CONTENTS

Page Number

Chapter 1:

Root Words

Chapter 2:

Prefixes

21

Chapter 3:

Suffixes

24

Chapter 4:

Vocabulary of Animals and Birds

25

Chapter 5:

Sounds of Animals and Birds

31

Chapter 6:

Vocabulary:
Marriage
Death
Character
Nature
Science
Instruments
Traders
Governments & Rulers
Migration

32
32
33
34
35
37
37
38
39

Chapter 7:

Vocabulary (A-Z)

40

Chapter 8:

Confused words (Homonyms, Homophones)

93

Chapter 9:

List of Confused words

215

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

a/n

not, without

abyss - without bottom;

achromatic - without color;
anhydrous - without water

on

afire - on fire;
ashore - on the shore;
aside - on the side

ab/s, a

from, away, off

abduct - carry away by force;

abnormal - away from normal, not normal;
absent - away, not present;
aversion - the act of turning away from;
abbreviate: to shorten.

ac, ad

to, toward, near

accelerate - to increase the speed of;

accessible - easily entered, approached, or obtained;
admittance - allowing into;

acro

top, height, tip,

beginning

acrobat - a "high walker";

acronym - a word formed from the first (capital) letters of a word;
acrophobia - fear of height

act

do

activity - something that a person does;

react - to do something in response;
interaction - communication between two or more things

aer/o

air

aerate - to let air reach something;

aerial - relating to the air;
aerospace - the air space

agr/i/o

farming

agriculture - management of the land;

agribusiness - making money by utilizing land;
agrarian - relating to the management of land

alg/o

pain

neuralgia - pain caused by a nerve;

analgesic - a drug that makes one pain free;
nostalgia - aching for the familiar

10 ambi,
amphi

both, on both sides,

around

ambidextrous - able to use both hands equally;

ambiguous - having more than one meaning;
ambivalence - conflicting or opposite feelings toward a person or thing

11 ambul

walk, move

amble - to walk in a slow, relaxed way;

ambulant - walking or moving around;
ambulance - a vehicle that moves a patient

12 ami/o

love

amiable - friendly, pleasant, lovable;

amity - friendly and peaceful relations;
amorous - showing romantic love

13 ana

up, back, against,

again, throughout

analysis - a close examination of something;

anatomy - the structure of something as visible when cut up for analysis;
anachronism - not being in the right place in time

14 andr/o

man, male

androgynous - being both male and female;

android - resembling a human;
misandry - hatred towards men

15 anim

life, spirit

animal - a living organism;

animate - to make alive;
equanimity - of balanced spirit

16 ann/enn

year

anniversary - a date observed once a year;

annual - happening once a year;
millennium - 1,000 years

17 ante

before, in front

antecede - to come before something in time;

antemeridian - before noon;
67anteroom- a small room before the main room

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

18 anth/o

flower

chrysanthemum and amaranth - names of flowers;

anthology - a collection of treasured writings;
anthozoan - half plant, half animal, like anemones and corals.

19 anthrop/o

human

anthropology - the study of mankind;

anthropomorphism - giving human form to non-human things;
philanthropy - the love to mankind (expressed through good deeds)

20 anti

against, opposite of

antibody - a substance that destroys micro-organisms;

antiseptic - preventing infection;
antisocial - opposing social norm

21 apo, apho

away, off, separate

aphorism - a short expression of a general truth;

apology - an explicit expression of regret;
apostrophe - a small dash used in place of an omitted letter

22 aqu/a

water

aquarium - a water container for fish;

aquatic- relating to water; aqueduct - a pipeline for water

23 arbor

tree

arborist - someone working with trees;

arbor - a shady area formed by trees;
arborous - having many trees

24 arch/i

chief, most
important, rule

archbishop - the highest ranking bishop;

archenemy - chief or worst enemy;
matriarch - a female who rules a group; monarch - a king or queen

25 arch/a/i

primitive, ancient

archaeology - the study of ancient cultures;

archaic - belonging to an earlier period;
archive - a collection of historical materials

26 arthr/o

joint

arthroscope - a tool to see inside a joint;

arthritis - inflammation of a joint;
arthropod - invertebrates with jointed legs, like spiders, crustaceans, insects

27 art

skill

artifact - object made by a person's skill;

artisan - a person skilled in a craft;
artist - a person who creates skillfully

28 astro,
aster

star, stars, outer

space

astronaut - a person traveling to the stars;

astronomer - someone who studies the stars;
asterisk - a star-shaped sign used as a reference tool

30 aud/i/io

hear

audible - loud enough to be heard;

audience - people who listen to a program;
audiovisual - relating to sound and vision

31 auto

self, same, one

autocrat - a person who governs with absolute power;

autograph - a person's own signature;
automatic - moving by itself

32 avi/a

bird

aviary - a large enclosure for birds;

aviatrix - a female airplane pilot;
aviation - the art of designing or operating aircraft

33 bar/o

pressure, weight

baric - pertaining to pressure, esp. of the atmosphere;

milliard - metric unit, equal to 1/1000th of a bar;
baryon - heavy elementary particle

34 bell/i

war

bellicose - warlike;
belligerent - hostile, ready to fight;
rebel - person who opposes and fights

35 bene

good, well

benefactor - person who gives money to a cause;

beneficial - producing a good effect;
benevolent - showing kindness or goodwill

36 bi/n

two, twice, once in

every two

biannual - happening twice a year;

binoculars - optical device with two lenses;
bilateral - of or involving two sides

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

37 bibli/o

book

bibliography - a list of books used as sources;

bibliomania - an extreme love of books;
bibliophile - a person who loves books

38 bio

life, living matter

biography- a life story written by another person;

biology - the science of life;
biosphere - Earth's surface inhabited by living things

39 blast/o

cell, primitive,
immature cell

blastula - an early stage of embryonic development;

fibroblast - a cell that forms connective tissue;
blastoderm - the layer surrounding the inside of an egg

40 capt, cept,
ceive

take, hold

intercept - to stop or interrupt;

perceive - to take notice of something;
captivating - taking hold of

41 cardi/o

heart

cardiac - relating to the heart;

cardiogenic - resulting from heart disease;
cardiologist - a heart doctor

42 carn/i

flesh, meat

carnivorous - flesh-eating;
carnal - pertaining to the body or flesh;
incarnate - given bodily form

43 cata

down, against
completely,
intensive,
according to

cataclysm - a flood or other disaster,

catalog - a complete listing;
catastrophe - turning for the worst, a substantial disaster

44 caust,
caut

to burn

cauterize - to burn with a hot instrument;

caustic - capable of burning or eating away;
holocaust - total devastation, especially by fire

45 cede,
ceed,
cess

go, yield

exceed - to go beyond the limits;

recede - to go back;
accessible - easily entered, approached, or obtained;

46 celer

fast

accelerate - to increase the speed of;

decelerate - to reduce the speed of

47 cent/i

hundred, hundredth centennial- the 100th anniversary;

centimeter - 1/100 of a meter; century - 100 years

48 centr/o/i

center

egocentric - self-centered;
eccentric - not having a common center, not according to norm;
centrifugal - moving outward from a center

49 cephal/o

head

encephalitis - inflammation of the brain;

cephalic - pertaining to the head;
cephalopod - marine mollusks like octopus and squid who have tentacles growing from
their head

50 cerebr/o

brain

cerebral - pertaining to the brain;

cerebrate - to use the brain;
cerebrospinal - pertaining to the brain and the spinal cord

51 cert

sure

ascertain- to find out something with certainty;

certain - being absolutely sure;
certify - to state that something is true

52 chrom/o
color, pigment
chromat/o,
chros

achromatic - without color;

chromium - a blue-white metallic chemical element;
chromatics - the study of color

53 chron/o

time

chronic - lasting for a long time;

chronological - arranging events in time order;
synchronize - happening at the same time

54 chrys/o

gold, yellow

chrysanthemum and helichrysum - golden/yellow flowers;

chrysolite - a yellowish gem

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

55 cide, cise

cut, kill

homicide - murder;
incisor - a sharp tooth for cutting food;
insecticide - a chemical used to kill insects

56 circum,
circle

around, about

circumnavigate - to sail around;

circumscribe - to draw around;
circumspect - looking around

57 claim, clam shout, speak out

clamor - to shout and make noise;

exclaim - to cry out loudly and suddenly;
proclamation - something announced officially in public

58 clar

clear

clarification - an explanation;
clarify - to make something clear;
declare - to state something clearly

59 clud, clus

close

conclusion - the end or last part;

exclusion - shutting out, rejecting;
seclude - to keep away from; to isolate

60 cline

lean

inclination - a leaning toward;

incline - a surface that slopes or leans;
recline - to lean back and relax

61 co

with, together, joint

coauthor - writer who collaborates with another author;

coeducation - educating males and females together;
cohousing - planning your neighborhood in an intentional neighbourly fashion

62 col

together, jointly

collaborate - to work together;

collision - smashing together;
colloquial - words formed by everyday interaction

63 com

together, common

commemorate - to memorize together;

composition - an arrangement or putting together of parts;
commune - living together while owning things in common

64 cogn/i

know

cognition - process of acquiring knowledge;

incognito - disguised so no one knows you;
recognize - to discover that one knows

65 con

with, jointly

concur - to agree with someone;

contemporary - of the same time period as others;
convention - a gathering of people with a common interest

66 contra/o

against, opposite

contradict to argue against, Contraflow, contraception, contrary not in agreement,

controversy disagreement

67 corp/o

body

corporation - a company recognized by law as a single body;

corpse - a dead body; corporal - pertaining to the body

68 cosm/o

universe

cosmonaut - a Russian astronaut;

cosmos - the universe; microcosm - a miniature universe

69 counter

opposite, contrary,
opposing

counteract - to oppose the effects of an action;

countermand - to cancel a previous order;
counteroffensive - attack against an attack

70 cranio

skull

craniology - the study of skull characteristics;

cranium - skull of vertebrates;
cranial - pertaining to the skull

71 cred

believe

credence - belief that something is true or valid;

credulous - believing things too easily, gullible;
incredible - unbelievable

72 crypto

hidden, secret

cryptic - of hidden meaning;

cryptography - science of secret codes;
encrypt - encode into secret code

73 cumul

mass, heap

accumulate - to gather or pile up;

cumulative - gradually building up

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

74 cycl

circle, ring

bicycle - a vehicle with two wheels;

cycle - a sequence that is repeated;
cyclone - a storm with circling winds

75 de

reduce, away, down, decelerate - to slow down, reduce speed;

remove
dethrone - to remove from power;
debug - to remove bugs

76 dec/a,
deka

ten

decade - 10 years;
decathlon - athletic contest that includes 10 disciplines in which each participant
competes; December - formerly the 10th month of the Roman calendar

77 deci

one tenth

deciliter - a tenth of a liter;

decimate - reduce dramatically;
decibel - one tenth of the sound volume unit bel

78 dem/o

people

democracy - government of the people;

demographic - the study of people;
epidemic - spreading among people in a region

79 demi

half, less than

demitasse - a small cup of coffee;

demimonde - someone of little respected life style

80 dendr/o/i

tree

philodendron - a climbing plant that grows on trees;

dendrochronology - dating events by studying growth rings in trees;
dendriform - in the shape of a tree

81 dent, dont

tooth

dental - relating to teeth;

dentist - a doctor for the teeth;
dentures - a set of false teeth

82 derm/a

skin

dermatologist - a doctor for the skin;

pachyderm - a class of animals with very thick skin (elephant, rhinoceros);
dermatitis - inflammation of the skin

83 di/plo

two, twice

dichromatic - displaying two colors;

diploma - a certificate, literally "a letter folded double";
dilemma - a situation that requires a choice between two alternatives.

84 di/s

apart, away,
not, to the opposite

digression - a departure from the main issue, subject;

disappear - to move out of sight;
dissect - to cut apart piece by piece.

85 dia

through, between,
apart, across

diabetes - disease characterized by excessive thirst and discharge of urine;

diagnosis - understanding a condition by going through a detailed review of symptoms;
dialog - conversation between two people.

86 dict

speak

contradict - to express the opposite of;

prediction - a statement foretelling the future;
dictate - to speak out loud for another person to write down.

87 domin

master

dominate - to be the master of;

domineering - excessively controlling;
predominate - to have more power than others

88 don/at

give

donation - a contribution or gift;

donor - someone who gives something;
pardon - to give forgiveness for an offense

89 duc/t

lead

conduct - to lead musicians in playing music;

educate - to lead to knowledge;
deduction - a subtraction of an amount.

90 du/o

two, twice

duplicate - make an identical copy;

duet - a musical composition for two voices or instruments;
duo - a pair normally thought of as being together.

91 dur

harden, to last,
lasting

durable - having the quality of lasting;

duration - the length of time something lasts;
enduring - able to last.

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

92 dyn/a/am

power, energy,
strength

dynamo - a generator of energy;

dynamic - having physical energy/power;
dynamite - a powerful explosive.

93 dys

abnormal, bad

dyspepsia - abnormal indigestion;

dystopia - an imaginary place of total misery;
dyslexia - impairment of the ability to handle words.

94 e-

out, away

eloquent - speaking beautifully and forcefully;

emissary - a representative of a country or group sent on a mission;
eject - throw out forcefully.

95 ego

self

egoistic - self-centered;
alter ego - a higher aspect of oneself;
egomania - excessive preoccupation with oneself.

96 em, en

into, cover with,

cause

empathy - intention to feel like another person;

empower - put into power;
engorge - make larger.

97 endo

within, inside

endotherm - a creature that can keep its inside temperature fairly constant;
endocrine - relating to glands that secrete directly into the blood or lymph;
endogamy - the custom to marry within one's clan, tribe etc.

98 enn/i, anni years

bicentennial - of or relating to an age or period of 200 years;

centennial - of or relating to an age or period of 100 years;
perennial -lasting through many years.

99 en, in

inside, inwards

envision - to picture in the mind;

enclose - lock inside;
inwards - towards the inside.

100 ep/i

on, upon, over,

among, at, after,
to, outside

epidemic - the rapid spread of something negative;

epilogue - a short speech delivered after a play;
epicenter - the center of an earthquake.

101 equ/i

equal, equally

equidistant - an equal distance from two points;

equanimity - calm temperament, evenness of temper;
equation - a statement of equality.

102 erg/o

work

ergonomics - study of the working environment;

energy - the power to accomplish work;
energetic - science that looks at energy and its transformation.

103 esth/aesth feeling, sensation,

beauty

aesthetician - someone who beautifies;

aesthetic - pertaining to a sense of beauty; kinaesthesia - the sensation of bodily
movement.

104 ethno

race, people

ethnic - pertaining to a defined group of people;

ethnocentric - focusing on the ethnicity of people;
ethnology - the science of people and races.

105 eu

good, well

euphemism - replacing an offensive word with an inoffensive one;

euphonious - having a pleasant sound;
euphoria - feeling of well-being.

106 ex

from, out,

excavate - to dig out;

exhale - to breathe out;
extract - to pull out.

107 extra,
extro

outside, beyond

extraordinary - beyond ordinary;

extraterrestrial - outside the Earth;
extrovert - an outgoing person.

108 fac/t

make, do

artifact - an object made by a person;

factory - a place where things are made;
malefact - a person who does wrong.

109 fer

bear, bring, carry

confer - to bring an honour to someone;

ferry - a boat that carries passengers;

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

transfer - to move to another place.

110 fid

faith

confide - place trust in someone,

fidelity - faithfulness;
fiduciary - a trustee;

111 flect

bend

deflect - to bend course because of hitting something;

inflection - a bending in the voice's tone or pitch;

112 flor/a,
fleur

flower

florist - someone working with flowers;

floral - flowerlike;
flora - the plant life of a particular time or area

113 for

completely (used to
intensify
the meaning of a
word)

forsaken or forfeited - completely lost;

forgiven - completely given (a release of debt).

114 fore

in front of, previous, forebear - ancestor;

earlier
forebode - to give an advance warning of something bad;
forecast - a preview of events to be.

115 fract, frag

break

fracture - a break;
fragile - easy to break; fragment or fraction - a part or element of a larger whole;

116 fug

flee, run away,

escape

fugitive - a person who is running away;

refuge - a sheltered place to flee to;
refugee - a person seeking protection

117 funct

perform, work

defunct - no longer working or alive;

function - to work or perform a role normally;
malfunction - to fail to work correctly.

118 fus

pour

confusion - being flooded with too much information that is hard to make sense of;
fuse - to melt by heating;
infuse - to put into.

119 gastr/o

stomach

gastric - pertaining to the stomach;

gastronomy - serving the stomach by providing good food;
gastritis - inflammation of the stomach.

120 gen/o/e/
genesis

birth, production,
formation, kind

genealogy - the study of the history of a family;

generation - all the people born at approximately the same time;
genetic -relating to heredity encoded in the genes.

121 geo

earth, soil, global

geography - study of the earth's surface;

geology - study of the structure of the earth;
geoponics - soil based agriculture.

122 ger

old age

geriatrics - medicine pertaining to the elderly;

gerontocracy - the rule of the elders;
gerontology - the science of aging.

123 giga

a billion

gigabyte - unit of computer storage space;

gigahertz - unit of frequency (one billion Hz/sec);
gigawatt unit of electric power (one billion watts).

124 gon

angle

decagon - a polygon with 10 angles;

diagonal - a slanting line running across a space;
octagon - a geometrical figure with 8 angles.

125 gram

letter, written

diagram - a simple drawing;

grammar - rules of how to write words in sentences;
telegram - a message sent by telegraph.

126 graph/y

writing, recording,
written

graphology - the study of handwritings;

autograph - written with one's own hand;
seismograph - a machine noting strength and duration of earthquakes.

127 grat

pleasing

gratify - to please someone;

grateful - feeling thankful;

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

gratuity - a tip, token of appreciation.

128 gyn/o/e

woman, female

gynecology - the science of female reproductive health;

gynephobia - fear of women;
gynecoid - resembling a woman.

129 gress,
grad/e/i

to step, to go

digression - a departure from the main issue, subject, etc.;

progress - movement forward or onward;
gradual - step by step.

130 hect/o,
hecat

hundred

hectoliter - 100 liters;

hectare - metric unit equaling 100 ares or 10,000 square meters;
hectometer - 100 meters.

131 helic/o

spiral, circular

helicopter - an aircraft with horizontal rotating wing;

helix - a spiral form; helicon - a circular tuba.

132 heli/o

sun

heliotropism - movement or growth in relating to the sun;

heliograph - apparatus used to send message with the help of sunlight;
helianthus - genus of plants including sunflowers.

133 hemi

half, partial

hemicycle - a semicircular structure;

hemisphere - one half of the earth;
hemistich - half a line of poetry.

134 hem/o/a

blood

hemorrhage - clotting of the blood;

hemorrhoids - swelling of the blood vessels;
hemoglobin - red blood particle.

135 hepa

liver

hepatitis - inflammation of the liver;

hepatoma - a tumor of the liver;
hepatotoxic - toxic and damaging to the liver.

136 hept/a

seven

heptagon - a shape with seven angles and seven sides;

Heptateuch - the first seven books of the Old Testament;
heptameter - a line of verse consisting of seven metrical feet.

137 herbi

grass, plant

herbicide - any chemical used to kill unwanted plants, etc.;

herbivorous - plant-eating; herbal - relating to plants.

