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ANETD 2011
Applications of
Nanomaterials
for Environment and Technology Development
Proceedings Of The Seminar
11-12 February, 2011
Organized by:
KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Supported by:
ICMR, CSI and IETE, Delhi
ANETD 2011
KIIT World
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Phone : 0124-2266667, 4709010-50, 4709060 - 80
Website : www.kiit.In or write to info@kiit.in
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MESSAGE
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B. R. Kamrah
MESSAGE
MESSAGE
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Prof. K. K. Aggarwal
Ex-Vice Chancellor
G.G.S.I.P. University, Delhi
Prof. K. K. Aggarwal
It is my pleasure to learn that KIIT College of Engineering,
Gurgaon has taken upon itself the responsibility to hold the
National Seminar on Nanomaterials for Environment and
Technology Development on 11th and 12th February, 2011. I
am further happy to learn that this Seminar is a joint venture
of the College, CSI, IETE and AIMA. I have always been an
ardent proponent of networking. While the society, at large,
has been benefited
by the networking of machines,
networking of organizations in the real sense is still to deliver
in the right earnest. I therefore, wish this Conference a grand
success.
Nanotechnology is a branch of Science, which is poised for
unprecedented growth and applications in almost all areas of
human endeavour. As a matter of fact, today we talk of InfoBio-Nano as one discipline. With such fast diffusion of
disciplines, a Conference like this is a highly welcome step.
I take this opportunity to wish this Seminar all success.
PREFACE
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Preface
This proceeding is devoted to the various research works being carried out in the field of
Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials beneficial to the students & faculty pursuing B.Tech, M.Tech
& research in this field.
This Proceeding book has been divided into three parts consisting of messages from various
dignitaries, renowned researchers from academies and industry, college information, research
papers and industrialist research papers which will enhance knowledge and provide
development skill for researchers, industrialists, academies and students in the field of
Nanotechnology.
This is the time when we are seeing an exciting new development in cutting edge like
Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and
molecular scale, which deals with structures sized between 1-100 nanometers in at least one
dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanomaterials is a field that takes materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It
studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have
special, properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.
Eminent researchers, renowned academicians and experts from the industry have delivered
their talk and shared their knowledge and experience in two day National Seminar
APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
held at KIIT College of Engineering ,Gurgaon on 11th and 12th Feb-2011.
There has been encouraging response from the speakers and the participants in the national
seminar. A large number of technical papers have been received from various technical
institutions, industries and individuals. We have received valuable guidance and suggestions
time to time from advisory committee. The abstracts are reviewed by panel of experts in
relevant areas and then accepted for presentations in the seminar.
we wish to thank the Management Authorities, Advisory Committee, organizing committee
members & various faculty members of KIIT Group of Colleges, Gurgaon, those have directly
and indirectly helped us to prepare case studies on various new emerging technology.
We are glad to present the proceeding of the National Seminar for permanent record to all
recipients and wish great success for this seminar
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Invited Talks
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the study of controlling matter on an
atomic and molecular scales. It is different from other
technologies because unusual physical, chemical and
biological properties emerge in materials at the nanoscale
which are governed by a new science. Similarly, nanoscale
features when incorporated into bulk materials and large
surfaces give them completely different properties.
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions
of conventional device physics to completely new
approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from
developing new materials with dimensions on the
nanoscale to investigating exiciting application.
Nanotechnology is not a mono-faculty but follows a
concept of catch-all term involving multiple fields thereby
affecting a whole gamut of areas, ranging from the
environment, to healthcare, offering variety of commercial
products. The application domain include: sunscreens and
cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and some food
products and many more. The electronic devices to realise
many complex functions has vast scope in electronics and
ICT sectors also. The next generation computers are all
being aimed in this direction to process and store huge
amount of data for information exchange. The inherent
ability in nanotechnology to engineer matter at the
smallest scale is opening unexpected doors that will allow
limitations in many existing technologies to be overcome
and thus has the potential to be part of every industry in
one or other form such as Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials
and Nano-Biotechnology.
The implications of Nanotechnology can be found in the
field of telecommunications, computing, aerospace, solar
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Frontiers of Research in
Spintronics & Nanomagnetics
Abstract:
Nanomaterials diversified applications in day todays life
has brought revolution in material science. Synthesis of
nanoparticles has become a trick of trade. Besides other
areas of research magnetic nano structures have got
commercial applications in magnetic hard discs for
computer information storage, magnetic sensors, spin
valves, high speed non-volatile magnetic random access
memories (MRAMs) , magnetic imaging, magnetic
recording heads, magneto-optics; spintronic devices and so
many. In medical science drug delivery, burning of cancer
tissues by hyperthermia effect of nanomagnetic particles
are glaring examples of nanotechnology potential.
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R. K. Kotnala
National Physical Laboratory
New Delhi 110012,India
rkkotnala@nplindia.org
Recently much attention is being devoted to study the DMS
and Half metallic materials like Strontium FerroMolybdenum Oxide,SFMO, to be used as spintronics
devices. The DMS and Half metallic material (compounds
and alloys) based Hall elements can be easily incorporated
with such spintronics devices. Further, the half metallic
materials may be utilized to provide the simultaneous field
sensing due to Hall voltage and due to magnetoresistive
effect. In this talk future spintronics metal oxide materials
have been discussed briefly and what is being done in our
Lab has been described.
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Nanotechnology
- The Science of Manipulating Atoms
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating material at
the atomic level. Nanotechnology deals with the very small
sizes ~ 1/80,000th the diameter of a human hair. The uses of
new instruments and tools to manipulate atoms like AFM atomic force microscope, dip-pin lithography and STM have
contributed to the development of nanotechnology. Its
applications are going to be tremendous. From the food we
eat, the clothes we wear and the products we manufacture
to the composition of our bodies, everything is made of
atoms. And if we can manipulate the atoms then we can
change almost every product to our desired specifications.
Coal and diamonds, for example, are both constructed
from carbon atoms. Even though it may sound far-off at
times, within ten years nanotech will have huge effects on
many industries, including manufacturing, health care,
energy, agriculture, communications, transportation, and
electronics. Within a decade, nanotechnology is expected
to be the basis of $1 trillion worth of products and will create
anywhere from 800,000 to 2 million new jobs in the United
States alone. The clothing industry has already started to
feel the effects of nanotech. Eddie Bauer, for example, is
currently using embedded nanoparticles to create stainrepellent khakis. A plastic nano-composite is being used for
"step assists" in the GM Safari and Astro Vans. It is scratchresistant, light-weight, and rust-proof, and better in
Shatendra K Sharma
Professor and Director
University Science Instrumentation Centre
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi-1100067 India
e-mail: shatendra@gmail.com
Abstract:
The science of the miniature- nanotechnology, though a
relatively new field, is fast emerging as the 'favourite of all'
kind of technological arena due to its applications in almost
every field, from medicine to fabrics. In Greek, the word
'Nano' means dwarf and materials when reduced to nano
dimension (10-9metre =1namometre) show drastic changes
in physical, chemical, magnetic, optical, mechanical and
electrical properties. It is now being realized that Small
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molecules and atoms in a mass yet they are still not able to
precisely manipulate them. But in future, nanotechnology
will allow as redesign easily and create what we want
exactly. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary subject
which essentially combines Physics, Chemistry, Bioinformatics Bio- technology, etc besides engineering.
Though the field at present is in infancy (started some 16
years ago in India), the country is making dedicated efforts
not to lag behind. Further, nano materials would be very
light, strong, transparent, and totally different from bulk
material because they are a thousand times smaller than
the diameter of human hair, which is around 60 microns.
According to the scientists, 21st century would be the
nanotechnology century. It is estimated that
nanotechnology would revolutionize every area, be it
medicine, aerospace, engineering, various industrial and
technological areas, health or any other field and there is
Novel Nanomaterials:
Preparation and Characterization
Subhash C. Kashyap
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016
e-mail: skashyap@physics.iitd.ac.in
Abstract:
In the context of materials, the word nano means that a
tiny sample/cluster of atoms is crystalline and its
dimensions lie in the range of a few nm. We can of course
have clusters of different morphologies - a few nm in each
dimension called quantum dots (zero dimensional- or 0D-),
a few nm long called quantum rods/nanowires (1D-) and a
few nm thick single film/epitaxy or multilayers (MLs)
(i.e.2D-structure). Understandably surface to volume ratio
of atoms in any of these nanostructures is higher than in
poly- and single-crystalline bulk materials, which renders
them different properties which are useful for several
applications, and thus make these materials so important.
Nanomaterials for spintronics, data storage and optical
devices having exotic characteristics fall in the category of
novel materials. Spintronics (spin electronics) refers
basically, to the study and application of the extra degree of
freedom of carriers (e.g. electrons), namely their spin for
the development of multifunctional and novel devices like
spin valves, magnetoresistive sensors, read heads, spinFET, magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) for MRAM etc.
Essentially, there are two kinds of nanomaterials systems
for such devices which can exploit the spin of charge
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alloying improves the quantum efficiency. Besides, a
polycrystalline hard ferrite (M-type barium hexaferrite,
BaFe12O19) has been transformed into a nano-phase,
which has now turned into a soft ferrite, by an efficient and
rapid method of microwave processing.
Abstract:
Nano technology is essentially the creation of materials,
devices and systems at the nano meter scale. It is an
extension of miniaturization. The prefix nano means one
billionth and is derived from the greek word Dwarf. As per
James Murday & Mike Roco by 2015 Nano technology
market prediction is of ~ $ 1 trillion. Out of this 34% will be
for nano materials and 20% for pharmaceutical and
healthcare. Healthcare will provide highest returns on
nano technology and therefore it is catching attention of
Abstract:
The discovery of carbon nanotubes added a new dimension
to the knowledge of carbon science and nanotechnology.
Today, nanotechnology is the hot topic attracting
scientists, industrialists, government and even the general
public. Nanotechnology is the creation of functional
material, devices and systems through control of matter on
the nanometer scale and exploitation of novel phenomena
and properties of matter at that length scale. Carbon
nanotubes are supposed to be key component of
nanotechnology.
