13
2
13
13
2
3
3
2
2
4
2
4
2
3
1
3
1
4
2
4
2
3
1
3
1
SEMESTERSEMESTER-I (MC)
CH - 1502: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester I
Course : Major core(MC)
No. of Credits
: 3
No. of hours per week : 3
Objectives
1.
To help the student to develop the habit of accurate manipulation and an attitude of
critical thinking.
2.
To learn the basic analytical methods and appreciate what is involved in an
analysis.
UNIT 1: HANDLING OF CHEMICALS AND ANALYSIS
(8 h)
1.1 Safety and hygiene in the Chemistry Lab
Storage and handling of chemicals, handling of acids, ethers, toxic and poisonous
chemicals, antidotes, threshold vapour concentration and first aid procedure. Heating
methods, stirring methods filtration techniques. Calibration of pipette, standard measuring
flask and burette. Weighing principle in chemical balance and single pan balance.
1.2 Error in chemical analysis
Accuracy, precision, Types of error-absolute and relative error, methods of eliminating or
minimizing errors. Methods of expressing precision: mean, median, deviation, average
deviation and coefficient of variation. Significant figures and its application with respect to
the glassware used. Normal error curve and its importance.
UNIT 2: SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES
(10 h)
2.1 General purification techniques
Purification of solid organic compounds, recrystallisation, use of miscible solvents, use of
drying agents and their properties, sublimation. Purification of liquids. Experimental
techniques of distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure.
Extraction, use of immiscible solvents, solvent extraction. Chemical methods of
purification and test of purity.
2.2 Chromatography
Principle of adsorption and partition chromatography.
Column chromatography:
adsorbents, classification of adsorbents, solvents, preparation of column, adsorption and
applications.
Thin Layer Chromatography: choice of adsorbent, choice of solvent,
preparation of chromatogram, sample, Rf value and its applications. Paper chromatography,
solvent used, Rf value, factors which affect Rf value. Ion exchange chromatography, resins
used, experimental techniques, applications. Gas Chromatography, principle, detector (FID,
TCD, ECD), Applications.
UNIT 3: TITRIMETRIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS
(12 h)
3.1 General Introduction
General principle. Types of titrations. Requirements for titrimetric analysis.
Concentration systems: Molarity, formality, normality, wt% ppm, milliequalence and
millimoles-problems. Primary and secondary standards, criteria for primary standards,
3.3
3.4
preparation of standard solutions, standardization of solutions. Limitation of volumetric

analysis, endpoint and equivalence point.3.2 Acid-base Equilibria
pH of strong and weak acid solutions. Buffer solutions. Henderson equations. Preparation
of acidic and basic buffers. Relative strength of acids and bases from Ka and Kb values.
Neutralisation-titration curve, theory of indicators, choice of indicators.
Use of
phenolphthalein and methyl orange.
Complexometric titrations
Stability of complexes, titration involving EDTA. Metal ion indicators and characteristics.
Problems based on titrimetric analysis.
UNIT 4: SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA

(10 h)
4.1 General Separation Techniques
Solubility and solubility products, expressions for solubility products. Determination of
solubility from solubility products.
4.2 Precipitation titrations
Argentometric titrations, indicators for precipitation titrations involving silver.
Determination of chloride by Volhards method. Adsorption indicators.
4.3 Gravimetric methods of analysis
Separation by precipitation, factors affecting solubility, gravimetric factor. Purity of
precipitates, von Weiman ratio. Co-precipitation, post precipitation.
UNIT 5: THERMAL ANALYSIS
(5 h)
Thermal analytical methods, principle involved in thermogravimetric analysis and
differential gravimetric analysis, discussion of various components with block diagram,
characteristics of TG and DTA, Factors affecting TG and DTA curves.
Text Books
1.
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, 5th
edition, Saunders college publishing, Philadelphia, 1990.
2.
U.N. Dash, Analytical Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Sultan Chand and sons Educational
Publishers, New Delhi, 1995.
3.
R.A. Day Jr. A.L. Underwood, Quantitatives Analysis, 5th edition, Prentice Hall of India
Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1988.
4.
R. Gopalan, Analytical Chemistry, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi
Reference books
1.
Elementary Organic Spectroscopy: Principles and Chemical Applications, S.Chand and
company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1990.
2.
V.K. Srivastava, K.K. Srivastava, Introduction to Chromatography: Theory and Practice,
S. Chand and company, New Delhi, 1987.
3.
R.M. Roberts, J.C. Gilbert, L.B. Rodewald, A.S. Wingrove, Modern Experimental Organic
Chemistry, 4th edition, Holt Saunders international editions.
4.
A.K. Srivastava, P.C. Jain, Chemical Analysis: An Instrumental Approach for B.Sc. Hons.
and M.Sc. Classes, S. Chand and company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
10
CH - 1503 : CONCEPTS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester I
No. of Credits
No. of hours per week
: 3
: 3
Objectives
1. To know the arrangement of elements in the periodic table and the periodic properties.
2. To understand the different kinds of chemical forces in molecules.
3. To identify the nature of chemical bond in a given inorganic compound.
4. To know the existence of special types of compounds through weak chemical forces.
UNIT 1: Atomic Structure, the Elements, and the Periodic Table
(10 h)
1.1 Electronic configuration: Bohr theory, duel nature of electrons, Heisenberg uncertainty
principle, the Schrodinger equation, significance of wave functions, normalization of wave
function, radial and angular wave functions, Paulis exclusion principle, Hunds rule,
sequence of energy levels (aufbau principle).
1.2 Periodicity: periodic law and arrangement of elements in the periodic table, IUPAC
nomenclature and group number, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal relationships in the
periodic table.
1.3 General properties of atoms: size of atoms and ions-atomic radii, ionic radii, covalent radii;
trend in ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity; electronegativity-Pauling,
Mulliken-Jaffe, Allred-Rochow definitions; oxidation states and variable valency;
isoelectronic relationship; inert-pair effect; standard reduction potentials, electrochemical
series.
1.4 The occurrence and isolation of elements: occurrence of elements; factors influencing the
choice of extraction process; mineral benefication-pretreatment, dense medium separation,
flotation process, solution methods, magnetic separation, electrostatic precipitation; thermal
decomposition methods; displacement of one metal by another; high temperature chemical
reduction methods-reduction by carbon, reduction by metal, self-reduction, reduction of
oxides with hydrogen; electrolytic reduction-in aqueous solution, in nonaqueous solvents,
in fused melts; thermodynamics of reduction processes-the Ellingham diagram.
Self study
(a) Electronic configuration of polyelectronic atoms.
(b) Common oxidation states of metals and their electronic configurations.
UNIT 2: Ionic bond
(8 h)
2.1 Properties of ionic compounds, factors favoring the formation of ionic compoundsionization potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity.
2.2 Lattice energy: definition, Born-Lande equation (derivation not required), factors affecting
lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle-enthalpy of formation of ionic compound and stability.
2.3 Covalent character in ionic compounds-polarization and Fajans rules; effects of
polarization-solubility, melting points, and thermal stability of typical ionic compounds.
Self study
(a) Stability of ionic compounds in terms of Hf and Uo.
(b) Solubility and thermal stability of ionic compounds of alkali- and alkaline earth metals.
11
UNIT 3: The Covalent Bond

(11 h)
3.1 Lewis theory-the octet rule and its exception, electron dot structural formula; SidgwickPowell theory-prediction of molecular shapes; Valance Bond theory-arrangement of
electrons in molecules, hybridization of atomic orbitals and geometry of molecules.
3.2 VSEPR model-effect of bonding and nonbonding electrons on the structure of molecules,
effect of electronegativity, isoelectronic principle, illustration of structures by VESPR
model-NH3, SF4, ICl4-, ICl2-, XeF4, XeF6.
3.3 MO theory: LCAO method, criteria of orbital overlap, types of molecular orbitals-, - and
-MOs; combination of atomic orbitals to give - and -MOs and their schematic
illustration; qualitative MO energy level diagram of homo- and heterodiatomic moleculesH2 to Ne2, CO, NO, HCl; bond order and stability of molecules.
Self study
(a) Calculation of bond order and determining stability of homo- and heterodiatomic
molecules.
(b) The importance of lone pair-lone pair and lone pair-bond pair electron interactions in
determining structure of molecules and illustration.
UNIT 4: Metallic and Weak Bonds
(8 h)
4.1 The Metallic bond: crystal structure of metals-ccp, hcp, metallic properties, band theory of
metals.
4.2 Alloys-mixture, interstitial- and substitutional solid solutions, Hume-Rothery rules,
interstitial compounds.
4.3 Weak bonds: hydrogen bonding-intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, influence on
the physical properties of molecules, comparison of hydrogen bond strength and properties
of hydrogen bonded N, O and F compounds; associated molecules-ethanol and acetic acid;
crystalline hydrates and clathrates; van der waals forces, ion dipole-dipole interactions.
Self study
(a) Examples of interstitial and substitutional alloys-composition and uses.
(b) Compounds formed by London dispersive forces and van der Waals radii.
UNIT 5: Acids and Bases
(8 h)
5.1 Types of chemical reactions: acid-base, oxidation-reduction, electron transfer, and double
decomposition reactions; balancing chemical reactions by oxidation number and ionelectron method.
5.2 Theories of acids and bases: Arrhenius theory, acids and bases in protic solvents, BronstedLowry theory, Lewis theory, the solvent system, Lux-Flood definition, Usanovich
definition; hard and soft acids and bases-HSAB principle.
5.3 Nonaqueous solvents: classification-protonic and aprotic solvents, liquid ammonia as
solvent-solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metals in ammonia.
Self study
(a) Classification of acids and bases as hard and soft.
(b) Typical reactions in sulfuric acid.
Text Books
1.
J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Blackwell Science, London, 1996.
2.
F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P. L. Guas, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., John Wiley,
1994.

3.
4.
12
B. Douglas, D. McDaniel and J. Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry,

3rd ed., John Wiley, 1994.
B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Shoban Lal
Nagin Chand and Co., 1996.
Reference Books
1.
J. E. Huheey, E. A. Kieter and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., Harper Collins,
New York, 1993.
2.
D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., W. H. Freeman and Co, London,
1999.
3.
T. Moeller, Inorganic Chemistry: A Modern Introduction, Wiley, New York, 1990.
CH - 1504: INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester I
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1.
2.
To enable the students to develop analytical skills in inorganic qualitative analysis.

To appreciate the various colored chemical reactions of metal ions.
Semi micro qualitative analysis:

1. Training sessions for three classes:
Mixture of anions containing an interfering anion and its elimination technique.
Mixture of cations of simple radicals to familiarize with the inter group separation
techniques.
2. Semi micro qualitative analysis of inorganic salt mixtures containing one interfering acid
radical.
3. Simple anions:
Carbonate, nitrate, sulphate, sulphide, sulphite, chloride and bromide.
4. Interfering anions:
Borate, fluoride, oxalate, phosphate, arsenite and chromate.
5. Cations:
Group I cations:
Lead, silver, mercurous.
Group II cations:
Mercuric, copper, cadmium, bismuth, antimony, tin.
Group III cations:
Aluminium, ferrous, ferric, chromium.
Group IV cations:
Cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc.
Group V cations:
Barium, strontium, calcium
Group VI cations:
Magnesium, ammonium.
References
1.
V.V. Ramanujam, Inorganic Semi Micro Qualitative Analysis, 3rd edition, The National
Publishing Company, Chennai, 1974.
2.
Vogels Text Book of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, 4th edition, ELBS, London, 1974.
13
SEMESTERSEMESTER-II (MC)
CH - 2504: HYDROCARBONS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester II
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1. To understand the basic properties of organic compounds
2. To know the method of naming organic compounds
3. To learn various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons
4. To understand the mechanism of reactions of hydrocarbons.
5. To understand the stereochemistry of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
Unit 1: Nomenclature, Classification and Basic Properties
(10 h)
1.1 Trivial, IUPAC nomenclature, Classification, Geometry of molecules, Hybridization.
1.2 Cleavage of bonds: homolytic and heterolytic cleavages.
1.3 Bond energy, bond length and bond angle.
1.4 Aromaticity and resonance structures, Huckels rule.
1.5 Inductive, inductomeric, electromeric, mesomeric, resonance, hyperconjugation and steric
effects.
1.6 Tautomerism: Definition, keto-enol tautomerism (identification, acid and base catalysed
interconversion mechanism), amido-imidol and nitro acinitro forms.
1.7 Stability of reaction intermediates, carbocation, carbanion, and free radicals.
Self Study:
Electron displacement effect applications, tautomerism in selected compounds, comparison
of stability of reaction intermediates
Unit 2: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
(8 h)
2.1 Preparation of alkanes: Wurtz reaction, reduction or hydrogenation of alkenes, CoreyHouse method, petroleum refining
2.2 Reactions: Mechanism of halogenation, free radical substitution, sulphonation, nitration,
oxidation, cracking and aromatisation.
2.3 Cycloalkanes: Preparation using Wurtz reaction, Dieckmanns ring closure and reduction
of aromatic hydrocarbons.
2.4 Reactions: Mechanism of substitution and ring-opening reactions.
2.5 Baeyers strain theory and theory of strainless rings.
Self Study:
Properties of alkanes and cycloalkanes, comparison of stability of ring compounds
Unit 3: Alkenes and Alkynes
(11 h)
3.1 Alkenes: General methods of preparation, dehydrogenation, dehydrohalogenation,
dehydration, Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules, cis and trans eliminations.
3.2 Reactions: Mechanism of electrophilic and free radical addition, addition of hydrogen,
halogen, hydrogen halide (Markownikoffs rule), hydrogen bromide (peroxide effect),
14
sulphuric acid, water, hydroboration, ozonolysis, dihydroxylation with KMnO4, allylic

bromination by NBS.
3.3 Dienes: Stability of dienes (conjugated, isolated and cumulative dienes)
3.4 General methods of preparation, mechanism of dehydrohalogenation.
3.5 Reactions: Mechanism of 1,2- and 1,4-additions, Diels-Alder reactions. Polymerization:
addition polymerization, Ziegler Natta catalysed polymerization.
3.6 Alkynes: Preparation: Mechanism of dehydrohalogenation and dehydrogenation.
3.7 Reactions: Acidity of alkynes, formation of acetylides, Mechanism of addition of water,
hydrogen halides and halogens, oxidation, ozonolysis and hydroboration/oxidation.
Self study:
Preparation and properties of higher order alkenes, dienes and alkynes, examples of
polymerization reactions
Unit 4: Homocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(8 h)
4.1 Benzene: Extraction, industrial and laboratory preparations, purification.
4.2 Properties: Electrophilic substitution reactions, Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation,
Friedel Crafts alkylation and acylation with mechanisms.
4.3 Disubstitution reactions of aromatic compounds, orientation and reactivity.
4.4 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: Preparation and properties of naphthalene, anthracene
and phenanthrene. Synthetic uses.
Self study:
Preparation of disubstituted benzenes, extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Unit 5: Stereochemistry-I
(8 h)
5.1 Conformational isomerism: Conformers, dihedral angle, torsional strain.
5.2 Conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane, conformers of cyclohexane (Chair, boat
and skew boat forms), axial-equatorial positions and their interconversions, conformers of
mono and disubstituted cyclohexanes, 1,2 and 1,3 interactions.
5.3 Geometrical isomerism: Cis-trans, syn-anti and E-Z notations, methods of distinguishing
geometrical isomers using melting point, dipole moment, dehydration, cyclisation and heat
of hydrogenation.
Self study:
Examples of geometrical isomerism and mono, di-substituted cyclohexanes
Text books
01. R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Printice-Hall Of India
Limited, New Delhi, 1992.
02. B. Y. Paula, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.(Singapore), New
Delhi, reprint, 2002.
03. T. W. Graham Solomons, Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, John Wiley and sons, 1996.
Reference books
01. Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, John Wiley And Sons, New York,
1992.
02. S. H. Pine, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Mcgraw Hill International Edition, Chemistry
Series, New York, 1987.
03. Sehan. N. Ege, Organic Chemistry, Structure And Reactivity, 3rd Edition, A.I.T.B.S., New
Delhi, 1998.