138 hetero

different, other

heterogeneous - made up of unrelated parts;

heteronyms - words with same spelling but different meanings;
heterodox - not conforming to traditional beliefs.

139 hex/a

six

hexagon - a shape with six angles/sides;

hexameter - a verse measured in six;
hexapod - having six legs.

140 histo

tissue

histology - study of the microscopic structure of tissues;

histochemistry - study of the chemical constitution of cells and tissues.

141 homo,
homeo

like, alike, same

homogeneous - of the same nature or kind; homonym - sounding alike;

homeopath - a therapy that is based on treating "same with same"

142 hydr/o

liquid, water

hydrate - to add water to;

hydrophobia - intense fear of water;
hydroponics - growing plants in liquid nutrient solution;
hydraulic - operated by force created by a liquid.

143 hygr/o

moisture, humidity

hygrometer - tool used to measure humidity;

hygrograph - instrument for recording variations in atmospheric humidity.

144 hyper

too much, over,

excessive, beyond

hyperactive - very restless;

hypercritical - too critical;
hypertension - above normal pressure.

145 hyp/o

under

hypoglycemia - an abnormally low level of sugar in the blood;

hypothermia - abnormally low body temperature;
hypothesis - a theory that is unproven but used under the assumption that it is true.

146 iatr/o

medical care

geriatrics - medical care of the elderly;

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

pediatrician - a doctor who treats children;
podiatry - medical care for feet.

147 icon/o

image

icon - an (often religious) image, in modern usage a simplified graphic of high symbolic
content;
iconology - science of symbols and icons;
iconoclast - someone who destroys religious images and traditional beliefs.

148 idio

peculiar, personal,
distinct

idiomatic - Peculiar to a particular language;

idiosyncracy - a physical or mental characteristic typical or a particular person;
idiot - someone who is distinctly foolish or stupid.

149 il, in

in, into

illuminate - to give light to;

innovation - a new idea, method, or device;
inspection - the act of examining or reviewing.

150 ig, il, im,

in, ir

not, without

illegal - not legal; impossible - not possible;

inappropriate - not appropriate;
irresponsible - not responsible.

151 imag

likeness

image - a likeness of someone; imaginative - able to think up new ideas or images;

imagine - to form a picture or likeness in the mind.

152 infra

beneath, below

infrastructure - underlying framework of a system;

infrared - below the regular light spectrum.

153 inter

between, among,
jointly

international - involving two or more countries;

intersection - place where roads come together;
intercept - to stop or interrupt the course of.

154 intra,
intro

within, inside

intrastate - existing in one state;

intravenous - inside or into a vein;
introvert - shy person who keeps within him/herself.

155 ir

not

irredeemable - not redeemable;

irreformable - not reformable;
irrational - not rational.

156 iso

equal

isobar - a line on a map connecting points of equal barometric pressure;

isometric - having equality of measure;
isothermal - having equal or constant temperature.

157 ject

throw

eject - to throw someone/something out;

interject - to throw a remark into a discussion;
project - to cast or throw something.

158 jud

law

judgment - a decision of a court of law;

judicial - having to do with judges or courts of law;
judiciary - a system of courts of law.

159 junct

join

conjunction - a word that joins parts of sentences;

disjunction - a disconnection;
junction - a place where two things join.

160 juven

young

juvenile - youthful or childish;

rejuvenate - to bring back to youthful strength or appearance.

161 kilo

thousand

kilobyte - 1,000 bytes;

kilometer - 1,000 meter;
kilograms - 1,000 grams.

162 kine/t
/mat

motion, division

kinetics - study of the force of motion;

psychokinesis or telekinesis - the ability to move objects with your mind;
cinematography - motion picture making.

163 lab

work

collaborate - to work with a person;

elaborate - to work out the details;
laborious - requiring a lot of hard work.

164 lact/o

milk

lactate - to give milk, nurse;

lactose - the sugar contained in milk; lactic acid.

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

165 later

side

bilateral - of or involving two sides;

unilateral - affecting one side of something.

166 leuk/o,
leuc/o

white, colorless

leukemia - abnormal increase of white blood cells in the blood;

leukocyte - a mature white blood cell;
leucine - a white, crystalline amino acid.

167 lex

word, law, reading

lexicology - the study and history of words;

alexia -loss of the ability to read;
illegal - not authorized by the official rules or laws.

168 liber

free

liberate - to set free;

libertine - a person with a free, wild lifestyle;
liberty - freedom.

169 lingu

language, tongue

linguist - one who studies languages;

multilingual - able to communicate in multiple languages;
linguine - long, flat "tongue-shaped" pasta.

170 lip/o

fat

liposuction - the mechanical removal of fat reserves in the tissue;

lipase - enzyme that breaks down fat;
lipoid - resembling fat.

171 lite, ite,

lith/o

mineral, rock, fossil

apatite - a group of common minerals;

granite - a hard, granular rock;
monolith - a remarkable, unique stone.

172 loc

place

dislocate - to put something out of its usual place;

location - a place; relocate - to move to a new place.

173 log/o

word, doctrine,
discourse

logic - correct reasoning;

monologue - a long speech by one speaker;
analogy - similarity, especially between things otherwise dissimilar.

174 loqu, locu

speak

eloquent - speaking beautifully and forcefully ;

loquacious - very talkative;
elocution - art of public speaking.

175 luc

light

elucidate - to explain, to throw light on;

lucid - easily understood, giving off light;
translucent - allowing light through.

176 lud, lus

to play

prelude - introduction to the major performance;

illusion - misleading optical image or impression;
delude - to mislead, deceive.

177 lumin

light

illuminate - to fill with light;

lumen - unit measuring light.

178 lun/a/i

moon

lunar - relating to the moon;

lunarscape - the surface of the moon;
lunatic - insane (as if driven mad by the moon).

179 macro

large, great

macroevolution - large scale evolution;

macromolecule - a large molecule;
macroeconomics - study of the overall forces of economy.

180 magn/a/i

great, large

magnify - make larger;

magnificent - grand;
magnate - a powerful person, especially in business or industry.

181 mal/e

bad, ill, wrong

malcontent - wrong content;

malaria - "bad air", infectious disease thought to originate from the "bad air" of the
swamps, but caused by the bite of an infected mosquito; malicious - showing strong ill
will.

182 man/i/u

hand

maneuver - to move by hand;

manual - done with the hands;
manuscript - a book written by hand.

183 mand

to order

command - an order or instruction;

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

demand - a hard-to-ignore order;
mandate - an official order.

184 mania

madness, insanity,
excessive desire

bibliomania - a crazy love of books;

egomania - a mad love of oneself;
maniac an insane person.

185 mar/i

sea

marina - a harbor for pleasure boats;

maritime - relating to the sea;
submarine - an undersea boat;
aquamarine - blue-green in color, like sea water.

186 mater,
matr/i

mother

maternal - relating to motherhood;

maternity - the state of being a mother;
matriarch - a woman head of a household.

187 max

greatest

maximal - the best or greatest possible;

maximize - to make as great as possible;
maximum - the greatest amount.

188 medi

middle

medieval - pertaining to the Middle Ages;

medium - in the middle;
mediocre - only of medium (inferior) quality.

189 mega

great, large, million

megalopolis - an area with many nearby cities;

megaphone - a device that projects a loud voice;
megastructure - huge building or other structure.

190 melan/o

black

melancholy - a state of dark emotions;

melanoma - malignant dark tumor of the skin;
melodrama - a dark, pathetic drama.

191 memor/i

remember

commemorate - to honor the memory of, as by a ceremony;

memorial - related to remembering a person or event;
memory: an ability to retain knowledge or an individual's stock of retained knowledge.

192 merge,
mers

dip, dive

immerge or immerse - to put or dip something into a liquid;

submerge to dip something completely into wate.r

193 meso

middle

mesoamerica - Middle America;

meson - elementary particle with a mass between an electron and a proton.

194 meta

change, after,
beyond, between

metaphysics - study of nature and reality;

metamorphosis - a complete change of form;
metastasis - the transmission of disease to other parts of the body.

195 meter,
metr/y

measure

audiometer- an instrument that measures hearing acuteness;

chronometer- an instrument that measures time;
metric - measured.

196 micro

very small, short,

minute

microbe - a very small living thing;

microchip - a tiny wafer with an integrated circuit;
microscope - a device to see very small things.

197 mid

middle

midriff - the area between the chest and the waist;

midterm - middle of a term in school; midway - halfway between.

198 migr

move

immigrant - a person who moves to a new country to settle;

migrant - person who moves from place to place;
migration - the process of moving.

199 milli

onethousandth

millimeter - one thousandth of a meter;

millibar - one thousandth of a bar;
milliliter - one thousandth of a liter.

200 min/i

small, less

mini - something that is very small;

minuscule - extremely tiny;
minutiae - very small or trivial details.

201 mis/o

bad, badly, wrong,

wrongly,

misbehave - to behave badly;

misprint - an error in printing;

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

to hate

misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing.

202 miss, mit

send, let go

dismiss - to send someone away;

missile - a weapon sent into the air;
emit - to send something out;
admittance - entry.

203 mob

move

immobilize - to stop from moving;

mobile - able to move freely;
mobility - the quality of being able to move.

204 mon/o

one, single, alone

monochromat - having one color;

monologue - a speech spoken by one person;
monotheism - belief in one god.

205 mot, mov

move

motion - the act of moving;

motivate - to move someone to action;
promote to move someone forward;
removable - able to be taken or carried away.

206 morph/o

form

metamorphosis - complete change of form;

endorphins - chemical in the brain able to transform pain;
amorphous - without distinct shape or form.

207 mort

death

immortal - living forever, unable to die;

mortal - certain to die;
mortician - an undertaker.

208 multi

many, more than

one or two

multicolored - having many colors;

multimedia - using a range of media;
multitasking - doing many things at once.

209 mut

change

immutable - not changing;

mutant - an organism that has undergone change;
mutate - to undergo a change.

210 my/o

muscle

myocardium - the middle muscle of the heart;

myasthenia - muscle fatigue or weakness;
myosin - common protein in muscle tissue.

211 narr

tell

narrate - to tell a story;

narrative - a story;
narrator - a person who tells a story.

212 nat

born

innate - included since birth;

natal - relating to birth;
natural - gotten at birth, not afterward.

213 nav

ship

circumnavigate - to sail around a place;

naval - relating to a navy or warships;
navigate - to sail a ship through a place.

214 necr/o

dead, death

necrophil - loving death;

necrosis - the death of tissue due to disease or injury;
necrology - a list of persons who have recently died.

215 neg

no

negate - to say it didn't happen;

negative - meaning "no";
renege - to go back on a promise.

216 neo

new, recent

neoclassic - a revival of classic form, neocolonialism - the indirect ("new") economical

and political control of a region by a more powerful foreign power;
neonatal - a newborn child, especially the first few weeks.

217 nephr/o

kidney

nephritis - inflammation of the kidneys;

nephrotomy - surgical incision of a kidney;
nephron - a single, excretory unit in the kidney.

218 neur/o

nerve

neuralgia - pain along a nerve;

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

neurologist - doctor specializing in the nerves;
neurotic - mental disorder that usually does not include an impaired perception of
reality.

219 nom/in

name

misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing;

nominal - being something in name only but not in reality;
nominate - to name for election or appointment, to designate.

220 non

no, not, without

nondescript - with no special characteristics;

nonfiction - true, real, not made-up;
nonsense - without sense.

221 not

mark

notable - marked as worthy of attention;

notarize - to certify a signature on a legal document;
annotate - to add remarks.

222 noun,
nunc

declare

announce - to declare in public;

denounce - to proclaim harsh criticism;
enunciate - to speak or declare something clearly.

223 nov

new

innovate - to introduce a new way;

novelty - something new;
novice - a person who is new at a job;
renovate - to make something like new again.

224 numer

number

enumerate - to name a number of items on a list;

numerology - the study of magical uses of numbers;
numerous - a large number.

225 ob, op

in the way, against

object - to be against something;

obscure - hard to understand;
opposition - the act of resistance or action against.

226 oct/a/o

eight

octagon - a figure with 8 sides and 8 angles;

octogenarian - person in his or her 80s;
octopus - sea animal with 8 arms.

227 ocu

eye

binoculars - lens device for seeing distances;

monocula - relating to one eye;
oculist - an eye doctor.

228 omni

all

omnipotent - with all the power;

omniscient - knowing all things;
omnivorous eating all foods.

229 op/t/s

eye, visual
condition, sight

optic - relating to the eyes;

optician - a person who fits eyeglasses; autopsy - the examination of a dead body.

230 opt

best

optimal - the best, the most desirable;

optimize - to make the best of;
optimum - the best something could be.

231 ortho

straight

orthodontist - a dentist that straightens teeth;

orthopedic - a doctor concerned with the proper alignment of the bones;
orthography - the correct way of writing.

232 osteo

bone

osteoarthritis - inflammation caused by degeneration of the joints;

osteopathy - therapy that uses among others manipulation of the skeleton to restore
health;
osteology - the study of bones.

233 out

goes beyond,
surpasses, exceeds

outgoing - being of lively, sharing nature;

outdoing - doing better than;
outdoor - outside.

234 over

excessive

overconfident - more confident than is appropriate;

overstock - more supplies than is desirable;
overexcited - ,more excited than one should be.

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

235 oxy

sharp

oxymoron - combining two ideas that sharply contradict each other;

oxydize - corrode a surface.

236 pale/o

ancient

paleontology - study of ancient fossils;

paleography - the study of ancient forms of writing;
Paleolithic - period of the Stone Age.

237 pan

all, any, everyone

panacea - a cure for all diseases or problems;

panorama - an all-around view;
pantheism - the worship of all gods;
pandemic - affecting all.

238 para

beside, beyond,
abnormal,
assistant

parasite - an organism that lives on and off another living being;

parallel - alongside and always an equal distance apart;
paragraph - a portion of a writtenn document that presents a distinct idea.

239 para

protection from

parachute - protection from falling;

parasol - an umbrella used to protect from the sun;

240 pater,
patr/i

father

paternal - relating to fathers;

paternity - fatherhood;
patriarch - a man who rules a group.

241 path

feeling, emotion

antipathy - a feeling of great dislike;

apathy - a lack of feeling or interest;
empathy - ability to understand another's feelings.

242 ped/i/e

foot, feet

pedal - a lever pushed by the foot;

pedestrian - one who walks;
pedicure - cosmetic treatment of feet and toes.

243 pel

drive, force

compel - to force someone to act;

expel - to drive someone out of a place;
repel - to force back.

244 pent/a

five

pentagon - shape having 5 angles and 5 sides, pentagram - a five-pointed star formerly
used as a symbolic figure in magic;
pentathlon - an athletic contest that includes five events.

245 pept,
peps

digestion

dyspepsia - abnormal digestion;

peptic - aiding digestion;

246 per

through, throughout permanent - lasting throughout all time;

permeate - to spread throughout;
persist - to continue for a long time; perennial - lasting through many years.

247 peri

around, enclosing

periodontal - pertaining to bone and tissue around a tooth;

peripheral - lying outside of the center;
perimeter - the outer boundary of an area.

248 phag/e

to eat

esophagus - muscular tube that carries food to the stomach;

anthropophagy or sarcophagy - cannibalism;
xylophagous - feeding on wood.

249 phil/o

love, friend

philanthropist - one who loves humanity;

philology - the love of words;
philosophy - the love of wisdom;
bibliophil - loving books.

250 phon/o
/e/y

sound

cacophony - loud, unpleasant sounds;

microphone - a device that records and amplifies sound;
phonetic - relating to human speech sounds.

251 phot/o

light

photogenic - caused by light;

photograph - image made on light-sensitive film;
photon - the smallest possible unit of light.

252 phyll/o

leaf

chlorophyll - a group of green pigments found in leaves;

phyllotaxis - the arrangement of leaves on a stem;
phyllite - a rock that forms sheets, similar to slate.

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Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

253 phys

nature, medicine,
the body

physical - relating to the body;

physician - a doctor;
physique - nature and shape of one's body.

254 phyt/o/e

plant, to grow

epiphyte - a plant growing independently on the surface of another;

hydrophyte - a plant that grows only in water;
neophyte - a beginner, especially a person recently converted to a new belief.

255 plas/t/m

to form,
development,
forming cells

protoplasm - something that is the first made or formed, also the living portion of a
cell;
plastic - able to be formed, especially when warm;
plaster - a mixture of lime, sand and water that forms a smooth solid covering for
walls.

256 pneum/o

breathing, lung, air,

spirit

pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs;

pneumatic - using the force of air;
Dyspnoea - difficulty breathing.

257 pod/e

foot

Podiatrist - a doctor for the feet;

podium - a small platform to stand on;
tripod - a stand or frame with 3 legs.

258 poli

city

metropolis - a large city;

police - people who work for the government to maintain order in a city;
politics - actions of a government or political party.

259 poly

many, more than

one

polychrome - with many colors;

polyglot - a person fluent in many languages;
polygon - shape with 3 or more straight sides.

260 pon

place, put

opponent - a person who places him/herself against an action, idea, etc.;

postpone - to put off doing something.

261 pop

people

popular - appealing to a lot of people; population - all of the people who live in a
particular area;
populist - a supporter of the rights of people.

262 port

carry

export - to carry goods out of a place to another;

portable - able to be carried;
porter - a person who carries luggage.

263 pos

place, put

deposit - to place or drop something;

expose to place out into the open for all to see;
position - the place where someone is.

264 post

after, behind

posthumous - after someone's death;

postpone - to delay something;
postscript - an addition to an already completed document.

265 pre

earlier, before, in
front of

preamble - a part in front of a formal document;

prepare - to get ready in advance;
prediction - a statement foretelling the future.

266 pro

before, in front of,

for, forward

prognosis - a prediction of what will happen;

prologue - a passage before the main part;
prophet - a person who foretells the future.

267 prot/o

primitive, first, chief

prototype - the first of a kind;

proton - on of the very basic parts of an atom;
protocol - a first draft from which a document is prepared.

268 pseud/o

wrong,false

pseudonym - a fictitious name;

pseudoscience - theories presumed without proof of a scientific nature;
pseudopregnancy - a false pregnancy.

269 psych/o

mind, mental

psyche - the human spirit or soul;

psychic - relating to the human mind or someone who has supernatural mental
abilities;
psychology - the study of the mind.

- 16 -

Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

270 pugn/a,
pung

to fight

pugnacious - having a quarrelsome or aggressive nature;

repugnant - distasteful, offensive or revolting;
pungent - piercing.

271 pul

urge

compulsion - a very strong urge;

expulsion - to someone out;
impulsive - having a spontaneous urge to do something.

272 purg

clean

purge - remove anything undesirable;

purgatory - according to Roman Catholics a place where souls must clean themselves
of sin;
expurgate - remove objectionable passages from a publication.

273 put

think

computer - an electronic thinking device;

dispute - to disagree with what another person thinks;
input - contribution of one's thinking.

274 pyr/o

fire, heat

pyrotechnics - the art of making fireworks;

pyrometer - a thermometer for measuring high temperature;
pyretic - relating to or producing fever.

275 quad/r/ri

four

quadrant - open space with buildings on 4 sides;

quadrennium - period of 4 years;
quadruped - a 4-footed animal.