Carbon nanotubes are unique nanostructures with
remarkable electronic and mechanical properties, some
stemming from the close relation between carbon
nanotubes and graphite, and some from their onedimensional aspects. The manner in which carbon forms
bonds is the basis for the variety of carbon nanotubes
structures that are seen. These have generated a great of
interest due to their unique band structure and have
noticeable electrical properties that are directly related to
Participants Papers
Synthesis, Characterization and Photo-Luminescence
Properties of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ Nanophosphor
V.B. Taxak, Mukesh Kumar and S. P. Khatkar
Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001
Abstract:
Europium-activated Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3 nanocrystals were
synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous
concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates
and organic fuel. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace
maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material
processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively
simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and
low temperature solution base process have been
exploited to produce Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nano
particles. The phase transformation involved in the pure
homogeneous mixture formation. Synthesis conditions
such as calcinations temperature and organic fuel
concentration are varied in order to determine the exact
optimum conditions for synthesizing nano particles with
superior optical properties and smaller particle size. The
nano crystals obtained through combustion method was
characterized by using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The
morphology of the phosphor was studied by SEM. The
average nanoparticle size of the synthesized phosphor
was found in the range from 30 nm to 50 nm.. The
photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows predominant red
colour of the nano crystals prepared under an UV source
revealed red luminescence that was attributed to
transitions [5D0 7F2] at 612 nm .In addition, effect of
heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals and the
dependence of the luminescence intensity on the Eu3+
concentrations have also been discussed.
Introduction
Nanotechnology for materials, as an innovative technology
in the twenty-first century, is expected to revolutionize the
materials technology. This technology realizes
improvement in functions and characteristics of materials
as well as creation of new functions through controlling
materials structure on a super-fine scale. Phosphors are
the photoluminescence materials which can absorb the
visible light, store the energy and gradually release the
energy as visible light, which leads to a long persistent after
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Experimental details
High purity gadolinium, aluminium and europium nitrate
from Aldrich chemicals were taken as starting materials.
The phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly
heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing
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calculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated
furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host
lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in
these lattices by activators ions. These type of
substitutions generally require high temperature and long
processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis
of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and
short time duration. The material undergoes rapid
dehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases.
These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a
flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process
utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and
crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition
temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine
powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to
increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors
was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model.
Photoluminescence was observed with a
spetrofluorometer F-7000.
Results and discussion
Photoluminescence properties Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+
of nanophosphor
The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and excitation
spectra of the nano crystals prepared shows predominant
red colour under an UV source ( Fig.1a and b) which is
attributed to the transitions [5D0 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm
.In addition the dependence of the luminescence intensity
on Eu3+ ions concentrations and effect of heat treatment
on the particle size of the nanocrystals have also been
investigated. It was observed that the luminescent
intensity of the synthesized nanoparticles strongly depend
on the calcination temperatures. Furthermore, it was
observed that the PL intensity of the nanoparticles
increased rapidly on calcination up to 900 C and beyond
this there was no observable change in the PL intensity.
This is mainly due to the improvement in doping,
crystallinity and the increase of particle size, as small
particles do not have high luminous efficiency arising from
grain boundary effects. Also, this is an indication that
certain properties of the nanoparticles, such as crystallite
size or disorder of the local environment surrounding the
activator ions, influenced the PL spectra and calcination is
important to extract the maximum luminous efficiency.
The emission intensity at 612 nm of Eu3+ ions was also,
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i.e. forming cracks and porous network due to rapid
release of gases by-products during the combustion. This
type of porous network is typical of combustionsynthesized powders [11]. These porous powders are
highly friable which facilitates easy grinding to obtain finer
particles [12].
References
1
Conclusion
The present method gives homogeneous and fine sized
particles of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanophosphor.
Comparing with traditional material processing
techniques, combustion method is relatively a safe, simple
and rapid method. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of
the nano crystals prepared shows predominant red colour
under an UV source which is attributed to the transitions
[5D0 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm. The particle size of Al2xGd
2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanocrystals have been observed in the
range from 30 nm to 50 nm. Advantage of the present
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Abstract:
Europium-activated KBaPO4 nanocrystals were
synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous
concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates
and urea. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace
maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material
processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively
simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and
low temperature solution base process have been
exploited to produce KBaPO4:Eu nano particles. The
phase transformation involved in the pure homogeneous
mixture formation. Synthesis conditions such as
calcinations temperature and urea concentration are varied
in order to determine the exact optimum conditions for
synthesizing nano particles with superior optical properties
and smaller particle size. The nano crystals obtained
through combustion method was characterized by using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The average nanoparticle
size of the synthesized phosphor was around 25nm to 40
nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows
predominant red colour of the nano crystals prepared
under an UV source revealed red luminescence ,that was
attributed to transitions [5D0 7F2] at 613 nm .In addition,
effect of heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals
and the dependence of the luminescence intensity on the
Eu3+ concentrations have also been discussed.
Introduction
In recent years, rare earth ions-activated nanostructure
materials have been attracting much interest due to the
excellent luminescence and potential applications in
luminescent devices and display equipment, such as
lighting, field emission display (FED), cathode ray tubes
(CRT), and plasma display panels (PDP) resolution [1-6]. In
the present time, field emission display (FEDs) , plasma
display panels (PDPs) are attracting deal of attention as
new display technology . Scientist have undertaken
investigations of the influence of particle size on the
optical and electronic properties of nanocrystal materials
Experimental
High purity chemicals were taken as starting materials. The
phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly
heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing
calculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated
furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host
lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in
these lattices by activators ions. These type of
substitutions generally require high temperature and long
processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis
of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and
short time duration. The material undergoes rapid
dehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases.
These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a
flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process
utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and
crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition
temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine
powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to
increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors
was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model.
Photoluminescence was observed with a
spetrofluorometer F-7000.
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Results and discussion
Photoluminescence properties KBaPO4:Eu of
nanophosphor
The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals
prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV
source ( Fig.1) which is attributed to the transitions [5D0
7F2] of Eu3+ at 613 nm .In addition the dependence of
the luminescence intensity on Eu3+ ions concentrations
and effect of heat treatment on the particle size of the
nanocrystals have also been investigated. It was observed
that the luminescent intensity of the synthesized
nanoparticles strongly depend on the calcination
temperatures. Furthermore, it was observed that the PL
Conclusion
The present method gives homogeneous and fine sized
particles of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor. Comparing with
traditional material processing techniques, combustion
method is relatively a safe, simple and rapid method. The
photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals
prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV
source which is attributed to the transitions [5D0 7F2]
of Eu3+ at 613 nm. The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu
nanocrystals have been observed in the range from 25 nm
to 40 nm. Advantage of the present method is to produce
fine powder phosphors that may be used as more
promising and intensity materials in displaying bright
luminescent red color.
References
Figure 1 : PL emission spectra of KBaPO4:Eu nanoparticles
SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor
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Abstract:
Engineering at the nano-scale is challenging and we are in
the early stages of figuring out how we can do it right, to
build structures, devices and systems that would embody
the Nanotechnology revolution. Engineers/Scientist can
create new building blocks that produce materials with the
exact properties they desire, which are generally smaller,
stronger and lighter than current technologies. In this
endeavor Carbon Nano-tubes have had a special role.
Carbon nano-tubes are very thin hollow cylinders made of
carbon atoms. The beauty of these carbon nano-tubes is
that they are 10,000 times thinner than human hair. It is this
property which makes them vulnerable to be use in varied
fields. Nano-tubes are fascinating materials from the point
of view of structure, form, growth and properties.
The talk will focus on several novel applications of Carbon
nano-tubes such as nanostructured electrodes for sensors,
electrical interconnects, unique filters for separation
technologies, thermal management system,
multifunctional brushes, bulk composites and so on. One of
the major and useful applications of CNTs is in the area of
Biomedical Engineering. Currently, the technique is very
useful in site-specific drug delivery and medical imaging.
Clean energy generation and efficiency is critical to our
future. Through Nanotechnology innovation, we can
improve the efficiencies of the technologies we have and
discover new ways to achieve sustainable development.
Just as with every good technique, along-with merits, there
are demerits as well. The paper will also highlight the
potential pitfalls or side effects associated with nanoparticles.
Keywords: Carbon Nanotubes; Nanotechnology; Novel
applications, Efficiency
INTRODUCTION
As world wide demand for energy surges at an everincreasing rate, there is a new urgency to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of Existing technologies. One
of the keys to addressing this challenge is innovation and
some of the most promising solutions are occurring at
nanoscale-the smallest scale. Carbon Nanotubes have long
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Graphene is the two dimensional building block for Carbon
allotropes of every other dimensionality. Its recent
discovery in Free State has finally provided the possibility to
study experimentally its electronic and phonon properties.
Graphene a layer of carbon lattice arranged in honeycomb
lattice is extremely promising for use in new generation
digital electronic devices (Wang et al., 2010).
Fullerene
Nanoparticles are recognized as promising building blocks
for future applications; however their fixation on surfaces
or in a matrix is an ardent task. Double layer of spherical C60
carbon-molecules, called fullerenes, can be an ideal
substrate for this. Fullerene is a molecule composed
entirely of carbon in the form of hollow sphere, ellipsoid or
tube. Spherical Fullerenes or Buckyballs or Carbon
Nanotubes have a wide variety of applications. They are
extremely useful in medicine in Cancer therapy, as a light
activated antimicrobial agent (Tegos et al., 2005).
Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Water Purification
Metal Oxide like Silver and Titanium Dioxide are the most
promising antimicrobial nanoparticles for water
purification. They are used for analytical detection of
contaminants in water sample. Water purification using
nanotechnology exploits nanoscopic materials such as
carbon nanotubes and alumina fibers for nanofiltration.
Nanofilters made by Carbon nanotubes can remove all
kinds of water contaminant like turbidity, oil, bacteria, virus
and other organic contaminants. Surface Engineered Silica
nanoparticles can remove biological molecules, pathogens
such as viruses like the Polio virus, bacteria like Escherichia
coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum, which is a waterborne
parasite. Supra paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are
being widely used for various biomedical applications for
example, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Targeted delivery
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Introduction
Ever since Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on 20 July,
1969 the space exploration had advanced a lot with its new
technologies. Various space missions were made mainly by
USA and USSR and some of them were spectacularly
successful. When it comes to taking the next giant leap in
space exploration, NASA is thinking really small. The official
site of NASA says: The science of nanotechnology could
lead to radical improvements for space exploration.