04.
05.
06.
07.
15
Hendrickson, Cram and Hammond, Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition), Mcgraw-Hill

Kogakusha, Limited, 1970.
Francis A. Carey, Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, Tata-McGraw Hill Publications, New
Delhi, 1999.
E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilers, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 2004.
P. S. Kalsi, Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism, 2nd edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd,
1993.
CH - 2505 : ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester II
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1.
To enable the students to develop analytical skills in organic qualitative analysis and
preparative skills in organic preparations.
2.
To enable the students to check the purity of organic compounds by determining the
melting or boiling points.
3.
At the end of the course, the students should be able to plan the experimental projects
and execute them.
Practicals
1.
2.
Determination of melting and boiling points of organic substances for two sessions.
Organic analysis:
a. Identification of acidic, basic, phenolic, and neutral organic substances.
b. Detection of N, S and halogens.
c. Test for aliphatic and aromatic nature of substances.
d. Test for saturation and unsaturation.
e. Identification of functional groups:
i) Carboxylic acids
ii) Phenols
iii) Aldehydes iv) Ketones
v) Esters vi) Carbohydrates
vii) Amines viii) Amides
ix) Halogen compounds
f. Preparation of derivatives for the functional groups.
References
1.
N.S. Gnanapragasam and G. Ramamurthy, Organic Chemistry Lab manual, S.
Viswanathan Co. Pvt., 1998.
2.
J.N. Gurthu and R. Kapoor, Advanced Experimental Chemistry (Organic), S. Chand and
Co., 1987.
3.
B.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, P.W. G. Smith and A.R. Tatchell, Vogels Text Book of
Practical Organic Chemistry. 5th Edn., Pearson Education, 2005.
16
SEMESTERSEMESTER-III
III (MC)
CH - 3502 : ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS-1
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester III
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1. To learn the chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds.
2. To learn the preparation of organic compounds of halide and oxygen based functional
groups.
3. To understand the physical and chemical properties of above functionalised organic
compounds.
4. To learn and practice the mechanism of above such reactions.
Unit 1: Aliphatic and aromatic halides
(8 h)
1.1 Nomenclature and classification
1.2 Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic halides: Free radical mechanism, addition and
Substitution reactions.
1.3 Reactions: Nucleophilic substitutions, SN1, SN2 and SNAr mechanisms, stereochemistry
and reactivity, effects of structure, substrate, solvent, nucleophile and leaving groups.
1.4 Eliminations: E1 and E2 mechanisms, evidences, orientations and stereochemistry.
Self study:
Competition between elimination and substitution reactions, application of Hoffmann and
Saytzeff rules.
Unit 2: Hydroxy derivatives
(8 h)
2.1 Aliphatic alcohols: Preparation by hydroboration, oxidation, Reduction of carbonyl
compounds, epoxidation, and Grignard synthesis.
2.2 Reactions with reference to C-OH bond cleavage and O-H bond cleavage, iodoform test.
2.3 Phenols: Nomenclature, physical properties, hydrogen bonding.
2.4 Preparation: Industrial source, preparation from diazonium salts and sulphonic acids.
2.5 Reactions: acidity, ether formation, ester formation, mechanism of ring substitution,
nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts reaction, nitrosation, coupling
reactions, Kolbes reaction and Riemer-Tiemen reaction.
Self study:
Classification and nomenclature, hydrolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of carbonyl
compounds and hydroxylation of alkenes, preparation and properties of catechol, resorcinol
and phloroglucinol.
Unit 3: Ethers and Epoxides (oxiranes)
(6 h)
3.1 Nomenclature and classification.
3.2 Preparation by Williamsons synthesis and alkoxy mercuration-demercuration methods.
17
3.3 Reactions: cleavage by acids.

3.4 Preparation and reactions of epoxides.
Self Study:
Properties of simple and mixed ethers.
Unit 4: Aldehydes and Ketones
(10 h)
4.1 Nomenclature and classification
4.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones.
4.3 Reactivity of carbonyl groups, acidity of alpha hydrogen.
4.4 Reactions: Mechanism of enolization reactions, nucleophilic addition, oxidation and
reduction reactions, addition reactions with Grignard reagents, cyanide, and bisulphate,
preparation of derivatives of ammonia and alcohols, Cannizaro reaction and Aldol
condensation.
4.5 Mechnism of aldol, Perkin, Knoevenagel reactions and benzoin condensation,
Claisen, Wittig, Cannizarro and Reformatsky reactions.
4.6 Mechanism of reductions with NaBH4, LiAlH4, Wolf-kishner and MPV reaction.
Mechanism of haloform and Michael addition.
4.7 Basic principles of photochemistry, Jablonskii diagram, photochemical reactions of
carbonyl compounds: Norrish type I and II reactions.
Self Study:
Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic aldehydes and ketones.
Unit 5: Carboxylic acids and their Functional Derivatives.
(13 h)
5.1 Nomenclature and classification of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids.
5.2 Preparation and reactions. Acidity (effect of substituents on acidity) and salt formation
5.3 Reactions: Mechanism of reduction, substitution in alkyl or aryl group. Preparation and
properties of dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic and
phthalic acids and unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic, crotonic and cinnamic acids
5.4 Reactions: Action of heat on hydroxy and amino acids, and saturated dicarboxylic acids,
stereospecific addition to maleic and fumaric acids.
5.6 Preparation and reactions of acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, amides and esters,
acid and alkaline hydrolysis of esters, trans-esterification.
Self study:
Physical properties, industrial source. Acetic acid and phthalic acid. Halogenated acids,
cyano acids, lactic, pyruvic and tartaric acids.
Text Books
01. R. T. Morrison And R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Printice-Hall Of India
Limited, New Delhi, 1992.
02. T. W. Graham Solomons, Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
04. Bahl and Arun Bahl, Organic Chemistry, S. Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 2005.
Reference Books
1992.

02.
03.
04.
05.
18
S. H. Pine, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill International Edition, Chemistry
Sehan. N. Ege, Organic Chemistry, Structure And Reactivity, 3rd Edition, A.I.T.B.S., New
Delhi, 1998.
Hendrickson, Cram And Hammond, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill
Francis A. Carey, Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, Tata-McGraw Hill Publications, New
Delhi, 1999.
CH - 3503: MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS AND

SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester III
Course : Major core (MC)
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1.
To know the nature of compounds formed by s- and p-block elements.
2.
To know the various reagents of main group elements used in synthetic chemistry.
3.
To understand the crystal structures of ionic compounds.
UNIT 1: s-Block Elements
(8 h)
1.1 Chemical properties of the metals: reaction with water, air, nitrogen; uses of s-block metals
and their compounds.
1.2 Compounds of s-block metals: oxides, hydroxides, peroxides, superoxides-preparation and
properties; oxo salts-carbonates, bicarbonates, nitrates; halides and polyhalides; anomalous
behavior of Li and Be, extraction of beryllium.
1.3 Complexes of s-block metals: complexes with crown ethers, biological importance,
organometallic compounds of Li and Be.
Self study
(a) The factors favoring the formation of ionic compounds by s-block elements.
(b) Uses of s-block metals.
UNIT 2: Boron and Carbon Group Elements
(8 h)
2.1 Group 13 (boron group): extraction of B and Si; types of compounds; reaction of B with
other elements, water, air, acids, and alkali.
2.2 Compounds of boron with oxygen: boron sesquioxide, borates, borax, sodium
peroxoborates.
2.3 Boronhydrides-reaction with ammonia, hydroboration, structure of boranes; borohydrides
and their uses.
2.4 Aluminium-amphoteric behavior, aluminates.
2.5 Group 14 (carbon group): catenation and heterocatenation, allotropy of carbon; carbidessalt-like carbides, interstitial carbides, covalent carbides.
2.6 Silicates-ortho-, pyro-, cyclic-, chain-, sheet-, three dimensional silicates and their
properties and structures; silicates in technology-alkali silicates, ceramics, glass.
Self study
(a) Differences between boron and other members of the group.
(b) Important borides and carbides and their uses.
19
UNIT 3: Nitrogen and Oxygen Group Elements

(8 h)
3.1 Group 15 (nitrogen group): metallic and nonmetallic character of group 15 elements;
hydrides and halides of group 15 elements-hydrazine, hydroxylamine, phosphene;
ammonium nitrate, sodium bismuthate-properties and uses; sulphides of phosphorus (P4S3
and P4S10).
3.2 Oxides of group 15 elements: oxides of nitrogen-dinitrogen tetroxide, dinitrogen pentoxide;
oxides of phosphorus, arsenic, and bismuth-trioxides, pentoxides.
3.3 Oxoacids of nitrogen: nitrous acid, nitric acid, hyponitrous acid, hydrazoic acid, pernitric
acid; oxoacids of phosphorus-orthophosphorous acid, metaphosphorous acid,
hypophosphorous acid; orthophosphoric acid, di-, tri-, and tetrapolyphosphoric acids; salts
of phosphorus acids-dihydrogen- and monohydrogen phosphites, hypophosphites; salts of
phosphoric acids- dihydrogen- and monohydrogen phosphates, normal phosphates,
polyphosphates, metaphosphates; properties and uses of phosphites and phosphates;
phosphate fertilizers.
3.4 Group 16 (oxygen group): structure and allotropy of elements, ozone, oxides-normal
oxides, peroxides, suboxides, basic oxides, amphoteric oxides, acidic oxides, neutral
oxides.
3.5 Oxides of sulphur-S2O, SO3; oxoacids of sulphur-thionic acid series, peroxoacid series,
oxohalides-thionyl compounds, sulfuryl compounds (methods of preparation and
properties).
Self study
(a) Structures of oxoacids of sulfur and phosphorus.
(b) Uses of the salts of oxoacids of sulfur.
UNIT 4: Halogens
(6 h)
4.1 Group 17 (halogens): ionic-, covalent-, bridging halides, reactivity of halogens, reduction
of halogens by thiosulfate.
4.2 Halogen oxides: oxygen difluoride, dioxygen difluoride, dichlorine monoxide, chlorine
dioxide, dichlorine hexoxide, dichlorine heptoxide; bleaching powder-estimation of
available chlorine; bromine dioxide, iodine pentoxide.
4.3 Oxoacids of halogens: hypohalous acid HOX, halous acid HXO2, halic oxide HXO3,
perhalic acid HXO4, strength of oxoacids.
4.4 Interhalogen compounds: ClF, ICl; ClF3, BrF3, IF3; ClF5, BrF5, IF5; poly halides.
4.5 Psuedohalogens:cyanide, thiocyanate, and azide-structure and properties.
Self study
(a) Structures of interhalogen compounds with the help of VSEPR model.
(b) Uses of interhalogen compounds.
UNIT 5: Structure of Solids
(10 h)
5.1 Classification: amorphous and crystalline solids; types of solids-metals, ionic crystals, van
der Waals crystals, covalent crystals.
5.2 Weiss and Miller indices-drawing various planes in a cubic lattice.
5.3 Crystal systems and Bravais lattices.
5.4 X-ray diffraction: Braggs equation, principle of X-ray diffraction.
20
5.5
Structure of ionic solids: packing of ions in solids, radius ratio, coordination number in
ionic crystals, crystal structures-sodium chloride, zinc blende, wurtzite, rutile, cesium
chloride, fluorite, antifluorite (unit cell diagrams); identification of simple cubic, bcc, fcc
lattices and indexing of X-ray lines.
5.6 Crystal defects: Schottky and Frenkel defects.
Self study
(a) Coordination numbers of cations and anions in ionic crystals from radius ratio.
(b) Unit cell diagrams of crystal structures.
Text Books
01. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Blackwell Science, London, 1996.
02. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., W. H. Freeman and Co, London,
1999.
03. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Shoban Lal
Nagin Chand and Co., Delhi, 1996.
Reference Books
01. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Kieter and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., Harper Collins,
1993.
02. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. Murillo and M. Bochman, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,
6th ed., John Wiley, New York, 1999.
03. T. Moeller, Inorganic Chemistry: A Modern Indroduction, Wiley, New York, 1990.
CH - 3504: THERMODYNAMICS
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester III
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives:
To understand the concepts of thermodynamics and apply it to physical and
chemical systems.
Unit-1: First Law of Thermodynamics and its Applications
(10 h)
1.1 First law of thermodynamics: Exact differentials, state functions E and H. Concept of ideal
gas: Gas laws, Kinetic theory of gases postulates and derivation. Deviation from ideal
behavior, Van der Walls equation of state - derivation.
1.2 Applications of the laws of thermodynamics to ideal gases : Heat capacity, relation
between CP and CV. Isothermal process: Change in internal energy, work done, W(rev) and
W(irrev). Adiabatic process: work done, and entropy changes.
1.3 Application of the laws of thermodynamics to real(van der Walls) gases: Isothermal
process- Work done, change in internal energy, heat absorbed. Adiabatic process: Work doneJouleThomson effect- Joule- Thomson coefficient and its significance, inversion
temperatures. Variation of enthalpy change of reaction with temperature (Kirchoffs equation).
Self-study:
Derivation of critical constants in terms of Vander walls constants
Unit-2: Thermochemistry
(8 h)
2.1 Measurements of thermal changes. Heats of reaction. Calculation of change in internal
energy
from the enthalpy change, standard states and standard heats of formation;

2.2
21
Heat of combustion; integral heat of solution and dilution, heat of neutralization, heat of
hydration; heat of transition.
2.3 Bond energy and heat of reaction.
Self-study:
Determination of calorific value using Bomb calorimeter
Unit-3: Second Law of Thermodynamics and its Applications
(8 h)
3.1 Second law of thermodynamics:
Limitations of first law and the need for the second law. Formulation of the second law of
thermodynamics on the basis of Cannot cycle. Thermodynamic principle of the working of
refrigerator.
3.2 Criteria of spontaneity. Changes in S, G and A as criteria for spontaneous process, dS, dG
and dA exact differentials.
Evaluation of G and S for the mixing, Maxwells equations and thermodynamic
equation of state. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
Self-study:
Troutons rule and its significance
Unit-4: Thermodynamics of Equilibrium Processes:
(9 h)
4.1 Law of mass action. Various forms of equilibrium constants. Relationships between KP and
KC; properties of equilibrium constants. Vant Hoff isotherm. Derivation of thermodynamic
equilibrium constant, and its relationship with free energy changes under standard
conditions.
Vant Hoff isochore. Le-Chatelier-Braun principle: Formation of ammonia.
4.2 Application of law of mass action and Le-Chatelier-Braun principle to homogeneous
gaseous reactions: dissociation of nitrogen tetroxide and ammonia.
Self-study: Formation of HI, dissociation of PCl5.
Unit-5: Third Law of thermodynamics:
(5 h)
Nernst heat theorem- Planck and Lewis Randall formulation of third law. Absolute entropy
of solids, liquids and gases. Evaluation of the standard entropy of oxygen, on the basis of
heat capacity. Exceptions to third law of thermodynamics.
Self study:
Calculation of absolute entropies.
Text Books
01. S.H. Maron and J.B. Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan limited, New
York, 1966.
02. B.R. Puri and L.R. Sharma, Principles of Physical Chemistry, Shoban Lal Nagin chand and
Co. 33rd edition, 1992.
03. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 7th edition, Oxford university press, 2001.
04. S.K. Dogra and S. Dogra, Physical Chemistry Through Problems, New age international,
4th edition 1996.
Reference Books
01. Gilbert. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, Narosa publishing house, third edition 1985.
02. Irving M. Klotz and Robert M. Rosenberg, Chemical Thermodynamics, John Wiley and
sons, Inc. 1994.
03. J. Rajaram and J.C. Kuriacose, Thermodynamics, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and CO. 1986.
04. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, (volume-2 and 3) Macmillan, India Ltd,
1994.
22
CH - 3505 : VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS AND INORGANIC

PREPARATIONS
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester III
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1.
To enable the students to acquire the quantitative skills in volumetric analysis.
2.
At the end of the course, the students should be able to plan experimental projects
and execute them.
A. Volumetric Practicals
1.
Calibration of volumetric kits: burette, pipettes and standard flasks.
2.
Acid base titrations:
a. Estimation of HCl.
b. Estimation of oxalic acid.
3.
Redox titrations:
a. Estimation of Ferrous ammonium sulphates (Permanganometry).
b. Estimation of calcium(Permanganometry).
c. Estimation of KMnO4(Iodometry).
d. Estimation of phenol(Iodometry).
e. Estimation of copper(Iodometry).
f. Estimation of Fe2+-Fe3+ mixture using diphenyl amine(Dichrometry)
3.
Complexometric titrations:
a. Estimation of calcium.
b. Estimation of magnesium.
B. Inorganic preparations
Preparation of FAS
Preparation of tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate.
Preparation of potassium trioxalatoaluminate.
Preparation of potassium trioxalatochromate
Reference books
01. Sundaram, Krishnan, Raghavan, Practical Chemistry (Part II), S. Viswanathan Co. Pvt.,
1996.
02. B.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, P.W. G. Smith, A.R. Tatchell, Vogels Text Book of Practical
Organic Chemistry. 5th Edn., Pearson Education, 2005.
03. N.S. Ganapragasam and G. Ramamurthy, Organic Chemistry Lab manual, S.
Viswanathan Co. Pvt., 1998.
23
SEMESTER
SEMESTERSTER-IV (MC)
CH - 4502 : ELECTROCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester IV
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1. To understand the inter conversion of chemical and electrical energy and to link
thermodynamics with electrochemistry.
2. To apply the concepts of kinetics, catalysis and photochemistry to different
chemical processes.
UNIT 1: Equilibrium Electrochemistry
(10 h)
1.1 Electrode potential
Single and standard electrode potentials. Reference electrodes: (i) Primary reference
electrode: Standard hydrogen electrode (ii) Secondary reference electrode: Saturated
calomel electrode. Determination of standard electrode potentials of zinc and copper
electrodes.
Calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potentials. Definition and applications of
electromotive series.
1.2 Different types of electrodes
(i) Metal-Metal ion electrodes (ii) Amalgam electrodes (iii) Gas electrodes (iv) Metal
insoluble salt electrodes (v) Oxidation reduction electrodes (definition and derivation of
EMF for each electrode).
1.3 Electromotive force
Definition. Measurement using potentiometer. Construction and working of Weston
saturated and unsaturated standard cells Conventions regarding sign of EMF.
Self-study
Definition and derivation of EMF for different types of electrodes.
UNIT-2: Electrochemical Reactions
(10 h)
2.1 Thermodynamics of electrochemical reactions
Derivation of Nernst equation and its use in calculating EMF of cells at different activities
of the individual electrodes. Relationship between EMF and (i) free energy changes (ii)
enthalpies changes (iii) entropy changes occurring in electrochemical reactions.
Equilibrium constants for electrochemical reactions.
2.2 Classification of electrochemical cells
Chemical cells and concentration cells with and without transference. Definition and
derivation of EMF for each cell-liquid junction potential.
2.3 Applications of EMF
Calculation of (i)
Valency of ions in doubtful cases(ii) free energy, enthalpy and
entropy changes in electrochemical reactions, (iii)solubility product of sparingly soluble
salt
pH and its determination using hydrogen, quinhydrone and glass electrodes;
Potentiometric acid-base, redox and precipitation titrations.
24
Self-study
Commercial cells: Dry cell, lead storage, alkali (Na-S) and H2-O2 fuel cells
UNIT 3: Non-Equilibrium Electrochemistry
(8 h)
3.1 Faradays laws of electrolysis. Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl and CuSO4 solutions using
the corresponding metal or inert electrodes.
3.2 Properties of electrolytes: Ionic strength of solutions. Vant Hoff factor.
3.3 Electrolytic conductance: Determination variation of conductance with concentration.
Equal conductance at infinite dilution.
3.4 Transference and transference numbers: Absolute velocity of ions and ionic mobilities.
Hittorfs rule, determination of transference numbers Hittorfs method and moving
boundary method.
Self-study
Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation. Evidences in favour of the theory.
Limitations.
UNIT-4: Ions in solution
(6 h)
4.1 Activities and activity coefficients of strong electrolytes.
Determination. Debye-Huckel theory of activity coefficients. Mention of Debye-HuckelOnsager equation. Effect of concentration, solvent dielectric constant and temperature on
conductance.
4.2 Ionization
Extent of ionization, relationship to conductance. Applications of conductance
measurements determination of Ka and Ksp
Self-study
Conductometric titrations
UNIT-5: Over voltage and polarisation
(6 h)
5.1 Over-voltage
Decomposition potential, Hydrogen over-voltage, anodic process. Metal deposition,
electrolytic separation of metals. Simultaneous deposition.
5.2 Polarization
Concentration polarization of electrodes. Principle of polarography.
Self-study
Electrochemical theory of corrosion.
Text Books
01. S.H. Maron and J.B. Lando, Fundamentals of physical chemistry, Macmillan limited, New
York, 1966.
02. B.R. Puri and L.R. Sharma, Principles of physical chemistry, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and
Reference Books
01. S.K. Dogra and S. Dogra, Physical chemistry through problems, New age international,
4th edition 1996.
02. Gilbert. W. Castellan, Physical chemistry, Narosa publishing house, third edition 1985.
03. P.W. Atkins, Physical chemistry, Oxford university press, 1978.
04. K. L. Kapoor, A textbook of Physical chemistry, (volume-2 and 3) Macmillan, India Ltd,
1994.
25
CH - 4503 : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester IV
No. of Credits
: 3
Objectives
1.
To enable the students to acquire analytical (both qualitative and quantitative) and
psychomotor skills.
2.
At the end of the course, the students should be able to plan the experimental projects
and execute them.
Experiments
1.
Determination of partition coefficient of iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride and
determination equilibrium constant for the formation of potassium triiodide from iodine
and KI.
2.
Phase diagram of a simple eutectic system and determination of unknown

