Soap Preparation
Soap Preparation
Soap Preparation
Preparation of Soap
GROUP V :
RISNA PUTRI EGITASARI
(12030194212)
DESIANA ANGGRAENI
(12030194234)
(12030194244)
I.
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:
Preparation of Soap
II.
DAY/DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
Tuesday, 4th November 2014
III.
PURPOSE:
1. University student can make the procedure to make soap
2. University student predict the reaction of soap form
3. University student explain the differences between the soap that form
from base NaOH and KOH
4. University student can make soap emulsion
5. University student can explain the process of emulsion form both soap
water with oil
6. University student can determine the quality of oil based acid number and
saponification number
IV.
BASIC THEORY:
Soap
Soaps are carboxylate salts with very long hydrocarbon chains.
Soap can be made from the base hydrolysis of a fat or an oil. This
hydrolysis is called saponification, and the reaction has been known for
centuries. Traditionally, soaps were made from animal fat and lye (NaOH).
(Lye was traditionally made by pouring water through wood ashes.)
An example of a saponification reaction is shown below.
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Fats and oils are triesters of glycerol and three fatty acids. Esters
can be hydrolyzed to their alcohol and carboxylic acid components in the
presence of acid or base. Fats, oils, and fatty acids are insoluble in water
because their hydrophobic tails are so long. If a base is used for
hydrolysis, the fatty acids produced are deprotonated and are present as the
corresponding carboxylate salts. Because these product carboxylate salts
are charged, they are much more soluble in water than the corresponding
uncharged fatty acids. Since the carboxylate salts also each have a long
nonpolar tail, they are also compatible with nonpolar greases and oils.
Soap can emulsify fats and oils by forming micelles around oil
droplets. The soap molecules surround an oil droplet so that their nonpolar
tails are embedded in the oil and their charged head groups are on the
exterior of the droplets, facing the water. If the oil droplets are small
enough and if there are enough soap molecules to surround them, the oil
droplets become dispersed in the water and can then easily be washed
away. Therefore, using lots of soap, hot water, and agitation can help clean
greasy dishes. Hot water can melt solid fats, and agitation can help break
up the fats and oils into smaller droplets. Using lots of soap makes it more
likely that there will be enough soap molecules to surround and emulsify
all of the fat droplets.
The soap molecule has two parts: a polar group (-COO-Na+) and a
non-polar group (R-hydrocarbon part). The polar group is called the head
Preparation of Soap
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and the non-polar group is called the tail. Thus, the soap molecule has a
polar head and a non-polar hydrocarbon tail. The polar head is hydrophilic
in nature (water loving) and the non-polar tail is hydrophobic (water
repelling) in nature.
Hard soap
The sodium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as hard soap. It is
difficult to dissolve in water. It is used as laundry soap.
Soft soap
The potassium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as soft soap,
as it produces more lather. It is used as toilet soap and shaving soap.
In aqueous solution, soap ionises to form alkali ions.
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Since soaps have free alkali ions, they are alkaline in nature.
Hence, the soap solutions are slippery to the touch.
In chemistry, acid value (or "neutralization number" or "acid
number" or "acidity") is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in
milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance.
The acid number is a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in a
chemical compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a mixture of compounds.
Acid number is one of the measuring oil or fat quality. Acid
number of oil or fat is the number that describe about the amount of KOH
in milligram that need it to neutralization free fatty acid in one gram of oil
or fat. The calculation of acid number is:
Where:
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Where:
saponification
N = Normality of HCl solution
W = the weight of sample (oil or fat) in gram
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V.
Tools
Tools
Amount
Reaction tube
Pipettes
Measuring glass 25 ml
Balance tool
1,1,1
100ml, 250 ml
Spatula
Electrical stove
Materials
Materials
Amount
Palm oil
10 gram
Coconut oil
10 gram
NaOH
2,8 gram
Sterate acid
2 gram
alcohol
24 gram
Gliserin
8 gram
Aquadest
As needed
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VI.
PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of soap
Coconut
oil
Palm oil
Bulk oil
Weighed 10 gram
10 gram oil
Weighed
Entered into test tube
Added 3,3 mL water
Cooled down
NaOH solution
Palm
oil
Coconut
oil
Bulk
oil
Soap
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2. Soap emulsion
0,1 0,2
0,2 gram
gram soap
soap
0,1
- Entered 6 - 8 mL hot
water
Soap solution
3 mL aquadest + 5 drop
oil
Entered in two test
tube
Test tube 1
- Added 2 mL soap
solution
- Shaked
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation
Test tube 2
- Shaked vigorously to
obtain an emulsion
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation
Time
Time
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3. Acid number
5 gram sample
oil
- Entered into
erlenmeyer
- Weighed
- Added 25 mL ethanol
- Added 5 drop pp
indicator
Colorless
- Titrated with KOH 0,1
N standard solution
- Repeated until 3 times
Pink
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VII.
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT
No
Procedure
Result
1.
Preparation soap
Before
Reaction
between fat/oil
- Coconut oil =
produced a
Erlenmeyer 1
Palm oil
Erlenmeyer 2
Coconut oil
Erlenmeyer 3
Bulk oil
Weighed 10 gram
10 gram oil
colorless
Hypothesis
conclusion
with
saponification
(granule)
reaction.
Weighed
Entered into test tube
Added 3,3 mL water
Cooled down
After
- NaOH + aquadest =,
colorless solution,
warm
NaOH solution
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Erlenmeyer 1 =
Erlenmeyer1
Palm oil
Erlenmeyer 2
Coconut oil
Erlenmeyer 3
Bulk oil
yellow solution
Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless solution
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow (+) solution
- After heated (1) :
Erlenmeyer 1 =
stearat dissolve,
yellow solution
Erlenmeyer 2 =
stearat dissolve,
colorless solution
Erlenmeyer 3 =
stearat dissolve,
yellow (+) solution
- After added NaOH :
Erlenmeyer 1 =
Soap
Preparation of Soap
yellow solution
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Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless solution
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow (+) solution
- After added glycerin
and alcohol :
Erlenmeyer 1 =
yellow
Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow (+)
- After heated (2)
Erlenmeyer 1 =
yellow light
Erlenmeyer 2 =
colorless
Erlenmeyer 3 =
yellow
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Emulsion soap
0,1 0,2
0,2 gram
gram soap
soap
0,1
- Entered 6 - 8 mL hot
water
Soap solution
Preparation of Soap
Palm oil
If added
emulsion agents
(from soap
aquadest + 5 drop of
emulsion) make
oil
Page 13
Test tube 1
- Added 2 mL soap
solution
- Shaked
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation
Test tube 2
- Shaked vigorously
to obtain an
emulsion
- Allowed
- Observed oil
separation that
occurs
- Noted at the time
that there is a
separation
Time
Time
water mix
colorless
- test tube 1 + 2 mL of
soap solution
The speed
separation oil
time = 25 second
1. coconut oil
2. palm oil
3. bulk oil
Coconut oil
Coconut oil dilluted in
hot water = colorless
aquadest + 5 drop of
coconut oil = there are
two layer, upper :
colorless and lower :
colorless
- test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and
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time = 22 second
- test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 14 second
bulk oil
Bulk soap dilluted in
hot water =yellow
aquadest + 5 drop of
bulk oil = there are two
layer, upper : yellow
and lower : colorless
- test tube 1 + 2 mL of
palm oil = turbid and
time = 38 second
- test tube 2 = colorless
and time = 28 second
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3.
Acid number
5 gram sample
oil
- Acid number
Before
- Bulk oil = light
of palm oil =
yellow
2,24
- Mass of oil = 5 gr
- Entered into
erlenmeyer
- Weighed
- Added 25 mL ethanol
- Added 5 drop pp
indicator
- Acid number
of coconut oil
= 1,12
- Acid number
(+)
- Ethanol = colorless
of bulk oil =
2,24
solution
Colorless
- Titrated with KOH 0,1
N standard solution
- Repeated until 3 times
Pink
- Pp indicator =
colorless solution
- KOH = colorless
- The quality is
the best soap is
coconut oil
solution
After
Palm oil
- 5 gr palm oil =
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Page 16
yellow
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol = yellow
light
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator = colorless
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator + titration
with KOH = pink
solution (2 layer)
V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
Coconut oil
- 5 gr coconut oil =
colorless
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- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol = colorless
- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator = colorless
- 5 gr coconut oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator + titration
with KOH = pink (+)
solution
V1 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)
V2 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)
V3 = 0,2 mL (1 drop)
Bulk oil
- 5 gr bulk oil = yellow
(+)
- 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol = yellow
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- 5 gr bulk oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator = yellow
- 5 gr palm oil +
ethanol + pp
indicator + titration
with KOH = pink
solution
V1 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V2 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
V3 = 0,4 mL (2 drop)
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VIII.