Foremost among the challenges facing the US space
program are improving the performance, reliability and
cost effectiveness of spacecraft. Recent advances in the
field of nanotechnology promise techniques that will meet
these challenges through molecular scale manufacturing of
sensors, machines and computers. These nanometer sized
devices have the potential to revolutionize spacecraft
design and thus may bring an end to the space shuttle era.
Why Nanotechnology?
The principles of Physics, as far as I can see, do not speak
against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by
atom Richard Feyman
Nanotechnology works on the molecular scale to assemble
new materials using the most fundamental of structures.
All work is done in nano-scale, where one nanometer is
equal to one billionth of a meter. Molecular
nanotechnology expresses the concept of ultimately being
able to arrange atoms in a predetermined fashion by
manipulating individual atoms [Aono]. Molecular
nanotechnology promises revolutionary advances not only
in manufactured products, but in the processes used to
make them. It is the culmination of many fields like
microelectronics, chemistry, molecular biology and
material sciences. Each of these fields reaches its ultimate
in precise molecular control, which is the ability to build
large structures to complex atomic specifications by direct
positional selection of reaction sites [Drexler].
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The technology that designs the future
The field of nanotechnology is so new that scientists are still
discovering new capabilities and applications. Foreseen
developments within space exploration include
establishing colonies of nanorobots on Mars and Venus and
building space elevators that will place spaceships and
satellites into Earths orbit (Jacquelyn). Space colonization
efforts would use nanorobots to construct projects on
other planets by remote control using the environmental
materials at hand. Sensors and cameras would be built by
the nanotubes and used to monitor the construction
projects. Plans for space elevators entail constructing a
cable leading from earth surface to a point beyond
geosynchronous orbit using carbon nanotubes as the
material. As the planet rotates, the inertia at the end of the
cable counteracts gravity and also keeps the cable taut.
Electric lifts would run the length of the cable. Due to
lightweight durability of carbon nanotubes the satellites
and space stations can climb the cable and reach the orbit
without the use of rocket propulsion. Due to its enormous
length a space elevator cable must be carefully designed to
carry its own weight as well as the weight of the climber. A
tapered design is suggested as the required strength of the
cable will vary along its length and at various points it has to
carry the weight of the cable below,or provide a centripetal
force to retain the cable and counter weight above [Phani
Kumar].
Taking into account the Earths gravitational and
centrifugal forces, it is possible to show that the optimal
cross-sectional area of the cable as a function of height is
given by
A(r) = Ao exp { P/S[ W2(R2-r2) + G r (1-R/r)]}
where A(r) - the cross-sectional area as a function of
distance r from the Earths center.
Ao - the cross-sectional area of the cable on the Earths
surface
P - the density of the material of the cable
S - the tensile strength of the material
W - the angular velocity of the Earth about its axis
R - the distance between the Earths center and the base
of the cable which is approximately the Earths equatorial
radius
G - the acceleration due to gravity at the base of the cable
The above equation gives a shape where the cable
thickness initially increases rapidly in an exponential
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environment. In the light of the findings that the workers
who are repeatedly exposed to high levels of carbon
materials are at risk, researchers have started to investigate
whether the carbon exposure and skin disease relationship
applies to carbon nanotubes as well.
Conclusion
Mark Freeman a researcher in Embry-Riddle Aeronautical
University conducted a survey in 2008 to determine what
the public thinks about this new technology. The study was
based on the assumption that as ours is a democratic
political structure the public opinion reasonable matters.
The result showed a majority of participants believing that
nanotechnology is the right technology to lead to
improvements in space exploration. The National Space
Society believes that the serious development of the long
range field of molecular nanotechnology must be
supported as it will benefit the entire human race.
Extraterrestrial activities are a natural application for
nanosystems, and synergistic effects between space and
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology
miniaturization from the bulk macroscopic world to micro
dimensions (e.g., integrated circuits), and, finally, into the
nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The diverse
applications of nanotechnology across a number of
disciplines in recent years have inspired environmental
researchers address the need for efficient and effective
methods and devices for the reduction of environmental
burden by conserving resources, reducing chemical waste,
and utilizing less raw materials, chemicals, and energy.
Industrial and agriculture waste, air pollutants, and waste
waters can be reduced and/or treated by process control,
emission control, and waste treatment Rapid progress of
the nanotechnology and advanced Nanomaterials
production offers significant opportunities for a wide range
of applications for detection monitor, control, and
remediation of a broad range of environmental pollutants
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revolution. Nanotechnology, defined as techniques aimed
to conceive, characterize and produce material at the
nanometer scale [1], represents a fully expanding domain,
which can be assumed to predict more production and
utilization of nanomaterials without risk in future. The size
particularity of these nanomaterials gives them novel
properties, allowing them to adopt new compartments
because of the laws of quantum physics that exist at this
scale level and thus, offers enormous potential to change
and benefit society. Nanotechnology is todays version of
the space race, and countries around the globe are
enthusiastically pouring billions of dollars into support of
research, development, and commercialization
Applications of nanotechnologies are numerous, in
constant development, and their potential use in medicine,
energy, information technology and many other societal
benefits [2].
Although research and development of environmental
applications is still a relatively narrow area of
nanotechnology work, it is growing rapidly, and
nanomaterials promise just as dazzling an array of benefits
here as they do in other fields. Nanotechnology will be
applied to both ends of the environmental spectrum, to
clean up existing pollution and to decrease or prevent its
generation. Rapid progress of the nanotechnology and
advanced nanomaterials production offers significant
opportunities for a wide range of applications including
treatment of waste streams effluents, elimination or
minimizing the generation of wastes, remediation of
existing polluted sites, development of pollution
monitoring devices like solid state nanobased sensor for
real time remote detection of certain heavy metals ,
engineered nanoparticles to scavenge for pollutants and
toxins in ground water systems and for treatment of
automobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) etc. The convergence
of analytical techniques and
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Figure 1 % Distribution of Earths Water
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increasing population on earth. As per the water
distribution statistics only 3% of total earth water is fresh
water (Fig.1) and less than 0.08 of 1% of the total freshwater
is utilizable [4]. Based on this fact we have an idea of water
availability, need proper attention for conservation and
treatment to reuse water. If we dont manage this properly
then almost 2.7 billion people may be living in either waterscarce or waterstressed conditions in future. Water stress
and scarcity are directly proportional to population
dynamics and renewable freshwater availability. Thus,
keeping in view the term stress and scarce, this review
majorly highlights the uses of nanotechnology in areas
relevant to water storage, water quality treated by
bioremediation and disinfection.
Targeted pollutants can be effectively removed from
contaminated water by using less costly, renewable and
eco-friendly manufactured products by using nanomaterial
based technology. The inherent societal implications of
existing technologies and future potential for groundwater
remediation, pollution prevention, and sensors may affect
acceptance of widespread applications [5]. In this section
of review, application of nanotechnology in water and
waste water treatment is considered, which is explained
under three categories- treatment and remediation,
sensing and detection, and pollution prevention.
5. Treatment and Remediation
Commonly, there are different techniques which can be
used for treatment and remediation of water such as
boiling, distillation, halogen and its derivatives, UV light,
ultrasonic irradiation, reverse osmosis, sediment filters,
ozonization etc. A new research is in steps forward to use
nanotechnology in water purification for safe drinking. A
research was conducted in this regard, based on water
treatment, purification and disinfection by using
nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents,
nanocatalysts and bioactive nanoparticles. Toxicological
effects due to the application of these engineered
nanomaterials on humans and the environment were also
observed [6]. Magnetic nanoparticles are used to separate
heavy metals from water. Exposed magnetite
nanoparticles in aqueous systems are very much prone to
air oxidation and are easily aggregated, consequently,
saturation magnetization and adsorption capacity for
metals are reduced. Recently, resuspended Fe3O4/HA
encumbered with heavy metals de-ionized in water [7]. This
result is followed by a new finding of a novel low-cost
magnetic sorbent material for the removal of heavy metal
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toxic, carcinogenic and has great mobility which is
commonly notorious contaminant in soil and groundwater
applied in industries. In contrast, Cr (III) is less toxic and
immobile. Physico-chemical adsorption of Cr (VI) is just
transferred but not removed in the reaction of Cr (VI) and Cr
(III) and significant to the environment and feasible
method in the remediation of environmental sites [12]. It
was concluded as Cr(OH)3 should be the final product of
Cr(VI).. Bioremediation by strains of bacteria can also be
degrade the Cr(VI) [13]. Starch becomes more reactive and
prevents nanoparticles from agglomeration. Improved
class of starch- stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles could be
active as a good dispersant to prepare nanoscale Ag
particles in aqueous media [13]. The starch-stabilized Fe0
nanoparticles revealed higher removal efficiency since
starch as a good dispersant could prevent agglomeration of
Fe0 nanoparticles [15]. Recent research has revealed that
bimetallic gold-palladium nanoparticles provide an active
catalyst to break down trichlorethene [24] which is a major
pollutants of groundwater are linked to liver damage,
impaired pregnancy and cancer.
Sensing and Detection
Secondly, the focus of the review deals with sensing device
after treatment and remediation followed by pollution
prevention and green nanotechnologies.
(a) Detection of certain heavy metals
Solid state nanobased sensor is used for real time and
remote detection of heavy metals.
Advancement in nanotechnology has improved chemical
and biochemical sensing which consist of a series of steps
including sample collection, preconcentration,
amplification, separation, detection and transduction. On
the basis of the application, nanomaterials are integrated
into a large array of hydrocarbon extraction, gas
separations and solid state gas sensors and these are used
for monitoring of air pollution, nanoadsorbent materials
for pollutant separations and corrosion inhibitors which are
used in gas industry markets [16]. Now the question arises,
how Nanomaterials could be used to produce new
development in the field of sensing devices? In this context,
electronic materials based sensors are capable to sense and
respond properly to mitigate unwanted problems related
with structural health monitoring that could quickly screen
many pathogens and toxic chemicals and find the primary
signs of disease [16]. The NANO-elements can be used as
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Treatment of Automobile exhaust
Nanoparticles can be used to react with and treat
automobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recently a U.S.
company Nanostellar has developed an automotive
pollution control catalyst for diesel engines that contains
gold platinum and palladium ingredients. This is a major
step forward in cost effective emission control as the result
showed that NS Gold increases hydrocarbon oxidation
activity by 15-20% at equal precious-metal cost. A tri-metal
formulation of NSGold allows the proportions of each
metal to be adjusted to help catalyst [25], volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions from stationary sources and
ammonia slip in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems
[26]. Another example of nanomaterial is a non toxic
lubricant has dispersion of nanometer size particles that
coagulate, smoothen and repair surfaces of the engine and
result in the reduction of friction and wear [27]. On the
other hand, most oil additives contain sulphur and
phosphorous in complex organic molecules that
breakdown under pressure and high temperatures and
contribute to the pollutants in the emission. The
nanoscopic airborne pollution already in existence, from
the carbon particles in car exhaust, the manganese oxide in
welding fumes and from coating process [28].