composition.
3.
Phenol water system: Phase diagram, CST, and effect of impurities on CST.
4.
Transition temperature of a salt hydrate determination of molecular weight.
5.
Kinetics of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate and comparison of rate constants.
6.
Kinetics of persulphate - iodide reaction: Determination of pseudo first order rate constant.
7.
Conductometry - Acid base titration (HCl vs NaOH).
8.
Conductometry Determination of limiting molar conductance of a strong electrolyte

(KCl).
9.
Potentiometry Determination of solubility product of a sparingly soluble substance.
10.
Potentiometry Redox titration of ferrous vs dichromate.
11.
Verification of Beer-Lamberts law and determination of concentration of metal ions

spectrophotometrically.
References
01. J.N. Gurthu and R. Kapoor, Advanced Experimental Chemistry, S. Chand and Co., 1987.
02. Sundaram, Krishnan, Raghavan, Practical Chemistry (Part II), S. Viswanathan Co. Pvt.,
1996.
03. David P. Shoemaker, Carl W. Garland, Joseph W. Nibler, Experiments in Physical
Chemistry, 5th Edi., McGraw- Hill Book company, 1989.
26
CH - 4020 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester IV
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives
01.
1.
To enable a student to learn an application-software that is easily available in

the market and apply it to solve problems in quantitative chemical analysis and
present the results graphically.
2.
At the end of this course the students will be in a position to take a given set of
data, theoretical or experimental, enter into a standard program and carry out
either a calculation-routine, plot it as a graph or chart and if needed print it out
to get a hard copy of the results.
General Introduction to Microsoft 2000 and Excel 2000

(10 h)
1.1 Starting, Getting Help and Quitting.
1.2 Excell Environment: rows, columns, cell, workbook, worksheet, toolbar, menubar,
formula bar, etc.
1.3 Details about standard toolbar and formatting toolbar buttons.
02. Building Worksheets
(10 h)
2.1 Entering, copying, importing and editing data.
2.2 Saving and opening files.
03. Calculations
(5 h)
3.1 Simple calculations, use of standard mathematical functions.
3.2 Complex calculations involving user-made functions and statistical function.
04. Plotting DATA
(10 h)
4.1 Standard and customized charts and graphs.
4.2 Editing and annotating and pasting.
05. Printing and Transfer
(10 h)
5.1 Previewing and printing spreadsheet data and graph
3.2 Transferring data and graphs interactively.
Note: All examples and problems for illustration as well as for assignments will be taken
from the areas of chemistry, which the students are familiar with.
Text Book
01. Handouts and notes prepared by the staff of chemistry dept., Loyola College
Reference Books
01. Gini Courter and Annette Marquis, Microsoft Office 2000, BPB Publications, New Delhi,
1999.
02. Julia Kelly, Using Microsoft Excel 2000, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 1999.
03. Robert de Lavie, A spreadsheet workbook for Quantitative chemical analysis, McGrawHill, Inc. New Delhi, 1997.
04. K.V. Raman, Computers in Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Ltd., New Delhi, 1993.
27
SEMESTERSEMESTER-V (MC)
CH - 5505 : ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS-II
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 5
Objectives
1.
To learn the chemistry of nitrogen containing compounds.
2.
To understand the stereochemistry of optically active compounds.
3.
To learn and practice the molecular rearrangements and the reaction mechanisms.
4.
To learn the basic aspects of heterocyclic compounds and natural products.
UNIT 1: Nitrogen Containing Compounds
(15 h)
1.1 Nomenclature and classification.
1.2 Nitrocompounds: aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds, classification, general
properties,
1.3 Preparation by nitration
1.4 Reactions: reduction by chemical and electrolytic methods.
1.5 Di- and tri-substitution of aromatic nitro compounds: synthesis of o-, m-, pdinitrobenzenes and trinitrobenzene.
1.6 Aromatic amines. Preparation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
1.7 Reactions: basicity of amines, effect of substituents on basicity of aromatic amines. Some
sulpha drugs.
1.8 Diazonium salts: Preparation, diazotisation reactions, replacement reactions (Sandmeyer,
Gatterman and Gomberg reactions), coupling reactions.
Self study
Hinsberg test, separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
UNIT 2: Stereochemistry-II
(12 h)
2.1 Optical isomerism, optical activity, optical and specific rotations, conditions for
optical activity, asymmetric center, chirality, achiral molecules, meaning of (+) and
(-) and D and L notations, elements of symmetry, racemization, methods of
racemization (by substitution and tautomerism), methods of resolution (mechanical,
seeding, biochemical and conversion to diasteromers), asymmetric synthesis (partial and
absolute synthesis), Walden inversion.
2.2 Projection Formula, Fischer, flying wedge, sawhorse and Newmann projection formulae
notation of optical isomers - Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, R and S notations for optical
isomers with one and two asymmetric carbon atoms, erythro and threo representations.
2.3 Optical activity in compounds not containing asymmetric carbon atoms namely biphenyls,
allenes and spiranes.
Self study
Examples on optically active compounds having various functional groups, resolution of
optically active compounds.
28
UNIT 3: Synthesis involving active methylene group

(8 h)
3.1 Malonic and acetoacetic esters: Characteristic reactions of active methylene group,
synthetic uses of malonic, acetoacetic and cynaoacetic ester.
3.2 Diazomethane and diazoacetic ester: Preparation, structure and synthetic applications.
Self Study
Specific examples on preparation of synthetically important compounds from diazomethane
and diazoacetic esters.
UNIT 4: Molecular Rearrangements
(10 h)
4.1 Classification as anionotropoic, cationotropic, free radical, inter and intramolecular.
4.2 Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement (mechanism, evidence for carbonium ion intermediate
formation-migratory aptitude)
4.3 Beckmann, Hoffmann, Curtius and Benzilic acid rearrangements.
4.4 Claisen rearrangement (sigmatropic-evidence for inramolecular nature and allylic carbon
attachment)-para Claisen, Cope and oxycope rearrangements, and Fries rearrangement.
Self study
Specific examples applying the rearrangement reactions.
UNIT 5: Heterocyclic compounds and Natural Products
(15 h)
5.1 Classification: Five membered ring compounds: Preparation of Furan, pyrrole and
thiophene. Reactions: electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions, oxidation and reduction
reactions. Six membered rings: Pyridine, Quinoline and isoquinoline: Preparation by ring
closing reactions. Reactions: Mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions,
oxidation and reduction reactions.
5.2 Alkaloids: Definition, occurrence, extraction of alkaloids from plants, general properties,
determination of the chemical constitution of the alkaloids, functional group analysis,
estimation of groups, degradation and synthesis. Mention of the structures of Coniine,
Piperine and nicotine.
5.3 Terpenoids: Classification, isoprene rule, isolation and general properties, Occurrence,
general structure and physical properties of geraniol, citral, menthol, -pinene and
camphor.
Self Study
Extraction, resonance structures of heterocyclic compounds, applications. Exercises on
application of isoprene rule,
Text books
01. R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Printice-Hall Of India
Limited., New Delhi, 1992.
03. I. L. Finar, Organic ChWemistry, 6th edn, ELBS, 1990.
04. O. P. Agarwal, Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol 1 and 2, Goel Pub. House,
2002.
05. Gurdeep Chatwal, Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol 1 and 2, Goel Pub. House,
2002.

06.
29
Bahl and Arun Bahl, Organic Chemistry, S. Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 2005.
Reference Books
1992.
02. S. H. Pine, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Mcgraw Hill International Edition, Chemistry
03. Sehan. N. Ege, Organic Chemistry, Structure And Reactivity, 3rd Edition, A.I.T.B.S., New
Delhi, 1998.
04. Hendrickson, Cram and Hammond, Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition), Mcgraw-Hill
05. E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilers, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 2004.
06. P. S. Kalsi, Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism, 2nd edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd,
1993.
CH - 5506 : TRANSITION ELEMENTS AND NUCLEAR

CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 5
Objectives
1. To know the tendency of transition metals to exhibit variable valency.
2. To know the catalytic properties of transition metals and industrial applications of their
compounds.
3. To understand the basic concepts of coordination chemistry and early theory.
4. To know the occurrence of lanthanides and actinides in nature and their uses.
5. To know the importance of nuclear reactions in the modern world.
UNIT 1: Transition Elements
(15 h)
1.1
Overview of the abundance and occurrence of transition metals; magnetic property;
reactivity and passive behavior-reactivity toward oxygen, water, halogens; standard
reduction potentials; important uses of transition metals and their alloys; differences
between the first and the other rows, horizontal comparison with Fe, Co, Ni groups;
toxicity of Cd and Hg.
1.2
Variable oxidation states, lower oxidation states and stabilization, catalytic properties.
1.3
M-M bonding and cluster compounds; oxides, mixed oxides, halides, and oxohalides of
transition metals; synthesis and reactivity of vanadates, chromates, dichromate,
molybdates, tungstates, tungsten bronzes, manganate, permanganate; polycations;
organometallic compounds of Ti, Fe, Co, Zn, Hg.
1.4
Metallurgy of Ti, V, W, Cr.
1.5
Interstitial compounds: nitrides, carbides, hydrides, borides of Ti, V, Cr, W, U and their
industrial uses.
1.6
Biological importance of transition metals: biological roles of Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu,
Zn (mention of metal containing proteins and enzymes and their biological roles).
30
Self study
(a) The natural occurrence and ores of transition metals.
(b) The common and stable oxidation states of transition metals.
UNIT 2: Lanthanides and Actinides
(10 h)
2.1
Lanthanides: lanthanide series, abundance and natural isotopes, lanthanide contraction,
similarity in properties, occurrence, oxidation states, chemical properties of Ln(III)
cations, magnetic properties. Color and electronic spectra of lanthanide compounds.
2.2
Separation of lanthanides: solvent extraction, ion exchange, chemical properties of
Ln(III) metal ions.
2.3
Actinides: actinide series, abundance and natural isotopes, occurrence, preparation of
actinides, oxidation states, general properties, the later actinide elements.
2.4
Uranium-occurrence, metallurgy; chemical properties of hydrides, oxides, and halides.
2.5
Complexes of lanthanides and actinides.
Self study
(a) The minerals of lanthanides and actinides and their occurrence in India.
(b) The electronic configurations of lanthanides and their positions in the periodic table.
UNIT 3: Coordination Chemistry
(15 h)
3.1
Introduction: ligands-monodentate, bidentate, and polydentate ligands; coordination sphere;
coordination number; nomenclature of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes; chelate
effect.
3.2
Isomerism: linkage-, ionization-, hydrate-, coordination-, coordination position
isomerism, geometrical- (cis- and trans-, and fac- and mer-), optical isomerism.
3.2
Theories: Sidgwick theory-EAN and stability, formation of metal-metal bond in dimers;
valence bond theory-hybridization, geometry, magnetism, drawbacks of VBT.
3.3
Crystal field theory: crystal field effects, assumptions of crystal field theory, crystal field
splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral geometries-qualitative crystal field splitting
diagrams; high-spin and low-spin complexes; CFSP and factors affecting it; computation
of CFSE; evidences of crystal field splitting; spectrochemical series.
Self study
(a) Survey of common monodentate and bidentate ligands.
(b) Illustration of the failure of EAN rule and the limitations of VB theory with examples.
UNIT 4: The Nucleus and Radiochemistry
(10 h)
4.1
The nucleus: subatomic particles, structure of the nucleus-shell model, liquid drop model;
forces in the nucleus-mesons; stability of nucleus-n/p ratio, binding energy; radioactive
elements.
4.2
Radiochemistry: natural and induced radioactivity; radioactive decay--decay, -decay,
-decay; neutrom emission, positrom emission, electron capture; unit of radioactivity
(Curie); half life period; Geiger-Nuttal rule, radioactive displacement law, readioactive
series.
4.3
Measurement of radioactivity: ionization chamber, Geiger counters, scintillation
counters.
Self study
(a) Nature of subatomic particles.
(b) Radioactive isotopes.
31
UNIT 5: Nuclear Reactions

(10 h)
5.1 Nuclear reactions: types of nuclear reactions, nuclear cross section, spallation, nuclear
fission-theory of nuclear fission; chain reaction, critical mass; nuclear reactors-fast
breeder reactors, fuels used in nuclear reactors, separation of isotopes, moderators,
coolants; nuclear fusion; nuclear reactors in India.
5.2 Applications: energy tapping, dating of objects, neutron activation analysis, isotopic labeling
studies, nuclear medicine-99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.
Self study
(a) Isotopes used in nuclear fission reactions.
(b) Radioisotopes used in noninvasive imaging techniques in nuclear medicine.
Text Books
01. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Blackwell Science, London, 1996.
02. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., W. H. Freeman and Co, London,
1999.
03. H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, 4th ed., New Age International, New Delhi, 1995.
04. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Shoban Lal
Nagin Chand and Co., Delhi, 1996.
Reference Books
01. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Kieter and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., Harper Collins,
New York, 1993.
02. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. Murillo and M. Bochman, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,
6th ed., John Wiley, New York, 1999.
03. T. Moeller, Inorganic Chemistry: A Modern Introduction, Wiley, New York, 1990.
CH - 5507: PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND KINETICS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 5
Objectives
1. To enable the students to understand the effect of pressure and temperature on phase
equilibrium.
2. To know the relation between collegiate properties and molecular weight of solutes
3. To relate nthe rates of chemical reactions with different temperatures.
UNIT-I: Phase Equilibria
(15 h)
1.1 Phase Rule: Concepts of phase, component and degrees of freedom, with examples. Gibbs
phase rule derivation. Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations and their applications
to equilibria in phase transitions. (solid liquid, liquid vapour, solid vapour)
1.2 One-component system: Phase diagrams: Water and sulphur systems.
1.3 Two
component
system:
(i)
Simple
eutectic:
Lead-silver
system.
(ii) Formation of compound with congruent melting point: Ferric chloride water system.
32
1.4
Three component systems : General account of graphical representation of three