276 quart

fourth

quarter - one fourth;

quart - a fourth of a gallon;
quartet - a musical composition or group involving 4 voices or instruments.

277 quin/t

five, fifth

quintett - a composition for 5 voices or instruments;

quintessence - pure essence, based on the ancient philosophy that there was a fifth
element that was present in all things;
quintuple - fivefold.

278 radic,
radix

root

eradicate - pull out at the roots;

radical - fundamental, looking at things from a drastic point of view;
radish - an edible root of the mustard family.

279 radio

radiation, ray

radioactive - emitting radiation;

radiologist - someone diagnosing or treating via radiation.

280 ram/i

branch

ramification - the resulting consequence of a decision;

ramify - to spread or branch out;
ramus - a branchlike part.

281 re

again, back,
backward

rebound -to spring back again;

rewind - to wind something backward;
reaction: a response;
recognize: to identify someone or something seen before.

282 reg

guide, rule

regent - a person who rules on behalf of a king or queen;

regime - a government that rules;
regulate - to apply a rule.

283 retro

backward, back

retroactive - relating to something in the past; retrogress - to go back to an earlier

condition; retrospect - the remembering of past events.

284 rhin/o

nose

rhinoceros - a species of animals with a big horn on the snout;

rhinoplasty - surgery of the nose;
rhinovirus - viruses that are causing the common cold.

285 rhod/o

red

rhododendron - a flower with red/pink flowers;

rhodium - an element which produces a red solution;
rhodopsin - a purple pigment in the retina that is needed for vision.

286 rid

laugh

deride - to make fun of someone;

ridicule - to make fun or mock;
ridiculous - silly, causing laughter.

287 rrh/ea

flow, discharge

diarrhea - abnormally excessive bowl movement;

- 17 -

Root

Meanings

/oea/ag

Sample Words and Definitions

hemorrhage - heavy blood flow;
catarrh - inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially the nose and throat.

288 rub

red

ruby - deep red color and a precious stone of the same color;
rubella - measles;
bilirubin - reddish pigment in bile.

289 rupt

break, burst

bankrupt - unable to pay because you're "broke";

interrupt - to break into a conversation or event, to disturb;
rupture - a break in something.

290 san

health

sane - mentally healthy;

sanitary - relating to cleanliness and health;
sanitation - maintenance of public health and cleanliness.

291 scend

climb, go

ascend - to climb upward;

crescendo - a climbing up of the volume of music;
descend - to go or climb down.

292 sci

know

conscience - sense of knowing right from wrong;

conscious - knowing what is happening;
omniscient - knowing everything.

293 scler/o

hard

arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arterial walls; multiple sclerosis - disease which

causes the tissue of the brain and spinal cord to harden; sclerometer - instrument for
measuring hardness.

294 scop/e/y

see, examine,
observe

microscope - a device used to see tiny things; periscope - a seeing instrument on a

submarine; telescope - a device used to see over a distance.

295 scrib,
script

write, written

inscribe - to write letters or words on a surface; scribe - a person who writes out
documents; describe - to represent with words or pictures.

296 se

apart

secede - to formally break away from; seclude - to keep away from; serum - a liquid
isolated out of another.

297 sect

cut

dissect - to cut apart piece by piece; intersection - the place or point where two things
cross each other; bisect - to cut into two equal parts.

298 self

of, for, or by itself

self-discipline - the ability to discipline yourself; self-respect - respect for yourself;

selfish concerned only with your own interests.

299 semi

half, partial

semiannual - every half year; semicircle - half a circle; semiconscious - partly conscious;
semiannual - every half of a year.

300 sept/i

seven

September - this used to be the seventh month in the Roman calendar; septet - a
group of seven musicians; septuagenarian - a person in his/her seventies.

301 serv

save, keep

conserve - to save or keep something safe; preserve - to save something; reservation a place kept for a person.

302 sex

six

sextet or sextette - a composition or group of six, sextuple - sixfold; sexagenarian person in his/her sixties.

303 sol

alone

desolate - lonely, dismal, gloomy; solitary - done alone, by yourself; solo - a

performance done by one person alone.

304 sol

sun

solar - involving the sun; parasol - umbrella protecting from the sun; solarium - a room
where one is exposed to sun light.

305 somn/I

sleep

insomnia - inability to fall asleep; somniloquy - talking in your sleep; somnolent feeling sleepy.

306 son

sound

consonant - a speech sound; sonorous - producing loud, full, rich sounds; supersonic faster than sound; unison - as one voice.

307 soph

wise

philosopher - a wise person; sophisticated - wise about the ways of the world; sophism
- a clever but misleading argument.

308 spec/t,
spic

see, look

circumspect - cautious, looking all around; retrospective - a looking back at past things;
spectator - a person who sees an event.

309 sphere

ball

biosphere - the whole round surface of the earth; hemisphere - half the earth
spherically shaped like a ball.

- 18 -

Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

310 spir

breathe

inspire - to stimulate or animate; transpire - to give of vapor with waste product

through the skin or a membrane; spirit - invisible life force.

311 sta

stand

stable - standing steady and firm; stagnant - standing still, not moving; stationary - at a
standstill, fixed.

312 stell

star

constellation - a group of stars that forms a pattern; interstellar - between the stars;
stellar - relating to stars.

313 struct

build

construct - to build; destruction - the act of destroying something that was built;
structure - something built; infrastructure - underlying framework of a system.

314 sub

under, lower than,

inferior to

submarine - an underwater boat; submerge - to put underwater; substandard - inferior

to accepted standards.

315 sum

highest

sum - the combined total of everything; summation - the total, highest amount;
summit the highest point or top.

316 super

higher in quality
or quantity

Super bowl - the final annual football game; superior - above average, better in quality;
supersonic - faster than the speed of sound.

317 sy/m
/n/l/s

together, with, same symmetry -similarity in size, form or arrangement; synergy - the combined effect;
synchronize - to cause to occur at the same time.

318 tact, tang

touch

contact - a state in which two things touch; tactile - relating to the sense of touch;
tangible - able to be touched; intact - with nothing missing.

319 tax/o

arrangement

syntax - the systematic arrangement of words; taxonomy - the science of classification;

ataxia - loss of the ability to coordinate muscle action.

320 techno

technique, skill

technology - the practical application of knowledge; technocracy - rule of technology;

technologically - characterized by technology.

321 tel/e/o

far, distant,
complete

telephone - a device to talk to a distant person; telescope - a device to view distant

objects; television - a device to receive pictures from afar; telecommuting - working
remotely, bridging the distance via virtual devices.

322 temp/or

time

contemporary - existing at the same time; temporal - relating to time; temporary lasting for a limited time.

323 term/ina

end, limit

determine - to find something out at the end of an investigation; terminate - to end;

exterminate - to destroy or get rid of completely.

324 terr/a/i

land, earth

extraterrestrial - existing outside the earth; terrain - ground or land; territory - an area
of land.

325 tetra

four

tetrapod - having 4 legs; tetrarchy - government by 4 rulers; tetrose - a

monosaccharide with four carbon atoms.

326 the/o

god

monotheism - belief in one god; polytheism - worshiping more than one god; theology
- the study of religion, god, etc.

327 therm/o

heat

thermal - relating to heat; thermos - an insulated jar that keeps heat in; thermostat - a
device that controls heat.

328 tort

twist

contortion - a twisted shape or position; distort - to alter the shape or condition of;
retort - reply in a manner that is supposed to change the effect of something
previously said.

329 tox

poison

detoxification - the process of removing poisons; toxic - poisonous; toxicology - the

study of poisons; intoxicated - influenced by drugs.

330 tract

pull, drag

attract - to pull objects nearer; distract - to drag attention away from something;
tractor - a motor vehicle that pulls things.

331 trans

across,beyond,
through

transcontinental - across the continent; transfer - to move from one place to another;
transport - to carry something across a space.

332 tri

three, once in every

three,
third

triangle - a figure with 3 sides and 3 angles; triathlon - an athletic contest with 3
events; tricycle - a 3-wheeI vehicle with pedals.

333 ultra

beyond, extreme,

ultrahigh - extremely high; ultramodern - more modern than anything else; ultrasonic -

- 19 -

Root

Meanings

Sample Words and Definitions

more than

sound waves beyond human hearing.

334 un

not,opposite of,
lacking

unabridged - not shortened; unfair - opposite of fair; unfriendly - lacking friendliness.

335 uni

one, single

unicycle - a vehicle with one wheel; unilateral - decided by only one person or nation;
unique - the only one of its kind; unison - as one voice.

336 urb

city

suburb - residential area on the edge of a city; urban - relating to a city; urbanology the study of city life.

337 vac

empty

evacuate - to empty a dangerous place; vacant - empty, not occupied; vacation - a time
without work.

338 ven/t

come

circumvent - to go around or bypass restrictions; convention - a gathering or assembly

of people with a common interest; intervene - to come between.

339 ver/I

truth

veracious - truthful, honest; veracity - the truth; verify - to make sure that something is
true.

340 verb

word

verbalize - to put into words; adverb - a word relating to a verb; proverb - a short
saying that expresses a well-known truth.

341 vers,
vert

turn

reverse - to turn around; introvert - being turned towards the inside; version - a
variation of an original; controversy - a conversation in which positions are turned
against each other.

342 vice

acting in place of,

next in rank

vice-president - the person next in rank to the president

343 vid

see

evident clearly seen

344 vince,
vic

conquer

convince - to win someone over; invincible - not able to be conquered; victory - the
conquest of an enemy.

345 vis, vid

see

vision - the ability to see; envision - to picture in the mind; evident - clearly visible.

346 viv/vit

live, life

revival - the act of bringing back to life; vital - pertaining to live; vivacious - highspirited and full of life.

347 voc/i

voice, call

advocate - to speak in favor of; equivocate - to use misleading language that could be
interpreted two different ways; vocalize - to produce with your voice.

348 vol/i/u

wish, will

benevolent - showing good will and kindness; volition - the act of making a choice or
decision, voluntary - resulting from your own free will.

349 vor,
vour

eat

carnivorous - meat-eating; voracious - desiring or eating food in great quantities;

devour - to eat quickly.

350 xen/o

foreign

xenophobic - afraid of foreigners; xenogenesis - the creation of offspring that is

completely different from either parent; xenophile - attracted to foreigners.

351 xer/o/I

dry

xerophyte - a plant that grows in dry climate; xerography - a dry photocopying process;
xeric - requiring small amounts of moisture.

352 zo/o

animal life

zoology - study of animals; zooid - resembling an animal; zooplankton - minute floating

aquatic animals.

353 zyg/o

pair

zygote - a cell formed by the union of two gametes and the organism developing from
that; zygomorphic - pertaining to organisms that can be divided into symmetrical
halves along one axis only.

- 20 -

Chapter 2: Prefixes
English prefixes are affixes that are added before either simple roots or complex bases consisting of (a) a root and other affixes,
(b) multiple roots, or (c) multiple roots and other affixes. Examples of these follow:

undo (consisting of prefix un- and root do)

untouchable (consisting of prefix un-, root touch, and suffix -able)
non-childproof (consisting of prefix non-, root child, and root proof)

Several English words are easily analyzed as a combination of a dependent affix and an independent base, such as in the words
boy-hood or un-just. These types of words are referred to as words formed by native word-formation processes.
Other words in English (and also in French and German) are formed by foreign word-formation processes, particularly Greek and
Latin word-formation processes. These word types are often known as neo-classical (or neo-Latin) words and are often found in
academic learned vocabulary domains (such as in science fields). Words of this nature are borrowed from either Greek or Latin
or have been newly coined based upon Greek and Latin word-formation processes. It is possible to detect varying degrees of
foreignness.
List of English Prefixes:
Prefix
a-/anaantiarchbecocounterdedisdisen-/emexforein-/il-/im/irintermal-

Meaning
lacking in, lack of
verb > predicative adjective with
progressive aspect
against
supreme, highest, worst
equipped with, covered with, beset
with (pejorative or facetious)
joint, with, accompanying
against, in opposition to
reverse action, get rid of
not, opposite of
reverse action, get rid of
to make into, to put into, to get into
former
before

Example
asexual, anemic
afloat, atremble
anti-war, antivirus, anti-human
arch-rival, archangel
bedeviled, becalm, bedazzle, bewitch
co-worker, coordinator, cooperation
counteract, counterpart
de-emphasise
disloyal, disagree
disconnect, disinformation
enmesh, empower
ex-husband, ex-boss, ex-colleague
forearm, forerunner

not, opposite of

inexact, irregular

between, among
bad(ly)

interstate, interact
malnourish

- 21 -

midminimisoutoverpanpostpreproreselfsteptranstwiultraunununderupvicewith-

middle
small
wrong, astray
better, faster, longer, beyond
too much
all, worldwide
after
before
for, on the side of
again, back
self
family relation by remarriage
across, from one place to another
two
beyond, extremely
not, opposite of
reverse action, deprive of, release from
below, beneath, lower in grade/dignity,
lesser, insufficient
deputy
against

midlife
minimarket, mini-room
misinformation, misguide
outreach, outcome
overreact, overact
pan-African
post-election, post-graduation
pre-election, pre-enter
pro-life
rerun
self-sufficient
stepbrother
transatlantic
twibill, twilight
ultraviolet, ultramagnetic
unnecessary, unequal
undo, untie
underachieve, underground, underpass
upgrade
vice-president, vice-principal
withstand

List of Neo-classical Prefixes:

Afroambiamphian-, aana-/anAngloanteantiapoastroautobibiocircumciscon-/com
/col-/cor/cocontracryocryptodedemidemodidis-, di-, difdowndu-/duoecoelectroepi-

relating to Africa
both
two, both, on both sides
not, without
up, against
relating to England
before
opposite, against
away, different from
star
self
two
biological
around
on this side of

Afro-American
ambitendency
amphiaster, amphitheater, amphibian
anemic, asymmetric
anacardiaceous, anode
Anglo-Norman
antenatal
antivenom
apomorphine
astrobiology
autobiography, automatic
bicycle
biodegrade
circumnavigate
cislunar

together or with

confederation, commingle, colleague, correlation,

cohabit

opposite
ice
hidden, secret
down
half
people
two
apart
to make something lesser, lower or
worse
two
ecological
electric, electricity
upon, at, close upon, in addition

contradict
cryogenics
cryptography
depress
demigod
demography
dioxide
differ, dissect
downgrade
duet
ecosystem
electro-analysis
epidermis

- 22 -

EuroexextrafinFrancogeogyroheterohemihomohydrohyperhypoideoidioinIndoinfrainterintraisomacr(o)maximega-,
megalo
metamicromidimon(o)multineononomniorthopaleoparaped-/podperperiphotopolypostprepreterproproprosprotopseudopyroquasiretrosemisociosub-, supsuper-

European
out of
outside
kinship
French, France
relating to the earth or its surface
spinning on an axis
different
half
same
relating to water, or using water
above, over
under or below something, low
image, idea
individual, personal, unique
in, into
relating to the Indian subcontinent
below, beneath
among, between
inside, within
equal
long
very long, very large

Eurocentric
export
extracurricular
affinity
Francophile
geography
gyrosphere, gyrocopter
heterosexual
hemimorphic
homogenous, homologous
hydroelectricity
hyperthermia
hypothermia
ideograph
idiolect
insert
Indo-European
infrared
intercede
intravenous
isochromatic
macrobiotic
maxi-skirt

great, large

megastar, megalopolis

after, along with, beyond, among

small
medium-sized
sole, only
many
new
not
all
correcting or straightening
old
beside, beyond
foot
through,completely,wrongly,exceedingly
around
light, photography, photograph
many
after
before
beyond, past, more than
substitute, deputy
before
toward
first, original
false, imitation
fire
partly, almost, appearing to be but not
really
backwards
half
society, social, sociological
below, under
above, over

meta-theory
microbacillus
midi-length
monogamy
multi-storey
neolithic
nonexistent
omnipotent, omnipresent
orthodontics, orthotropic
paleolithic
parallel
pedestrian, podiatrist
permeate, permute
periphrase
photoelectric
polygon
postpone
predict
preternatural
proconsul
procambium
prosthesis
protoplasm, prototype
pseudonym
pyrokinetic
quasi-religious
retrograde
semicircle
sociopath
support
supervisor

- 23 -

suprasursyn-, sy-, syl-,

symteletranstriultrauniup-

above, over
above, over

suprarenal
surreal, surrender

together, with

synthesis, symbol, syllable, system

at a distance
across
three
beyond
one
to make something greater, higher, or
better

television
transverse
tricycle
unicycle
upgrade

Chapter 3: Suffixes
Suffix

Meaning

Example

able, ible

capable of
(adjective suffix)

portable - able to be carried

legible - able to be read

ac, ic

like, pertaining to

cardiac - pertaining to heart

aquatic - pertaining to water

acious, icious

full of

audacious - full of daring,

avaricious - full of greed

al

pertaining to

maniacal - insane
portal - doorway
logical - pertaining to logic

ant, ent

full of

ary

like, connected with

ate

to make
(verb suffix)

consecrate - to make holy

mitigate - make less severe

ation

that which is
(noun suffix)

irritation - that which is irritated

cy

state of being
(noun suffix)

democracy - ruled by people

obstinacy - obstinate state, stubbornness

eer, er, or

person who
(noun suffix)

mountaineer - person who climbs mountains

teacher - one who teaches
advisor - person who advises

escent

becoming
(adjective suffix)

eloquent - pertaining to fluid, effective speech.

verdant - green
dictionary - book connected with words
honorary - connected with honor

evanescent - tending to vanish

pubescent - arriving at puberty

- 24 -

fic

making, doing
(adjective suffix)

fantastic - arousing great wonder

terrific - arousing great fear

fy

to make (verb suffix)

iferous

producing, bearing
(adjective suffix)

il, ile

pertaining to, capable of

(adjective suffix)

ism

doctrine, belief
(noun suffix)

ist

dealer, doer
(noun suffix)

realist - one who is realistic

dentist - deals with teeth

ity

state of being
(noun suffix)

sagacity - state of being wise

ive

like (adjective suffix)

ize, ise

to make
(verb suffix)

harmonize - make harmonious

revolutionize - make revolutionary

oid

resembling, like
(adjective suffix)

ovoid - like an egg

anthropoid - resembling a human

ose

full of
(adjective suffix)

verbose - full of words

osis

condition (noun suffix)

psychosis - diseased mental condition

hypnosis - induced sleep

ous

full of (adjective suffix)

nauseous - full of nausea

ludicrous foolish

tude

state of (noun suffix)

magnify - to enlarge
petrify - turn to stone
pestiferous - carrying disease
vociferous - having a loud voice
civil - polite
docile - easily taught or led
monotheism - belief in one God
socialism - kind of governance

quantitative - concerned with number or volume

fortitude - state of strength

certitude - state of certainty

Chapter 4: Terminology Animals and Birds

Animal

Young

Female

Male

Group

Aardvark

Cub

Sow

boar

Alligator
American
Bison
(Buffalo)

hatchling

Cow

bull

congregation

Calf

Cow

bull

herd

Ant

larva, pupa

Anteater
Antelope

Pup
Calf

queen,
gyne
Sow
Doe

Drone
Boar
Buck

army, bike
colony, swarm

herd, cluster,

Adjective
orycteropod
ian
eusuchian

Meat

bovine,
bubaline
formic,
myrmecine
alcelaphine,

- 25 -

tribe
Ape

Infant

Armadillo

pup, baby

Sow

Boar

Ass/Donkey

Foal

jenny

Jack

Baboon

Infant

Badger

cub, kit

Sow

Boar

Barracuda
Bat

Pup

Bear
Beaver

cub
kit, kitten, pup

Sow

Boar

Bee

larva, pupa

queen,
worker

Drone

Bison
Boar

Calf
Shoat

Cow

Bull

Buffalo

Calf

Cow

Bull

Bush baby

Infant

Queen

king, drake

Butterfly

caterpillar

Camel

Calf

Cow

kitten, kit

molly,
queen,
pussy

Bull

flock, herd, train

tom

Herd
clowder, cluster,
clutter, glaring,
pounce, kindle
Army

Caribou
Cat
Caterpillar

Cattle

calf

Cow

bull

Chamois
Cheetah

Calf
Cub

Doe

Bull

Chicken

chick, peep

hen,
pullet

rooster, cock(erel)