As(v)/As(III) Concentration of As
Removal (%)
Pollution prevention
The Pollution Prevention can be defined as source
reduction i.e. any practice that can diminish the amount of
any hazardous substance, pollutant and reduce the hazards
to public health and the environment allied with the release
of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants [35]. The
application of nanotechnology to pollution prevention is
two-fold i.e. it could be used to make a manufacturing
process environmentally benign or it could itself be an
environmentally benign product that replaces raw
materials or a toxic substance. Green nanotechnology can
access to this direction.
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Green Nanotechnology
treatment, Nanowerk.
http://www.csid.com.cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=88545
References:
1. Holister, P.,Weener, J.,Vas, C.,Harper, T. (2003).
Nanoparticles: Technology White Papers nr.3.
C i e n t i f i c a :
L o n d o n ,
U K .
http://images.iop.org/dl/nano/wp/
nanoparticles_WP.pdf
14. H e , F . , Z h a o , D . ( 2 0 0 5 ) . P r e p a r a t i o n a n d
characterization of a new class of starch-stabilized
bimetallic nanoparticles for degradation of chlorinated
hydrocarbons in water. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 39,
pp3314-3320.
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=1806.php
8. Berger, M. (2008). Applying nanotechnology to water
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http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080260851#ixzz0j
U5dhJdX
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19. Hauser, John D. (2008). White Paper To provide
information in support of a Business/Industry Economic
Development Program for the North Carolina Emerging
Advanced Materials Industry Northwest North
Carolina Advanced Materials Cluster, Inc. 336,pp8386149.
http://www.nccommerce.com/nr/rdonlyres/e3c02ab0547d-430c9a02e123eee41e 35/2185/
northwestncadvancedmaterialsclusterssummary3.pdf
20. Somasundaran, Ponisseril and Chakraborty, Soma
(2008). Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanogels for
Extraction and Release of Compounds.The Trustees Of
Columbia University In The City Of New York
Origin:Minneapolis,Mnus IPC8Class:AA61K914FI USPC
Class: 424501.
21. Grimshaw, D.J., Gudza, L.D. and Stilgoe, J. (2009). How
can nanotechnologies fulfill the needs of developing
countries? Nanotechnology applications for clean
water. Norwich NY.
22. Karn, B. (2002). U.S. Regulators Want To Know
Whether Nanotech Can Pollute, Small Times
Correspondent , Washington.
http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Nanotech/whether%20na
notech%20can%20pollute.htm
23. The Star Nanotech (2007)
http://www.starnanotech.com/ourproducts.html
24. Wong (2010). Environmental World Gold Council,
Produced and managed by CFP Group.
25. Gold for Good (2010). Gold and nanotechnology in the
age of innovation, World Gold Council. WGC-HO-IND001. www.gold.org
26. Nanostellar Introduces Gold in Oxidation Catalyst
.2007.
http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=3967
27. Theron, J., Walker, J.A. and Cloete, T.E.(2008).
Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications and
emerging opportunities Critical Reviews in
Microbiology, vol. 34, No.1 pp.43-69.
28. Colvin (2004). Nano Pollution, smallest of
dangershttp://www.beholders.org/legacy/nanopolluti
on.htm
29. Arsenic and Drinking Water from Private Wells. (2008).
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/healthywater/factshe
ets/arsenic.htm
30. Workshop Summary (2007). Nanotechnology,
commodities and development- Overview Document.
International Workshop on Nanotechnology,
Commodities, and Development. Rio de Janeiro.
31. Patel, P. (2009). Nanosensors made easy: A trick to
assemble nanowires on silicon could lead to cheap, tiny
sensing devices. Technology Review.
32. Meyer et al, 2007. Nanoporous sorbent to remove
mercury from waste stream
http://www.ydae.purdue.edu/ANE/pdf/Karn.pdf
33. Vainrot (2008). Nanomembranes for hardness
removal and desalination.
http://www.ydae.purdue.edu/ANE/pdf/Karn.pdf
34. Yavuz, C.T., Mayo, J.T., Yu, W.W. (2006). Low-field
magnetic separation of monodisperse Fe3O4
nanocrystals. Science vol.10.
35. Herz, Jonathan (2009). Environmental policy and
Pollution prevention, The Pollution Prevention Act.
Congressional Research Service,United States.
36. Karn, Barbara (2008). Research on Nanotechnology
Applications: Green Nanotechnology for Past, Present,
and Preventing Future Problems. NanoECO,
Georgetown University and US EPA.
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2004/vickery/b
iodiesel.htm
37. V i c t o r , S . , Y . , L i n . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . E n e r g y B l o g .
http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2007/07/c
atlin-nanotedh.html
38. http://www.cyberlipid.org/glycer/biodiesel.htm
39. http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/e/ethyl_lactate.htm
40. http://www.shef.ac.uk/~ch1bem/Ionic-liquids.htm
41. Smith, G.P. , Dworkin , A.S., Pagni, R.M., and Zingg, S.P.,
(1989).J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 111, pp525.
42. National Innovation Awareness Strategy (2002).
Making packaging greener biodegradable plastics.
NOVA Science in the news.
http://www.science.org.au/nova/061/061key.htm
43. http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekl
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44.http://molbio.info.nih.gov/doc/mrus/mol_r_us.html
45. Nutt , M. O., Hughes , J. B., and Wong, M. S.(2007).
Designing Pd-on-Au Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts
for Trichloroethene Hydrodechlorination., Environ.
Sci. Technol.In Press
http://www2.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=5969
46.Jing Li, Yijiang Lu, Qi Ye, Martin Cinke, Jie Han, and M.
Meyyappan (2003). Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Gas
and Organic Vapor Detection. Nano Letters, Vol. 3, No. 7.
Pp.929-933.
47. Valentini, C. Cantalini, L. Lozzi, I. Armanetano, J.M.
meenakshiyadav03@gmail.com
2
adisharma41@yahoo.com
3
akriti_friend@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the use of materials with fundamental
length scales less than 100 nm in at least one dimension.
Nanotechnology has begun to revolutionize materials used
for many traditional sciences and engineering. However,
the use of nanotechnology in biomedical applications
remains at its infancy. Diagnostics, drugs delivery, and
prostheses & implants are three areas where
nanotechnology is entering the bio-medical sector.
Convergence of Nanotechnology and biomedical
engineering along with biotechnology results in growth of
Nanobiotechnology. The biomedical applications of
nanotechnology are the direct products of such
convergences. However, the challenges facing scientists
and engineers working in the field of nanotechnology are
quite enormous and extraordinarily complex in nature.
Utility of nanotechnology to biomedical sciences imply
creation of materials and devices designed to interact with
the body at sub-cellular scales with a high degree of
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at atomic and molecular levels and the exploitation of novel
properties that emerge at the nanometer scale [9]. Many
areas of biomedical engineering are expected to benefit
from nanotechnology including sensors for use in the
laboratory, the clinic, and within the human body, new
formulations and routes for drug biocompatible, highperformance materials for use in implants. Interest is
booming in biomedical applications for use outside the
body, such as diagnostic sensors and lab on- a-chip
techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and
other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments
for R&D on new drugs [1]. For inside the body, many
companies are developing nanotechnology applications
for anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and gene
therapy. Other researchers are working on prostheses and
implants that include nano-structured materials.
II. MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF NANO TECHNOLOGY IN
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING:
A. Diagnostic use
Virus: The development and potential application of
nanotechnology tools for single-virus particle detection by
emergent nanotechnology is likely to revolutionize
diagnosis and determining treatment endpoints for life
threatening virus infections. Direct detection of biological
macromolecules using semiconducting nanowires or
carbon nanotubes for electrical field change
measurements is a milestone application in this field [6].
The promise of selective detection at a single particle level
(stochastic sensing) with nanowire or nanotube field-effect
transistor-based devices is a major breakthrough for
outbreak situations, where a rapid and specific detection of
the viral agent allows intervention at public health level.
Alzheimer's disease: it is an extremely sensitive technique
for finding minute amount of certain disease protein in
body fluids. In this marker is a ADDL which is a sub unit of
protein that aggregates into nerve entangling amyloids
plaques that come to riddle the brain in later stages of
disease. Bio barcode amplification is done due to which
presence of ADDL molecules is done even at the lowest
level, it raises the exciting possibility of an accurate
diagnosis years earlier, even before the onset of disease.
Cancer: It includes detecting cancer at its earliest stages,
pinpointing its location within the body, and even
determining these drugs are killing malignant cells [3].
Nanotechnology is being applied to cancer in two broad
areas: the development of nanovectors, such as
nanoparticles, which can be loaded with drugs or imaging
agents and then targeted to tumours, and high-throughput
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or decreasing the destruction Of this molecule by modifying
their binding properties. Same approach to drug therapy is
now applying in AIDS and Breast cancer therapy [figure.1].
C. Drug delivery
Drug delivery increases bioavailability (presence of drug
molecule where they are needed in the body). Example antidepressants should be in the brain, anticancer drugs at the
tumor sites, anti-inflammatory at sites of stress. Targeted
drug-delivery allows doctors and patients to benefit from
small dosages at just the right place and thus from fewer
side-effects [4]. The lipid or polymer based nanoparticles
have been developed which are capable to alter the
pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of a drug [5].
Molecules can be encapsulated within nanoscale cavities
Figure.4 SEM Image of Nanoporous 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering
D. Neuro-Electronic Interfaces
It involves neuro-electronic interfacesthe idea of
constructing nano-devices that will permit computers to be
joined and linked to the nervous system. The construction
of a neuro-electronic interface simply requires the building
of a molecular structure that will permit control and
detection of nerve impulses by an external computer [11].