component systems, examples of three component systems having one, two partially
miscible pairs.
Self study
Formation of compound with incongruent melting point.
UNIT-2: Colligative Properties of solutions
(10 h)
2.1 Ideal solutions: Vapour pressure- Composition diagrams of solutions. Raoults law, positive
and negative deviations from the law.
2.2 Principle of fractional distillation: Binary systems. Vapour diagram and azeotropic
distillation, Partially miscible binary systems (CST-UCST, LCST, and both UCST and
LCST). Effect of addition of solute on CST. Steam distillation. Solubility of gases in
liquids; Henrys law, its relationship with Raoults law.
2.3 Lowering of vapour pressure: Thermodynamics derivation for elevation of boiling point
and depression of freezing point. Relationship between osmotic pressure and V.P. Vant
Hoffs theory of dilute solutions. Analogy between solute particles and gas molecules.
2.4 Distribution law: Thermodynamic derivation; limitation of the law, application in studying
association, dissociation and solvation. Study of formation of complex ions. Extraction
with solvents; efficiency of extraction.
Self-study
Determination of molecular weight by Cottrells, Beckmanns and Berkeley and Hartley
method.
UNIT 3: Chemical kinetics- kinetic parameters
(5 h)
Rate, order, rate law, rate constants. Simple reactions involving zero, first, second and third
order reactions. Derivation of rate equations for zero, first and second order reactions.
Pseudo-first order reactions. Determinations of rate, rate constant and order by different
methods. Simple mechanisms and molecularity of reactions (SN1 and SN2).
Self-study
Study of kinetics of pesudo-first-order reactions acid and base catalyzed hydrolysis of
ester and inversion of cane sugar.
UNIT 4: Types and theories of chemical reaction rates
(15 h)
4.1 Reversible or opposing, consecutive and parallel reactions (no derivation expected).
Thermal chain reactions. (i) H2 and Br2 reaction (ii) Dissociation of acetaldehyde. Steps
involved only (no kinetic expressions needed).
4.2 Factors affecting chemical reactions nature of reactants, concentration, catalyst, solvent
polarity and ionic strength (only qualitative ideas). Arrehenius theory of chemical reaction
rates. Collision theory of bimolecular and unimolecular reactions. Lindemann hypothesis.
Transition state or absolute reaction rate theory (ARRT) (no derivation expected).
Self-study
Comparison of thermal and photochemical chain reactions.
UNIT 5: Catalysis
(15 h)
5.1 Homogeneous catalysis
Reactions in gases and in solutions (Acid, base and Wilkinsons catalysts). Kinetics of
enzyme catalysis : Michaelis Menton equation. Factors affecting enzyme catalysis.
33
Heterogeneous catalysis
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Its application to slightly, strongly, and moderately
adsorbed systems. Theory of heterogeneous catalysis on the basis of Langmuir adsorption
Uni- and bimolecular reactions on solid surfaces.
Self-study
Enzyme catalysis in biological systems.
Text Books
01. S.H. Maron and J.B. Lando, Fundamentals of physical chemistry, Macmillan limited, New
York, 1966.
02. B.R. Puri and L.R. Sharma, Principles of physical chemistry, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and
Reference Books
01. S.K. Dogra and S. Dogra, Physical chemistry through problems, New age international,
4th edition 1996.
02. Gilbert. W. Castellan, Physical chemistry, Narosa publishing house, third edition 1985.
03. P.W. Atkins, Physical chemistry, Oxford university press, 1978.
04. K. L. Kapoor, A textbook of Physical chemistry, (volume-2 and 3) Macmillan, India Ltd,
1994.
5.2
CH - 5508 : FUNDAMENTALS OF SPECTROSCOPY

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 5
Objectives
01. To help the student to develop the habit of accurate manipulation and an attitude of
critical thinking.
02. To learn the basic analytical methods and appreciate what is involved in an analysis.
UNIT-1: Introduction to Spectroscopy
1.1 Interaction of low energy radiation with matter
Electromagnetic spectrum, quantisation of energy, Electronic, vibrational and rotational
energy levels, and transitions in atoms and molecules. Absorption and emission spectra.
1.2 Boltzman distribution (formula only). Relative population of translational, rotational,
vibrational and electronic energy levels at different temperatures.
1.3 Transition probabilities, selection rules, line widths, resolution and signal to noise ratio.
UNIT-2: Electronic Spectroscopy
2.1 Absorption laws, calculations involving Beer Lamberts law, verification and its
limitations.
2.2
Instrumentation of photocolorimeter and spectrophotometer, block diagrams with
description of components, theory, types of electronic transitions, chromophores and
auxochromes, absorption bands and intensity, factors governing absorption maximum and
intensity.
2.3 Atomic absorption spectroscopy and Flame photometry principles, intrumentation and
applications
34
UNIT-3: Infrared Spectroscopy

3.1 Principle, types of stretching and bending vibrations, vibrational frequencies,
instrumentation, block diagram, source, monochramator, cell sampling techniques, detector
and recorders, identification of organic molecules from characteristic absorption bands.
3.2 Raman spectroscopy, Raleigh and Raman scattering, stokes and antistokes line,
instrumentation, block diagram, differences between IR and Raman spectroscopy, mutual
exclusion principle, applications, structural diagnosis.
UNIT-4: NMR Spectroscopy
4.1 Principle of nuclear magnetic resonance, basic instrumentation, shielding mechanism,
chemical shift, number of signals, spin-spin coupling and coupling constants, splitting of
signals, deuterium labeling.
4.2 Applications of NMR to simple organic compounds.
UNIT-5: Mass spectrometry
5.1 Basic principles of mass spectrum, molecular peak, base peak, isotopic peak, metastable
peak and their uses, fragmentation nitrogen rule.
5.2 Instrumentation, determination of molecular formulae with example, mass spectrum of
simple organic compounds, identification alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons
Text Books
1.
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, 5th
edition, Saunders college publishing, Philadelphia, 1990.
2.
U.N. Dash, Analytical Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Sultan Chand and sons Educational
3.
R.A. Day Jr. A.L. Underwood, Quantitative analysis, 5th edition, Prentice Hall of India
Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1988.
4.
S. M. Khopkar, Basic concept of Analytical Chemistry, 2nd edition, New Age International
5.
R. Gopalan, Analytical chemistry, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi
Reference books
1.
Elementary Organic Spectroscopy: Principles and Chemical Applications, S.Chand and
company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1990.
2.
V.K. Srivastava and K.K. Srivastava, Introduction to Chromatography: Theory and
Practice, S. Chand and company, New Delhi, 1987.
3.
R.M. Roberts, J.C. Gilbert, L.B. Rodewald, and A.S. Wingrove, Modern Experimental
Organic Chemistry, 4th edition, Holt Saunders international editions.
4.
A.K. Srivastava and P.C. Jain, Chemical Analysis: An Instrumental Approach for B.Sc.
Hons. and M.Sc. Classes, S. Chand and company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
35
CH - 5509 : GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS AND ORGANIC

PREPARATIONS
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 4
Objectives
To enable the students to acquire the quantitative skills in gravimetric analysis and
preparative skills in inorganic preparations. At the end of the course, the students should
be able to plan experimental projects and execute them.
1. Gravimetric analysis
Estimation of sulphate as barium sulphate.
Estimation of barium as barium chromate.
Estimation of copper as copper as copper thiocyanate.
Estimation of nickel as Ni-DMG.
Estimation of magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate.
Estimation of calcium as calcium oxalate.
Estimation of copper in an alloy.
2. Organic preparations
Single stage organic preparations involving bromination, hydrolysis, nitration, oxidation,
and benzoylation.
References
1.
Sundaram, Krishnan, Raghavan, Practical Chemistry (Part III), S. Viswanathan Co. Pvt.,
1996.
2.
Vogels Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 5th Edi., ELBS/Longman England,
1989.
36
SUBJECT ELECTIVE (ES)

CH - 5402 : POLYMER CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
Course : Subject Elective (ES)
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives :
To give the students the importance of polymers and an exposure to polymer science.
UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER
(10 hours)
1.1 Monomers, Oligomers, Polymers and their characteristics
1.2 Classification of polymers : Natural synthetic, linear, cross linked and network; plastics,
elastomers, fibres, Homopolymers and Co-polymers
1.3 Bonding in polymers : Primary and secondary bond forces in polymers ; cohesive energy
and decomposition of polymers.
1.4 Determination of Molecular mass of polymers: Number Average molecular mass (Mn) and
Weight average molecular mass (Mw) of polymers and determination by (i) viscosity (ii)
Light scattering method (iii) Gel Permeation Chromatography (iv) osmometry and
ultracentrifuging.
Self study:
Molecular weight determination of high polymers by different methods.
UNIT 2 : KINETICS AND MECHANIISM FOR POLYMERIZATION : (8 hours)
2.1 Chain growth polymerization :
Cationic, anionic, free radical polymerization, Stereo regular
polymers : Ziegler Natta polymers.
2.2 Polycondensation-non catalysed, acid catalysed polymerization, molecular weight
distribution
Step growth polymers
Self study:
Degrees of polymerization
UNIT 3 : TECHNIQUES OF POLYMERIZATION AND POLYMER DEGRADATION
(7 hours)
3.1 Bulk, Solution, Emulsion, Suspension, Melt polycondensation, solution polycondensation
interfacial and gas phase polymerization
3.2 Types of Polymer Degradation, Thermal degradation, mechanical degradation,
photodegradation, Photo stabilizers.
Self study:
Solid and gas phase polymerisation
UNIT 4 : INDUSTRIAL POLYMERS:
(10 hours)
4.1 Raw material, preparation, fibre forming polymers, elastomeric material.
4.2 Thermoplastics : Polyethylene, Polypropylene, polystyrene, Polyacrylonitrile, Poly Vinyl
Chloride, Poly tetrafluoro ethylene, nylon and polyester.
4.3 Thermosetting Plastics : Phenol formaldehyde and expoxide resin.
37
4.4 Elastomers : Natural rubber and synthetic rubber - Buna - N, Buna-S and neoprene.
Conducting Polymers : Elementary ideas ; examples : poly sulphur nitriles, poly phenylene, poly
pyrrole and poly acetylene.
Self study:
Poly methylmethacrylate, polyimides, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyethylene
and polypropylene glycols
UNIT 5 : INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER PROCESSING :
(5 hours)
5.1 Compounding:
Polymer Additives: Fillers, Plasticizers antioxidants and thermal stabilizers fire retardants
and colourants.
5.2 Processing Techniques:
Calendaring, die casting, compression moulding, injection moulding, blow moulding,
extrusion moulding and reinforcing.
Self study:
Film casting,Thermofofming, Foaming.
Text Books :
1.
V.R. Gowariker, Polymer Science, Wiley Eastern, 1995.
2.
G.S. Misra, Introductory Polymer Chemistry, New Age International (Pvt) Limited, 1996.
Reference Books
1.
F. N. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, Wiley Interscience, 1971.
2. A. Kumar and S. K. Gupta, Fundamentals and Polymer Science and Engineering, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 1978.
CH - 5403 : FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives :
To give the students the importance of forensic chemistry and an exposure to find,
analyse and find a suitable method to detect the crime .
UNIT 1 : FOOD ADULTRATION
(10 hrs )
1.1 Contamination of wheat, rice, dhal, milk, butter, etc. With clay, sand, stone, water
and
toxic chemicals (e.g. Kasseri dhal with mentanil yellow).
1.2
1.3
Food poisons: natural poisons (alkaloids, nephrotoxins), pesticides (DDT, BHC, Follidol),
Chemical poisons (KCN). First aid and Antidotes for poisoned persons.
Heavy metal (Hg, Pb, Cd) Contamination of Sea food. Use of neutron activation analysis in
detecting poisoning (e.g., As in human hair)
UNIT 2: TRANSPORTAION
(10 hrs)
2.1 Drunken driving: brath analyzer for ethanol. Incendiary and timed bombs in road
railway tracks. Defusing live bombs.
2.2
and
Hit -and-go traffic accidents : paint analysis by AAS. Soill of toxic and coorosive
chemicals (e.g., conc.acids) from tankers.
38
UNIT 3: CRIME DETECTION

(10 hrs)
Accidental explosions during manufacture of matches and fire-works (as in Sivakasi). Human
bombs, possible explosives (gelatin sticks,RDX). Metal detector devices and other security
measures for VVIP. Composition of bullets and detection of powder burns.
Scene of crime: finger prints and their matching using compuetr records. Smell tracks and police
dogs. Analysis of blood and other body fluids in rape cases.Typing of blood. DNA finger
printing for tissue identification in disembered bodies.Blood stains on clothing. Cranial
analysis (head and teeth).
UNIT 4: FORGERY and COUNTERFEITING
(10 hrs)
Detecting forgery in bank cheques / drafts and educational records (mark lists, certificates), using
UV-light. Alloy analysis using AAS to detect counterfeit coins. Checking silverline wter
mark in currency notes.
Jewellery : detection of gold purity in 22 carat ornaments, detecting gold plated jewels,
authenticity of diamonds (natural, synthetic, glassy).
UNIT 5: MEDICAL ASPECTS
(5hrs)
AIDS : Cause and prevention . Misuse of scheduled frugs. Burns and their treatment by plastic
surgery.
Metabolite analysis, using mass spectrum - gas chromotography. Detecting steroid consumption
among athletes and race horses.
CH - 5404 : BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives :
1. To enable the student to develop a sound knowledge of fundamental concepts
in biochemistry.
2. to enumerate the molecular motif of a living cell, structural and functional
hierarchy of biomolecules.
3. to emphasis on the various aspects of metabolism and interrelationship of
metabolic events.
UNIT 1: Amino acids and Proteins
(14 hours)
1.1 Living Cell Plant and Animal cell. Cell membrane organelles functions of major subcellular components Anabolism and catabolism and their relation to metabolism.
1.2 Amino acids classification Synthesis of -amino acids and their identification.
1.3 Peptide bond- stereochemistry, synthesis of peptides by solution and solid phase
techniques.
1.4 Proteins classification properties-3D structure-determination of amino acid sequence
denaturation and renaturation of protein molecules.
1.5 Separation and purification of proteins dialysis gel filtration - electrophoresis.
1.6 Catabolism of amino acids: Transamination, oxidative deamination, decarboxylation. The
urea cycle and other possibilities of detoxification of ammonia.
Self study: Rare amino acids of proteins, tertiary structure of globular proteins. Plasma proteins.
UNIT 2 : Enzymes
(7 hours)
Nomenclature, classification and properties-specificity, factors influencing
enzyme action.
39
Mechanism of enzyme action Lock and Key model and induced fit models.
Coenzymes cofactors prosthetic groups of enzymes (TPP, NAD, NADP, FAD, ATP).
Their importance in enzyme action.
Mechanism of inhibition (competitive, non- and uncompetitive and allosteric).
Immobilization of enzymes. Enzyme specificity,
Self study:
Kinetics of mono and disubstrate enzyme catalyzed reactions. Serum enzymes and
isoenzymes-their diagnostic value.
UNIT 3: Lipids
(7 hours)
Classification - neutral lipids, Phospho lipids (lecithines, cephalins, plasmalogens) and
glycolipids importance, synthesis and degradation.
Fatty acids saturated, unsaturated fatty acids, EFA. Properties Hydrolysis-acid number,
saponification number. Auto-oxidation (Rancidity), addition reactions-Iodine value,
Polenske number, Reichert-Meissl number, acetyl number. Hydrogenation
Cholesterol biosynthesis. Bile salts derived from cholesterol.
Metabolism: Oxidation of glycerol -oxidation of fatty acids; biosynthesis of lipids synthesis
of fatty acids and synthesis of triglycerides.
Self study:
Reaction of lipases on triacylglycerols in aqueous and organic solvents. Steroid hormones,
vitamin D, lipoproteins.
UNIT 4: Carbohydrates
(8 hours)
4.1 Classification reducing and non-reducing sugars. Glucose: structure-conformation
stability
4.2 Carbohydrates of the cell membrane starch, cellulose and glycogen. (Structure and
utility)
4.3 Metabolism: Glycolysis and its reversal; TCA cycle. Relation between glycolysis and
respiration. Principles of bioenergetics, electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation.
Self study:
Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway.
Unit 5
Nucleic Acids
(9 hours)
5.1 Nucleosides and nucleotides purine and pyrimidine bases. Nucleic acids Difference
between DNA and RNA. Classification of RNA.
5.2 Biosynthesis of DNA: Replication. Biosynthesis of mRNA: Transcription.
5.3 Genetic code mutations and mutants. DNA repair. Biosynthesis of proteins.
5.4 DNA sequencing and PCR, recombinant DNA technology, DNA polymorphism.
Self Study:
Strategies for screeing DNA libraries. Blood composition. Blood coagulation.
Haemoglobin - its role in chemistry of respiration.
Text books
1.
Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition, by David L. Nelson and
Michael M. Cox, Worth Publishers, New York, 2005.
2.
L. Veerakumari, Biochemistry, MJP publishers, Chennai, 2004.
3.
Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1975.
Reference books

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
40
Robert L.Caret, Katherine J. Denniston, Joseph J. Topping, Principles and Applications of

organic and biological chemistry, WBB publishers, USA, 1993.
J. L. Jain, Biochemistry, Sultan Chand and Co.1999
A. Mazur and B. Harrow, Text book of biochemistry, 10th Edition, W.B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia, 1971.
Paula Yurkanis Bruice, Organic chemistry, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
(Singapore), New Delhi, reprint, 2002.
P. W. Kuchel and G. B. Ralston, Shaum Series, Theory and Problems of Biochemistry,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1988.
CH - 5405 : AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester V
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives :
To give the students the importance of Agricultural chemistry and an exposure
to find, analyse and find a suitable method to cultivate and promote
agricultural methods.
UNIT 1: SOIL CHEMISTRY