DATA ANALYSIS
Experiment 1 : Making soap
Chemical substances needed are palm oil, coconut oil and bulk oil
the other each10 grams, NaOH 1.4 grams. NaOH is dissolve in the
aquadest. It occur exoterm reaction, it can be know after it touch it feel
warm. Beside that it need stearic acid about 1 gram. The structure of
stearic acid is :
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Preparation of Soap
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Bulk Oil
This experiment is to prove the soap emulsion properties. The first
step is taking 3ml of aquadest and 5 drops of oil into tube A and tube B.
There are two layer, upper yellow and lower colorless. Then, the tube A is
added with 2 ml of soap,the color tube A is turbid. The tube B is not added
with soap so the color is colorless. The soap that is used is soap that is
from oil. Then, both of the tube is mixed. In tube A there is some foam
from the soap. But in the B tube, there is no foam and the oil directly
separate from water. After that calculate time start from mix the solution
become the solution produce two layers. The time of tube A is 38 second,
and the tube B is 28 seconds. It prove that soap is emulgator, it surfactant
materials, it can reduce the pressure between surface of solution.
So, the conclution from soap emulsion if adding emulsion reagent
(from soap emulsion) make the oil and aquadest mixeasier. The speed
separation oil and water are : Coconut oil > palm oil > bulk oil
With :
V
: ml of KOH
: normalitas of KOH
Palm Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass.
And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(palm oil)
is yellow, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is
colorless and there is gell. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate
with KOH until the color is pink(+) solution. The volume that needed are :
Erlenmeyer glass 1
Preparation of Soap
0,4 ml
Page 22
Erlenmeyer glass 2
Erlenmeyer glass 3
0,4 ml
0,4 ml
Coconut Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass.
And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(coconut
oil) is colorless, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is
colorless and there. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate with
KOH until the color is pink(+) solution. The volume that needed are :
Erlenmeyer glass 1
Erlenmeyer glass 2
Erlenmeyer glass 3
0,2 ml
0,2 ml
0,2 ml
Bulk Oil
First step is weigh the oil 5 gram and taken in the erlenmeyer glass.
And pour with 25 ml ethanol and 5 pp indicator. The color of oil(Bulk oil)
is yellow, ethanol and pp are colorless. When mix all of the color is
yellow. Between oil and water is separate, next titrate with KOH until the
color is pink solution. The volume that needed are :
Erlenmeyer glass 1
Erlenmeyer glass 2
Erlenmeyer glass 3
0,4 ml
0,4 ml
0,4 ml
The acid number of palm 2,24 ; coconut oil 1,12 and bulk oil 2,24.
The quality is the best soap is the coconut oil.
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IX.
CONLUSION
Soap produced in the form of a yellow solid (palm oil), white solid
(coconut oil) and orange solid (curah oil). On the soap made from palm
oil, the result is not transparent. But on the soap made from coconut oil
soap produces a transparent due process of stirring and the addition of
alcohol be done slowly. The best emulgator are coconut oil. The acid
number of coconut oil is 1,12.
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X.
1. How to make hard and soft soap (in the flow chart) ?
Answer:
a. making of hard soap
1.4 gram of NaOH
- Dissolved in 3.3mL
water (exothermic
reaction)
- Let until cold
NaOH (aq)
Mixture
- Added 12 gram alcohol
- Added 4 gram glycerin
- Heated
- Stirred until clear
- Let it cold
- Added 1 mL olive oil
- Entered in mould
Soap
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b. making of soft soap by using KOH to replace NaOH or by using coconut oil to
replace palm oil
1.4 gram of
10 gram gram palm
KOH
oil
- Dissolved in
- Added 1
3.3mL water
gram steric
(exothermic
acid
reaction)
- Heated until
- Let until cold
70 C (steric
acid melt)
KOH (aq)
- Let it until 50
C
Mixture
- Added 12 gram
alcohol
- Added 4 gram
glycerin
- Heated
- Stirred until
clear
- Let it cold
- Added 1 mL
olive oil
- Entered in
Soap mould
Preparation of Soap
1.4 gram of
1 gram coconut oil
NaOH
- Dissolved in
- Added 1 gram
3.3mL water
steric acid
(exothermic
Heated until 70
reaction)
C (steric acid
- Let until cold
melt)
- Let it until 50 C
NaOH (aq)
Mixture
- Added 12 gram
alcohol
- Added 4 gram
glycerin
- Heated
- Stirred until clear
- Let it cold
- Added 1 mL olive oil
- Entered in mould
Soap
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2. Explain the difference product of soap by using alkali NaOH and KOH !