The nerves in the body convey messages by permitting
electrical currents (due to ionic motion) to flow between
the brain and the nerve centers throughout the body. The
most important ions for these signals are sodium and
potassium ions, and they move along sheaths and channels
that have evolved specially to permit facile, controllable,
rapid ionic motion. This is the mechanism that allows us to
feel sensations such as putting our foot in hot water and
feeling the heat move from the local nerve through the
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todays conventional treatments like organ transplants or
artificial implants [2]. Advanced forms of tissue engineering
may lead to life extension. Nano-fibers and nanocomposites are highly promising recent additions to
materials in relation to tissue engineering. To achieve the
goal of tissue reconstruction, nano-fibrous scaffolds must
meet some specific requirements: A high porosity and an
adequate pore size are necessary to facilitate cell seeding
and diffusion throughout the whole structure of both cells
and nutrients. Biodegradability is essential since scaffolds
need to be absorbed by the surrounding tissues without
the necessity of a surgical removal. The rate at which
degradation occurs has to coincide as much as possible
with the rate of tissue formation.
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[3] Ludwig, J.; Weinstein, J. Biomarkers in cancer staging,
prognosis and treatment selection. Nature Rev. Cancer
2005, Pages (5, 845-856).
[4] Mads Brandbyge Carbon Nanotubes: Introduction to
Nanotechnology 2003,
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications of
Nanotechnolgy
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology.
Abstract:
Nanotechnology broadly includes all technologies that
handle nano scale materials having the range of 10 to 100
nm. Materials of these sizes have been prepared using two
techniques namely bottom-up technique and top down
technique. The top-down method is applied to process
macro scale materials into smaller size like in
semiconductor process whereas the bottom up method
integrate molecules or atoms into nano scale materials like
in DNA and proteins. This paper discussed the recent
progress and current trends in nanotechnology R&D
towards industrial application.
1.ARCHITECTURE LEVEL OF SI-LSI TECHNOLOGY:
One candidate in constructing an electronics device using
the bottom- up method is to combine it with the bottomdown method.When the device is constructed not only the
bottom- up method, we must examine the following:
Architecture Level
Materials
<1
Single Device
Basic Circuit
Functional Block
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
10-10
2
10 -10
LSI Design
LSI Design
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memory, comprises a unit of a single transistor, in contrast
to DRAM which comprises a unit of two element.Highly
integrated flash memory is in big demand for portable
devices such as cellular phones and can now show static
and dynamic images that require large memory capacity.
Flash memory has the size limit in the depth of the
tunneling oxidized film. A floating gate-type transistor, a
typical element of flash memory, stores information using a
charge at the floating gate that is fabricated by stacking
two gates. A charge is injected using a tunneling oxidized
film by applying voltage at the control gate. The tunneling
oxidized gate must be sufficiently insulating to store the
charge during the guaranteed data retention
period(usually 10 years). The depth of the tunneling
oxidized film cannot be reduced in accordance with the
scaling rule, and is limited beyond the certain depth. This
prevents transistor in flash memory from being
miniaturized further and prevents the operating voltage
from being reduced.
A new structure that may solve the problem has been
presented where the floating gate is replaced by a number
of nano-dots(non continuous film). A charge accumulating
electrode made of continuous film does not work when
the film contains atleast one defect while an electrode
made of non-continuous film works even when the film
contains a sufficient amount of defects. The nano- dots
tunneling oxidized film provides higher fault tolerance and
allows thinner depth of the film.
When nano dots are fabricated using the conventional
semiconductor process,the size and geometrical
placement of dots are not well controlled as designed
which leads to non-reproducible devices.This suggest that a
new technique is needed to fabricate nano dots of a
designed,uniform size.
2-3. ELECTRO- MIGRATION SWITCH USING IONS :
It is a migration of metal atoms in solids when electric
current flows at high density which has been avoided to due
to the malfunction of LSIs.The eFuse uses electo-migration
for rewiring elements,cells and units inside LSI.The eFuse
features reproducible fine wiring without damage.
2-4. DEVICE ARRAYS:
It is been attempted to combine conventional integrated
circuits, which are even now being miniaturized further
using the top- down method, with nano- tubes or nano
wires which focuses on the element that need to be further
reduced in size. The LSI accommodates pattern size
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technologies such as nano- technologies, where planning
should include impressive success in industry signifying the
bright future of the technology.
4. CONCLUSION:
3. R e a c t i v e N a n o T e c h n o l o g i e s ( R N T )
http://www.rntfoil.com
4.
5.
Green Nanotechnology
Praveen Choudhary1 and Meenu Vijarania2
Computer Science Department
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Farrukhnagar, Gurgaon
1
praveenchoudhary09@gmail.com
2
meenuhans.83@gmail.com
Abstract:
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology
to enhance the environmental-sustainability of processes
currently producing negative effects. Green
nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies,
"to minimize potential environmental and human health
risks associated with the manufacture and use of
nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement
of existing products with new nano-products that are more
environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle." The
ability to eliminate waste and toxins from production
processes early on, to create more efficient and flexible
solar panels, and to remove contaminants from water is
becoming an exciting reality with nanotechnology.
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design of nanomaterials and products by eliminating and
minimizing pollution from the production of nanomaterial,
taking a life cycle approach to nanoproducts to estimate
and mitigate where environmental impacts might occur in
the product chain. Green Chemistry and Green Engineering
priciple are put to use to make nanomaterials and nanoproducts without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures
using less energy and renewable inputs. Manufacturing
processes for non-nano materials and products more
environmentally friendly using nanotechnology.
1. INTRODUCTION
New generation of highly efficient environmental
technologiesfrom solar technologies and waterpurification systems to sensors that detect pollution
levelsis becoming a reality as a result of
nanotechnologys revolutionary properties and increased
investment in this field. But some researchers are
beginning to integrate green engineering and chemistry
principles early on into their production methods for
nanomaterials and nanoproducts.
Green nanotechnology involves an approach to risk
mitigation in an emerging and important set of industries. It
involves three complementary goals: (a) advancing the
development of clean technologies that use
nanotechnology, (b) minimizing potential environmental
and human health risks associated with the manufacture
and use of nanotechnology products and (c) encouraging
replacement of existing products with new nanoproducts
that are more environmentally friendly throughout their
life cycles. These approaches not only offer environmental
benefits but also will help give us greater security and help
us address public health crises among other benefits. This
critically important approach of nanotechnology needs
further attention and integration into manufacturing
processes, educational curricula and policy efforts. The U.S.
government needs a strategy for encouraging and
stimulating green nanotechnology.
Green nanotechnology is the development of clean
technologies, "to minimize potential environmental and
human health risks associated with the manufacture and
use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage
replacement of existing products with new nano-products
that are more environmentally friendly throughout their
lifecycle.
As part of its GreenNano initiative to advance the
application of green chemistry and green engineering
principles to nanotechnology, the Project on Emerging
Nanotechnologies will host a program focused on
corporate perspectives of green nanotechnology. The
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for nanotechnology, but, in fact, both respect and seek to
emulate natural processes. The goal of green
chemistry/engineering is to make industries function more
like ecosystems or like cells, in which benign materials are
used wisely, wastes are recycled and energy is used
efficiently. As it turns out, biological systems accomplish
this feat by exploiting properties that occur in the nano
dimension. Indeed, the cell is the quintessential green
nano factory. It uses natural ingredients at room
temperature to assemble nanostructures, carries out its
chemical reactions in water rather than in harmful solvents,
employs smart controls with feedback loops, conserves
energy and reuses wastes. So, it should be no surprise that
many researchers view nanotechnology and green
chemistry/engineering as capable of working hand-in-hand
to produce environmentally sustainable products and
processes.
A marriage of nanotechnology with green chemistry/
engineering serves two important purposes. First,
emerging nanotechnologies could be made clean from the
start. While nanotechnology might never be as green as
Mother Nature, adopting a green nano approach to the
technologys development ultimately promises to shift
society into a new paradigm that is proactive, rather than
reactive, when it comes to environmental problems.
Second, green technologies that benefit the environment
could use nanotechnology to boost performance. In other
words, nanotechnology could help us make every atom
countfor example, by allowing us to create ultra-efficient
catalysts, detoxify wastes, assemble useful molecular
machines and efficiently convert sunlight into energy. It
could potentially contribute to long-term sustainability for
future generations, as more green products and green
manufacturing processes replace the old harmful and
wasteful ones.
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1.2 Nano-Enhanced Energy Technologies
Space: Nanotechnology may hold the key to making spaceflight more practical. Advancements in nanomaterials
make lightweight spacecraft and a cable for the space
elevator possible. By significantly reducing the amount of
rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the cost
of reaching orbit and traveling in space.
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REFRENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science involving the
creation and utilization of materials, devices or systems on
the nanometre scale. This term can be applied to many
areas of research and development, from medicines to
manufacturing to computing and even to textiles and
cosmetics. Nanotechnology plays a critical role in various
biomedical applications, not only in drug delivery, but also
in molecular imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Targetspecific drug therapy and methods for early diagnosis of
pathologies are the priority research areas where
nanotechnology would play a vital role. Nanotechnology
has attracted over $3 billion in funds from governments
globally, which is being applied to a broad range of
disciplines including pharmaceuticals, drug delivery,
aerospace/defence and food. As science and technology
do not contribute only to economic growth; this provide
us means to improve the quality of human life and one of
the key area is to provide medical care for a growing world
with modern day diseases such as Cancer, HIV, Alzheimer
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I. INTRODUCTION
Mankind is still fighting against a high number of serious
and complex illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer s, Parkinson s disease and
diabetes as well as different kinds of serious inflammatory
or infectious diseases (e.g. HIV). Most of theses diseases
have a tremendous negative impact not only on the
patient himself but also on the whole society and linked
social and insurance systems. It is of utmost importance to
face these plagues with appropriate means.
Nanotechnology is the coming revolution in molecular
manufacturing, the idea of which was first floated by the
nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. He along
with his associate suggested that it could be helpful in
surgery if one could swallow the surgeon and this
mechanical surgeon invades the blood vessels into the
heart and after finding which valve is faulty it takes out a
little knife and slices it out and repairs [1]. The combination
of nanotechnology, biology, advanced materials and
photomics have opened up the possibilities of detecting
and manipulating atoms and molecules using nano devices.
Such tools will let medicine intervene in a sophisticated
and controlled way at cellular and molecular level. They
would remove obstructions in the circulatory system, kill
cancer cells and take over the function of sub-cellular
organelles. Just as today we have artificial heart, so in the
future we could have the artificial mitochondrion [2].