Soil analysis . Composition of soil : Organic and Inorganic constituents. Soil acidity : buffering
capacity of soils. Limiting of soil.
Absorption of cations and anions : availability of soil nutrients to plants
UNIT 2: FERTILIZERS
Peat and organic manures (composts). Role of humus. Effluent form gobar gas plants.
Use of fertilizers : urea, DAP, Super phosphate, Gypsum, NPK-mixed fertiizers, Optimal
addition of Fertilizers to obtain estimated yields.
UNIT 3: PESTICIDES
Insecticides: stomach and contact poisons. Plant derivatives : pyrethrine, Nicotine and rotenone
Synthetic organic: carbophos, carbaryl, p-DCB, dimethoate, butachlor, Endrin, Aldrin
(Chemical name and uses). Rodenticdes.
Fungicides : Inorganic (Bordeaux Mixture) and organic(dithiocarbamate). Industrial fungicides:
creosote fractions.
Herbicides and weedicides : Selective and non-selective, 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-t (structure and
function)
Intenerated pest management. Sex attractants for insect control. Sustainable agriculture.
UNIT 4: PLANT FROWTH REGULATORS
3-Indole acetic acid: NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID: Ethepon (2-chloroethyl phosphoric
acid): Alar (succinin acid-2, 2-dimethyhydrzine :) their function.
Plant hormones: Gibberlin, Cyclocel, Phosphon, dwarfing compound (CCC: 2-Chlorethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride). Defoliants
Text books
G.T. Austin : shreves Chemical Process Industries, 5th edition, Mc-Graw-Hill, 1984
B.A. Yagodin (Ed). Agricultural Chemistry, 2 Volumes, Mir Publishers (Moscow), 1976.
41
SEMESTERSEMESTER-VI
CH - 6606: MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Major Special(MS)
No. of Credits
: 4
Objectives
After the study of this course, the student should be able to
1) understand the difference between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics ,
the
modern concept of atomic structure and the applications of quantum
mechanics to
pi-electrons in conjugated polyenes.
2) know the statistical distribution of thermal energy among molecules.
3) understand the photochemical activation and deactivations of molecules.
SECTION A : Quantum chemistry
(16
hours)
UNIT-1: Transition from Classical mechanics to quantum mechanics
1.1 Classical mechanics: Concepts failures. Photoelectric effect. Energy distribution in black
body radiation.
1.2 Bohrs theory of atom derivation for energy of an electron in hydrogen like species.
Emission spectrum of hydrogen atom Zeemann effect.
Self-study: Concept of orbitals and quantum numbers Paulis exclusion principle.
UNIT2 : Principles of quantum chemistry
2.1 Postulates of quantum mechanics. Concepts of operators, Eigen functions, Eigen values.
Schrodinger equation.
2.2 Particle in one-dimensional box - derivation for energy. Application to linear conjugated
polyenes (ethylene and butadiene).
SECTION B : Statistical thermodynamics
(10 hours)
UNIT3: Basic principles of statistical thermodynamics
3.1 Thermodynamic probability macro and microstates, most probable distribution.
Maxwell Boltzmann statistics. Partition function relation between partition function and
energy. Separation of partition function partition function for translation.
3.2 Entropy and probability. Translational entropy: Sackur-Tetrode equation. Residual entropy.
SECTION C : Photochemistry
(14 hours)
UNIT4 : Photo physical processes in electronically excited molecules
4.1 Laws of photochemistry . Jablonski energy level diagram primary and secondary
photochemical processes. Radiationless transition internal conversion and inter system
crossing. Radiative transitions fluorescence - relation to structure. Phosphorescence
conditions for phosphorescence emission (spin-orbit coupling). Chemiluminscence.
4.2 Experimental techniques of photochemical reactions chemical actinometersquantum
yield. Mechanism of photosynthesis
UNIT5 : Photochemical kinetics
5.1 Kinetics of photochemical reactions between hydrogen and chlorine and bromine rate
law, comparison with thermal reactions.
42
5.2 Bimolecular quenching Stern-Volmer equation photosensitization.

5.3 Kinetics of fast reactions - relaxation techniques and flash photolysis.
Text books
01. R.K. Prasad , Quantum chemistry, New age international(P) Ltd., 1997.
02. B.R.Puri and L.R. Sharma,Principles of physical chemistry ,Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and
Co., 36 th edition, 1996.
03. K.K.Rohatgi Mukherjee, Fundamentals of photochemistry (Revised edition), Wiley
Eastern Ltd., 1996.
04. A.W. Adams, Text book of physical chemistry.
Reference books
01. D.A.McQuarrie and J. D.Simon, Physical Chemistry-A Molecular Approach, Viva Books
(P) Ltd., 1999.
02. R. A. Alberty , Physical Chemistry (VI edition.) ,Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1887.
03. S.H.Maron and J.B.Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry , Macmillan Ltd., New
york,1996.
04. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry ,Oxford University Press,1978.
05. K.L.Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, (Volume-4), Macmillan India Ltd., 1992
.
CH - 6607 : COORDINATION CHEMISTRY

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Major Special(MS)
No. of Credits
: 4
Objectives
1. To understand the nature of bonding in coordination compounds.
2. To understand the importance and application of coordination compounds in
industry and in medicine.
3. To understand the active roles played by metal ions and coordination compounds in
biological systems.
UNIT-1: Theory of Coordination Compounds
(15 h)
1.1 Crystal field splitting of transition metal ions in tetrahedral and octahedral fields.
1.2 Jahn Teller theorem, crystal field splitting in tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry,
and in square planar geometry.
1.3 Covalency in transition metal complexes: evidences for covalency-intensity of d-d
transitions, spin-spin splitting, hyperfine splitting, adjusted crystal field theory
1.4 MO Theory: Metal orbitals and LGOs suitable for - and -bonding in octahedral
geometry, construction of qualitative MO energy level diagram for -bonding in
octahedral geometry.
UNIT-2: Reaction Mechanisms in Coordination compounds
(7 h)
2.1 Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes: dissociative and associative and
interchange mechanisms.
2.2 Electron transfer reactions: inner-sphere and outer-sphere mechanisms, noncomplementary
electron transfer reactions.
43
2.3 Inorganic photochemistry: principles, photosubstitution, photoisomerization, and photoredox

reactions.
2.4 Substitution reactions in square complexes: dissociative and associative mechanisms.
UNIT-3: Synthesis of Coordination Compounds
3.1 Cis- and trans-effects in synthesis of square planar and octahedral complexes.
3.2 Metal template synthesis-metal phthalocyanins and Schiff bases.
(5 h)
UNIT-4: Organometallic Compounds and Catalysis

(7 h)
4.1 Nomenclature of organometallic compounds, 16- and 18-electron rule.
4.2 Structure and bonding in transition metal carbonyls: polynuclear carbonyls, bridging and
terminal carbonyls, transition metal alkyls, carbenes, and carbynes, and metallocenes.
4.3 Wilkinsons catalyst and alkene hydrogenation, hydroformylation, Monsanto acetic acid
process, Ziegler-Natta catalyst and polymerization of olefins.
UNIT-5: Inorganic Biochemistry
(6 h)
5.1 Enzymes-apoenzymes and coenzymes, biological role of carboxypeptidase A, peroxidases
and catalases; in vivo and in vitro nitrogen fixation.
5.2 Inorganic medicinal chemistry: radiopharmaceuticals, chelate therapy, and contrast agents in
MRI.
Self Study
(1) Synthesis and properties of metal carbonyls, bridging and terminal carbonyls, metal
alkyls, carbenes, and carbynes, and metallocenes.
(2) Essential and trace elements in biological systems.
Text books
1.
Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E. A.; Keiter, R. L. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and
Reactivity, 4th ed., Harper Collins, 1993.
2.
Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A.; Bochmann, M. Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry, 6th ed., John Wiley, 1999.
3.
Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P. W.; Langford, C. H. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Oxford
University Press, 2000.
Reference books
1.
Basalo, F.; Pearson, Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms, 2nd ed., Wiley Interscience, 1969.
2.
Tobe, M. L.; Burgess, J. Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms, Addison Wesley Longman,
1999.
3.
Arunachalam, S. Inorganic Photochemistry, Kala Publications, Trichirapalli, 2002.
44
CH - 6608 : CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Major-Special (MS)(Package-A)
No. of Credits
: 6
Objectives
To introduce and give an insight into the fascinating area of solid state chemistry and
material science. This will enable the students in pursuing higher studies.
UNIT-1: Structures of solids
(12 h)
1.1 Introduction to solids crystalline and amorphous. Unit cell, Bravais lattices and X-ray
structure determination (NaCl and KCl only) powder and single crystal- methods and
applications-identification of the cubic lattice and indexing of the X-ray diffraction lines.
1.2 Radius ratio rules coordination number. Packing arrangement -different structure types in
solids rock salt, zinc blende, wurtzite, fluorite and antifluorite, spinel and inverse-spinel
and perovskite structures.
UNIT-2: Preparative methods and characterization
(6 h)
2.1 Solid state reactions ceramic method, sol-gel, hydrothermal, high pressure, zone refining,
CVD, Czochralski and Bridgman and Stockbarger methods.
2.2 Physical methods thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis and scanning
electron microscopy (only introduction and application).
UNIT-3: Electrical and optical properties
(10 h)
3.1 Defects in solid state point defects Frenkel and Schottky defects and non-stoichiometric
defects.
3.2 Conductors variation of conductivity with temperature semiconductors p and n types,
pn- junction, photoconduction, photo voltaic cell and photogalvanic cell solar energy
conversion, organic semiconductors.
3.3 Piezoelectric, pyro-electric and ferroelectrics (introduction and application).
Photoluminescence.
UNIT-4: Magnetic properties
(7 h)
4.1 Magnetic properties classification - diamagnetic, paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferro
and ferri magnetic magnetic susceptibility.
4.2 Variation with temperature Curie-Wiess law, Curie temperature and Neel temperature.
Permanent and temporary magnets.
UNIT-5: Special materials
(10 h)
5.1 Superconductivity introduction, Meissner effect mention of Bardeen, Cooper and
Schrieffer theory and Cooper pairs examples of superconducting oxides, Chevrel phases
applications of superconducting materials.
5.2 Ionic conductors sodium- alumina, sodium-sulphur battery. Intercalation layered
compounds graphitic compounds. Special applications of solid state materials. High
energy battery, lithium cells.
5.3 Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric and smectic types and applications.
Text books
1.
Solid State Chemistry-An Introduction by Lesley Smart and Elaine Moore, Chapman Hall,
London, 1992.
2.
Solid State Chemistry by M. G. Arora, Anmol Publications, New Delhi, 2001.

3.
45
Materials Science by P. K. Palanisamy, Scitech Publications, Chennai, 2003.
Reference books
1.
Modern Inorganic Chemistry by W. L. Jolly, Mc Graw Hill Book company, NY, 1989.
2.
Inorganic Chemistry by D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Longford, Oxford university press,
1990.
3.
Introductory Solid State Physics by H. P. Meyers, Viva Books Private Limited, 1998.
4.
Solid State Chemistry and its applications by A. R. West, John-Wiley and sons,1987.
5.
Modern aspects of Inorganic Chemistry by H. J. Emelius and A. G. Sharpe, Universal Book
stall,1989.
6.
Ionic crystals, Lattice defects and nonstoichiometry, N. N. Greenwood, Butterworths,
London, 1968.
7.
Solid State Physics by Charles Kittel, John-Wiley and sons, NY, 1966.
CH - 6609 : SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND

SPECTROSCOPY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Major-Special(MS)(Package-A)
No. of Credits
: 6
Objectives
The course should prepare the students for
1.
Looking at the molecule and understanding the complexity of carbon skeletons

and the presence of functional groups and their relative positions.
2.
Applying disconnection approach and identifying suitable synthons.
3
Identifying suitable reactions sequences to achieve the synthesis of target molecules.
4.
Studying various synthetically important reaction with a view to appreciate their
scope,
limitations and potential use in synthetic sequences.
5.
Developing and understanding UV, IR, NMR, and Mass spectra of organic
molecules.
6.
Solving simple structural problems with spectral data from one or more of
these spectral techniques.
UNIT-1: Planning an Organic Synthesis and Control elements
(15 h)
1.1 Preliminary Planning knowns and unknowns of the synthetic system studied.
1.2 Analysis of the complex and interrelated carbon framework into simple rational precursors.
1.3 Retrosynthetic analysis, alternate synthetic routes. Synthesis of organic mono bifunctional
compound via disconnection approach. Key intermediates that would be formed, available
starting materials and resulting yield of alternative methods.
1.4 Linear Vs convergent synthesis.Synthesis based on umpolung concepts of Seeback.
1.5 Regiospecific control elements. Use of protective groups, activating groups and
bridging elements. Stereospecific control elements. Functional group alteration and
transposition.
Self Study
Examples on retrosynthetic approach, calculation of yield, advantages of convergent
synthesis, synthesis of stereochemistry controlled products.
46
UNIT-2: Organic Reactions of Importance in Synthesis:

(12 h)
2.1 Catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation
2.2 Reductions with LAH, NaBH4 and DIBAL.
2.3 Hydroboration
2.4 Birch, Clemmenson and Wolf-Kishner reduction
2.5 Oxidation with Cr(VI) and Mn(VII) reagents
2.6 Oxidation by peracids and DMSO with oxalyl chloride
Self Study
Mechanism for each reactions, synthesis of organometallic compounds and reactions.
UNIT 3: Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions
(12 h)
3.1 Alkylation of active methylene compounds.
3.2 Aldol condensation and related reactions
3.3 Diels-Alder reactions synthesis of cyclic compounds
Self Study
Crossed aldol condensation, reactions involving active methylene groups, Diels Alder
reactions under heat or light.
UNIT-4 : UV-Visible and IR spectroscopy
(12 h)
4.1 Applications of UV-Woodward Fieser rules as applied to conjugated dienes and
, - unsaturated ketones. Elementary Problems
4.2 Characteristic IR absorption frequencies of important functional groups.
4.3 Intermolecular and Intramolecular hydrogen bonding and IR
4.4 Elementary Problems Involving only IR data.
Self Study
Working out problems based on IR and UV spectra. IR correlation chart.
UNIT-5: NMR spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry
(24 h)
5.1 Problems related to shielding and deshielding of protons, chemical shifts of protons in
hydrocarbons, and in simple monofunctional organic compounds; spin-spin splitting of
neighbouring protons in vinyl and allyl systems. Coupling constants and their use.
5.2 Deuterium-labeling and its use in NMR.
5.3 Applications of 1H and 13C NMR in the structural determination of organic compounds.
5.4 Elementary problems restricted to compounds with C10
5.5 Determination of molecular formula, recognition of molecular ions(M+). Fragmentation
patterns in hydrocarbons, and in simple monofunctional organic compounds.
5.6 Elementary Problems restricted to compounds with C10
5.7 Combined Problem solving UV, IR, NMR, Mass Spectra (simple problems would be
solved)
5.8 Visit to a spectroscopy lab
Self Study
Problems based on NMR and mass spectra only, problems based on combined
spectroscopic technique.
Text books
01. H.O. House, Modern Synthetic Reactions, W.A. Benjamin Inc.
02. M.B. Smith, Organic Synthesis, McGraw Hill International Edition 1994.
47
William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, 3rd edition, Sarmaha publishers, 2002.

John. R. Dyer, Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, Prentice
Hall Inc. 1965.
Reference books
01. R. Ireland, Organic Synthesis, 1975.
02. D.H. Williams and Ian Fleming, Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry,
McGraw Hill 1973.
03. Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall Inc., 6th Edition 1992.
04. Kalsi, Spectroscopy.
05. Silverstein and Bassler, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley
and Sons.
06. P. H. Groggins, Unit Processes in Organic Synthesis, 5th edition, 1995.
03.
04.
CH - 6610 : CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Major Special course[MS](Package-B)
No. of Credits
: 6
Objectives
This course should prepare the students for
1) an introduction to chemistry of natural products like alkaloids, terpenoids, etc.,
2) an understanding of the methods of isolation, purification and structural elucidation
of natural products.
3) an introduction to synthesis of important natural products.
4) an appreciation of bio-activity of natural products
UNIT-1: Alkaloids
(15 h)
1.1 Introduction and functions of alkaloids.
1.2 General methods of structural elucidation
1.3 Structural elucidation, synthesis and biological properties of coniine, piperine, nicotine and
papaverine.
Self Study
Occurrence, classification and isolation
UNIT-2: Terpenoids and Carotenoids
(10 h)
2.1 Terpenoids: Introduction, Isoprene rule
2.2 General methods of determining structure
2.3 Structure and synthesis of citral, menthol, Geraniol and camphor.
2.4 Carotenoids: Introduction, geometrical isomerism
2.5 Structure determination and synthesis of -carotene and vitamin-A
Self study
Classification, Occurrence And isolation of terpenes
UNIT-3: Anthocyanines and flavones
(10 h)
3.1 Anthocyanines: Introduction to anthocyanines.
3.2 Structure and general methods of synthesis of anthocyanines.
3.3 Cyanidine chloride: structure and determination.
3.4 Flavones: Structure and determination of flavone and flavonoids.
3.5 Quercetin: Structure determination and importance.
48
Self study
General nature of anthocyanins, introduction and biological importance of flavones.
UNIT-4: Purines and Steroids
(15 h)
4.1 Purines: Introduction, biological importance
4.2 Synthesis and structural elucidation of Uric acid, Xanthine, Caffeine and Theophylline.
4.3 Steroids: Introduction, stereochemistry and nomenclature.
4.4 Structural determination and synthesis of cholesterol.
4.5 Synthesis of ()-oestrone.
Self study
Occurrence and isolation of purines. Classification and spectral properties of steroids.
UNIT 5: Natural Dyes
(10 h)
5.1 Occurrence, colour and constitution
5.2 Structural determination and synthesis of indigoitin and alizarin.
Self study
Classification, isolation, purification and properties.
Text books
1.
O. P. Agarwal, Chemistry of Natural Products, Vol-1, Goel Publishing House, 1997.
2.
Gurdeep Chatwal and Anand, Chemistry of Natural Products, Himalayan Publishing Co,
2001
Reference book
1.
I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol-2, 5th edition, Pearson education, London, 1975.
CH - 6611 : INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Major Special course[MS](Package-B)
No. of Credits
: 6
Objectives :
To enable a student to understand:
(i) The generation of energy from various types of fuels.
(ii) Use of chemicals in improvement of agricultural crops
(iii)Methods employed for purification of water for industry and home
(iv) Pollution occurring from various sources and resulting toxic effects
UNIT-1 : Industrial fuels
(15 h)
1.1 Energy
Sources: non-renewable, classification of fuels: solid, liquid and gaseous. Calorific value
of fuels and its determination.
1.2 Solid fuels
Coal: types properties and uses lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal and
anthracite. Coking and non-coking coal.
1.3 Liquid fuels
1.4
49
Refining of crude petroleum and uses of fractions. Hydrodesulphurisation. Cracking:

thermal and catalytic (fixed bed and fluidised bed cataylsis). Octane number. Production
and uses of tetraethyl lead, ETBE and MTBE.
Gaseous fuels
Natural gas and gobar gas: production, composition and uses., Gobar electric cell.
UNIT-2 : Chemistry and agriculture