Chimpanzee

Infant

Empress

blackback

Cobra
Cockroach
Cormorant
Coyote
Crab

nymph
Chick
cub, pup, whelp

Crane

chick, colt

Crocodile

Hatchling

Bitch
Hen

Cow

shrewdness,
troop

herd, pace,
band, drove,
coffle
troop, tribe,
flange, congress
cete, sett,
colony, clan,
company
School
colony, cloud ,
flock
sleuth, sloth
family, colony
grist, hive,
swarm, colony,
nest
herd, troop
Sounder
herd, troop,
gang, obstinancy
congress, plot,
gathering
rabble, flight,
flutter, swarm

Dog
cock, jimmy

Bull

herd, drift,
drove, mob, kine
(female)

herd
Coalition
flock, brood,
peep
troop, group,
harem
Quiver
Intrusion
gulp, flight
pack, train
consortium, cast
herd, sedge,
siege
bask, nest,
congregation,

bubaline,
antilopine
Simian
cingulatan
Asinine

musteline
percesocine
pteropine,
noctillionine
Ursine
apic, apian,
apiarian

Galagine
pieridine,
pierine
camelid,
cameline

Feline

bovine,
vituline
(young),
vaccine
(female),
taurine
(male)
rupicaprine
Galline

beef, veal

poultry

Panine
Elapid
Blattid
Canine
Cancrine
alectorine
crocodilian

- 26 -

float, bask
hover, murder,
parcel

Crow
Deer

calf, fawn

doe,
hind,
cow

buck, stag, bull,

hart (red deer)

Dog

whelp, pup, puppy

bitch,
dam

dog, stud, sire

Dolphin

calf, pup

Cow

Bull

Donkey

See Ass

Dogfish

Dove

Chick

Hen

Cock

Dragonfly

nymph

queen

king, drake

Duck

duckling

duck,
hen

Drake

Dugong

Calf

Cow

Bull

Eagle

eaglet

Echidna

puggle

Sow

Boar

Eland

leptocephalus (larva),
elver (juvenile)
Calf

Cow

Bull

Elephant

Calf

Cow

Bull

Eel

Bunch, herd,
mob, rangale
pack, litter
(young), kennel,
gang, legion
Troop
team, school,
pod, herd, team,
alliance (male),
party (female)
cote, dole, dule,
flight,
piteousness,
troop, arc,
pitying
cluster, flight
brace, bunch (on
water), flock,
raft (on water),
sord, team
Herd
convocation,
brood, aerie

Corvine
cervine,
elaphine
Canine

delphine

columbine

anisopteran
anatine,
fuliguline

poultry

dugongine
Aquiline
tachyglossin
e

swarm, cell,
pipe, array
Herd
herd, flock,
parade
herd, pack,
arrangement
gang, herd

Proboscine,
Proboscidea
n

Elephant
seal
Elk (wapiti)
Falcon

Calf

Cow

Bull

Calf
eyass/eyas

Cow
falcon

Bull
tiercel

Ferret

Kit

Jill

Hob

Finch

Chick

Hen

Cock

Fly

maggot

Fox

cub, kit, pup

polliwog, tadpole,
froglet

vixen

tod, dog

Gaur

Calf

Cow

Bull

Herd

Gazelle
Gerbil
Giant Panda
Giraffe
Gnu

Calf
Pup
Cub
calf, giraffeling
Calf

Cow
Doe
Sow
Cow

Bull
Buck
boar
Bull

Herd
Horde

bovine,
gaurine
gazelline
cricetine

herd, tower

Giraffine

Goat

Kid

nanny,
doe,

billy, buck,
buckling

herd, mob, tribe

caprine,
hircine

Frog

venison,hum
ble

busyness,
business,
fesny(i)ng
Quiver
swarm, cloud,
business
leash, skulk
colony,bundle,fe
ster

miroungan
Corvine
acciptrine

venison

musteline
fringilline
dipterous
Vulpine
Ranine
garabeef

chevon,
mutton

- 27 -

doeling
gaggle (skein
when in flight)
troop, group
(band)

anatine,
anserine

Goose

gosling

goose

gander

Gorilla

Infant

blackback,silver
back

Guanaco
Guinea fowl
Guinea pig
Gull

chulengo
Chick
Pup
chick, scorrie

Hen
Sow
Hen

Cock
Boar
Cock

Hamster

Pup

Doe

Buck

Hare

Leveret

doe, jill

buck, jack

band, down

Hawk

Eyas

Hen

tiercel

cast, kettle, boil

Hedgehog
Heron
Hippopota
mus
Hornet

Hoglet

Sow

Boar

Calf

Cow

Bull

larvae, pupae
foal, colt (male), filly
(female)

queen

Drone

Array
Siege
bloat, crash,
herd, thunder
swarm

hippopotam
ine
Vespine

mare

stallion

herd, band, mob

Equine

Human

child, girl, boy

woman

Man

Hyena
Iguana
Jackal
Jaguar

cub, pup, whelp

Bitch

Dog

Jellyfish

planula, polyp, ephyra

Sow

Boar

Kangaroo

Joey

flyer,
doe

boomer, buck

Koala

Joey

Doe

Buck

Komodo
dragon

hatchling, chick, calf

cow, hen

Kouprey

Calf

Kudu
Lark

Horse

Pup
Cub

Flock
herd
flock
horde,
saladbowl

people, band,
crowd, clan,
tribe
clan, cackle

Simian
Camelid
numidine

Cricetid
leverine,
leporine
accipitrine,
falconine
erinaceine

Human
Hyenine
iguanine

macropodin
e
phascolarcti
ne

bull, cock

Bank

varanine

Cow

Bull

Herd

sauveline,
bovine

Calf
Chick

Cow
Hen

Bull
Cock

Lemur

Infant

princess

dictator

Herd
Exaltation
plot, congress,
conspiracy

Leopard

Cub

Lion
Llama
Lobster

Cub
Cria

Locust

nymph

Loris

Infant

Louse

nymph

Lyrebird
Magpie

Chick

scyphozoan

Alaudine
Lemurine

leopard

leap, lepe

Pardine

Lion
macho
Cock

Pride
herd, flock

Leonine
Camelid
Homarine

Hen

Cock

Hen

Cock

cloud, plague,
swarm
Colony
colony,
infestation
Musket
tiding, tittering,
gulp, murder,

poultry

Larine

Pack
Shadow
smack, smuck,
smuth, fluther,
bloom
mob, troop,
court
colony,
population

Leoparde
ss
lioness
hembra
Hen

poultry

Caelifera
Lorisine
Pediculine
Menurine
Garruline

- 28 -

charm, flock
brace, flush,
lute, puddling,
sord

Mallard

duckling

Hen

drake

Manatee

Calf

Cow

Bull

herd

Meerkat
Mink

Pup
cub, kit

Sow

Boar

clan, gang, mob

Anatine
manatine,
sirenian
Musteline

labour,
company,
movement
troop, tribe
Herd

Mole

Pup

Sow

Boar

Monkey
Moose

Infant
Calf
kitten,
pinky/fuzzy/crawler/h
opper (as pet food),
pup
nymph, wriggler,
tumbler

Cow

bull

Doe

Buck

colony, harvest,
horde, mischief,
nest

Murine

scourge, swarm,
cloud

aedine,
anopheline

john, horse mule

barren, pack,
span, rake

Mouse

Mosquito
Mule

Foal

Narwhal

Calf

molly,
mare
mule
-

Nightingale

Chick

Hen

Cock

Okapi
Oryx

Calf
Calf

Cow

Bull

Ostrich

hatchling, chick

Otter

pup, whelp

Owl

Owlet

Ox

Calf

Oyster

Spat

Panther

Cub

Partridge

Chick

Peafowl

chick, peachick

Pelican

chick, nestling

Penguin

chick, nestling

Pig

piglet, shoat/shote (a
young, just weaned
pig), gilt (female)

Sow

boar

Pigeon

Squab

Hen

Cock

Platypus

Platypus
foal (either sex), colt
(young, immature
male), filly (young,

mare

stallion

Pony

Sow

Cow

panthere
ss
hen,
chantelle
peahen

boar

Bull

poultry

Talpine
Simian
Corvine

Blessing
watch, flock,
route, match
Herd

Philomelian

flock, troop

ratite,
struthious

romp, bevy,
lodge, family,
raft
parliament,
stare, wisdom
yoke, team,
drove, herd
bed, hive, cast,
culch

venison

Okapine

musteline,
lutrine
Strigine
Bovine
Ostracine

meat

Pantherine
Cock
peacock

Covey
party, muster,
ostentation,
pride
scoop, pod
rookery, waddle,
colony (on land),
raft (in water)
herd, drove,
mob, drift
flight, loft, flock,
kit
Puddle
herd,
marmalade,
string

Perdicine
Pavonine

poultry

Spheniscine
porcine,
suilline

pork, ham,
bacon

Pullastrine

squab

Equine

- 29 -

Porcupine
Quelea

immature female)
Pup
Chick

Sow
Hen

boar
Cock

Rabbit

bunny, kit, kitten,

nestling

doe, jill

buck, jack

Raccoon
Rail

cub, kit
Chick

Sow
reeve

boar
Ruff

Ram

Lamb

Ewe

Ram

Rat

kitten, nestling, pinkie,

pup

Doe

Buck

Salamander

Flock

Hystricine
Queline
Leporine
Procyonine
Ralline
arietine,
ovine

Calf
Cub

Hind
Sow

Stag
boar

colony, horde,
mischief, pack,
plague, swarm
unkindness,
congress,
conspiracy,
parliament,
murder, crime
herd
Pack

Calf

Cow

Bull

herd

Rangiferine

Calf
tadpole,
salamanderling

Cow

Bull

crash, herd

Ceratorhine

Sow

boar

maelstrom, band

Caudatan

Otarine

hippocampa
l

Raven

Red deer
Red panda
Reindeer
(caribou)
Rhinoceros

Prickle
flock, swarm
warren, nest,
colony, bevy,
bury, drove,
trace
nursery, gaze

Sea lion

pup, calf

Cow

Bull

pod, colony,
crash, flock,
harem, bob,
herd, rookery,
team, hurdle

Seahorse

seafoal

seamare

seastallion

Shoal

Seal

Pup

Cow

Bull

Seastar
Shark

Chick
Cub

Hen

Cock

Sheep

Lamb

Ewe

Ram

Shrew

shrewlet, baby

Sow

Boar

Skunk

Kit

Sow

Boar

pod, rookery,
bob, herd,
harem
group, school
frenzy, shiver
drove, mob,
flock, herd
colony, race,
drove
Surfeit

Snail

n/a

n/a

Hood

Snake

snakelet, hatchling (a
newly-hatched snake)

pit, nest or bed

Spider

spiderling

Squid

Chick

Hen

Cock

Squirrel

pup, kit, kitten

Doe

Buck

Stinkbug

nymph

Swan
Tapir

cygnet, flapper
Calf

cluster, clutter
roundup,
audience
squad, dray,
scurry
Intrusion
Pen
Cow

cob
bull

Flock
measure, herd

lamb and
mutton

Murine

Corvine

venison
Ailuirine

Phocine
Asteridan
Selachian
Ovine

lamb,
mutton,

Soricine
Gastropodia
n
anguine,
elapine,
serpentine,
arachnine,
arachnoid
Tethidine

escargot

calamari

Sciurine
Pentatomid
ae
Cygnine
Tapirine

- 30 -

Tarsier

Infant

Doe

buck

Tiger

Cub

tigress

tiger

Toad

tadpole, toadlet

Turkey

Poult

Hen

Turtle

hatchling

Vicua

Calf

Walrus

Calf

Wasp

larva

cow,
seorita
Cow
queen,
worker

Water
buffalo

Calf

Weasel

tom, gobbler,
stag, jake
(immature)

herd, plot,
harem, troop
Streak
knot, lump,
coven

Tarsiine
Tigrine
ranine,
batrachian

cream, rafter

poultry

bale, dule

Chelonian

bull, seor

posse, herd

Cameline

bull

herd, flock

Odobenine

drone

swarm, hive

Vespine

Cow

bull

pot

Pup

bitch,
doe, jill

buck, dog, hub,

jack

sneak, gang

Musteline

Whale

Calf

Cow

bull

gam, pod, herd,

school

cetacean,
cetaceous

Wolf

cub, pup, whelp

bitch,
she-wolf

dog

Pack

Lupine

Wombat
Yak

Joey
Calf

cow

bull

Zebra

foal

mare

stallion

Wisdom
herd, cabinet
herd, cohort,
zeal

zebrine,
hippotigrine

carabeef

blubber

Chapter 5: Sounds of Animals

Below is a list of appropriate English verbs corresponding to the sounds made by various animals.

Alligators - hiss, grunt

Apes - gibber
Asses - bray
Badgers - growl
Basenji dogs - yodel
Bats - screech
Bears - growl: Grrr
Bees - hum and buzz
Beetles - drone
Birds - chirrup, chirp, twitter,
tweet, sing: Bird song, whistle
Bitterns - boom
Blackbirds - whistle
Bulls - bellow
Calves - bleat
Camels - grunt
Cats - mew, purr, meow and hiss,
yowl, spit
Cattle - moo, low
Chaffinches - fink
Chicks - cheep
Chickens - cluck
Chinchillas - squeak
Cicadas - sing
Cocks - crow

Eagles - scream, cry

Elephants - trumpet
Emus Falcons - chant
Ferrets - dook
Flies - buzz, hum
Foxes - bark, yelp or simper
Frogs - croak, ribbit
Giraffes - bleat
Goats - bleat, baa
Geese - cackle, goble, hiss, honk, quack
Grasshoppers - chirp: Stridulation
Guinea pigs - squeak (many guinea pig owners
[citation needed]
dub this noise as a "wheek"
)
Hamsters - squeak
Hares - squeak
Hawks - scream
Hens - cackle, cluck
Hippopotamuses - bellow, rumble, roar, growl
Humans - cry, scream, sing, talk
Hogs - grunt
Horses - clop, neigh, snort, whinny
Hyenas - laugh, scream
Jackals - howl
Jays - chatter

Nightingales - pipe, sing,

warble
Okapis - cough, bellow
Ostriches - chirp chirp
Owls - hoot, scream, screech,
shriek
Oxen - bellow, low
Parrots - talk, screech, squawk
Peacocks - scream
Peafowls - scream
Pigs - oink, snort, grunt,
squeal, call
Pigeons - coo
Porpoises - whistle, click
Prairie dogs - bark
Puffins - moo
Queleas - twitter, whistle,
chirp, shriek, and squawk
Rabbits - squeak, drum
Raccoons - chitter
Rats - squeak
Ravens - croak
Rhinoceros's - bellow
Robins - chirp
Rooks - caw

- 31 -

Cows - low, moo

Coyotes - yelp, cry
Crickets - chirp, creak
Crows caw
Cuckoos - coo, cuckoo
Curlews - pipe
Deers - bell
Dingos - bark, cry
Dodos - squawk, cry
Dogs - bark, woof, arf
Dolphins - click
Donkeys - bray, hee-haw
Doves - coo
Ducks - quack

Kangaroos - tipper, chortle

Koalas - scream, bellow, wail
Komodo dragons - growl, snarl, hiss
Lambs bleat
Larks - sing, warble
Linnets - chuckle
Lions - roar, growl
Llamas - growl,
Magpies - chatter
Mice - squeak and squeal
Monkeys - chatter, gibber, whoop
Moose - bellow
Mosquitoes - whine

Rooster - cock-a'doodle-doo
Seagulls - scream
Seals - bark
Sheep - bleat, baa
Snakes - hiss
Sparrows - chirp, twitter
Squirrels - squeak
Stags - bellow
Swallows - twitter, squeal
Swans - cry
Tigers - growl, roar
Thrushes - whistle, sing
Tokay Geckos - to-keh!
Turkeys - gobble
Vultures - scream
Walruses - groan
Whales - sing: Whale song.
Wolves - howl, cry, yell
Wrens - warble
Zebras - neigh, whinny

Marriage
1) Fianc
2) Fiance
3) Betrothed
4) Affianced

One engaged to be married

One engaged to be married
One engaged to be married
One engaged to be married

5)

Trousseau

A brides outfit

6)
7)
8)
9)

Banns
Misogamist
Celibate
Elope

Proclamation of intended marriage

A hater of marriage
One who vowed to a single or unmarried life
To run away with lover in order to get married

10)
11)
12)
13)

Monogamist
Bigamist
Polygamist
Polyandrist

One who has only one wife or husband at a time

One who marries second wife or husband while the first legal spouse is alive
Man who has more than one wife at a time
Woman who has more than one husband at a time

14)
15)
16)
17)

Divorce
Alimony
Widower
Widow

Legal dissolution of marriage of husband and wife

Payment of money allowed to wife on legal separation from the husband
A man whose wife is dead
A woman whose husband is dea

Death
18) Carcass
19) Euthanasia
20) Intestate

The dead body of an animal

The practice of putting painlessly to death
To die, without leaving a will

- 32 -

21) Legacy
22) Embalm

The property left to someone by a will

To preserve the dead body from putrefaction

23) Winding-sheet The cloth which is wrapped round a dead body

24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)

Carrion
Mortuary
Morgue
Bier
Pyre
Hearse
Cemetery
Cremation

The decaying flesh of animal

The place where the dead bodies of human beings are temporarily place
The place where the dead bodies are placed for identification
The frame on which a dead body is conveyed
A pile of wood on which a dead body is burned
A vehicle for taking dead body to a cemetery
The place the dead bodies are interred
Disposal of dead body by burning

32) Post-mortem
33) Autopsy
34) Exhume

An examination of dead body

An examination of dead body
To dig up a corpse

35) Posthumous
36) Resurrection.
37) Cenotaph

Occurring after death

Rising from the dead
A monument set up for the person who are buried elsewhere

38)
39)
40)
41)
42)

An inscription on a tomb
A vault beneath a church for burial
A stone coffin
Underground caves with burying places for the dead
A very expensive and elaborately built tomb

Epitaph
Crypt
Sarcophagus
Catacombs
Mausoleum

43) Obituary

An account in the news paper about the funeral of the deceased

44) Requiem
45) Cortege

The mass for the deads

The mass for the dead

46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)

Death due to deprived of air

The act of killing oneself
The act of killing a human being
Murder of a new-born child (infant)
The act of killing ones brother
The act of killing ones sister
The act of killing ones mother
The act of killing ones father
The act of killing ones parents
The act of killing the king