Nano-medicine, the application of nano-technology to
health, raises high expectations for millions of patients for
better, more efficient and affordable healthcare and has
the potential of delivering promising solutions to many
illnesses [3]. Nanotechnology offers new solutions for the
transformation of biosystem and provides a broad
technological platform for application in several areas (e.g.
for detection and treatment of illnesses, body part
replacement and regenerative medicine, nano-scale
surgery, synthesis and targeted delivery of drugs) [4].
Three critical areas of healthcare discussed in detail in this
literature are taking services of nano-science and
technology. The first is early diagnosis of diseases which
could greatly enhance the success rate of existing
treatment strategies and significantly advance our ability
to employ prevention strategies. The second is delivery of
drugs, gene therapies and other therapeutics. The third
one is improved implants developed by using
biocompatible materials. The first nano-technology-based
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particle size, due to quantum confinement effects. These
nano-crystals are in the size range of 2 8 nm in diameter
[8]. Recent studies of quantum dots have resulted in
developing new fluorescence immuno-cyto-chemical
probes. A probe is a substance that is radioactively labeled
or otherwise marked and used to detect or identify
another substance in a sample. A fluorescence immunocyto-chemical probe is usually used to detect antigens in
tissues. In contrast to organic fluorophores, which are not
photostable, quantum dots have properties of high
brightness, photostability, and narrow emission spectra,
thus they can replace the usage of organic fluorophores.
The current mode of detecting the antigens which takes
from two to six days can speed up to a matter of hours
using quantum dots [9]. Key challenges for the further
development of quantum dots relate to their
encapsulation with a biocompatible layer and the need to
avoid nonspecific adsorption.
Another example is the use of Nanoparticles of gold.
Nanosphere, is getting close to commercializing a number
of very sensitive genetic tests that could give very early
warning of a patient's potential for developing Alzheimer's
or Parkinson's diseases. The tests would use nanoparticles
of gold to detect this tiniest of traces of the proteins
associated with these devastating illnesses.
Then there are Carbon nanotubes which can be used to
gauge levels of carbon dioxide in a patient's breath, a
measure of lung function [5]. A portable device for tracking
a patient's oxygen level could be invaluable in emergency
transport to a hospital and help prevent brain damage. A
similar device based on nanotube detectors could help
people with asthma by continually monitoring their levels
of nitrous oxide, an indicator of lung function. Better,
round-the-clock monitoring could help patient improve
their conditions by sticking to their medication regime, and
prevent hospitalizations.
III. THERAPY
In many cases, therapy will not be restricted to medication
only but requires more severe therapeutic action such as
surgery or radiation treatment. Planning of therapeutic
interventions will be based on imaging, or may be
performed under image guidance. Here, nano-technology
will lead to a miniaturization of devices that enable
minimally invasive procedures and new ways of treatment.
The possibilities range from minimally invasive
catheterbased interventions to implantable devices.
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different from the familiar childhood science experiment:
The nanoshell functions as the magnifying glass, the laser is
the sun and the tumor heats up like the blade of grass.
IV. IMPLANTS AND PROSTHETICS
With the advent of new materials, and the synergy of
nanotechnologies and biotechnologies, it could be
possible to create artificial organs and implants that are
more akin to the original, through cell growth on artificial
scaffolds or biosynthetic coatings that increase
biocompatibility and reduce immune rejection. These
could include retinal, cochlear and neural implants, repair
of damaged nerve cells, and replacements of damaged
skin, tissue or bone [14].
Artificial biomaterial scaffolds designed to support cell and
tissue growth have traditionally aimed, at a macroscopic
level, to match the properties of the organs they are to be
replaced without recreating the intricate and essential
nano-scale detail observed in real organs. In the body, the
nano-scale structure of the extra-cellular matrix provides a
natural web of intricate nano-fibers to support cells and
present an instructive background to guide their behavior.
Unwinding the fibers of the extra-cellular matrix reveals a
level of details unmatched outside the biological world.
Each hides clues that pave the way for cells to form tissue as
complex as bone, liver, heart, and kidney. The ability to
engineer materials to a similar level of complexity is fast
becoming a reality. Engineering extra-cellular matrix
ligands, such as the RGD-sequence, into artificial surfaces
enhances functionality in terms of cell behavior. Thus,
intricate nano-scale engineering will enable the creation of
more biomimetic cellular environments. Nano-scale
alterations in topography elicit diverse cell behaviour,
ranging from changes in cell adhesion, cell orientation, cell
motility , surface antigen display , cytoskeletal
condensation, activation of tyrosine kinases, and
modulation of intracellular signalling pathways that
regulate transcriptional activity and gene expression. For
example, new generations of synthetic polymers are being
developed which can change their molecular conformation
in response to changes in temperature, pH, electrical,
physical stimuli or energetic status. Access to nanotechnology has offered a completely new perspective to
the material scientist to mimic the different types of extracellular matrices present in tissues. Techniques are now
available which can produce macromolecular structures of
nano-meter size, with finely controlled composition and
architecture. In addition, it is also possible to build mimics
of cell membranes, which can imitate certain features of
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concentration sensors and an onboard nanocomputer. A 5cc therapeutic dose of 50% respirocyte saline suspension
containing 5 trillion nanorobots could exactly replace the gas
carrying capacity of the patient s entire 5.4 l of blood [17].
With nanomolecular tools, we could design a small device
able to identify and kill cancer cells. The device would have a
small computer, several binding sites to determine the
concentration of specific molecules, and a supply of some
poison which could be selectively released and able to kill a
cell identified as cancerous [18].The device would circulate
freely throughout the body, and would periodically sample
its environment by determining whether the binding sites
were or were not occupied. Occupancy statistics would
allow determination of concentration. Today's monoclonal
antibodies mediated treatments are able to bind to only a
single type of protein or other antigen, and have not proven
effective against most cancers. The cancer killing device
suggested here could incorporate a dozen different
binding sites and so could monitor the concentrations of a
dozen different types of molecules. The computer could
determine if the profile of concentrations fit a preprogrammed "cancerous" profile and would, when a
cancerous profile was encountered, release the poison.
VI. CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology has already started revolutionizing
important areas in molecular biology and medicine,
especially diagnostics and therapy at the molecular and
cellular levels. Once these technologies are available, the
ultimate dream of every healer, medicine man, and
physician throughout recorded history will at last, become
a reality. Programmable and controllable microscale robots
comprised of nanoscale parts fabricated to nanometer
precision will allow medical practioners to execute curative
and reconstructive procedures in the human body at the
cellular and molecular levels. Refinement in biochip
miniaturization along with the advent of nanotechnology
will further advance the molecular diagnosis and
personalized medicine. The promising possibilities that
nano-medicine might offer in the future have to be
counterweighted against possible risks of this new
technology. It is of utmost importance to examine upfront
with care and responsibility, its possible side effects to
human beings and the environment. Several European
projects are already dealing with this highly important
issue. Also ethical concerns have to be taken into account.
It may also be necessary to examine existing legislation for
its applicability to nano-medicine.
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REFERENCES
[1] Feynman, R. P. Theres plenty of room at the bottom,
Eng sci Feb. 1960 23:22-36.
[2] Ganguly N.K. The Magic of Nanotechnology for Medical
Sciences, University news, 2005, 43(17) 19-23.
[3] Freitas, Jr. R.A. Nanomedicine, Vol II A : Biocompatibility,
Landes Biosciences, Georgetown, 2003.
[4] Roco, M.C. Nanotechnology: Convergence with modern
biology and medicine, 2003.
[5] Mason,J. Nanotech notebook: healthy and green,
April 2007.
[6] Shackman, J.G., Dahlgran, G.M., Peters, J.L., Kennedy,
R.T. Perfusion and chemical monitoring of living cells on
a microfluidic chip, Lab on a chip 2005, 5:56-63.
[7] Silva, G.A. Introduction to nanotechnology and its
application to medicine, 2004,218.
[8] West, J.L., Halas,N.J., Application of nanotechnology to
biotechnology, 2000.
[9] Kang, C.H., Brooks,B., Tan, H.B. Quantum dots:in a new
light, July 2005.
[10] Frietas Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine, Vol 1: Basic capabilities,
Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, 1999.
[11] Loo,C.,Lowery,A., Halas N.J., West,J., Drezek.R.
Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer
imaging and therapy, Nano letters. 2005, 5:709-711.
[12] Loo,C., Hirsch.L.R., Lee,M.,Chang,E., West,J., Drezek.R.,
Halas N.J. Gold nanoshells biconjugates for molecular
imaging in living cells, Optics Letters, 2005, 30 :1012-1024.
[13] ONeal D.P., Hirsch L.R., Halas N.J., Payne J.D., West J.L.,
Photothermal timer ablation in mice using near infraredabsorbing nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 2005; 15:1107-9.
[14] Wood, S.,Jones,R., Gledart.A., Commercial application
of nanotechnology in medicine and health.ESRC the
social and economic challenges of nanotechnology
report, July 2003.
[15] Renzo, T.,Uta faure, P.Oliver, Nanomedicine:
nanotechnology for health,2006.
[16] Drexler, K.E., Newsystems, molecular machinery,
manufacturing and computation, Newyork, John
Wiley, 1992.
[17] Freitas, Jr. R.A. Exploratory design in medical
nanotechnology: a mechanical artificial red cell. Artif
Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnology,1998.
[18] Ishiyama, K., Sendoh, M., Arai, K.I. Magnetic
micromachines for medical applications. J Magn Magn
Mater 2002 (242-245)1163-5.
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Nanotechnology: A Boon For Cancer Treatment
Swati Jha1, Ritu Sharma2, Nidhi Sharma3, and Meenakshi Gautam4,
1
Department of Electronics and Communication
Dronacharya College of Engineering.
Gurgaon-123506, India.
1
swati.jha21@yahoo.co.in
2
M.Tech., First Year, Department Electronics and Communication Engineering
J.C.D.V., Sirsa, Haryana, India.
2
ritu.aasri@gmail.com
3
M.Tech., First Year, Department Electronics and Communication Engineering
YMCA University, Faridabad, India.