(15 h)
2.1
Fertilizers
NPK, representation,superphosphate, triple superphosphate, uses of mixed fertilizers.
Micronutrients and their role, biofertilizers, plant growth harmones.
2.2
Pesticides
Classification of pesticides with examples.
Insectides; stomach poisons, contact insecticides, fumigants. Manufacture and uses of
insecticides. DDT, BHC (gammaxane: Conformation of gamma isomer) pyrethrin.
Mention of aldrin, dieldrin,endrin and pentachlorophenel (and its Na salts) and
Biopesticides.
Herbicides: Manufacture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
Fungicides: Preparation of Bordeaux mixture. Mention of lime-sulphur, creosote oil and
formula.
2.3 Sugar industry
Double sulphitation process. Refining and grading of sugar. Saccharin: synthesis and use
as a sugar substitute - aspartame. Ethanol: manufacture from molasses by fermentation.
UNIT-3 : Water treatment
(15 h)
3.1 Introduction
Sources of water. Hardness of water-temporary or carbonate hardness, permanent hardness
or non-carbonate hardness. Units of hardness, disadvantages of hard water In domestic,
in industry and in steam generation in boilers. Effect of iron and manganese in water.
Estimation of hardness EDTA method Estimation of total hardness O. Hehners
method or alkali titration method.
3.2
Water softening methods
Industrial purpose
Lime soda process, Zeolite process; Ion-exchange - Demineralisation - deionisation
process. Mixed bed deionisation.
Domestic purpose
Removal of suspended impurities. Removal of microorganism Chlorination . Break
point
chlorination. Reverse osmosis. Desalination.
Waste water treatment
50
UNIT-4 : Pollution and chemical toxicology

(15 h)
4.1 Pollution: Air pollution - Acid rain. Green house effect (global warming), ozone layer
depletion - photochemical oxidants. Control of air pollution. Water pollution organic
pollutants, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), total
organic carbon. International standards for water and air quality and regulations
4.2 Chemical toxicology: Effect of toxic chemicals on enzymes. Lead, mercury and cyanide
pollution and their biochemical effects. Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen, ozone biochemical effects.
4.3 Quality control: ISI specification. Patent: Purpose and procedures
UNIT-5 : Seminar topics
(15 h)
Glass, Cement, Dyes, Paints, Special paints, Lubricants and greases,
Refractories, Abrasives, Plastics, Perfumes and flavoring industries, Fermentation
industries, Explosives, Pulp and paper industries, Rubber industries, Pharmaceutical
industries, Food and food products industries, Photographic product industries, Ceramic
industries, Petrochemicals.
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(20 Hr)
1. Estimation of available chlorine in bleaching powder.
2. Estimation of hardness of water.
3. Estimation of active matter content in a detergent.
4. Estimation of nitrogen in the fertilizer.
5. Estimation of phosphate in a superphosphate sample.
6. Estimation of potassium by flame photometric method.
7. Estimation of Iron (III) by colorimetry.
8. Estimation of calcium in calcium tablet.
9. Determination of viscosity and flashpoint in lubricating oil.
10. Preparation of Aspirin.
11. Preparation of a dye.
12. Preparation of polyvinylacetate or polyacrylamide.
13. Laboratory method of preparation of Iron sulphate.
Reference books
1.
Norris shreve, r. And joseph a. Brink, jr. Chemical process industries, 4th ed.;
Mc graw hill Kogakusha, ltd: 1977.
2.
George t. Austin. Shreves chemical process industries, 5th ed.; Mc graw hill: 1984.
3.
Subba rao, n. S. Biofertilizers in agriculture; oxford and ibh publishing co.: New delhi,
1982.
4.
Jain, p. C. And jain, m. Engineering chemistry, 10th ed.; dhanpat rai and sons:
delhi, 1993
5.
Kamaraj, p.; jeyalakshmi, r. And narayanan, v. Chemistry in engineering and technology;
sudhandhira publications: chennai, 2001.
6.
Kuriakose, j. C. And rajaram, j. Chemistry in engineering and technology. Vol 2.; tata mc
graw hill: new delhi, 1988.
7.
De,a.k. Environmental chemistry 2nd ed.; wiley eastern Ltd., 1987.
8.
Stanley e. Mahanen, introduction to industrial chemistry.
9.
Jugal, Kishore, Agrawal, Practicals in Engineering Chemistry; Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1976.
51
CH - 6650 : FOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Skill Based course(SK)
No. of Credits
: 13
Objectives
This skill based course provides
1) Students the basic knowledge in Food Chemistry and modern trends in the industry.
2) To provide the practical training to the students in the food analysis
UNIT I: Introduction
(7 h)
1.1
Food: source, functions of food food groups food guide basic five food groups,
usage of the food guide food in relation to health objectives of cooking..
1.2
Water: Purification processes Ion exchangers, reverse osmosis, activated charcoal
treatment. Use of chlorination, ozone, and UV light disinfection. Specification of
drinking water. Water borne diseases microbiological examination. Sources and
detection.
1.3
Milk: Composition and effectiveness as a diet. Fat content in milk, whole and skimmed.
Effect of cooking and heat processing of milk pasteurization. Preservation of milk.
Deep freeze preservation, dairy products cheese, butter, ghee and kova. Spray drying
technique milk powder, infant food preparation. Lactose intolerance Milk substitutes
vegetable milk. Toned milk.
Self study
Different mode of cooking, and objectives of cooking.
UNIT 2: Constituents of foods
(35 h)
2.1
Proteins: amino acids peptides proteins, modification of food products through heat
processing.Effect of cooking steaming or cooking under pressure of legumes.
Detoxication. Analysis of proteins principles in the determination of moisture content,
ash content, nitrogen content Kjeldahls method.Separation of amino acids by paper
chromatography, separation of proteins by electro phoresis.
Enzymes: Nomenclature, classification Apo, holo and coenzymes. Enzymes used in
food processing.Enzymic browning mode of action, secondary reaction of o-quinones,
prevention of enzymic browning thermal inactivation, pH, antioxidants Non-enzymic
browning-Maillard reaction, prevention of non-enzymic browning. Measurement of
enzyme activity- principles, estimation of the activity of catalase in Chow-chow and
radish (Titrimetry) principles..
2.2
Carbohydrates: Classification, structure and reactions of monosaccharides, glucose,
fructose, structure of sucrose, maltose, lactose and starch.Artificial sweetening
agents.Effect of cooking on the nutritive value of rice and of baking of wheat bread and
biscuit, processing and storage of carbohydrates. Principles involved in the analysis of
carbohydrates analysis of glucose, starch, Benedict method, Anthrone method,
NeilsonSomoyogi method, analysis of crude fibers estimation of carbohydrates in
wheat floor
52
2.3
Lipids: Nomenclature and classification.Emulsions and emulsifiers, rancidity of fats

chemistry of fat and oil processing function and storage of fats.Heat treatment on the
nutritive value of oilseeds, nuts and oil-seedmeals. Role of MUFA and PUFA in
preventing heart diseases. Analysis of oils and fats analysis of crude fats and
determination of iodine number, RM value, acid number and saponification values
principles.
2.4
Minerals and vitamins: Sources, functions, bioavailability and deficiency of the
following minerals (calcium, iron, iodine, fluorine, sodium and potassium (elementary
treatment). Vitamins - classification, sources, functions and deficiencies of fat- soluble
vitamins A, D, E and K, water-soluble vitamins C, thiamin, niacine, riboflavin, Bcomplex, - B6, Folic acid and B12.Fortification with vitamins and minerals.Effect of
cooking on vitamins and minerals different methods of cooking of vegetables, fruits
dehydrated fruits, canned fruit, canned fruit juices. Estimation of thiamine and riboflavin
(fluorimetry), Estimation of metals in tea dust principles.
Self study
Classification of amino acids, proteins, lipids and vitamins.
UNIT 3: Foods and Food Additives:
(25 h)
3.1
Food additives: Artificial sweeteners saccharin, cyclomate, asparatame food flavours
esters, aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds. Antioxidants. Food colours changes in
cooking..Restricted use. Spurious colours. Emulsifying agents, preservatives leavening
agents.Baking powder Yeast. Taste enhancers MSG-vinegar
3.2
Modern food: Mushroom cultivation and types, spirulina composition. Snack foods.
Production of bread, bun and biscuits. Raw materials, methods and machinery required.
Candy manufacturing. Caramellisation. Fast foods. Instant foods. Dehydrated foods.
Oleoresin of spices. Condiments.
3.3
Beverages: Soft drinks, soda, fruit juices and alcoholic beverages (Types and content of
alcohol).Examples, Carbonation. Addiction to alcohol. Cirrhosis of liver. Social
problems.Composition of soft drinks.Excessive use leading to urinary bladder stones.
Preservation of tetrapak. Nitrogen preservation and packing of fruit juices. Coconut
water.
Self study
Functions and uses of food additives.
UNIT 4: Nutrition and Balanced Diet
(8 h)
4.1
Nutrition calorific value of food stuff RQ of food (Respiratory quotient of food)
basal metabolic rate factors influencing BMR, specific dynamic action (SDA) of food.
4.2
Thermogenic effect energy requirements of individuals diet and its components the
protein requirements biological value of proteins, supplementary value of proteins.
Diseases associated with protein malnutrition.
Nutritional value of carbohydrates. Fibers in the diet, dietary sugars nutritional
aspects of lipids.
Self study
Low cost nutrient supplements and bio-fortification.
UNIT 5: Food Adulteration And Hygiene
(5 h)
5.1
Adulterants: Common adulterants in different foods milk and milk products, vegetable
oils, and fats, spices and condiments, cereals, pulses, sweetening agents and beverages.
53
Contamination with toxic chemicals pesticides and insecticides. Principles involved in

the analysis of detection and prevention of food adulteration.
5.2
Microbial growth: growth curve of bacteria. Effect of environmental factors on growth
of microorganisms. pH, water activity, oxygen availability temperature beneficial effect
of micro organisms Food borne illness bacteria, virus, moulds and parasites. (Any two
illness each).
5.3
Food preservation and processing : Food deterioration, methods of preservation and
processing.
5.4
Quality control: Specifications and standards: PFA, FPO, FDA, drug license, WHO
standards, ISI specifications, packing and label requirements, essential commodities act,
consumer protection act. AGMARK.
Self study
Packaging of foods classification of package, materials used for packing, laws related
to packaging and nutrition labelling.
Reference Books
1.
Swaminathan M. Advanced Text Book on Food and Nutrition , volume I and II Printing
and Publishing CO., Ltd., Bangalore. 1993.
2.
Swaminathan M. Text Book on Food chemistry, Printing and Publishing CO., Ltd.,
Bangalore. 1993.
3.
Norman N. Potter , Food science, CBS publishers and distributors, New Delhi. 1994.
4.
Lillian Hoagoland Meyer, Food Chemistry, CBS publishers and distributors, New Delhi.
1994.
5.
Owen R Fennema, Food Chemistry, Marcel Decker Inc., New York. 1996.
6.
Srilakshmi B., Food Science, New age International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers, III ed. 2003.
7.
Siva Sankar B., Food Processing and Preservation. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 2002.
8.
Ramakrishnan S., Prasannam K.G and Rajan R Principles. Text book of medical
biochemistry. Orient Longman Ltd. III ed. 2001.
9.
Shakuntala Manay N. and ShadaksharaswamyM. FOODS: Facts and Principles. New age
International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers, II ed. 2002.
54
FOOD CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Skill based course
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Estimation of Nitrogen (protein) by Kjeldhal method.

Estimation of iodine value, acid value and RM value of an edible oil.
Estimation of food colours (by colorimetric method).
Estimation of available carbondioxide in baking powder.
Isolation of caesein and lactose from milk.
Preparation of oleoresin of ginger and the essential oil.
Steam distillation of mint.
Estimation of glycine.
Isolation of natural food colours Soxhelet extraction of chlorophyll.
Flavour analysis GC/ HPLC demonstration.
Isolation of caffeine from tea dust.
Detection of adulterants in food stuffs.
Estimation of hardness of water, iron content and microbiological examination.
Estimation of ascorbic acid.
Estimation of glucose.
Visit to food industry.
Reference book
1.
N. S. Gnanapragasam, G. Ramamurthy, Organic Chemistry Lab Manual, S.Viswanathan
printers and publishers LTD., 2002.
CH - 6651 : CHEMISTRY OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
No. of Credits
: 13
Objectives
This skill based course provides
1) Students the basic knowledge in consumer product Chemistry and modern trends in
the industry.
2) To provide the practical training to the students in consumer product analysis
UNIT 1: SOAPS
Saponification of oils and fats. Manufacture of soaps. Formulation of toilet soaps.
Different ingredients used. Their functions. Medicated soaps. Herbal soaps. Mechanism
of action of soap. Soft soaps. Shaving soaps and creams. ISI specifications. Testing
procedures/limits.
55
UNIT 2: DETERGENTS
a. Anionic detergents: Manufacture of LAB (linear alkyl benzene). Sulphonation of
LAB preparation of acid slurry. Different ingredients in the formulation of detergent
powders and soaps. Liquid detergents. Foam boosters. AOS (alpha olefin sulphonates.
b. cationic detergents: examples. Manufacture and applications.
c. Non-ionic detergents: examples. Manufacture of ethylene oxide condensater.
d. Mechanism of action of detergents. Comparison of soaps and detergents.
Biodegradation environmental effects. ISI specifications / limits.
UNIT 3: SHAMPOOS
Manufacture of SLS and SLES. Ingredients. Functions. Different kinds of shampoos
anti-dandruff, anti-lice, herbal and baby shampoos. Hair dye. Manufacture of
conditioners. Coco betaines or coco diethanolamides ISI specifications. Testing
procedures and limits.
UNIT 4: SKIN PREPARATIONS
Face and skin powders. Ingredients, functions. Different types. Snows and face creams.
Chemical ingredients used. Anti perspirants. Sun screen preparations. UV absorbers. Skin
bleaching agents. Depilatories. Turmeric and Neem preparations. Vitamin oil.
Nail polishes: nail polish preparation, nail polish removers. Article removers.
Lipsticks, roughes, eyebrow pencils. Ingredients and functions hazards. ISI
specifications.
UNIT 5:
Leading firms, brand names, choosing the right product. Packing regulations. Marketing.
Licensing drug license legal aspects. GMP ISO 9000/12000 consumer education.
Evaluation of the product advertisements.
Reference books
1.
Gobala Rao.S , Outlines of chemical technology, Affiliated East West press,1998
2.
Kafaro, Wasteless chemical processing, Mir publishers, 1995.
3.
Sawyer.W, Experimental cosmetics,Dover publishers, New york, 2000.
CONSUMER PRODUCTS PRACTICALS

B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
01. Determination of active content (SLS, SLES, LABS) in a detergent.

02. Estimation of iodine value and saponification value of an oil.
03. Estimation of hardness of water. Estimation of iron (III) by colorimetric method in water
analysis.
04. Microbiological examination of food products. RWC of phenol.
05. Estimation of available chlorine in bleaching powder or bleach liquor.
06. Detection of food adulteration including milk. Detection of adulteration in petrol / diesel.
07. Estimation of ascorbic acid by iodimetric method.

08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
56
Determination of nitrogen by Kjeldhal method.