Asphyxia
Suicide
Homicide
Infanticide
Fratricide
Sororicide
Matricide
Patricide
Parricide
Regicide

Characters
57) Optimist
58) Pessimist
59) Altruist
60) Egoist

One who looks on the bright side of things

One who looks on the dark side of things
One who devotes his life for the welfare and interests of other people
One who delights to speak about himself

61) Recluse
62) Hermit
63) Volunteer
64) Martyr
65) Philanthropist
66) Demagogue

One who retires from society to live a solitary life

One who retires from society to live a solitary life
One who offers his services of his own free will
One who dies for a noble cause
One who devotes his services for the love of mankind
A leader of people who can sway his followers by his oratory

- 33 -

67) Prophet
68) Protg
69) Emissary

One who foretells events

One who is under the protection of others
One sent out on a mission

70) Misanthropist
71) Cynic

A hater of mankind
One who believes all people are motivated by selfishness

72)
73)
74)
75)

Fugitive
Refugee
Alien
Exile

One who runs away from justice

One who takes refuge in a foreign country
One who takes refuge in a foreign country
One who is banished from his country

76) Incendiary
77) Kleptomaniac
78) Iconoclast

One who maliciously set fires to building

One who has irresistible tendency to steal
One who breaks images and Icons

79) Hypocrite
80) Imposter
81) Mountebank
82) Charlatan
83) Quack

One who pretends to be what he is not

One who pretends to be what he is not
One who pretends to know about everything
One who pretends to know about everything
One who pretends to know about everything

84) Conscript

One who is compelled by law to serve as a soldier

85)
86)
87)
88)
89)

Novice
Tyro
Neophyte
Amateur
Sophist

One new to anything

One new to anything
One new to anything
One who engages in any pursuit for the love of it and not for any gain
One whos reasoning is clever but false

90)
91)
92)
93)
94)

Zoophilist
Fruitarian
Vegetarian
Cannibals
Pantophagist

A lover of animals
One who feeds on fruits
One who eats only vegetable-foods
One who feeds on human flesh
One who eats all kinds of foods

95) Itinerant
96) Pedestrian
97) Pilgrim

One who journeys from place to place

One who journeys on foot
One who journeys to a holy place

98) Mendicant
99) Beggar

One who goes from place to place begging alms

One who goes from place to place begging alms

100) Connoisseur
101) Raconteur

One who special skills on judging arts, music etc

An expert in storytelling

102) Interpreter
103) Linguist

One who translates the speaking of others

One who knows many languages

104) Ambidexter
105) Contortionist

One who can use both his hands

An acrobat who bends his body into various shapes

106) Misogamist
107) Misogynist

A hater of marriage
A hater of women

108) Antiquary
109) Numismatist

A person who collects things belonging to the ancient times

One who collects coins

- 34 -

110) Coadjutor
111) Obscurant

One who works along with another person

One who is opposed to intellectual progress

112)
113)
114)
115)

One devoted to pleasures of eating and drinking

One who has an uncontrollable urge to drink alcohol
One who has irresistible desire for drinking intoxicating beverages
One who refrains from drinking intoxicating beverages

Epicure
Dipsomaniac
Alcoholic
Teetotaler

116) Somnambulist One who walks in his sleep

117) Somniloquist One who talks in his sleep

Nature
118) Amphibious
119) Gregarious

Living or able to live both on land and in water

Living or moving in flocks or herds

120) Hibernation
121) Deciduous

The dormant condition in which the plants and animals pass the winter
Trees which lose their leaves annually

122) Ruminant
123) Rodent

A cud-chewing animals (e.g. a cow)

A gnawing animal e.g. a rat

124) Quadruped
125) Marsupials

A four-footed animal
Animals which carry their young in a pouch e.g. kangaroo

126) Humus
127) Alluvium

Soil composed largely of decayed vegetable matter

Soil washed down or carried away by rivers

128) Insecticide
129) Parasite

A preparation for killing insects

A plant or animal growing on another

130) Annual
131) Biennial
132) Perennial

Lasting for a single year

Lasting for two years
Lasting for many years

133)
134)
135)
136)
137)
138)
139)
140)
141)
142)
143)

Embryo
Germ
Radicle
Plumule
Germination
Transpiration
Assimilation
Respiration
Absorption
Pollination
Fertilization

That part of the seed which develops into the plant

That part of the seed which develops into the plant
That part of the embryo which develops into the root
That part of the embryo which develops into the stem
The process by which the young plant begins to grow
The process by which the plants excess water through their leaves
The process by which the plants manufacture food
The process by which the plants and the animals breathe
The process by which the plants take up mineral salts in solution through their roots
The process by which the pollen dust is transferred
The entrance of pollen grains into the ovules in the ovary

144)
145)
146)
147)
148)

Stomata
Chlorophyll
Cambium
Stipules
Tendril

Tiny opening on the under surface of leaves through which the plants breathe
The green colour matter in the leaves of plants
A slimy substance between wood and bark of a stem
A two leaf-like appendages at the base of few leaves
A spiral shoots of a plant which winds itself round another body for support

149)
150)
151)
152)

Dibble
Naturalist
Offal
Ore

An instrument for making holes in the soil for seeds

One who studies plants and animal life
The parts of animal killed for foods which are rejected waste
Rock from which metal is extracted

- 35 -

153) Spoor

The track of a wild animal

154) Venison
155) Mutton

The meat of deer

The meat of Sheep

156)
157)
158)
159)
160)

Inflorescence A cluster of flowers on a branch

Cotyledon
The seed-leaves of the embryo
Mono-cotyledon Plants with one seed-leaf e.g. corn
Di-cotyledonous Plants with two seed-leaf e.g. lime
Rhizome
A thick underground stem

161) Vertebrate
162) Invertebrate

An animal with back-bone

An animal without back-bone

163) Kernel
164) Core

That which is in inside of the nuts

The central part of a fruit

165) Fauna
166) Flora

The animal of a certain region

The plants and other vegetation of a certain region

167) Chrysalis
168) Drought

The last through which an insect passes before it becomes a perfect insect
Absence of rain for a long time

Science
169) Polytchnic
170) Astronomy
171) Agriculture
172) Horticulture
173) Agronomics
174) Genealogy
175) Archaeology
176) Paleography
177) Calligraphy
178) Metallurgy
179) Numismatics
180) Mathematics
181) Surveying
182) Trigonometry
183) Taxidermy
184) Pyrotechnics
185) Chromatics
186) Rhetoric
187) Elocution
188) Astrology
189) Anthropology
190) Ethnology
191) Anatomy
192) Physiology
193) Technology
194) Psychology
195) Physiognomy
196) Biology
197) Botany
198) Zoology
199) Geology
200) Ornithology
201) Otology
202) Philology

An institution for the education in the Arts and Sciences

The study of all heavenly bodies and the earth in relation to them
The art of tilling the soil
The art of cultivating and managing gardens
The Science of land management
The science of family descent
The study of ancient building and prehistoric remains
The study of ancient writings
The art of beautiful hand-writing
The art of metal working
The study of coins
The study of numbers
The art of measuring lands
The science of triangles
The art of preserving skins
The art of making fire-works
The science of colors
The art of elegant speech and writing
The art of effective speaking
The art of telling the future by the study of the stars
The study of mankind
The science which deals with the varieties of human-kinds
The science of the structure of the human-body
The science which deals with the way in which the human-body works
The scientific study of industrial arts
The study of the human-mind
The study of human face
The study of living matter
The study of plants
The study of animals
The study of rocks and soils
The study of birds
The study of eggs
The study of languages

- 36 -

203) Etymology
204) Astronomy
205) Limnology

The study of origin and history of words

The study of stars
The study of lakes

Science
206) Epidemic
207) Pandemic
208) Endemic
209) Sporadic
210) Antiseptic
211) Cocaine
212) Chloroform
213) Anesthetic
214) Anodyne
215) Cicatrix
216) Toothpaste
217) Dentifrice
218) Antidote
219) Stethoscope
220) Immune
221) Isolate
222) Narcotic
223) Opiate
224) Emetic
225) Quarantine
226) Amputate
227) Panacea
228) Convalescent
229) Ambulance
230) Anemia
231) Pulmonary
232) Deodorant
233) Diagnose
234) Prognosis
235) Fumigate
236) Pathology
237) Culex
238) Anopheles
239) Stegomyia

A disease affecting many persons at the same time and at the same place
A disease widely epidemic
A disease confined to a particular district or a place
A disease affecting widely scattered groups of people
A substance which destroys or weakens germ
A substance used by a dentist to deaden the gum and nerve
A substance used in surgery to produce unconsciousness
Ant medicine which produces insensibility
A medicines which alleviates pain CicatricesThe mark or scar left after the wound is healed
The mark or scar left after the wound is healed
The power or paste used to cleanse the teeth
The power or paste used to cleanse the teeth
A medicine to counteract poison
An instrument used by doctors for listening to the heart-beats
Free or exempt from infection
To place apart to prevent from infecting others
A medicine for producing sleep
A medicine for producing sleep
A medicine for causing vomiting
Confinement to one place to avoid spreading infections
To cut off a part of persons body which is infected
A cure for all diseases
Gradual recovery from illness
A vehicle to carry sick people to the hospital
Want of blood
Affecting lungs
A substance to keep down evil smells
To be able to tell the nature of the disease by the symptoms
A forecast of the result of a disease
To disinfect by smoke
The science of the diseases of the human-body
The mosquito which transmits filarial
The mosquito which transmits malaria
The mosquito which transmits yellow fever

Instruments
240) Thermometer
241) Barometer
242) Anemometer
243) Microscope
244) Telescope
245) Telephone
246) Microphone
247) Periscope
248) Seismograph
249) Camera
250) Speedometer
251) Metronome
252) Micrometer
253) Manometer
254) Litho scope

An instrument measuring heat or cold

An instrument for measuring the pressure of air
An instrument for measuring the force or variations of air
An instrument for making small objects appear large
An instrument for seeing distant objects
An instrument for transmitting the voice to the distant places
An instrument for increasing the volume of the voice
An instrument for enabling the person in the water objects above the surface of the water
An instrument for detecting earthquake
An instrument for taking photographs
An instrument for measuring the speed of the motor-cars and other vehicles
An instrument for beating time during musical performance
An instrument for measuring minute distances
An instrument for measuring gases
An instrument for distinguishing precious stones

- 37 -

255)
256)
257)
258)

Gyro graph
Ammeter
Binoculars
Udometer

An instrument for measuring revolutions

An instrument for measuring electric current
An instrument for viewing distant objects
An instrument for measuring rain

Traders
259) Tanner
260) Cutler
261) Scavenger
262) Charwomen
263) Confectioner
264) Crimp
265) Croupier
266) Janitor
267) Poulterer
268) Cashier
269) Teller
270) Upholsterer
271) Usurer
272) Cartographer
273) Philatelist
274) Conjuror
275) Prestidigitator
276) Juggler
277) Funambulist
278) Acrobat
279) Grazier
280) Huckster
281) Pedlar
282) Chapman
283) Hawker
284) Potter
285) Tinker
286) Shoemaker
287) Cobbler
288) Colporteur
289) Peripatetic
290) Invigilator
291) Curator
292) Almoner
293) Librarian
294) Principal
295) Mayor
296) Pawnbroker
297) Scrivener
298) Shipwright
299) Stevedore
300) Wheelwright
301) Auctioneer
302) Undertaker
303) Veterinarian
304) Stenographer
305) Poet
306) Novelist
307) Author
308) Lexicographer

One who converts raw hide into leather

One who makes or deals in cutting instruments, e.g. knives
One who cleans the street
A woman employed to clean inside a building
One who sells sweets and pastries
One who entraps men to serve in the army
One who collects the bets and pays out to the winner in the gambling club
One who takes care of a building
One who sells fowls, ducks, turkeys etc
One who pays out money at a bank
One who pays out money at a bank
One who makes and sells cushions and covers for motor-cars
One who lends money at an exorbitant rate
One who draws maps
One who collects postage stamps
One who performs tricks by sleight of hands
One who performs tricks by sleight of hands
One who performs tricks by sleight of hands
One who walks on ropes
One who performs daring gymnastic feats
One who pastures cattle for the market
One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles
One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles
One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles
One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles
One who makes pots, cups etc
One who goes place to place mending pots
One who mends shoes
One who mends shoes
One who travels from place to place selling religious articles
A teacher who travels from place to place to give instructions
One who watches over students taking an examination
A person in charge of museum
A hospital welfare officer
The person in charge of library
The head of a college
The head of a town council or corporation
One who lends money and keeps goods as security
One who draws up contracts and also lends money on interest
One who builds ships
One who loads and unloads ships
One who makes wheels for carriages and carts
One who sells articles at public sales
A tradesman who manages funerals
One skilled in the treatment of diseases of animals
One who writes shorthand
One who writes poetry
One who writes novels
One who writes books
One who compiles a dictionary

- 38 -

309) Stationer
310) Taxidermist
311) Ethnologist
312) Anthropologist
313) Psychologist
314) Chandler
315) Plumassier
316) Bursar
317) Purser

One who sells paper, ink, pen and other writing materials
One who preserves the skin of the animals
One well versed in the science of human races
One who studies the evolution of mankind
One who studies the working of the human-mind
One who makes and sells candles
One who works or deals in feathers for apparel
The treasurer of a college or a university
An officer in charge of the stores and accounts on a ship

Government
318) Democracy
319) Autocracy
320) Despotism
321) Aristocracy
322) Bureaucracy
323) Oligarchy
324) Plutocracy
325) Hierarchy
326) Hagiarchy
327) Hagiocracy
328) Theocracy
329) Episcopacy
330) Stratocracy
331) Kakistocracy
332) Autonomy
333) Politics
334) Revolution
335) Referendum
336) Interregnum
337) Regent
338) Consort
339) Census
340) Statistics

Government of people of the people, for the people and by the people
Government by a sovereign with uncontrolled authority
Government by a sovereign with uncontrolled authority
Government by the nobility
Government by the departments of state
Government by a few
Government by the wealthy
Government by priests or ecclesiastics
Government by priests
Government by priests
Government by divine guidance
Government of the church by the bishops
Government by a military class
Government by the worst citizens
The right of self-government
The science of Government
A radical change in the Government
To decide the political question by the direct vote of the electorate
The period between two reigns
One who governs the kingdom during the infancy, absence of the sovereign
The wife or husband of the king or queen
An official numbering of the population
Facts and figures

Negatives
341) Impenetrable
342) Impregnable
343) Impassable
344) Invincible
345) Invulnerable
346) Irreducible
347) Irreparable
348) Irreplaceable
349) Inimitable
350) Ineffaceable
351) Indelible
352) Indestructible
353) Infallible
354) Incorrigible
355) Incombustible
356) Inevitable
357) Inexplicable
358) Imperishable
359) Impervious
360) Inanimate

That which cannot be pierced or penetrated

That which cannot be taken by assault
That which cannot be passed
That which can be conquered
That which cannot be wounded or injured
That which cannot be lessened
That which cannot be repaired or remedied
That which cannot be replaced in case of loss
That which cannot be imitated
That which cannot be rubbed out
That which cannot be rubbed out
Incapable of being destroyed
Incapable of making errors
Incapable of being redeemed form evil
Incapable of being burnt
That which cannot be prevented or avoided
That which can be made plain or understood
Enduring for all times
Not admitting the passage of waters
Not endued with animal life

- 39 -

361) Indispensable
362) Irrelevant
363) Immortal
364) Immovable
365) Inaudible
366) Invisible
367) Contumacy
368) Antic
-

Absolutely necessary or that which cannot be dispensed with

Not to the point
Unable to die
That which cannot be moved
That which cannot be heard
That which cannot be seen
Willful resistant to the lawful authority
A fantastic trick

Migration
369) Migrate
370) Emigrate
371) Immigrant
373) Repatriate
374) Expatriate

To move from one country to another

One who leaves his country to settler in another
One who comes to a foreign country to settle
To send back a person to his own country
To banish for ones country

A
Abase
Abbess
Abbey
Abbot
Abdicate
Abduction
Aberration
Abet
Abeyance
Abhorrence
Abhorrent
Abject
Abjure
Ablution
Abnegate
Abnormal
Abomination
Aboriginal
Aborigines
Abrade
Abrasion

v. To lower in position, estimation, or the like; degrade.

n. The lady superior of a nunnery.
n. The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling-place of a society of monks or nuns.
n. The superior of a community of monks.
v. To give up (royal power or the like).
n. A carrying away of a person against his will, or illegally.
n. Deviation from a right, customary, or prescribed course.
v. To aid, promote, or encourage the commission of (an offense).
n. A state of suspension or temporary inaction.
n. The act of detesting extremely.
adj. Very repugnant; hateful.
adj. Sunk to a low condition.
v. To recant, renounce, repudiate under oath.
n. A washing or cleansing, especially of the body.
v. To renounce (a right or privilege).
adj. Not conformed to the ordinary rule or standard.
n. A very detestable act or practice.
adj. Primitive; unsophisticated.
n. The original of earliest known inhabitants of a country.
v. To wear away the surface or some part of by friction.
n. That which is rubbed off.

- 40 -

Abridge
Abrogate
Abrupt
Abscess
Abscond
Absolution
Absolve
Absorb
Abstain
Abstemious
Abstinence
Abstruse
Absurd
Abundant
Abusive
Abut
Abyss
Accede
Accelerate
Access
Accession
Accessory
Acclaim
Accompaniment
Accompany
Accomplice
Accomplish
Accost
Accoutre
Accumulate
Accusation
Accusatory
Accustom
Acerbity
Acetic
Achromatic
Acknowledge
Acme
Acoustic
Acquaint
Acquiesce
Acquiescence
Acquisition
Acquit
Acrid
Acrimonious
Acrimony
Actuary
Actuate
Acumen
Acute
Adamant
Addendum
Addle
Adduce
Adhere
Adherence
Adhesion
Adieu

v. To make shorter in words, keeping the essential features, leaning out minor particles.
v. To abolish, repeal.
adj. Beginning, ending, or changing suddenly or with a break.
n. A Collection of pus in a cavity formed within some tissue of the body.
v. To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping arrest.
n. Forgiveness, or passing over of offenses.
v. To free from sin or its penalties.
v. To drink in or suck up, as a sponge absorbs water.
v. To keep oneself back (from doing or using something).
adj. Characterized by self denial or abstinence, as in the use of drink, food.
n. Self denial.
adj. Dealing with matters difficult to be understood.
adj. Inconsistent with reason or common sense.
adj. Plentiful.
adj. Employing harsh words or ill treatment.
v. To touch at the end or boundary line.
n. Bottomless gulf.
v. To agree.
v. To move faster.
n. A way of approach or entrance; passage.
n. Induction or elevation, as to dignity, office, or government.
n. A person or thing that aids the principal agent.
v. To utter with a shout.
n. A subordinate part or parts, enriching or supporting the leading part.
v. To go with, or be associated with, as a companion.
n. An associate in wrong-doing.
v. To bring to pass.
v. To speak to.
v. To dress.
v. To become greater in quantity or number.
n. A charge of crime, misdemeanour, or error.
adj. Of, pertaining to, or involving an accusation.
v. To make familiar by use.
n. Sourness, with bitterness and astringency.
adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of vinegar.
adj. Colourless,
v. To recognize; to admit the genuineness or validity of.
n. The highest point, or summit.
adj. Pertaining to the act or sense of hearing.
v. To make familiar or conversant.
v. To comply; submit.
n. Passive consent.
n. Anything gained, or made one's own.
v. To free or clear, as from accusation.
adj. Harshly pungent or bitter.
adj. Full of bitterness.
n. Sharpness or bitterness of speech or temper.
n. An officer, as of an insurance company, who calculates and states the risks and premiums.
v. To move or incite to action.
n. Quickness of intellectual insight, or discernment; keenness of discrimination.
adj. Having fine and penetrating discernment.
n. Any substance of exceeding hardness or impenetrability.
n. Something added, or to be added.
v. To make inefficient or worthless; muddle.
v. To bring forward or name for consideration.
v. To stick fast or together.
n. Attachment.
n. The state of being attached or joined.
. Good-by; farewell.