Answer :
Saponification reaction (saponification) using the reaction of alkali
is triglycerides with alkali (NaOH or KOH) to produce soap and glycerin.
Saponification reaction can be written as follows:
Page 27
Solid soap
Solid soap is made through a process of saponification by using palm oil
and the use of alkali (NaOH). Can be used to condense the acid soap stearate.
Liquid soap
Liquid soap is made through a process of saponification by using castor oil
and the use of alkali (KOH). To improve the clarity of soap, can be add glycerin
or alcohol.
3 mL of aquadest
+
5 drops palm oil
-
2 layer solution
2 layer solution
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3 mL of aquadest
+
5 drops coconut oil
2 layer solution
2 layer solution
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the water molecules. Because it used to be fast, or should be shaken again before
the time of usage. Unlike the temporary emulsion, the emulsion is stable
(Permanent emulsion) require materials capable of forming a third membranes
(filen) around the grains are dispersed, thus preventing the union of return these
items. There are several terms used for material third of which is an emulsifier,
stabilizer or emulsifying agent. Some materials that can function as emulsifiers
are egg yolks, whole eggs, gelatin, starch paste, casein, albumin, or some very fine
like flour paprica or mustard flour. French dressing is usually not so stable made
more stable by adding in a lot of paprika powder can form a thin layer of fat
surrounding the grains are dispersed.
Working power is mainly caused by the emulsifier molecules can form
bound either in oil or water. If the emulsifier is more tied to the water or more
water soluble (polar). Then it can be more stony the dispersion oil in the water so
that there was oil in water emulsions (o / w). as an example is milk. Conversely if
the emulsifier is more soluble in oil (nonpolar) there was water in oil emulsion (w
/ o). Eg butter and margarine. How terilustrasikan emulsifier can work if the items
have been separated due to fat the mechanical energy (shaking), then the beads are
dispersed fat was immediately enveloped by a thin membrane emulsifier. Parts of
emulsifier molecules are soluble in nonpolar outer layer of fat points. While the
facing polar solvent (water, continuous phase)
Soap molecule has hydrogen chain CH3(CH2)16 act as hydrophobic tail and
dissolve in organic compound while COONa+ as the hydrophilic head and
dissolve in water.
Non polar : CH3(CH2)16 dissolve in oil, hydrophobic
Polar : COONa+ dissolve in water, separate the polar dirt
The process of removing the dirt :
the soap in the water yields bubbles that decrease the surface pressure
Preparation of Soap
Page 30
soap molecule will around the dirt by its tail and bind the dirt molecule. It
is called emulsification because the dirt molecule and soap molecule
form an emulsion.
While the head molecule of soap in water. in the wash off process, it
attract the dirt molecule out of cloth, so the cloth is clean.
If the acid value is high, so the oil quality is low. But in the saponification
number gives information concerning the character of the fatty acids of the
fat- the longer the carbon chain, the less acid is liberated per gram of fat
hydrolysed. It is also considered as a measure of the average molecular
weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. The long chain fatty
acids found in fats have low saponification value because they have a
relatively fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the
fat and therefore high molecular weight
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REFERENCES
Amrita.2014.Saponification-The Process of Making Soap.
http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=119&cnt= (last view on
10/11/2014)
Anwar, Chairil et al. 1994. Pengantar Praktikum Kimia Organik.
Yogyakarta:UGM
Fessenden, Fessenden.1982.Kimia Organik Jilid 2.Edisi
Ketiga.Indonesia:Erlangga
Tim Dosen Kimia Organik. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Organik II.
Surabaya: Unesa press
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ATTACHMENT
No.
1
Procedure
Pictures
Preparation of soap
Palm oil, Coconut oil and Bulk oil
White powder
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Stearat acid
white (granule)
NaOH + aquadest
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Preparation of Soap
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Preparation of Soap
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Emulsion Soap
Palm Oil
1= test with soap
2=without soap
Coconut Oil
1= test with soap
2=without soap
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Bulk Oil
1= test with soap
2=without soap
Acid Number
coconut before titrated
Preparation of Soap
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Preparation of Soap
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