Analysis of essential oils by gas chromatographic method.
Estimation of glucose by Benedicts method. Estimation of sugar by refractometric method.
Estimation of purity of soda ash.
Estimation of phenol by Winklers method.
Isolation of lactose from milk.Caffeine from tea leaves, Ginger oleoresin from Ginger.
Visit to the analytical laboratories / ISI / FPO / Government laboratories
Detection of alkaloids, terpenes, flavanoids, anthocyanins, proteins, amino acids and
hydrocarbons in the natural product extracts. (a herbal extraction will be carried out.)
INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Time
: one month
CONFIDENTIAL ASSESSMENT FORM

Student name: _______________________________
_________ ]
[D. No.
Industry
:
_______________________________________________________
Industrial Person-in-charge:
____________________________________________
Staff-in-charge :
______________________________________________________
Attendance
Max mark: 20
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Not-satisfactory
(2) Work Skill

Max mark: 40
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Not-satisfactory
(3) Interpersonal Relationship

Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
57
Max mark: 15
Not-satisfactory
Total Marks Awarded [Out of 75]

Max mark: 75
Any other remarks:

CH - 6652 : SEMINAR AND REPORT
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester VI
Course : Major core
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives :
To make the student to understand and present the topics in the subject related to
Chemistry in a class room.
Testing :
The student will be tested both in subject matter and the mode of presentation.
The components in the subject matter include
Standard of subject and plan
Preparation and mastery
Originality and logical development
Answers to questions
Summary and references
The components in the mode of presentation include
1)
Economy of time
2)
Voice as a tool of communication
3)
Blackboard use and teaching aids
4)
Language and diction
5)
Relating to the audience
58
ELECTIVE GENERAL (EG)

CH - 2300 : APPLIED CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (For students other than Chemistry)
Semester II
Course : Elective General (EG)
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives
1. To make non-chemistry graduates to get exposed to day to day chemistry
related materials and science.
2. To learn the terms and definitions in general chemistry and use of
popularly
used chemicals.
UNIT 1: Industrial Fuels

1.1
Energy sources: non-renewable, classification of fuels, solid, liquid and gaseous. Calorific
value of fuels and its determination.
1.2 Solid fuels: Coal: types, properties and uses of lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous
coal and anthracite. Coking and non-coking coal.
1.3 Liquid fuels: Refining of crude petroleum and uses of fractions. Hydrodesulphurisation.
Cracking: thermal and catalytic (fixed bed and fluidized bed catalysis). Octane number.
1.4 Gaseous fuels: Natural gas and gobar gas: production, composition and uses, Gobar electric
cell.
Self study:
Extraction of petroleum, Comparison between solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
UNIT 2: Chemistry and agriculture
2.1
Fertilizers: Discussion on ammonium nitrate, urea, superphosphate, triple superphosphate,

diammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, uses of mixed fertilizers, micronutrients and
their role.
2.2 Pesticides: Classification of pesticides with examples.
2.3 Insecticides: stomach poisons, contact insecticides, fumigants, manufacture and uses of
insecticides. DDT, BHC(gammexane: conformation of gamma isomer) pyrethrin mention
of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and pentachlorophenel ( and its Na salt) (structures excluded)
2.4 Herbicides: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
2.5 Fungicides: Bordeaux mixture, mention of lime sulphur, creosote oil and formula.
Self study:
NPK fertilizers, triple superphosphate, different types of pesticides, insecticides
UNIT 3: Sugar and Paper industry
3.1
Sugar industry: Double sulphitation process, refining, and grading of sugar. Saccharin:
synthesis and uses as a sugar substitute. Ethanol: manufacture from molasses by
fermentation.
59
3.2
Paper industry: Manufacture of paper: production of sulphite pulp and conversion to paper
( bleaching, filling, sizing and calendaring)
Self study:
World production of sugar and paper - survey
UNIT 4: High Polymers
4.1
4.2
Classification, types of polymerisation

Natural polymers: polysaccharides (starch and cellulose), polyhydrocarbons (natural
rubber) and proteins
4.3 Synthetic
polymers:
Polyhydrocarbons
(polythene,
synthetic
rubber),
polychlorohydrocarbons (PVC, neoprene), polyamides (nylon) and polyphenols (phenolformaldehyde resin)
4.4 Addition and condensation polymerization, step growth and chain growth polymers.
Comparison and properties of thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers, copolymers.
4.5 Synthesis, structure and uses: a) rubber: cis-structure and elasticity, Synthetic rubber:
neoprene and Buna-S, vulcanization of rubber, additives used in rubber manufacture.
4.6 Plastics: polythene, polypropene (isotactic structure), Ziegler-Nutta polymerization, PVC,
PVA, Polystyrene and bakelite. Blow moulding and injection moulding.
4.7 Fibres: rayon, terylene and nylon.
Self study:
Re-enfored plastics, Zeigler-Natta polymerization in polyethylene
UNIT 5: Articles used in daily life.
5.1 Glass: composition, manufacture and uses

5.2 Cement :Manufacture: wet and dry processes, comp[osition and setting of cement
Dyes: classification based on structure and application. Synthesis of congo red and malachite
green
Pharmaceuticals: Manufacture of aspirin and penicillin (fermentation process) mention of
antibiotics.
Quality control: ISI specification. Patents: purpose and procedure.
Self study:
Collection of names of analgesics, antipyretics, antiseptics, antimalarial, sadaditives
Reference Books
1.
Biswas, A.K., Frontiers in Applied Chemistry, Narosa publishing house, 1989
2.
Vermain, O.P, Narula A.C., Applied chemistry theory and books.
3.
Thiagarajan,V.T., Pharmaceutical chemistry, K.S.C. Desikan & Co, Chennai,1995.
60
CH - 4301: BASIC CLINICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL

CHEMISTRY
B.Sc. Chemistry
Semester IV
Course : Elective General (EG)
No. of Credits
: 2
Objectives :
After going through the course the student is expected to learn about
1.
The disinfectants and antiseptics.
2.
The important drugs and the mode of actions.
3.
Enzymes
4. Body fluids
UNIT-1: CLINICAL HYGIENE AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Definition of health. Ryde of WHO.
Sterilization of surgical instruments. Disinfectants, antiseptics, sanitation.
Biochemical analysis of urine, serum and fecal matter.
Treatment for specific poisons-acids, alkalis, arsenic and mercury compounds.
Self study:
Different types of chemical poisons in society
(6 hrs)
UNIT-2: COMMON DRUGS

(12
hrs)
Manufacture of drugs (e.g. quinine, reserpine, atopside and d tubocurarine) from indian
medicinal plants. Testing of drugs : biological variation, screening and toxicity. Use of
pharmacoepia and therpeutic index.
Types of drugs and their modes of action :
Depressant drugs (special reference to sedatives and hypnotics).
Anticonvulsant drugs (sodium valproate, hydantoins).
Narcotic analgesics (only morphine compds).
Antipyretic analgesics (acetyl salicyclic acid, p amino phenol derivatives).
Muscle relaxants.
i.
Acting at neuromuscular junction (d tubocurarine chloride).
ii. Acting at spinal cord alone (glyceryl guaiacolate, diazepam).
Antibiotics (pencillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol)
Cardiovascular drugs-nitrates, beta blockers(propranalol and atinelol) and calcium channel
blockers.
h) uclear medicine (Radiation therapy)
Self study:
Knowing names of medicines used for the above diseases
61
UNIT-3: ENZYMES
(4 hrs)
Classification, specificity. Coenzymes, Cofactor, ATP, Mechanism of enzyme action and
Immobilisation of enzymes.
Self study:
Specific action of enzymes, factors affecting enzyme activity
UNIT-4: BODY FLUID
Blood volume, blood groups, coagulation of blood. Plasma lipo protiens. Blood pressure.
Arteriosclerosis, diseases afecting red cells: Hyperchromic and hypochromic anaemia.
Blood tranfusion. Blood sugar and diabetes.
Self study:
Knowledge of measuring blood pressure, influence of blood pressure, blood sugar control
levels and medicine used to control blood pressure and blood sugars
UNIT-5: BIOTECHLONOGY:
(8 hrs)
Heredity, recombinant DNA, Genetic engineering and its possible hazards, Gene splicing,
manufacture of interferon and human insulin(Humulin), Drug manufacture based on
fermentation(only antibiotics)
VISITS
(5 hrs)
One full day visit to a medical research laboratory and to pharmaceutical industry.
Text Books
Jayashree Ghosh, A text book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.Chand and Co. Ltd, 1999.
S.C. Rastogi, Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1993
Ashutosh Kar, Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1993.
Reference Books
1.
O.Le Roy, Natural and synthetic organic medicinal compounds, Ealemi., 1976.
2.
B.L. Oser, Hawks physiological chemistry, 14th edition, Tata-McGraw - Hill
Publishing Co.Ltd, 1965
3.
O. Kleiner and J. Martin, Bio-Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India(P) Ltd, New Delhi,
1974.
62
ALLIED REQUIRED (AR)

CH - 2102 : GENERAL CHEMISTRY FOR MATHS AND PHYSICS
(Offered to B.Sc. Physics and Mathematics)
No. of Credits
3
Course : Allied Required(AR)
4
Semester II
:
:
Objectives :
To get a good exposure to the basic concepts of chemistry to enable them to pursue
careers related to chemistry.
UNIT 1: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1.1
1.2
(9 hours)
Transition elements
a)
Transition Elements: Electronic structure and position in the periodic table.
b)
General properties: variable valency, colour, magnetic properties and catalytic role
Coordination compounds
a)
IUPAC Nomenclature of mononuclear complexes, Types of ligands including EDTA.
b) Theories: Werners theory based on conductivity, Precipitation and isomerism

(geometrical and optical) in square planar and octahedral complexes. Sidgwicks theory
and EAN Principle, Paulings Theory, explanation of shapes and magnetic nature.
c) Use of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis (Cu2+/NH3) and quantitative
analysis (Ni2+/DMG), Hardness of water using EDTA.
d)
Mention of biologically active compounds: Haemoglobin, Chlorophyll.
UNIT 2: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2.1
(10 hours)
Electronic displacement effects:

a)
Inductive, resonance and steric effects.
b) Their effect on Ka and Kb on organic acids and bases.

2.2
Organic reaction mechanisms:

a)
SN1 bd SN2 reaction of alkyl halides : mechanism only
b) Aromatic electrophilic substitution; nitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation

and acylation.
2.3
Isomerisms:
a)
Geometrical isomerism: molecules of alkene ofstructure R-CH=CH-R
b)
Optical isomerism: compounds with one and two adjacent chiral carbons
c)
Conformational isomerisms of ethane, n-butane and cyclohexane.
UNIT 3: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

3.1
63
(10 hours)
Solutions:
a) Types and examples of solutions: gas in liquid and liquid in liquid (totally miscible,
partially miscible and immiscible liquid pairs)
b) Henrys and Raoults laws, ideal and real solutions, deviation from ideal behaviour.
Vapour-Pressure composition diagram for a totally miscible binary liquid system obeying
Raoults laws.
c) Partially miscible liquid system (Phenol-water)
3.2
Phase Rule:
a) Definition of phase, component and degree of freedom, Phase rule (statement only).
b) Application of phase rule to a one-component system (water) and simple eutectic
system (Pb-Ag)
c) Determination of pH (glass electrode)
3.3 Kinetics and catalysis:
a) Rate expression for I and II order, methods of determining order of a reaction, order
and moleccularity.
b) Catalysis : homogeneous and heterogeneous, catalyst used in Contact and Habers
processes.
c) Concept of energy of activation and Arrhenius equation.
3.4 Photochemistry:
a) Comparison between thermal and photochemical reactions
b) Grotthus-Drappers law, Einsteins law, quantum yield, photosensitisation
c) Beer-Lamberts law. Estimation of copper and nickel by spectrophotocalorimetry.
UNIT 4: BIO-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(7 hours)
4.1 Nucleic acids:
a) Structure of DNA and RNA, Hydrogen bonding.
b) Replication of DNA. Types of RNA
c) Genetic Engineering: Mention of applications and possible risks.
4.2 Hormones:
a) Thyroxine, adrenaline and sex hormones (structure and functions only)
b) Mention of ACTH, cortisone, prostaglandins, and oxytocin.
UNIT 5: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
(9 hours)
5.1 High Polymers:
a) Classification: Natural and synthetic, step growth and chain growth polymers.
b) Natural rubber: Composition, cis-structure, elasticity, manufacture and uses of
synthetic rubber (neoprene, Buna-S), Vulcanization of rubber.
c) Plastic: Manufacture and uses of PVC, Bakelite, acrylates, PET, PUF, and
Polystyrene.
64
5.2
Corrosion:
a) Causes of corrosion of metals, Electrochemical mechanism.
b) Prevention: Galvanization, electroplating and cathodic protection.
Text Books :
1.
C.N.R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan Co., India Ltd, 1973.
2.
M.J. Sienko and R.A. Plane, Chemistry Principles and properties, nternational Student
Edition. 1995.
3.
R. Gopalan, S. Sundaram, Allied Chemistry, Sultan Chand and Sons (1995).
Reference Books :
1.
G.C. Hill, J.S. Holman, Chemistry in Context, ELBS, 1998
2.
W.R. Kneen, M.J.W. Rogers, P. Simpson, Chemistry Facts, patterns and principles,
ELBS., 1999.
3.
Bruce H. Mahan, University Chemistry, 3rd edition, Addition-Wesley Publishing Company,

1977.
CH 2103 : GEN.CHEM.LAB FOR MATHS AND PHYSICS

No. of Credits
1
2
Semester II
:
:
Objectives :
To enable the students to understand better the concepts of organic analysis and appreciate
better the applications of organic chemistry towards biological systems.
Organic Analysis:
a)
Identification of acidic, basic, phenolic and neutral organic substances
b)
Detection of N, S and halogens
c)
Test for aliphatic and aromatic nature of substances.
d)
Test for saturation and unsaturation.
e)
Identification of functional groups

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
Carboxylic acid
Phenols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Carbohydrates
Primary amines
Amides
65
Text Books :
1.
N.S. Gnanapragasam and G. Ramamurthy, Organic chemistry Lab manual, S.

Viswanathan Co. Pvt. Ltd., 1998.
2.
J.N. Gurtu and R. Kapoor, Advanced Experimental Chemistry(Organic), S. Chand and Co.,
1987.
CH - 3104 : CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGISTS-I

(Offered to B.Sc. Zoology and Plant Biology)
Semester III
No. of Credits
3
4
:
:
Objectives :
1.
2.
To enable the students to understand the concepts in physical and chemical processes
in living systems.
To know the applications of physical, inorganic and organic chemistry towards
biological systems.
UNIT 1: Chemical Bonding
(12 hours)
1.1
Ionic Bond: Nature of Ionic bond, structure of NaCl, KCl and CsCl, factors influencing the
formation of ionic bond.
1.2 Covalent Bond: Nature of covalent bond, structure of CH4, NH3, H2O, shapes of BeCl2,
BF3, CH4, PCl5, NH3, H2O, IF7, based on VSEPR theory and hybridisation.
1.3 Coordinate Bond: Nature of coordinate bond, coordination complexes, Werners theory,
geometrical and optical isomerism in square planar and octahedral complexes, mention of
structure and functions of chlorophyll and hemoglobin
1.4 Hydrogen Bond:
Theory of hydrogen bonding and types of hydrogen bonding (with
examples of RCOOH, ROH, salicyladehyde, amides and polyamides).
1.5 van Der Waals forces: dipole - dipole, dipole - induced dipole interactions.
Self Study:
Properties of ionic, covalent, coordinate and hydrogen bonds, formation of BF3-NH3, NH4+,
IUPAC nomenclature of coordination complexes.
UNIT 2: Solutions
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
(8 hours)
Normality, Molarity, Molality, Mole fraction, mole concept.

Primary and secondary standards - Preparation of standard solutions
Principle of volumetric analysis (with simple problems)
Strong and weak acids and bases - Ionic product of water - pH, pKa, pKb. Buffer solutions pH of buffer solutions.
Self Study:
66
Simple problems on concentration terms, preparation of standard solutions and pH and

pOH calculations
UNIT 3: Kinetics
(6 hours)
3.1
Rate, rate law, order and molecularity, derivation of rate expressions for I and II order
kinetics.
3.2 Catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, enzymes used in
industry.
Self Study:
Characteristics of I and II order kinetics, examples of various order of the reactions.
UNIT 4: Colloids
(5 hours)
4.1
4.2
Colloids, lyophilic and lyophobic colloids

Optical and Kinetic properties, electrophoresis and electro osmosis, peptisation, and
coagulation.
Self study: Types with examples and applications of colloids
UNIT 5: Basic Organic Chemistry
(9 hours)
5.1
Electronic displacement effects: inductive, resonance and steric effects, acidity of organic
acids and bases.
5.2.1 Isomerism - Molecules with one chiral carbon and two adjacet chiral carbons - Enantiomers
- Diasteromers - Separation of racemic mixture - Geometrical isomerism (maleic and
fumeric acids).
5.3 Polymers, Natural and Synthetic polymers, Polymerisation and types, Elastomers, Rubber
(Buna-S, neoprene, Thiokol), Plastics, types (PVC, Teflon, HDPE, LDPE), Fibres, types
(nylon, terylene)
Self study:
Optical isomers of lactic and tartaric acid.
Text Books :
1.
R. Gopalan, S. Sundaram, Allied Chemistry, Sultan Chand and Sons (1995).
2.
Veeraiyan, Allied Chemistry,
Reference Books:
1.
M. J. Sienko and R.A. Plane, Chemistry - Principles and properties, International Student
Edition, 1995.
2.
G.C. Hill, J.S. Holman, Chemistry in Context, ELBS, 1998
3.
W.R. Kneen, M.J.W. Rogers, P. Simpson, Chemistry Facts, patterns and principles,
ELBS. 1999.
4.
Misra, Introduction to Polymer Chemistry, 2002.
67
CH - 3105 : CHEMISTRY PRCTICAL FOR BIOLOGISTS-I

Semester III
No. of Credits
1
2
:
:
Objectives :
1. To enable the students to understand the concepts of organic analysis.
2. To appreciate the chemistry of various functionalised organic compounds
through
analysis.
Organic Analysis:
a)
Identification of acidic, basic, phenolic and neutral organic substances
b)
Detection of N, S and halogens
c)
Test for aliphatic and aromatic nature of substances.
d)
Test for saturation and unsaturation.
e)
Identification of functional groups

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
Carboxylic acid
Phenols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carbohydrates
Primary amines
Amides
Text Books :
1.