3
nidhi1318@gmail.com
4
Department of Computer Science
DAV College, Karnal, Haryana, India
4
m_gautam199@gmail.com
Abstract:
Abstract--Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science
involving the creation and utilization of materials, devices
or systems on the nanometre scale. This term can be
applied to many areas of research and development, from
medicines to manufacturing to computing and even to
textiles and cosmetics. A number of commentators during
the past few years have speculated that nanotechnology is
the wave of the future in biotech and pharma.
Nanotechnology plays a critical role in various biomedical
applications, not only in drug delivery, but also in molecular
imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Target-specific drug
therapy and methods for early diagnosis of pathologies are
the priority research areas where nanotechnology would
play a vital role. The focus of this paper is cancer, which is
one of the most widely researched diseases in todays
medical and scientific community. The purpose of this
paper is to discuss some of the more recent and innovative
solutions that have been made possible by the advent of
nanotechnology.
Keywords: Cancer, Neoplasm, metastasis, cytotoxicity,
immunoconjugates, Dendrimers
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the US National Cancer Institute (OTIR, 2006)
Nanotechnology will change the very foundations of
cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention[1]. Even the
most seemingly impossible problems like HIV and cancer
become only obstacles in the path to solutions, if we take
an imaginative approach. Of course, this is quite logical,
since everything around us is made up of atomic and
molecular matter, and all of our problems are ultimately
rooted in atomic and molecular arrangement.
Cancer is a complex disease occurring as a result of a
progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic
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nanoparticles have developed that are covalently linked to
biological molecules radiation, and surgery. Limitations in
cancer treatment are a result of current challenges seen in
established cancer therapies, including lack of early disease
detection, nonspecific systemic distribution, inadequate
drug concentrations reaching the tumor, and inability to
monitor therapeutic responses [3].
II. THE CANCER DISEASE
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. From a total
of 58 million deaths worldwide in 2005, cancer accounts for
7.6 million (or 13%) of all deaths [4]. More than 70% of all
cancer deaths in 2005 occurred in low and middle-income
countries. Deaths from cancer in the world are projected to
continue rising, with an estimated 9 million people dying
from cancer in 2015 and 11.4 million dying in 2030 [5].The
most frequent cancer types worldwide are (a) among men:
lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, oesophagus and prostate;
and (b) among women: breast, lung stomach, colorectal
and cervical.
Nanotechnology problem can be perceived differently at
various stages of the disease. Most apparently, if genetic
mutations are the underlying cause, then we must
counteract the causes of the mutations. Unfortunately,
genetic mutations are caused by artificial or natural
carcinogens only some of the time. At other times, they
may occur spontaneously during DNA replication and cell
division. With present science and technology there is very
little we can do to prevent this from happening. However,
in all other cases, eliminating the carcinogens is indeed a
highly effective way of cancer prevention. But most
patients do not recognize the problem until it has actually
occurred, which makes preventive medicine, utilized rarely,
although, a highly effective form of cancer prevention. Of
course, there is a way to eliminate cancer through
nanotechnology. Unfortunately, there is little current
research on preventive treatments using nanotechnology.
After a careful review of the most advanced disease-time
nanoscale treatment methods, one can easily see why the
proposed nanotechnology alternatives to current
preventive treatments have so strongly attracted the
attention of the scientific and medical communities in
recent years. In fact, nanotechnology-based treatments
are no more challenging to devise than the currently used
disease-time treatment methods. Nonetheless, it requires
time and monetary investments to develop such treatment
methods in short time. To demonstrate the viability of the
nanotechnology-based treatments, let us consider
melanoma for example. Melanoma, a form of skin cancer, is
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has been used to image gold nanoparticles to a depth of 6
cm in experiments using gelatin phantoms.
C. Alkylating Agents
Alkylating agents are able to target tumor cells in various
and multiple phases of the cell cycle and are better suited
for the treatment of slow growing cancers. Alkylating
agents stunt tumor growth by cross-linking guanine
nucleobases resulting in abnormal base pairing or DNA
strand breaks. Tumor DNA is unable to uncoil and separate
which prevents the cell from dividing. Cisplatin is one of the
most widely used antineoplastic alkylating agent for the
treatment of certain cancers such as testicular and ovarian
carcinomas, and carcinomas of the head and neck. The
aqua cisplatin-DPPG micelles were converted into
liposomes 100-160 nm in diameter by mixing with vesicle
forming lipids followed by dialysis and extrusion through
membranes, entrapping and encapsulating cisplatin with a
very high yield.
D. Lipid/Polymer
Positively charged lipid-based nanoparticles are known to
trigger strong immune responses when injected into the
body. This can be problematic when attempting to use this
type of nanoparticle as a drug delivery vehicle. Lipid-based
cationic nanoparticles are a new promising option for
tumor therapy, because they display enhanced binding and
uptake at the neo-angiogenic endothelial cells, which a
tumor needs for its nutrition and growth. By loading
suitable cytotoxic compounds to the cationic carrier, the
tumor endothelial and consequently the tumor itself can be
destroyed [8]. For the development of such novel antitumor agents, the control of drug loading and drug release
from the carrier matrix is essential. Screening of different
matrices for a given drug may be useful for fast and efficient
optimization of drug/lipid combinations in pharmaceutical
development.
E. Dendrimers
Dendrimers are synthetic, nanometer-sized
macromolecules that can be modified to suit a specific
application. Several types of dendrimers are commercially
available, among which Polyamidoamine (PAMAM)
dendrimers are the most extensively studied for biological
application. They have a unique architecture based on alanine subunits with primary amine groups on the surface
that are available for the attachment of several types of
biological material. Their aqueous solubility and
biocompatibility are well suited to carry ligands,
fluorochromes, and drugs for targeting, imaging, and drug
delivery [9]. Some of the issues associated with
immunoconjugates, such as decreased solubility and
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b)
In vivo diagnostics.
Although in vivo detection is still a challenge, in vitro
detection studies have recently produced some impressive
breakthroughs.
Laboratory-based (in vitro) nanotechnology methods are
based on the concept of computer chips. For example, with
the use of some recent discoveries in nanoarrays, we can
now detect multiple biomolecular markers at very low
concentrations in various biological fluids. There are
currently two equally effective nanoarray methods. The
first method involves nanowires connected to a highsensitivity electronic ammeter. Each nanowire is designed
to be a good binding site for a specific biomolecule. The
biofluid under study is passed through a channel where it is
allowed to come into direct contact with the wire array. The
conductance of the wires changes as the molecules bind,
and detection is made possible by measuring the
conductance in real time. The second method involves a
nanoarray of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) cantilevers
which are equipped with antibodies specific to selected
molecules. The array is submerged in a biofluid where the
molecules that are present are allowed to bind to the
antibodies. As they bind, they are measured by a
combination of a highly focused laser beam and sensitive
photodetectors, with a technique similar to that used in
AFM. Both methods can yield data that are highly accurate,
even with concentrations in the range of parts per million.
In vivo diagnostic techniques are currently under
development. One method is to use nanoarrays similar to
those described above. However, due to conditions that
are much more adverse in a living patient, significantly
higher concentrations of the desired molecules are
necessary for accurate detection. Another method is to
implant biosensors directly into the patient and to have
them relay, gathered information to an external data
collector [11]. The major problem with these methods that
still remains unresolved is biofouling, or the nonspecific
adoption of serum proteins to the sensors. Since serum
proteins are present in healthy as well as malignant
environments, the accuracy of the measurements can be
greatly impaired. This problem has been in the way of
effective in vivo detection for quite some time.
VI. CONCLUSION
Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer have always
been a formidable medical challenge. In fact, cancer has
long been considered an incurable disease and it is grouped
with Hepatitis C and AIDS. Throughout the bulk of human
history, cancer tended to be fatal in those who were
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Abstract:
Nanoscience and its emerging technologies are expected
to bring a fundamental change in manufacturing in the next
few years and will have an enormous impact on Life
Sciences, including drug delivery , diagnostics and
production of biomaterials. Nanotechnology presents
opportunities to create new and better products. It also has
the potential to improve assessment, management, and
prevention of environmental risks. By considering risk in
the early stages of a technology,costs of identifying
important health and environmental impacts after a
technology has widely diffused can be avoided. The key
factors for discussion herein include the importance of
particle characterization studies; development of a
nanomaterial risk framework; as well as corresponding
hypothesis-driven, mechanistically-oriented
investigations,concomitant with base set hazard studies
which clearly demonstrate that particle size is only a single
(and perhaps minor) factor in influencing the safety of
nanomaterials.
This paper examining potential environmental applications
and implications of nanotechnology. It also describes the
issues to ensure that society benefits from advances in
environmental protection that nanotechnology may offer,
and to understand and address any potential risks from
environmental exposure to nanomaterials. The research
has already borne fruit, particularly in the use of
nanomaterials for environmental clean-up and in beginning
to understand the disposition of nanomaterials in biological
systems. Some environmental applications using
nanotechnology have progressed beyond the research
stage. Nanotechnology also has the potential to improve
the environment, both through direct applications of
nanomaterials to detect, prevent, and remove pollutants,
as well as indirectly by using nanotechnology to design
cleaner industrial processes and create environmentally
responsible products.. As products made from
nanomaterials become more numerous and therefore
more prevalent in the environment.
Introduction
An exciting revolution in health care and medical
technology looms large on the horizon. The agents of
change will be microscopically small,future products of a
new discipline known as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology
is the engineering of molecularly precise structures
typically 0.1mm or smaller and, ultimately, molecular
machines.Nanomedicine is the application of
nanotechnology to medicine. It is the preservation and
improvement of human health, using molecular tools and
molecular knowledge of the human body. These
nanoparticles may serve as diagnostic and therapeutic
antiviral,antitumor or anticancer agents. But as this
technology matures in the years ahead, complex
nanodevices and even nanorobots will be fabricated,first of
biological materials but later using more durable materials
such as diamond to achieve the most powerful results.
The presence of nanomaterials (materials that contain
nanoparticles) is not in itself a threat. It is only certain
aspects that can make them risky, in particular their
mobility and their increased reactivity. Only if certain
properties of certain nanoparticles were harmful to living
beings or the environment would we be faced with a
genuine hazard. In this case it can be called nanopollution In
addressing the health and environmental impact of
nanomaterials we need to differentiate between two types
of nanostructures: (1) Nanocomposites, nanostructured
surfaces and nanocomponents (electronic, optical, sensors
etc.), where nanoscale particles are incorporated into a
substance, material or device (fixed nano-particles); and
(2) free nanoparticles, where at some stage in
production or use individual nanoparticles of a substance
are present. These free nanoparticles could be nanoscale
species of elements, or simple compounds, but also
complex compounds where for instance a nanoparticle of a
particular element is coated with another substance
(coated nanoparticle or core-shell nanoparticle).