- 41 -

Adjudge
Adjunct
Adjuration
Adjutant
Admonish
Admonition
Adoration
Adroit
Adulterate
Advent
Adverse
Adversity
Advert
Advocacy
Advocate
Aerial
Affable
Affect
Affiliate
Affirmative
Affluence
Affront
Agglomerate
Aggrandize
Aggravate
Aggregate
Aggression
Aggrieve
Aghast
Agile
Agitate
Agrarian
Ailment
Airy
Akin
Alacrity
Albeit
Albino
Alchemy
Alcove
Alienate
Alienation
Aliment
Alkali
Allay
Allege
Allegory
Alleviate
Alley
Alliance
Allude
Allusion
Alluvion
Ally
Almanac
Aloof
Altar
Alter
Altercate

v. To award or bestow by formal decision.

n. Something joined to or connected with another thing, but holding a subordinate place.
n. A vehement appeal.
adj. Auxiliary.
v. To warn of a fault.
n. Gentle reproof.
n. Profound devotion.
adj. Having skill in the use of the bodily or mental powers.
v. To make impure by the admixture of other or baser ingredients.
n. The coming or arrival, as of any important change, event, state, or personage.
adj. Opposing or opposed.
n. Misfortune.
v. To refer incidentally.
n. The act of pleading a cause.
n. One who pleads the cause of another, as in a legal or ecclesiastical court.
adj. Of, pertaining to, or like the air.
adj. Easy to approach.
v. To act upon
n. Some auxiliary person or thing.
adj. Answering yes; to a question at issue.
n. A profuse or abundant supply of riches.
n. An open insult or indignity.
v. To pile or heap together.
v. To cause to appear greatly.
v. To make heavier, worse, or more burdensome.
n. The entire number, sum, mass, or quantity of something.
n. An unprovoked attack.
v. To give grief or sorrow to.
adj. Struck with terror and amazement.
adj. Able to move or act quickly, physically, or mentally.
v. To move or excite (the feelings or thoughts).
adj. Pertaining to land, especially agricultural land.
n. Slight sickness.
adj. Delicate, ethereal.
adj. Of similar nature or qualities.
n. Cheerful willingness.
conj. Even though.
n. A person with milky white skin and hair, and eyes with bright red pupil and usually pink iris.
n. Chemistry of the middle ages, characterized by the pursuit of changing base metals to gold.
n. A covered recess connected with or at the side of a larger room.
v. To cause to turn away.
n. Estrangement.
n. That which nourishes.
n. Anything that will neutralize an acid, as lime, magnesia, etc.
v. To calm the violence or reduce the intensity of; mitigate.
v. To assert to be true, especially in a formal manner, as in court.
n. The setting forth of a subject under the guise of another subject of aptly suggestive likeness.
v. To make less burdensome or less hard to bear.
n. A narrow street, garden path, walk, or the like.
n. Any combination or union for some common purpose.
v. To refer incidentally, or by suggestion.
n. An indirect and incidental reference to something without definite mention of it.
n. Flood.
n. A person or thing connected with another, usually in some relation of helpfulness.
n. A series of tables giving the days of the week together with certain Astronomical information.
adv. Not in sympathy with or desiring to associate with others.
n. Any raised place or structure on which sacrifices may be offered or incense burned.
v. To make change in.
v. To contend angrily or zealously in words.

- 42 -

Altitude
Altruism
Altruist
Amalgamate
Amateur
Ambidextrous
Ambiguous
Ambush
Ameliorate
Amenable
Amicable
Amity
Amorous
Amorphous
Amour
Amphibious
Amphitheatre
Amplitude
Amply
Amputate
Amusement
Anachronism
Anagram
Analogous
Analogy
Anarchy
Anathema
Anatomy
Ancestry
Anecdote
Anaemia
Anaemic
Anaesthetic
Anhydrous
Animadversion
Animadvert
Animate
Animosity
Annals
Annex
Annihilate
Annotate
Annual
Annuity
Annunciation
Anonymous
Antagonism
Antecedent
Antediluvian
Antemeridian
Antemundane
Antenatal
Anterior
Anthology
Anthropology
Anthropomorphosis
Antic
Antichrist
Anticlimax

n. Vertical distance or elevation above any point or base-level, as the sea.

n. Benevolence to others on subordination to self-interest.
n. One who advocates or practices altruism.
v. To mix or blend together in a homogeneous body.
adj. Practicing an art or occupation for the love of it, but not as a profession.
adj. Having the ability of using both hands with equal skill or ease.
adj. Having a double meaning.
n. The act or state of lying concealed for the purpose of surprising or attacking the enemy.
v. To relieve, as from pain or hardship
adj. Willing and ready to submit.
adj. Done in a friendly spirit.
n. Friendship.
adj. Having a propensity for falling in love.
adj. Without determinate shape.
n. A love-affair, especially one of an illicit nature.
adj. Living both on land and in water.
n. An edifice of elliptical shape, constructed about a central open space or arena.
n. Largeness.
adv. Sufficiently.
v. To remove by cutting, as a limb or some portion of the body.
n. Diversion.
n. Anything occurring or existing out of its proper time.
n. The letters of a word or phrase so transposed as to make a different word or phrase.
adj. Corresponding (to some other) in certain respects, as in form, proportion, relations.
n. Reasoning in which from certain and known relations or resemblance others Are formed.
n. Absence or utter disregard of government.
n. Anything forbidden, as by social usage.
n. That branch of morphology which treats of the structure of organisms.
n. One's ancestors collectively.
n. A brief account of some interesting event or incident.
n. Deficiency of blood or red corpuscles.
adj. Affected with anaemia.
adj. Pertaining to or producing loss of sensation.
adj. Withered.
n. The utterance of criticism or censure.
v. To pass criticism or censure.
v. To make alive.
n. Hatred.
n. A record of events in their chronological order, year by year.
v. To add or affix at the end.
v. To destroy absolutely.
v. To make explanatory or critical notes on or upon.
adj. Occurring every year.
n. An annual allowance, payment, or income.
n. Proclamation.
adj. Of unknown authorship.
n. Mutual opposition or resistance of counteracting forces, principles, or persons.
n. One who or that which precedes or goes before, as in time, place, rank, order, or causality.
adj. Of or pertaining to the times, things, events before the great flood in the days of Noah.
adj. Before noon.
adj. Pertaining to time before the world's creation.
adj. Occurring or existing before birth.
adj. Prior.
n. A collection of extracts from the writings of various authors.
n. The science of man in general.
adj. Having or resembling human form.
n. A grotesque, ludicrous, or fantastic action.
n. Any opponent or enemy of Christ, whether a person or a power.
n. A gradual or sudden decrease in the importance or impressiveness of what is said.

- 43 -

Antidote
Antipathies
Antiphony
Antiquary
Antique
Antispasmodic
Apathy
Aperture
Apex
Aphorism
Apiary
Apogee
Apostasy
Apostate
Apostle
Apothecary
Apotheosis
Appall
Apparent
Apparition
Appease
Appellate
Appellation
Append
Appertain
Apposite
Apposition
Appraise
Apprehend
Apprehensible
Approbation
Appropriate
Arbiter
Arbitrary
Arbitrate
Arboreal
Arcade
Archaic
Archaism
Archangel
Archaeology
Archetype
Archipelago
Ardent
Arid
Aristocracy
Armada
Armoury
Aroma
Arraign
Arrant
Arrear
Arrogant
Arrogate
Ascendant
Ascension
Ascent
Ascetic
Ascribe

n. Anything that will counteract or remove the effects of poison, disease, or the like.
v. To show or feel a feeling of antagonism, aversion, or dislike.
n. An anthem or other composition sung responsively.
n. One who collects and examines old things, as coins, books, medals, weapons, etc.
adj. Pertaining to ancient times.
adj. Tending to prevent or relieve non-inflammatory spasmodic affections.
n. Insensibility to emotion or passionate feeling.
n. Hole.
n. The highest point, as of a mountain.
n. Proverb.
n. A place where bees are kept.
n. The climax.
n. A total departure from one's faith or religion.
adj. False.
n. Any messenger commissioned by or as by divine authority.
n. One who keeps drugs for sale and puts up prescriptions.
n. Deification.
v. To fill with dismay or horror.
adj. Easily understood.
n. Ghost.
v. To soothe by quieting anger or indignation.
adj. Capable of being appealed to.
n. The name or title by which a particular person, class, or thing is called.
v. To add or attach, as something accessory, subordinate, or supplementary.
v. To belong, as by right, fitness, association, classification, possession, or natural relation.
adj. Appropriate.
n. The act of placing side by side, together, or in contact.
v. To estimate the money value of.
v. To make a prisoner of (a person) in the name of the law.
adj. Capable of being conceived.
n. Sanction.
adj. Suitable for the purpose and circumstances.
n. One chosen or appointed, by mutual consent of parties in dispute, to decide matters.
adj. Fixed or done capriciously.
v. To act or give judgment as umpire. .
adj. Of or pertaining to a tree or trees.
n. A vaulted passageway or street; a roofed passageway having shops, etc., opening from it.
adj. Antiquated
n. Obsolescence.
n. An angel of high rank.
n. The branch of anthropology concerned with the systematic investigation of the relics of man.
n. A prototype.
n. Any large body of water studded with islands, or the islands collectively themselves.
adj. Burning with passion.
adj. Very dry.
n. A hereditary nobility
n. A fleet of war-vessels.
n. An arsenal.
n. An agreeable odour.
v. To call into court, as a person indicted for crime, and demand whether he pleads guilty or not.
adj. Notoriously bad.
n. Something overdue and unpaid.
adj. Unduly or excessively proud, as of wealth, station, learning, etc.
v. To take, demand, or claim, especially presumptuously or without reasons or grounds.
adj. Dominant.
n. The act of rising.
n. A rising, soaring, or climbing.
adj. Given to severe self-denial and practicing excessive abstinence and devotion.
v. To assign as a quality or attribute.

- 44 -

Askance
Asperity
Aspirant
Aspiration
Aspire
Assailant
Assassin
Assay
Assent
Assess
Assessor
Assets
Assiduous
Assignee
Assimilate
Assonance
Assuage
Astringent
Astute
Atheism
Athirst
Athwart
Atone
Atonement
Atrocious
Atrocity
Attest
Auburn
Audacious
Audible
Audition
Auditory
Augment
Augur
Aura
Aural
Auricle
Austere
Authentic
Authenticity
Autocracy
Autocrat
Automaton
Autopsy
Autumnal
Auxiliary
Avalanche
Avarice
Aver
Averse
Aversion
Avert
Aviary
Avidity
Avocation
Avow
Awry
Azure

adv. With a side or indirect glance or meaning.

n. Harshness or roughness of temper.
n. One who seeks earnestly, as for advancement, honours, place.
n. An earnest wish for that which is above one's present reach.
v. To have an earnest desire, wish, or longing, as for something high and good, not yet attained.
n. One who attacks.
n. One who kills, or tries to kill, treacherously or secretly.
n. The chemical analysis or testing of an alloy ore.
v. To express agreement with a statement or matter of opinion.
v. To determine the amount of (a tax or other sum to be paid).
n. An officer whose duty it is to assess taxes.
n. Pl. Property in general, regarded as applicable to the payment of debts.
adj. Diligent.
n. One who is appointed to act for another in the management of certain property and interests.
v. To adapt.
n. Resemblance or correspondence in sound.
v. To cause to be less harsh, violent, or severe, as excitement, appetite, pain, or disease.
adj. Harsh in disposition or character.
adj. Keen in discernment.
n. The denial of the existence of God.
adj. Wanting water.
adv. From side to side.
v. To make amends for.
n. Amends, reparation, or expiation made from wrong or injury.
adj. Outrageously or wantonly wicked, criminal, vile, or cruel.
n. Great cruelty or reckless wickedness.
v. To certify as accurate, genuine, or true.
adj. Reddish-brown, said usually of the hair.
adj. Fearless.
adj. Loud enough to be heard.
n. The act or sensation of hearing.
adj. Of or pertaining to hearing or the organs or sense of hearing.
v. To make bigger.
v. To predict.
n. Pervasive psychic influence supposed to emanate from persons
adj. Of or pertaining to the ear.
n. One of the two chambers of the heart which receives the blood from the veins.
adj. Severely simple; unadorned.
adj. Of undisputed origin.
n. The state or quality of being genuine, or of the origin and authorship claimed.
n. Absolute government.
n. Anyone who claims or wields unrestricted or undisputed authority or influence.
n. Any living being whose actions are or appear to be involuntary or mechanical.
n. The examination of a dead body by dissection to ascertain the cause of death.
adj. Of or pertaining to autumn.
n. One who or that which aids or helps, especially when regarded as subsidiary or accessory.
n. The fall or sliding of a mass of snow or ice down a mountain-slope, often bearing with it rock.
n. Passion for getting and keeping riches.
v. To assert as a fact.
adj. Reluctant.
n. A mental condition of fixed opposition to or dislike of some particular thing.
v. To turn away or aside.
n. A spacious cage or enclosure in which live birds are kept.
n. Greediness.
n. Diversion.
v. To declare openly.
adv. & adj. Out of the proper form, direction, or position.
n. The color of the sky.

- 45 -

B
Badger
Baffle
Bailiff
Bale
Baleful
Ballad
Banal
Bask
Bass
Baton
Battalion
Batter
Bauble
Bawl
Beatify
Beatitude
Beau
Beck
Bedeck
Bedlam
Beget
Begrudge
Belated
Belie
Believe
Belittle
Bellicose
Belligerent
Bemoan
Benediction
Benefactor
Beneficent
Beneficial
Beneficiary
Benevolence
Benevolent
Benign
Benison
Bequeath
Bereave
Beseech
Beset
Besmear
Bestial
Bestrew
Bestride
Betide
Betroth
Betrothal
Bewilder
Bibliography
Bibliophile
Bibulous
Bide
Biennial
Bier
Bigamy

v. To pester.
v. To foil or frustrate.
n. An officer of court having custody of prisoners under arraignment.
n. A large package prepared for transportation or storage.
adj. Malignant.
n. Any popular narrative poem, often with epic subject and usually in lyric form.
adj. Commonplace.
v. To make warm by genial heat.
adj. Low in tone or compass.
n. An official staff borne either as a weapon or as an emblem of authority or Privilege.
n. A body of infantry composed of two or more companies, forming a part of a Regiment.
n. A thick liquid mixture of two or more materials beaten together, to be used in cookery.
n. A trinket.
v. To proclaim by outcry.
v. To make supremely happy.
n. Any state of great happiness.
n. An escort or lover.
v. To give a signal to, by nod or gesture.
v. To cover with ornament.
n. Madhouse.
v. To produce by sexual generation.
v. To envy one of the possession of.
v. To delay past the proper hour.
v. To misrepresent.
v. To accept as true on the testimony or authority of others.
v. To disparage.
adj. Warlike.
adj. Manifesting a warlike spirit.
v. To lament
n. A solemn invocation of the divine blessing.
n. A doer of kindly and charitable acts.
adj. Characterized by charity and kindness.
adj. Helpful.
n. One who is lawfully entitled to the profits and proceeds of an estate or Property.
n. Any act of kindness or well-doing.
adj. Loving others and actively desirous of their well-being.
adj. Good and kind of heart.
n. Blessing.
v. To give by will.
v. To make desolate with loneliness and grief.
v. To implore.
v. To attack on all sides.
v. To smear over, as with any oily or sticky substance.
adj. Animal.
v. To sprinkle or cover with things strewn.
v. To get or sit upon astride, as a horse.
v. To happen to or befall.
v. To engage to marry.
n. Engagement to marry.
v. To confuse the perceptions or judgment of.
n. A list of the words of an author, or the literature bearing on a particular subject.
n. One who loves books.
adj. Fond of drinking.
v. To await.
n. A plant that produces leaves and roots the first year and flowers and fruit the second.
n. A horizontal framework with two handles at each end for carrying a corpse to the grave.
n. The crime of marrying any other person while having a legal spouse living.

- 46 -

Bight
Bilateral
Bilingual
Biography
Biology
Blaspheme
Blatant
Blaze
Blazon
Bleak
Blemish
Blithe
Blithesome
Blockade
Boisterous
Bole
Boll
Bolster
Bombard
Bombast
Boorish
Borough
Bountiful
Bowdlerize
Brae
Braggart
Brandish
Bravado
Bravo
Bray
Braze
Brazier
Breach
Breaker
Breech
Brevity
Bridle
Brigand
Bristle
Brittle
Broach
Brogan
Browbeat
Brusque
Bulbous
Bulwark
Bumptious
Bungle
Buoyant
Bureau
Burnish
Bursar
Bustle
Butt
Buttress

n. A slightly receding bay between headlands, formed by a long curve of a coast-line.

adj. Two-sided.
adj. Speaking two languages.
n. A written account of one's life, actions, and character.
n. The science of life or living organisms.
v. To indulge in profane oaths.
adj. Noisily or offensively loud or clamorous.
n. A vivid glowing flame.
v. To make widely or generally known.
adj. Desolate.
n. A mark that mars beauty.
adj. Joyous.
adj. Cheerful.
n. The shutting up of a town, a frontier, or a line of coast by hostile forces.
adj. Unchecked merriment or animal spirits.
n. The trunk or body of a tree.
n. A round pod or seed-capsule, as a flax or cotton.
v. To support, as something wrong.
v. To assail with any missile or with abusive speech.
n. Inflated or extravagant language, especially on unimportant subjects.
adj. Rude.
n. An incorporated village or town.
adj. Showing abundance.
v. To expurgate in editing (a literary composition) by omitting words or passages.
n. Hillside.
n. A vain boaster.
v. To wave, shake, or flourish triumphantly or defiantly, as a sword or spear.
n. An aggressive display of boldness.
interj. Well done.
n. A loud harsh sound, as the cry of an ass or the blast of a horn.
v. To make of or ornament with brass.
n. An open pan or basin for holding live coals.
n. The violation of official duty, lawful right, or a legal obligation.
n. One who trains horses, dogs, etc.
n. The buttocks.
n. Shortness of duration.
n. The head-harness of a horse consisting of a head-stall, a bit, and the reins.
n. One who lives by robbery and plunder.
n. One of the coarse, stiff hairs of swine: used in brush-making, etc.
adj. Fragile.
v. To mention, for the first time.
n. A coarse, heavy shoe.
v. To overwhelm, or attempt to do so, by stern, haughty, or rude address or manner.
adj. Somewhat rough or rude in manner or speech.
adj. Of, or pertaining to, or like a bulb.
n. Anything that gives security or defence.
adj. Full of offensive and aggressive self-conceit.
v. To execute clumsily.
adj. Having the power or tendency to float or keep afloat.
n. A chest of drawers for clothing, etc.
v. To make brilliant or shining.
n. A treasurer.
v. To hurry.
v. To strike with or as with the head, or horns.
n. Any support or prop.