2.
J.N. Gurtu and R. Kapoor, Advanced Experimental Chemistry(Organic), S. Chand and Co.,
1987.
68
PH2103 - PHYSICS FOR CHEMISTRY - I

B.Sc Chemistry (Offered by Department of Physics)
Semester II
No. of Credits
3
Course : Allied Required (AR)
4
:
:
Objective: This paper is offered to the students of chemistry as allied required. While the
chemical properties are learnt in the major, the study of physical properties will compliment
their studies.
Unit 1: Classical mechanics
a) Particle dynamics: Displacement, velocity and acceleration- distance time graph-velocity
time graph projectile motion uniform circular motion tangential acceleration in circular
motion relative velocity and acceleration
b) Lagrangian formulation : Generalised coordinates holonomic and non-holonomic
constraints Lagranges equations simple applications- Atwoods machine simple
pendulum
Unit 2: Gravitation
a) Classical theory of gravitation : Keplers laws, Newtons law of gravitation G and
measurement Earth moon system weightlessness earth satellites parking orbit earth
density mass of the Sun gravitational potential velocity of escape satellite potential
and kinetic energy.
b) Einsteins theory of gravitation : Introduction the principle of equivalence experimental
tests of general theory of relativity gravitational red shift bending of light preihelion of
mercury.
Unit 3: Properties of matter
a) Elastic properties : Elastic limit Hookes law moduli of elasticity poission ratio
relation between q,n,k force in a bar due to contraction or expansion energy stored in a
wire rigidity modulus torsion in a wire static torsion and torsional oscillations method.
b) Viscosity and surface tension : Newtons formula Stokes formula Poiseuilles flow
molecular theory of surface tension excess pressure over curved surface spherical and
cylindrical drops surface energy capillary rise Quinckes method for mercury.
Unit 4: Optics
a) Diffraction: Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffractions Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slitdiffraction at multiple slits- plane diffraction grating determination of wavelength of a special
line.
b) Polarisation: Double refraction of crystals geometry of Nicol prism Huygens theory
Polaroid circular and elliptical polarization quarter and half wave plates production and
analysis of polarized beams optical activity.
69
Unit 5 : Crystal Physics

a) Crystal structures: Introduction periodic array of atoms crystal lattice unit cell basis
symmetry considerations classification of crystals Bravais lattices in three dimensions
crystal planes and Miller indices simple crystal structures.
b) Crystal diffraction: Braggs law experimental X-ray diffraction methods: - Laue method
rotating crystal method powder method neutron diffraction.
TEXT BOOKS:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nelkon and Parker Advanced level physics Arnold Publishers 7th edition.
M.Narayanamurthy and N.Nagarathnam Dynamics ( The national publishers)
D.S.Mathur, properties of matter, S.Chand and Co., New Delhi
S.Subrahmanyam and S.Brijlal, A text book of optics, S.Chand and Co ( 22nd edition.
C.Kittel , Introduction to solid state physics Wiley eastern 5thedition.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:1. D.Halliday and R.Resnick , Physics, Part 1 ( Wiley eastern)
PH2104 - PHYSICS FOR CHEMISTRY - PRACTICAL- I

B.Sc Chemistry (Offered by Department of Physics)
Semester II
No. of Credits
1
Course : Allied Required (AR)
2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Youngs modulus by stretching -vernier microscope
2. Rigidity modulus -torsional pendulum
3. Surface tension and interfacial tension - method of drops
4. Surface tension - capillary rise
5. Viscosity - capillary flow
6. Specific heat of liquid - method of mixtures (approximate radiation correction)
7. Specific heat of liquid - electrical heating
8. Sonometer -verification of laws
9. Compound bar pendulum - determination of g and radius of gyration
:
:
70
MT - 3103 : MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTRY

B.Sc Chemistry (Offered by Dep. of Mathematics)
Semester III
No. of Credits
4

6
Objectives:
1. To learn the basic mathematical concepts
2. To familiarize the learner with applications of mathematics to
chemistry.
Unit 1: Differentiation of standard functions-hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functionsdifferentiation of one function with respect to another-slope-tangent and normal-maxima and
minima-angle of intersection of curves in cartesian and polar coordinates(20 hrs).
Unit 2: Methods of integration-integration by parts-Bernoullis formula-properties of definite
integrals-differential equations-second order differential equations with constant coefficients(20
hrs).
Unit 3: Application of binomial, exponential and logarithmic series to summation-eigenvalues

and eigenvectors (differential calculus approach)-partial differential equations-all types(15 hrs).
Unit 4: Complex numbers- DeMoivres theorem and applications-expansions of sin n,cos
n,sinn,cosn,sin,cos-hyperbolic functions-Fourier series(10 hrs).
Unit 5: Probability-mean-standard deviation-Binomial, Poisson and normal distributions (10
hrs).
Text Books:
1. Narayanan, S. and Manickavachagam Pillai, T.K., Calculus, Vol.I and Vol. II,
S.Viswanathan Printers & Publishers,1996.
2. Manickavachagam Pillai, T.K, Natarajan,T. and Ganapathy, K.S. Algebra,Vol I,
S.Viswanathan Printers & Publishers,1994.
3. Narayanan, S. Trigonometry,S.Viswanathan Printers & Publishers,1995.
4. Gupta,S.P.,Elements of Statistics,S.Chand & Co,1986.
5. Venkataraman, M.K. Engineering Mathematics,III-A, The National Publishing Co.,1995.
Reference Books:
1. Shanthi Narayanan, Differential Calculus, S.Chand & Co., 1964.
2. Vittal,P.R. Trigonometry, Margham Publications,1988.
3. Duraipandian, P., Vector Analysis, Emerald Publishers, 1984.
71
ALLIED OPTIONAL (AO)

CH - 3202 : ADVANCED GEN.CHEM. FOR MATHS AND PHYSICS
Semester III
No. of Credits
3
Course : Allied Optional(AO)
4
:
:
Objectives :
To get a good exposure to the basic concepts of chemistry to enable them to pursue careers
related to chemistry and enable them to learn their subject better.
UNIT 1: INORGANIC CHEMISTY
(6 hours)
1.1 Hydrogen bond:
a) Detection, molecular weight of acetic acid in benzene, boiling point of water
b) Strength of hydrogen bonds: Eddect of temperature (ice and water), inter and intra
molecular hydrogen bonds, separation of o- and p-nitrophenols by steam distillation,
solubility of polar organic compounds in water(ethanol and phenol)
c) Theory of hydrogen bond : dipole interaction.
1.2 Lanthanides:
a) Ionic radius, lanthanide contraction
b) Extraction of lanthanides - ion exchange method
UNIT 2: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(10 hours)
2.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:
a) Naphthalene and anthracene: Isolation from coal tar, Haworth synthesis
b) Products of electrophilic substitution: nitration, halogenation, sulphonation,
addition reactions with hydrogen and bromine, carcinogenisity of hgiher poly
aromatic hydrocarbons.
2.2 Heterocyclic compounds:
a) Preparation of furan, pyrrole, thiophene and pyridine
b) Products of electrophilic aromatic substitution: nitration and Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
2.3 Dyes:
a) Classification based on structure and mode of dyeing, use of mordents
b) Preparation of congo-red and malachite green
c) Colour and constitution: chromophores and auxochromes
2.4 Medicinal chemistry:
a) Classification of drugs
b) Sulpha drugs: synthesis of sulphanilimide, structure and uses of sulphadiazine and
sulphamethoxazole
c) Antibiotics: Structure of penicillin, broad spectrum antibiotics and their
uses(structural elucidation is not required)
d) Antipyretics: synthesis and uses of aspirin
e) Antiinflammatry: Ibubrufan
72
UNIT 3: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

(13 hours)
3.1 Energetics:
a) I law of thermodynamics: Concepts of internal energy and enthalpy.
b) Hesss law, heat of formation, combustion, neutralization, bond energy, bond
dissociation energy, Kirchoffs equation
3.2 Electrochemistry: a) Determination of equivalent conductance, Kohlrauschs law,
determination of Ka and Ksp, conductometric titrations, acid-base precipitation
b) EMF, standard reduction potentials, reference electrodes: primary(SHE) and secondary
(Calomel)
3.3 Solid state chemistry:
Born-Haber cycle, lattice energy, solubility of ionic compounds.
UNIT 4: BIO-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(9 hours)
4.1 Carbohydrates:
a) Classification, mention of structures of glucose, fructose, and sucrose
b) Photosynthesis: nature, energy transformation, CO2 fixation
4.2 Proteins:
a) Formation of amino acids and polypeptides
b) Sequence determination : N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid analysis(Sangers
and carboxypeptidase methods)
c) Mention of primary and secondary structures.
4.3 Enzymes:
a) Classification, nature and properties
b) Factors affecting enzyme reaction
c) Lock and key model inhibition.
UNIT 5: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
(7 hours)
5.1 Energy resources and applications:
a) Sources of energy: renewable(solar, wind, tidal) and non-renewable(coal, lignite,
petroleum and natural gas)
b) Liquid fuels: fractional distillation of petroleum, thermal and catalytic cracking,
octane number.
c) Nuclear energy: fission and fusion principles, use of radio isotopes(medicinal,
agriculture and industry)
5.2 Chemistry and agriculture:
a) Types of soils, role of himus, importance of manures
b) Fertilizers: manufacture of urea, ammonium sulphate, superphosphate of lime and
triple superphosphate, source of K, mixed fertilizers, role of macro and micro
nutrients.
c) Pesticides: Examples of common insecticides(DDT, BHC)
d) Herbicides: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
e) Fungicides: Bordeaux mixture
Text books:
01. C.N.R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan Co. India, Ltd, 1973

02.
03.
73
M.J.Sienko and R.A.Plane, Chemistry: Principles and properties, International

Student Edition, 1995
R.Goplaln, S.Sundaram, Allied Chemistry, Sultan Chand and sons, 1995
Referance books:
01. G.C. Hill and J.S. Holman, Chemistry in Context, ELBS, 1998
02. W.R. Kneen, M.J.W.Rogers and P.Simpson, Chemistry: Facts, patterns and
Principles, ELBS, 1999
03. Bruce H.Mahan, University Chemistry, 3rd edition, Addition-Wesley Publishing
companyh, 1977.
CH - 3203 : ADV. GEN.CHEM. LAB FOR MATHS AND PHYSICS

No. of Credits
1
2
Semester III
:
:
Objectives :
To enable the students to understand better the concepts of organic analysis and appreciate
better the applications of analytical methods in industry.
PRACTICALS:
01.
Estimation of ascorbic acid
02.
Estimation of HCl(Std. KHP NaOH HCl)
03.
Estimation of mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
04.
Estimation of KMnO4 using standard ferrous sulphate
05.
Estimation of KMnO4 using standard dichromate
06.
Estimation of FeSO4 using standard dichromate
07.
Estimation of phenol or aniline
08.
Determination of pH of soil, water, ...
09.
Demonstration experiments:
a) Column Chromatography of food dyes
b) TLC - Separation of triglycerides
c) Paper chromatogrsphy - separation of amino acids
Reference books
01.
02.
Experimental Chemistry, J.N. Gurtu and R. Kapoor, S.Chand and Co, 1987
74
CH - 4204 : CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGISTS-II

No. of Credits
3
4
Semester IV
:
:
Objectives
To get a good exposure to the basic concepts of chemistry to enable them to pursue careers
related to chemistry and enable them to learn their subject better
UNIT 1: Proteins and Enzymes
(8 hrs)
Amino acids: Classification, preparation and properties, isoelectric point, peptide synthesis.
Proteins: Classification based on structure and functions, primary structure, N-terminal (Sanger
and Edmans method) and C-terminal analysis (enzyme), secondary structure of protein
(-helical structure), denaturation of proteins.
Enzymes: Classification, mechanism of enzymes action, kinetics of enzyme reaction, MichelesMenton hypothesis, enzyme inhibition, cofactors.
Self Study: Reactions of amino acids, Sorensons titration, ninhydrin test.
UNIT 2: Lipids
(5 hrs)
2.1
2.2
Classification, phospholipids (lecithins, cephalins, plasmalogens)

Steroids: Cholesterol, plasma, lipo proteins, rancidity, and hydrogenation of oils,
biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Self study: ifference between plant and animal fatty acids, structure and characteristics of sex
hormones.
UNIT 3: Nucleic Acid
3.1
Structure of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, Sugars, Structure of Purine and Pyrimidine
bases Differences between DNA and RNA,
3.2 Replication of DNA, Protein Synthesis, regulatory metabolism, mutation, genetic
engineering.
Self study:Hydrogen bonding between nitrogeneous bases in DNA, properties of DNA and
RNA.
UNIT 4: Carbohydrates
(6 hrs)
4.1 Classification, structure of Glucose and Fructose, interconversions, mutarotation.

4.2 Structure of sucrose, inversion of Cane Sugar
4.3 Glycolysis, TCA cycle, relationship between glycolysis and respirations, photosynthesis.
Self study:Properties of carbohydrates, Difference between reducing and non reducing sugars.

UNIT 5: Natural Products and Agricultural Chemistry
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
75
(9 Hrs)
Alkaloids: Classification, occurrence (mention of papaverine, nicotine, coniine)

Terpenes: Classification, isolation (mention of Camphor, Citral, and -Pinene)
Importance and uses of anthocyanines and flavones and flavonoids.
Types of Soils, Soil analysis, Fertilizers (macro and micro nutrients, N, P, K
fertilizers, Urea, Superphosphate of lime and Potassium nitrate)
Insecticides (DDT, BHC, Organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids), herbicides (2,4D and 2,4,5-T), fungicides (Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur).
Bioenergetics: ATP, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport, mechanism of ATP
synthesis, metabolic inter relation of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Self Study:Extraction and biological importance of alkaloids and terpenoids, spot tests in soil
analysis, mechanism of Krebs cycle.
Text books
01.
02.
G.P. Talwar, L.M. Srivatsava, K.D. Moudgil, Text book of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, Printice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1989.
A.V.S.S. Rama Rao, Test Book of Biochemistry, 5TH edition, L.K.S. Publishers, 1989.
Reference books
01.
02.
03.
Keshav Trehan, Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 1987.

E.J. Wood and W.R. Piekering, Introducing Biochemistry, ELBS, 1984.
Luberty Stryer, Biochemistry, Freeman and Co, 1975.
CH - 4205 :CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL FOR BIOLOGISTS-II

Semester IV
No. of Credits
1
2
Objectives :
To enable the students to understand the concepts of organic analysis
To appreciate the estimation techniques in the analysis of biologically important
organic compounds.
PRACTICALS:
Estimation of vitamins(Ascorbic acid)
Estimation of Glucose(with standard KMnO4)
Determination of purity of antibiotics(Penicillin)
:
:
76
Determination of iodine value of an Oil.

Determination of saponification value of an Oil.
Estimation of amino acid(Glycine)
Determination of pH of soil, water, .
DEMONSTRATION EXPERIMENTS:
a)
Column Chromatography of food dyes
b)
TLC Separation of triglycerides
c)
Paper Chromatography Separation of amino acids.
Text Books
1.
N.S. Gnanapragasam and G. Ramamurthy, Organic chemistryLab manual, S.

2. J.N. Gurtu and R. Kapoor, Advanced Experimental Chemistry(Organic), S. Chand and Co.,
1987.

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

B.Sc (Chemistry)- SYLLABUS

Loyola College (Autonomous)

Dept of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous), Ch-34, B. Sc (Chem) Syllabus

Details of the credits

Courses offered to Other Departments

SEMESTER-I (Major Core-MC

CH-1503 CONCEPTS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CH-1504 INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

CH-2505 ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

CH-3503 MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS AND SOLID STATE

CH-3505 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS AND INORGANIC

SEMESTER-IV (Major Core-MC

CH-4503 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

CH-4020 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

SEMESTER-V (Major Core-MC

CH-5506 TRANSITION ELEMENTS AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 29

Dept of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous), Ch-34, B. Sc (Chem) Syllabus

CH-5509 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS AND ORGANIC

SUBJECT ELECTIVE (ES

CH-5402 POLYMER CHEMISTRY

CH-5403 FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

CH-5405 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

CH-6607 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY

CH-6608 CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (Pack-A)

CH-6609 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND

CH-6610 CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS (Pack-B)

CH-6611 INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (Pack-B)

SKILL BASED (SK

CONSUMER PRODUCTS PRACTICALS

CH-6652 SEMINAR AND REPORT

CH-4301 BASIC CLINICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL

ALLIED REQUIRED (AR

Dept of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous), Ch-34, B. Sc (Chem) Syllabus

CH-3104 CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGISTS-I

CH-3105 CHEMISTRY PRCTICAL FOR BIOLOGISTS-I

PH-2103 PHYSICS FOR CHEMISTRY I

PH-2104 PHYSICS FOR CHEMISTRY - PRACTICAL- I

MT-3103 MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTRY

ALLIED OPTIONAL (AO

CH-3203 PRACTICALS FOR GENERAL CHEMISTRY -II

CH-4204 CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGISTS-II

CH-4205 CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL FOR BIOLOGISTS-II

Dept of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous), Ch-34, B. Sc (Chem) Syllabus

Dept of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous), Ch-34, B. Sc (Chem) Syllabus

DETAILS OF THE CREDITS

: 12 Credits (24 Hrs)

PART-III (Major & Allied)

PART-IV (Soft skills)

COURSES OFFERED TO OTHER DEPARTMENTS

CH: 2103: General Chemistry Practical for Maths & Physics

CH-3104: Chemistry for Biologists-I

CH-3105: Chemistry Practical for Biologists-I

Allied Optional (AO):

CH-4205: Chemistry Practical for Biologists-II

Elective General (EG):

CH-4301 Basic Clinical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Dept of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous), Ch-34, B. Sc (Chem) Syllabus