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There seems to be consensus that, although one should be
aware of materials containing fixed nanoparticles, the
immediate concern is with free nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles are very different from their everyday
counterparts, so their adverse effects cannot be derived
from the known toxicity of the macro-sized material. This
poses significant issues for addressing the health and
environmental impact of free nanoparticles.it is important
that a powder or liquid containing nanoparticles almost
never be monodisperse, but contain instead a range of
particle sizes. This complicates the experimental analysis as
larger nanoparticles might have different properties from
smaller ones. Also, nanoparticles show a tendency to
aggregate, and such aggregates often behave differently
from individual nanoparticles.
Fig 1:-Nanomaterial releases to th environment
Nanomaterials production
The methods for producing nanoparticles are as varied as
the materials themselves. For example,fullerenes comprise
a class of nanomaterials that are made of a newly
discovered allotrope of carbon and exist as hollow spheres,
ellipsoids, or tubes.They have created significant
commercial interest because of their high strength,
electrical conductivity,electron affinity, structure, and
versatility. Some fullerenes have been found naturally as
combustion products. As a result, they are typically
fabricated by chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge, or
controlled pyrolysis. The formation of nanotubes typically
requires a metal catalyst, such as iron or nickel (3), to
organize carbon presented as CO, whereas spherical
buckyballs can be formed by burning benzene in an
oxygenargon flame with careful control of gas flow
.Quantum dots are semiconductors that display narrow
fluorescence or absorption bands because of quantum
constraints imposed on electrons by the finite size of the
material.
In contrast with these bottom-up methods for nanoparticle
fabrication, metal oxanes (e.g., alumoxane) are made in a
top-down procedure in which a mineral (boehmite in the
case of alumoxanes) is cut into smaller pieces by an organic
acid in an aqueous solution . Metal oxanes have been used
as alternatives to solgel precursors for membrane
fabrication and thin films.TiO2 nanoparticles are widely
used for applications such as photocatalysts, pigments, and
cosmetic additives. Many procedures have been reported
for producing TiO2 nanoparticles; most typically involve
synthesis by hydrolysis and calcination .Flame and furnace
reactor syntheses, in which powders
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potential benefits to society, public perception of risk has
slowed GMO development.By proactively studying the
potential risks of an emerging technology, we can avoid
having to react to problems caused by belatedly identified
real and perceived risks. Nanotechnology,involving
materials and objects on the scale of 100 nm and smaller
with unique, size-related properties, could benefit from
such proactive consideration of risk. Nanotechnology is
forecast to revolutionize a diverse array of industries as
scientists and engineers design devices and materials that
are superior in terms of speed, efficiency, and strength.
Responsible uses of manufactured nanomaterials in
commercial products and environmental applications, as
well as prudent management of the associated risks,
require a better understanding of their mobility,
bioavailability, and impacts on a wide variety of organisms.
For nanomaterials to present a risk, there must be both a
potential for exposure and a hazard, such as toxicity, that
results after exposure. Exposure varies on the basis of
conditions such as the manner in which materials are
handled in the workplace, how nanomaterials partition to
various phases (e.g., water and air), the mobility of
nanomaterials in each of these phases, their persistence,
and the magnitude of the sources . Research evaluating
potential worker exposure to nanomaterials in fabrication
facilities has focused largely on airborne pathways and, to
a lesser degree, on direct dermal exposure . The transport
and fate of nanomaterials in aquatic environments has
received relatively little attention.
More recent work has begun to consider the impacts of
nanomaterials on bacteria and aquatic life. Although some
nanomaterials, such as fullerenes,may have very low
solubilities in water, functionalization may increase their
affinity for the aqueous phase and their potential reactivity
with cells. Indeed,increasing nanoparticle affinity for the
aqueous phase may be a requirement for uses of these
materials in applications ranging from drug delivery to
groundwater remediation. For example, hydroxylation of
fullerenes, either intentionally or in the fabrication process,
will increase their apparent solubility. Chemical or
biological oxidation may add, remove, or modify
functionalities associated with mineral nanoparticles, and
the adsorption of natural organic matter may alter their
charge and stability in suspension.
Nanomaterials hazards
Cellular interactions and toxicity. Numerous studies have
investigated the human health implications of
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antibacterial effect of nC60 could also be due to oxidative
stress. Some oxidation reactions damage the cell
membrane and affect cell permeability and fluidity,leaving
cells more susceptible to osmotic stress or hindering
nutrient uptake. Furthermore, bacterial membranes are
the loci of electron transport phosphorylation and energy
transduction, which can be disrupted if a redox-sensitive
nanomaterial contacts membrane-bound electron carriers
and withdraws electrons from the transport chain. In
theory, such redox interactions could also generate free
radicals that oxidize double bonds on fatty-acid tails of
membrane phospholipids; this could result in the formation
of highly reactive epoxides that can further compromise
the integrity of the cell membrane and even damage DNA.
However, whether nanomaterials cause oxidative stress by
generating ROS or by the cells response to the
nanoparticles is not yet clear.These theoretical interactions
could serve as a guide for advanced microscopic and
chemical analyses of cell constituents to elucidate toxicity
mechanisms and discern physiological characteristics that
confer bacterial resistance to toxicity. For example,it is
plausible that cells possessing a high concentration of
antioxidants (e.g., reduced glutathione) or enzymes that
destroy ROS (e.g., catalase, peroxidase,superoxide
dismutase) might be less susceptible to nanomaterial
toxicity. Theoretical considerations also suggest that
smaller nanoparticles are likely to be more toxic because of
their large specific surface areas, which are conducive to
greater bioavailability.Thus, factors that promote
coagulation and precipitation of nanoparticles in the
environment, such as increases in salt concentration, are
likely to mitigate ecotoxicity.
It has been suggested that derivatization of fullerenes
decreases toxicity. However,derivatization provokes
numerous changes in the physical characteristics of these
materials, including aggregation state, hydrophobicity, and
reactivity,that have not been controlled in studies to
date.Metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles (e.g.,
nanoiron,magnetite, TiO2) have been proposed for
groundwater remediation , water treatment and removal
of toxic contaminants from air streams. Their widespread
use could expose biological systems through inhalation,
dermal contact, or ingestion and absorption through the
digestive tract. A recent investigation indicates that CeO2
nanoparticles are taken up into human fibroblasts in vitro
(44). However, few other studies describe the effects of
particles once they are taken up into the cells.Preliminary
investigations of the in vitro response of central nervous
system (CNS) microglia to low concentrations of nanoiron
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[3]
[4]
[6]
[8]
Abstract:
There has been a tremendous upsurge of interest in
exploiting renewable sources of energy such as hydro
energy, wind energy, ocean energy and solar energy due to
the increased global consumption and demand of energy
and the dwindling resources of fossil fuels. Solar energy has
a great potential as it is non-polluting energy source and
plentifully availability throughout the year. It has been
found that quantum-sized semiconductor particles have a
vast potential in harnessing of solar energy and its
conversion to chemical energy. These systems have drawn
attention in initiating photocatalytic redox transformations
and treatment of industrial waste.
A number of strategies viz. sensitization and surface
modification of large bandgap semiconductors, coupling of
45
KIIT
Characterization Techniques of Nanomaterials
Prof. V.K Syal1 and Ms. Anjana Behal2
KIIT College of Engineering
Maruti Kunj, Gurgaon-122102
Abstract:
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials are the key
technologies in the current century. Nanotechnology is the
field of applied science focused on the fabrication,
synthesis, characterization and application of materials and
devices at nanoscale. The precise control of nanoparticle
Abstract:
This review paper describes the the development of carbon
nanotube transmitter and receiver circuits operating with
radio frequency (RF), allows current wireless technologies
to function at nano-scale environments. This vision also
enables a very large set of new applications such as
coordinated disease detection, drug delivery, and
biological and chemical attack defense. Especially,
46
KIIT
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology
miniaturization from the bulk macroscopic world to micro
dimensions (e.g., integrated circuits), and, finally, into the
nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The diverse
applications of nanotechnology across a number of
disciplines in recent years have inspired environmental
researchers to address the need for efficient and effective
methods and devices for the reduction of environmental
burden by conserving resources, reducing chemical waste,
and utilizing less raw materials, chemicals, and energy.
Industrial and agriculture waste, air pollutants, and waste
waters can be reduced and/or treated by process control,
emission control, and waste treatment Rapid progress of
Abstract:
The conducting polymer nanocomposites have attracted
considerable attention in recent years because of their
wide application potential in electronics field and diverse
areas. The introduction of electrically conducting carbon
based nano particles as nano graphite, CNTs, carbon fibers
into the polymeric matrix is a promising approach to
fabricate electrically conductive polymeric
nanocomposites. Among the different carbon
nanoparticles much less work has been done on
nanographite although they have in-plane electrical,
thermal and mechanical properties comparable to that of
47
KIIT
Toxicity Of Nanomaterials:
A Major Challenge of the Day
A. K. Jain and Sanjeev Kumar Sharma
Ansal Institute of Technology Gurgaon-122003
Jain1dcy@gmail.com
Abstract:
Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention in the
scientific community ever since its emergence as a
powerful engineering and applied science tool. While
beneficial aspects of nanomaterials are well established,
there are also evidences of the harmful impacts of
nanomaterials on the living cells. We have now understood
the potential and risks of nanotechnology, whether
through general culture in books such as Michael Crichtons
authored Prey or through the scientific reports of the kind
recently published by the Royal Commission on
Environmental Pollution. This has led to a general
consensus that there is a great need to assess the
toxicology of nanoparticles (NPs). It is much harder to
proceed further without knowing the risks and challenges
associated in using nanoparticles for their unending
applications. The diverse array of surface properties
achieved due to reduction in particle size that catalyzes the
surface chemistry of nanoparticles is responsible for their
toxic potential. Physical parameters such as surface area,
particle size, surface charge, and zeta potential are very
Fig. The mechanisms of interaction of nanomaterials with biological tissues, illustrating the importance of material chemistry, electronic structure,
bonding, active or passive surface coatings, solubility, and interactions with other environmental factors
48