C
Cabal

n. A number of persons secretly united for effecting by intrigue some private Purpose.

- 47 -

Cacophony
Cadaverous
Cadence
Cajole
Callosity
Callow
Calumny
Calvary
Cameo
Candid
Candour
Cant
Cantata
Canto
Capacious
Capillary
Capitulate
Caprice
Caption
Captious
Captivate
Carcass
Cardinal
Caret
Caricature
Carnage
Carnal
Carnivorous
Carouse
Carrion
Cartilage
Cartridge
Castigate
Casual
Casualty
Cataclysm
Cataract
Catastrophe
Catholicism
Caucus
Causal
Caustic
Cauterize
Cede
Censor
Censorious
Census
Centenary
Cereal
Ceremonial
Cessation
Cession
Chagrin
Chameleon
Chaos
Characteristic
Characterize
Charlatan
Chasm

n. A disagreeable, harsh, or discordant sound or combination of sounds or Tones.

adj. Resembling a corpse.
n. Rhythmical or measured flow or movement, as in poetry or the time and pace Of marching troops.
v. To impose on or dupe by flattering speech.
n. The state of being hard and insensible.
adj. Without experience of the world.
n. Slander.
n. The place where Christ was crucified.
n. Any small engraved or carved work in relief.
adj. Straightforward.
n. The quality of frankness or outspokenness.
v. To talk in a singsong, preaching tone with affected solemnity.
n. A choral composition.
n. One of the divisions of an extended poem.
adj. Roomy.
n. A minute vessel having walls composed of a single layer of cells.
v. To surrender or stipulate terms.
n. A whim.
n. A heading, as of a chapter, section, document, etc.
adj. Hypercritical.
v. To fascinate, as by excellence. Eloquence, or beauty.
n. The dead body of an animal.
adj. Of prime or special importance.
n. A sign (^) placed below a line, indicating where omitted words, etc., should be inserted.
n. A picture or description in which natural characteristics are exaggerated or Distorted.
n. Massacre.
adj. Sensual.
adj. Eating or living on flesh.
v. To drink deeply and in boisterous or jovial manner.
n. Dead and putrefying flesh.
n. An elastic animal tissue of firm consistence.
n. A charge for a firearm, or for blasting.
v. To punish.
adj. Accidental, by chance.
n. A fatal or serious accident or disaster.
n. Any overwhelming flood of water.
n. Opacity of the lens of the eye resulting in complete or partial blindness.
n. Any great and sudden misfortune or calamity.
n. The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church.
n. A private meeting of members of a political party to select candidates.
adj. Indicating or expressing a cause.
adj. Sarcastic and severe.
v. To burn or sear as with a heated iron.
v. To pass title to.
n. An official examiner of manuscripts empowered to prohibit their publication.
adj. Judging severely or harshly.
n. An official numbering of the people of a country or district.
adj. Pertaining to a hundred years or a period of a hundred years.
adj. Pertaining to edible grain or farinaceous seeds.
adj. Characterized by outward form or ceremony.
n. Discontinuance, as of action or motion.
n. Surrender, as of possessions or rights.
n. Keen vexation, annoyance, or mortification, as at one's failures or errors.
adj. Changeable in appearance.
n. Any condition of which the elements or parts are in utter disorder and confusion.
n. A distinctive feature.
v. To describe by distinctive marks or peculiarities.
n. A quack.
n. A yawning hollow, as in the earth's surface.

- 48 -

Chasten
Chastise
Chastity
Chivalry
Cholera
Choleric
Choral
Chromatic
Chronology
Circulate
Circumference
Circumlocution
Circumnavigate
Circumscribe
Circumspect
Citadel
Cite
Claimant
Clairvoyance
Clamorous
Clan
Clandestine
Clarify
Clarion
Clemency
Clement
Clumsy
Coalescence
Coddle
Codicil
Coerce
Coercion
Coercive
Cogent
Cognate
Cognizant
Cohere
Cohesion
Cohesive
Collaborate
Collapse
Colleague
Collide
Collier
Collision
Colloquial
Colloquy
Collusion
Colossus
Comely
Comestible
Commemorate
Commingle
Commotion
Commute
Compensate
Complacence
Complacent
Complaisance

v. To purify by affliction.
v. To subject to punitive measures.
n. Sexual or moral purity.
n. The knightly system of feudal times with its code, usages and practices.
n. An acute epidemic disease.
adj. Easily provoked to anger.
adj. Pertaining to, intended for, or performed by a chorus or choir.
adj. Belonging, relating to, or abounding in colour.
n. The science that treats of computation of time or of investigation and Arrangement of events.
v. To disseminate.
n. The boundary-line of a circle.
n. Indirect or roundabout expression.
v. To sail quite around.
v. To confine within bounds.
adj. Showing watchfulness, caution, or careful consideration.
n. Any strong fortress.
v. To refer to specifically.
n. One who makes a claim or demand, as of right.
n. Intuitive sagacity or perception.
adj. Urgent in complaint or demand.
n. A tribe.
adj. Surreptitious.
v. To render intelligible.
n. A small shrill trumpet or bugle.
n. Mercy.
adj. Compassionate.
adj. Awkward of movement.
n. The act or process of coming together so as to form one body,
v. To treat as a baby or an invalid.
n. A supplement adding to, revoking, or explaining in the body of a will.
v. To force.
n. Forcible constraint or restraint, moral or physical.
adj. Serving or tending to force.
adj. Appealing strongly to the reason or conscience.
adj. Akin.
adj. Taking notice.
v. To stick together.
n. Consistency.
adj. Having the property of consistency.
v. To labour or cooperate with another or others, especially in literary or scientific pursuits.
v. To cause to shrink, fall in, or fail.
n. An associate in professional employment.
v. To meet and strike violently.
n. One who works in a coal-mine.
n. Violent contact.
adj. Pertaining or peculiar to common speech as distinguished from literary.
n. Conversation.
n. A secret agreement for a wrongful purpose.
n. Any strikingly great person or object.
adj. Handsome.
adj. Fit to be eaten.
v. To serve as a remembrance of.
v. To blend.
n. A disturbance or violent agitation.
v. To put something, especially something less severe, in place of.
v. To remunerate.
n. Satisfaction with one's acts or surroundings.
adj. Pleased or satisfied with oneself.
n. Politeness.

- 49 -

Complaisant
Compliant
Composure
Comprehensible
Comprehension
Comprehensive
Compress
Compulsion
Compunction
Concede
Conceit
Conceive
Concession
Conciliate
Conciliatory
Concord
Concur
Concurrent
Condensation
Condense
Condescend
Condolence
Conduce
Conducive
Conduit
Confectionery
Confederate
Confer
Confidant
Confide
Confinement
Confiscate
Conflagration
Confluence
Conformable
Conformity
Confront
Congenial
Congest
Congregate
Conjecture
Conjugal
Conjunction
Connive
Connoisseur
Connote
Conquer
Conscience
Conscientious
Conscious
Conscript
Consecrate
Consensus
Conservatism
Conservative
Conservatory
Consign
Consignee
Consignor

adj. Agreeable.
adj. Yielding.
n. Calmness.
adj. Intelligible.
n. Ability to know.
adj. Large in scope or content.
v. To press together or into smaller space.
n. Coercion.
n. Remorseful feeling.
v. To surrender.
n. Self-flattering opinion.
v. To form an idea, mental image or thought of.
n. Anything granted or yielded, or admitted in response to a demand, petition,
v. To obtain the friendship of.
adj. Tending to reconcile.
n. Harmony. .
v. To agree.
adj. Occurring or acting together.
n. The act or process of making dense or denser.
v. To abridge.
v. To come down voluntarily to equal terms with inferiors.
n. Expression of sympathy with a person in pain, sorrow, or misfortune.
v. To bring about.
adj. Contributing to an end.
n. A means for conducting something, particularly a tube, pipe, or passageway for A fluid.
n. The candy collectively that a confectioner makes or sells, as candy.
n. One who is united with others in a league, compact, or agreement.
v. To bestow.
n. One to whom secrets are entrusted.
v. To reveal in trust or confidence.
n. Restriction within limits or boundaries.
v. To appropriate (private property) as forfeited to the public use or treasury.
n. A great fire, as of many buildings, a forest, or the like.
n. The place where streams meet.
adj. Harmonious.
n. Correspondence in form, manner, or use.
v. To encounter, as difficulties or obstacles.
adj. Having kindred character or tastes.
v. To collect into a mass.
v. To bring together into a crowd.
n. A guess.
adj. Pertaining to marriage, marital rights, or married persons.
n. The state of being joined together, or the things so joined.
v. To be in collusion.
n. A critical judge of art, especially one with thorough knowledge and sound Judgment of art.
v. To mean; signify.
v. To overcome by force.
n. The faculty in man by which he distinguishes between right and wrong in character and conduct.
adj. Governed by moral standard.
adj. Aware that one lives, feels, and thinks.
v. To force into military service.
v. To set apart as sacred.
n. A collective unanimous opinion of a number of persons.
n. Tendency to adhere to the existing order of things.
adj. Adhering to the existing order of things.
n. An institution for instruction and training in music and declamation.
v. To entrust.
n. A person to whom goods or other property has been entrusted.
n. One who entrusts.

- 50 -

Consolidate
Consonance
Consonant
Consort
Conspicuous
Conspire
Constellation
Consternation
Constituency
Constituent
Constrict
Consul
Consulate
Consummate
Consumptive
Contagion
Contagious
Contaminate
Contemplate
Contemporaneous
Contemporary
Contemptible
Contemptuous
Contender
Contiguity
Contiguous
Continence
Contingency
Contingent
Continuance
Contort
Contraband
Contradiction
Contradictory
Contraposition
Contravene
Contrite
Contrivance
Contrive
Contumacious
Contumacy
Contuse
Convalesce
Convalescence
Convene
Converge
Conversant
Conveyance
Convivial
Convolution
Convoy
Convulse
Convulsion
Copious
Coquette
Cornucopia
Corollary
Coronation
Coronet

v. To combine into one body or system.

n. The state or quality of being in accord with.
adj. Being in agreement or harmony with.
n. A companion or associate.
adj. Clearly visible.
v. To plot.
n. An arbitrary assemblage or group of stars.
n. Panic.
n. The inhabitants or voters in a district represented in a legislative body.
n. One who has the right to vote at an election.
v. To bind.
n. An officer appointed to reside in a foreign city, chiefly to represent his country.
n. The place in which a consul transacts official business.
v. To bring to completion.
adj. Designed for gradual destruction.
n. The communication of disease from person to person.
adj. Transmitting disease.
v. To pollute.
v. To consider thoughtfully.
adj. Living, occurring, or existing at the same time.
adj. Living or existing at the same time.
adj. Worthy of scorn or disdain.
adj. Disdainful.
n. One who exerts oneself in opposition or rivalry.
n. Proximity.
adj. Touching or joining at the edge or boundary.
n. Self-restraint with respect to desires, appetites, and passion.
n. Possibility of happening.
adj. Not predictable.
n. Permanence.
v. To twist into a misshapen form.
n. Trade forbidden by law or treaty.
n. The assertion of the opposite of that which has been said.
adj. Inconsistent with itself.
n. A placing opposite.
v. To prevent or obstruct the operation of.
adj. Broken in spirit because of a sense of sin.
n. The act planning, devising, inventing, or adapting something to or for a Special purpose.
v. To manage or carry through by some device or scheme.
adj. Rebellious.
n. Contemptuous disregard of the requirements of rightful authority.
v. To bruise by a blow, either with or without the breaking of the skin.
v. To recover after a sickness.
n. The state of progressive restoration to health and strength after the cessation of disease.
v. To summon or cause to assemble.
v. To cause to incline and approach nearer together.
adj. Thoroughly informed.
n. That by which anything is transported.
adj. Devoted to feasting, or to good-fellowship in eating or drinking.
n. A winding motion.
n. A protecting force accompanying property in course of transportation.
v. To cause spasms in.
n. A violent and abnormal muscular contraction of the body.
adj. Plenteous.
n. A flirt.
n. The horn of plenty, symbolizing peace and prosperity.
n. A proposition following so obviously from another that it requires little Demonstration.
n. The act or ceremony of crowning a monarch.
n. Inferior crown denoting, according to its form, various degrees of noble rank Less than sovereign.

- 51 -

Corporal
Corporeal
Corpse
Corpulent
Corpuscle
Correlate
Corrigible
Corroborate
Corroboration
Corrode
Corrosion
Cosmic
Cosmography
Cosmology
Cosmos
Counterbalance
Counter charge
Counterfeit
Countervail
Courser
Courtesy
Covenant
Covert
Covey
Cower
Crass
Craving
Credence
Credible
Credulous
Creed
Crockery
Crucible
Crusade
Cryptogram
Crystallize
Culinary
Cull
Culpable
Culvert
Cupidity
Curator
Cursory
Curtail
Cynical
Cynicism
Cynosure

adj. Belonging or relating to the body as opposed to the mind.

adj. Of a material nature; physical.
n. A dead body.
adj. Obese.
n. A minute particle of matter.
v. To put in some relation of connection or correspondence.
adj. Capable of reformation.
v. To strengthen, as proof or conviction.
n. Confirmation.
v. To ruin or destroy little by little.
n. Gradual decay by crumbling or surface disintegration.
adj. Pertaining to the universe.
n. The science that describes the universe, including astronomy, Geography, and geology.
n. The general science of the universe.
n. The world or universe considered as a system, perfect in order and Arrangement.
v. To oppose with an equal force.
v. To accuse in return.
adj. Made to resemble something else.
v. To offset.
n. A fleet and spirited horse.
n. Politeness originating in kindness and exercised habitually.
n. An agreement entered into by two or more persons or parties.
adj. Concealed, especially for an evil purpose.
n. A flock of quails or partridges.
v. To crouch down tremblingly, as through fear or shame.
adj. Coarse or thick in nature or structure, as opposed to thin or fine.
n. A vehement desire.
n. Belief.
adj. Believable.
adj. Easily deceived.
n. A formal summary of fundamental points of religious belief.
n. Earthenware made from baked clay.
n. A trying and purifying test or agency.
n. Any concerted movement, vigorously prosecuted, in behalf of an idea or Principle.
n. Anything written in characters that are secret or so arranged as to have Hidden meaning.
v. To bring together or give fixed shape to.
adj. Of or pertaining to cooking or the kitchen.
v. To pick or sort out from the rest.
adj. Guilty.
n. Any artificial covered channel for the passage of water through a bank or under A road, canal.
n. Avarice.
n. A person having charge as of a library or museum.
adj. Rapid and superficial.
v. To cut off or cut short.
adj. Exhibiting moral scepticism.
n. Contempt for the opinions of others and of what others value.
n. That to which general interest or attention is directed.

D
Darkling
Dastard
Datum
Dauntless
Dearth
Debase
Debatable
Decalogue
Decamp

adv. Blindly.
n. A base coward.
n. A premise, starting-point, or given fact.
adj. Fearless.
n. Scarcity, as of something customary, essential ,or desirable.
v. To lower in character or virtue.
adj. Subject to contention or dispute.
n. The ten commandments.
v. To leave suddenly or unexpectedly.

- 52 -

Decapitate
Decasyllable
Deceit
Deceitful
Deceive
Decency
Decent
Deciduous
Decimal
Decimate
Decipher
Decisive
Declamation
Declamatory
Declarative
Declension
Decorate
Decorous
Decoy
Decrepit
Dedication
Deduce
Deface
Defalcate
Defamation
Defame
Default
Defendant
Defensible
Defensive
Defer
Deference
Defiant
Deficiency
Deficient
Definite
Deflect
Deforest
Deform
Deformity
Defraud
Defray
Degeneracy
Degenerate
Degradation
Degrade
Dehydrate
Deify
Deign
Deist
Deity
Deject
Dejection
Delectable
Delectation
Deleterious
Delicacy
Delineate
Deliquesce

v. To behead.
n. A line of ten syllables.
n. Falsehood.
adj. Fraudulent.
v. To mislead by or as by falsehood.
n. Moral fitness.
adj. Characterized by propriety of conduct, speech, manners, or dress.
adj. Falling off at maturity as petals after flowering, fruit when ripe, etc.
adj. Founded on the number 10.
v. To destroy a measurable or large proportion of.
v. To find out the true words or meaning of, as something hardly legible.
adj. Conclusive.
n. A speech recited or intended for recitation from memory in public.
adj. A full and formal style of utterance.
adj. Containing a formal, positive, or explicit statement or affirmation.
n. The change of endings in nouns and adj. To express their different relations of gender.
v. To embellish.
adj. Suitable for the occasion or circumstances.
n. Anything that allures, or is intended to allures into danger or temptation.
adj. Enfeebled, as by old age or some chronic infirmity.
n. The voluntary consecration or relinquishment of something to an end or Cause.
v. To derive or draw as a conclusion by reasoning from given premises or Principles.
v. To mar or disfigure the face or external surface of.
v. To cut off or take away, as a part of something.
n. Malicious and groundless injury done to the reputation or good name of another.
v. To slander.
n. The neglect or omission of a legal requirement.
n. A person against whom a suit is brought.
adj. Capable of being maintained or justified.
adj. Carried on in resistance to aggression.
v. To delay or put off to some other time.
n. Respectful submission or yielding, as to another's opinion, wishes, or Judgment.
adj. Characterized by bold or insolent opposition.
n. Lack or insufficiency.
adj. Not having an adequate or proper supply or amount.
adj. Having an exact signification or positive meaning.
v. To cause to turn aside or downward.
v. To clear of forests.
v. To disfigure.
n. A disfigurement.
v. To deprive of something dishonestly.
v. To make payment for.
n. A becoming worse.
v. To become worse or inferior.
n. Diminution, as of strength or magnitude.
v. To take away honors or position from.
v. To deprive of water.
v. To regard or worship as a god.
v. To deem worthy of notice or account.
n. One who believes in God, but denies supernatural revelation.
n. A god, goddess, or divine person.
v. To dishearten.
n. Melancholy.
adj. Delightful to the taste or to the senses.
n. Delight.
adj. Hurtful, morally or physically.
n. That which is agreeable to a fine taste.
v. To represent by sketch or diagram.
v. To dissolve gradually and become liquid by absorption of moisture from the Air.

- 53 -

Delirious
Delude
Deluge
Delusion
Demagogue
Demeanour
Demented
Demise
Demobilize
Demolish
Demonstrable
Demonstrate
Denizen
Denomination
Denote
Denouement
Denounce
Denude
Denunciation
Deplete
Deplorable
Deplore
Deponent
Deposition
Deprave
Deprecate
Depreciate
Depress
Derelict
Deride
Derision
Derivation
Derive
Descendant
Descendent
Descent
Descry
Desert
Desist
Desistance
Despair
Desperado
Despicable
Despite
Despond
Despondent
Despot
Despotism
Destitute
Desultory
Deter
Deteriorate
Deterrent
Detest
Detriment
Devious
Devise
Devout
Dexterity

adj. Raving.
v. To mislead the mind or judgment of.
v. To overwhelm with a flood of water.
n. Mistaken conviction, especially when more or less enduring.
n. An unprincipled politician.
n. Deportment.
adj. Insane.
n. Death.
v. To disband, as troops.
v. To annihilate.
adj. Capable of positive proof.
v. To prove indubitably.
n. Inhabitant.
n. A body of Christians united by a common faith and form of worship and
v. To designate by word or mark.
n. That part of a play or story in which the mystery is cleared up.
v. To point out or publicly accuse as deserving of punishment, censure, or Odium.
v. To strip the covering from.
n. The act of declaring an action or person worthy of reprobation or Punishment.
v. To reduce or lessen, as by use, exhaustion, or waste.
adj. Contemptible.
v. To regard with grief or sorrow.
adj. Laying down.
n. Testimony legally taken on interrogatories and reduced to writing, for use as Evidence in court.
v. To render bad, especially morally bad.
v. To express disapproval or regret for, with hope for the opposite.
v. To lessen the worth of.
v. To press down.
adj. Neglectful of obligation.
v. To ridicule.
n. Ridicule.
n. That process by which a word is traced from its original root or primitive form And meaning.
v. To deduce, as from a premise.
n. One who is descended lineally from another, as a child, grandchild, etc.
adj. Proceeding downward.
n. The act of moving or going downward.
v. To discern.
v. To abandon without regard to the welfare of the abandoned
v. To cease from action.
n. Cessation.
n. Utter hopelessness and despondency.
n. One without regard for law or life.
adj. Contemptible.
prep. In spite of.
v. To lose spirit, courage, or hope.
adj. Disheartened.
n. An absolute and irresponsible monarch.
n. Any severe and strict rule in which the judgment of the governed has little or No part.
adj. Poverty-stricken.
adj. Not connected with what precedes.
v. To frighten away.
v. To grow worse.
adj. Hindering from action through fear.
v. To dislike or hate with intensity.
n. Something that causes damage, depreciation, or loss.
adj. Out of the common or regular track.
v. To invent.
adj. Religious.
n. Readiness, precision, efficiency, and ease in any physical activity or in any Mechanical work.

- 54 -

Diabolic
Diacritical
Diagnose
Diagnosis
Dialect
Dialectician
Diaphanous
Diatribe
Dictum
Didactic
Diffidence
Diffident
Diffusible
Diffusion
Dignitary
Digraph
Digress
Dilate
Dilatory
Dilettante
Diligence
Dilute
Diminution
Diplomacy
Disavow
Disavowal
Disburden
Disburse
Discard
Discernible
Disciple
Disciplinary
Discipline
Disclaim
Discolour
Discomfit
Discomfort
Disconsolate
Discontinuance
Discord
Discountenance
Discredit
Discreet
Discrepant
Discriminate
Discursive
Disenfranchise
Disfigure
Disillusion
Disinfect
Disinherit
Disinterested
Disjunctive
Dislocate
Dismount
Disown
Disparage
Disparity
Dispel

adj. Characteristic of the devil.

adj. Marking a difference.
v. To distinguish, as a disease, by its characteristic phenomena.
n. Determination of the distinctive nature of a disease.
n. Forms of speech collectively that are peculiar to the people of a particular district.
n. A logician.
adj. Transparent.
n. A bitter or malicious criticism.
n. A positive utterance.
adj. Pertaining to teaching.
n. Self-distrust.
adj. Affected or possessed with self-distrust.
adj. Spreading rapidly through the system and acting quickly.
n. Dispersion.
n. One who holds high rank.
n. A union of two characters representing a single sound.
v. To turn aside from the main subject and for a time dwell on some incidental Matter.
v. To enlarge in all directions.
adj. Tending to cause delay.
n. A superficial amateur.
n. Careful and persevering effort to accomplish what is undertaken.
v. To make more fluid or less concentrated by admixture with something.
n. Reduction.
n. Tact, shrewdness, or skill in conducting any kind of negotiations or in social Matters.
v. To disclaim responsibility for.
n. Denial.
v. To disencumber.
v. To pay out or expend, as money from a fund.
v. To reject.
adj. Perceivable.
n. One who believes the teaching of another, or who adopts and follows some doctrine.
adj. Having the nature of systematic training or subjection to authority.
v. To train to obedience.
v. To disavow any claim to, connection with, or responsibility to.
v. To stain.
v. To put to confusion.
n. The state of being positively uncomfortable.
adj. Grief-stricken.
n. Interruption or intermission.
n. Absence of harmoniousness.
v. To look upon with disfavour.
v. To injure the reputation of.
adj. Judicious.
adj. Opposite.
v. To draw a distinction.
adj. Passing from one subject to another.
v. To deprive of any right privilege or power
v. To impair or injure the beauty, symmetry, or appearance of.
v. To disenchant.
v. To remove or destroy the poison of infectious or contagious diseases.
v. To deprive of an inheritance.
adj. Impartial.
adj. Helping or serving to disconnect or separate.
v. To put out of proper place or order.
v. To throw down, push off, or otherwise remove from a horse or the like.
v. To refuse to acknowledge as one's own or as connected with oneself.
v. To regard or speak of slightingly.
n. Inequality.
v. To drive away by or as by scattering in different directions.

- 55 -

Dispensation
Displace
Dispossess
Disquiet
Disregard
Disrepute
Disrupt
Dissect
Dissemble
Disseminate
Dissent
Dissentient
Dissentious
Dissimilar
Dissipation
Dissolute
Dissolution
Dissolve
Dissonance
Dissonant
Dissuade
Dissuasion
Distemper
Distend
Distil
Distillation
Distort
Distraught
Distrust
Divergent
Diverse
Diversion
Diversity
Divination
Divinity
Divulge
Docile
Dogma
Dogmatic
Doleful
Dolorous
Domicile
Domineer
Dormant
Dramatize
Drastic
Drought
Drowsy
Drudgery
Dubious
Duckling
Ductile
Durance
Duteous
Dutiable
Dutiful
Dwindle

n. That which is bestowed on or appointed to one from a higher power.

v. To put out of the proper or accustomed place.
v. To deprive of actual occupancy, especially of real estate.
v. To deprive of peace or tranquility.
v. To take no notice of.
n. A bad name or character.
v. To burst or break asunder.
v. To cut apart or to pieces.
v. To hide by pretending something different.
v. To sow or scatter abroad, as seed is sown.
n. Disagreement.
n. One who disagrees.
adj. Contentious.
adj. Different.
n. The state of being dispersed or scattered.
adj. Lewd.
n. A breaking up of a union of persons.
v. To liquefy or soften, as by heat or moisture.
n. Discord.
adj. Harsh or disagreeable in sound.
v. To change the purpose or alter the plans of by persuasion, counsel, or Pleading.
n. The act of changing the purpose of or altering the plans of through Persuasion, or pleading.
n. A disease or malady.
v. To stretch out or expand in every direction.
v. To extract or produce by vaporization and condensation.
n. Separation of the more volatile parts of a substance from those less volatile.
v. To twist into an unnatural or irregular form.
adj. Bewildered.
n. Lack of confidence in the power, wisdom, or good intent of any person.
adj. Tending in different directions.
adj. Capable of various forms.
n. Pastime.
n. Dissimilitude.
n. The pretended forecast of future events or discovery of what is lost or hidden.
n. The quality or character of being godlike.
v. To tell or make known, as something previously private or secret.
adj. Easy to manage.
n. A statement of religious faith or duty formulated by a body claiming authority.
adj. Making statements without argument or evidence.
adj. Melancholy.
adj. Expressing or causing sorrow or pain.
n. The place where one lives.
v. To rule with insolence or unnecessary annoyance.
adj. Being in a state of or resembling sleep.
v. To relate or represent in a dramatic or theatrical manner.
adj. Acting vigorously.
n. Dry weather, especially when so long continued as to cause vegetation to Wither.
adj. Heavy with sleepiness.
n. Hard and constant work in any menial or dull occupation.
adj. Doubtful.
n. A young duck.
adj. Capable of being drawn out, as into wire or a thread.
n. Confinement.
adj. Showing submission to natural superiors.
adj. Subject to a duty, especially a customs duty.
adj. Obedient.
v. To diminish or become less.

E
- 56 -

Earnest
Eatable
Ebullient
Eccentricity
Eclipse
Economize
Ecstasy
Edible
Edify
Educe
Efface
Effect
Effective
Effectual
Effeminate
Effervesce
Effervescent
Effete
Efficacious
Efficacy
Efflorescence
Efflorescent
Effluvium
Effrontery
Effulgence
Effuse
Effusion
Egoism
Egoist
Egotism
Egregious
Egress
Eject
Elasticity
Elegy
Element
Elicit
Eliminate
Elocution
Eloquent
Elucidate
Elude
Elusion
Emaciate
Emanate
Emancipate
Embargo
Embark
Embarrass
Embellish
Embezzle
Emblazon
Emblem
Embody
Embolden
Embolism
Embroil
Emigrant

adj. Ardent in spirit and speech.

adj. Edible.
adj. Showing enthusiasm or exhilaration of feeling.
n. Idiosyncrasy, Peculiarity
n. The obstruction of a heavenly body by its entering into the shadow of another Body.
v. To spend sparingly.
n. Rapturous excitement or exaltation.
adj. Suitable to be eaten.
v. To build up, or strengthen, especially in morals or religion.
v. To draw out.
v. To obliterate.
n. A consequence.
adj. Fit for a destined purpose.
adj. Efficient.
adj. Having womanish traits or qualities.
v. To bubble up.
adj. Giving off bubbles of gas.
adj. Exhausted, as having performed its functions.
adj. Effective.
n. The power to produce an intended effect as shown in the production of it.
n. The state of being flowery, or a flowery appearance.
adj. Opening in flower.
n. A noxious or ill-smelling exhalation from decaying or putrefying matter.
n. Unblushing impudence.
n. Splendour.
v. To pour forth.
n. An outpouring.
n. The theory that places man's chief good in the completeness of self.
n. One who advocates or practices egoism.
n. Self-conceit.
adj. Extreme.
n. Any place of exit.
v. To expel.
n. That property of matter by which a body tends to return to a former shape after being changed.
n. A lyric poem lamenting the dead.
n. A component or essential part.
v. To extract gradually or without violence.
v. To separate and cast aside.
n. The art of correct intonation, inflection, and gesture in public speaking or reading.
adj. Having the ability to express emotion or feeling in lofty and impassioned speech.
v. To bring out more clearly the facts concerning.
v. To evade the search or pursuit of by dexterity or artifice.
n. Evasion.
v. To waste away in flesh.
v. To flow forth or proceed, as from some source.
v. To release from bondage.
n. Authoritative stoppage of foreign commerce or of any special trade.
v. To make a beginning in some occupation or scheme.
v. To render flustered or agitated.
v. To make beautiful or elegant by adding attractive or ornamental features.
v. To misappropriate secretly.
v. To set forth publicly or in glowing terms.
n. A symbol.
v. To express, formulate, or exemplify in a concrete, compact or visible form.
v. To give courage to.
n. An obstruction or plugging up of an artery or other blood-vessel.
v. To involve in dissension or strife.
n. One who moves from one place to settle in another.

- 57 -

Emigrate
Eminence
Eminent
Emphasis
Emphasize
Emphatic
Emporium
Empower
Emulate
Enact
Enamour
Encamp
Encomium
Encompass
Encore
Encourage
Encroach
Encumber
Encyclical
Encyclopaedia
Endanger
Endear
Endemic
Endurable
Endurance
Energetic
Enervate
Enfeeble
Enfranchise
Engender
Engrave
Engross
Enhance
Enigma
Enjoin
Enkindle
Enlighten
Enlist
Enmity
Ennoble
Enormity
Enormous
Enrage
Enrapture
Enshrine
Ensnare
Entail
Entangle
Enthral
Enthrone
Enthuse
Enthusiastic
Entirety
Entomology
Entrails
Entreaty
Entrench
Entwine
Enumerate

v. To go from one country, state, or region for the purpose of settling or residing in another.
n. An elevated position with respect to rank, place, character, condition, etc.
adj. High in station, merit, or esteem.
n. Any special impressiveness added to an utterance or act, or stress laid upon some word.
v. To articulate or enunciate with special impressiveness upon a word, or a group of words.
adj. Spoken with any special impressiveness laid upon an act, word, or set of words.
n. A bazaar or shop.
v. To delegate authority to.
v. To imitate with intent to equal or surpass.
v. To make into law, as by legislative act.
v. To inspire with ardent love.
v. To pitch tents for a resting-place.
n. A formal or discriminating expression of praise.
v. To encircle.
n. The call for a repetition, as of some part of a play or performance.
v. To inspire with courage, hope, or strength of mind.
v. To invade partially or insidiously and appropriate the possessions of another.
v. To impede with obstacles.
adj. Intended for general circulation.
n. A work containing information on subjects, or exhaustive of one subject.
v. To expose to peril.
v. To cause to be loved.
adj. Peculiar to some specified country or people.
adj. Tolerable.
n. The ability to suffer pain, distress, hardship, or stress of any kind without succumbing.
adj. Working vigorously.
v. To render ineffective or inoperative.
v. To debilitate.
v. To endow with a privilege, especially with the right to vote.
v. To produce.
v. To cut or carve in or upon some surface.
v. To occupy completely.
v. To intensify.
n. A riddle.
v. To command.
v. To set on fire.
v. To cause to see clearly.
v. To enter voluntarily the military service by formal enrollment.
n. Hatred.
v. To dignify.
n. Immensity.
adj. Gigantic.
v. To infuriate.
v. To delight extravagantly or intensely.
v. To keep sacred.
v. To entrap.
v. To involve; necessitate.
v. To involve in difficulties, confusion, or complications.
v. To bring or hold under any overmastering influence.
v. To invest with sovereign power.
v. To yield to or display intense and rapturous feeling.
adj. Full of zeal and fervor.
n. A complete thing.
n. The branch of zoology that treats of insects.
n. Pl. The internal parts of an animal.
n. An earnest request.
v. To fortify or protect, as with a trench or ditch and wall.
v. To interweave.
v. To name one by one.

- 58 -

Epicure
Epicycle
Epidemic
Epidermis
Epigram
Epilogue
Epiphany
Episode
Epitaph
Epithet
Epitome
Epoch
Equanimity
Equestrian
Equilibrium
Equitable
Equity
Equivalent
Equivocal
Equivocate
Eradicate
Errant
Erratic
Erroneous
Erudite
Erudition
Eschew
Essence
Esthetical
Estimable
Estrange
Eugenic
Eulogize
Eulogy
Euphemism
Euphonious
Euphony
Evade
Evanesce
Evanescent
Evangelical
Evasion
Eventual
Evert
Evict
Evidential
Evince
Evoke
Evolution
Evolve
Exacerbate
Exaggerate
Exasperate
Excavate
Excerpt
Excitation
Exclamation
Exclude
Exclusion

n. One who cultivates a delicate taste for eating and drinking.

n. A circle that rolls upon the external or internal circumference of another circle.
n. Wide-spread occurrence of a disease in a certain region.
n. The outer skin.
n. A pithy phrasing of a shrewd observation.
n. The close of a narrative or dramatic poem.
n. Any appearance or bodily manifestation of a deity.
n. An incident or story in a literary work, separable from yet growing out of it.
n. An inscription on a tomb or monument in honour or in memory of the dead.
n. Word used adjectivally to describe some quality or attribute of is objects, as in Father Aeneas.
n. A simplified representation.
n. A interval of time, memorable for extraordinary events.
n. Evenness of mind or temper.
adj. Pertaining to horses or horsemanship.
n. A state of balance.
adj. Characterized by fairness.
n. Fairness or impartiality.
adj. Equal in value, force, meaning, or the like.
adj. Ambiguous.
v. To use words of double meaning.
v. To destroy thoroughly.
adj. Roving or wandering, as in search of adventure or opportunity for gallant deeds.
adj. Irregular.
adj. Incorrect.
adj. Very-learned.
n. Extensive knowledge of literature, history, language, etc.
v. To keep clear of.
n. That which makes a thing to be what it is.
adj. Pertaining to beauty, taste, or the fine arts.
adj. Worthy of respect.
v. To alienate.
adj. Relating to the development and improvement of race.
v. To speak or write a laudation of a person's life or character.
n. A spoken or written laudation of a person's life or character.
n. A figure of speech by which a phrase less offensive is substituted.
adj. Characterized by agreeableness of sound.
n. Agreeableness of sound.
v. To avoid by artifice.
v. To vanish gradually.
adj. Fleeting.
adj. Seeking the conversion of sinners.
n. Escape.
adj. Ultimate.
v. To turn inside out.
v. To dispossess pursuant to judicial decree.
adj. Indicative.
v. To make manifest or evident.
v. To call or summon forth.
n. Development or growth.
v. To unfold or expand.
v. To make more sharp, severe, or virulent.
v. To overstate.
v. To excite great anger in.
v. To remove by digging or scooping out.
n. An extract or selection from written or printed matter.
n. Intensified emotion or action.
n. An abrupt or emphatic expression of thought or of feeling.
v. To shut out purposely or forcibly.
n. Non-admission.

- 59 -

Excrescence
Excretion
Excruciate
Execrable
Execration
Exegesis
Exemplar
Exemplary
Exemplify
Exempt
Exert
Exhale
Exhaust
Exhaustion
Exhaustive
Exhilarate
Exhume
Exigency
Exigent
Exodus
Exonerate
Exorbitance
Exorbitant
Exorcise
Exotic
Expanse
Expatriate
Expectancy
Expectorate
Expedient
Expedite
Expeditious
Expiate
Explicate
Explicit
Explode
Explosive
Exposition
Expository
Expostulate
Expulsion
Extant
Extemporaneous
Extempore
Extensible
Extensor
Extenuate
Extinct
Extinguish
Extol
Extort
Extortion
Extradite
Extradition
Extraneous
Extravagance
Extravagant
Extremist
Extremity

n. Any unnatural addition, outgrowth, or development.

n. The getting rid of waste matter.
v. To inflict severe pain or agony upon.
adj. Abominable.
n. An accursed thing.
n. Biblical exposition or interpretation.
n. A model, pattern, or original to be copied or imitated.
adj. Fitted to serve as a model or example worthy of imitation.
v. To show by example.
adj. Free, clear, or released, as from some liability, or restriction affecting others.
v. To make an effort.
v. To breathe forth.
v. To empty by draining off the contents.
n. Deprivation of strength or energy.
adj. Thorough and complete in execution.
v. To fill with high or cheerful spirits.
v. To dig out of the earth (what has been buried).
n. A critical period or condition.
adj. Urgent.
n. A going forth or departure from a place or country, especially of many people.
v. To relieve or vindicate from accusation, imputation, or blame.
n. Extravagance or enormity.
adj. Going beyond usual and proper limits.
v. To cast or drive out by religious or magical means.
adj. Foreign.
n. A continuous area or stretch.
v. To drive from one's own country.
n. The act or state of looking forward to ascertain or probable.
v. To cough up and spit forth.
adj. Contributing to personal advantage.
v. To hasten the movement or progress of.
adj. Speedy.
v. To make satisfaction or amends for.
v. To clear from involvement.
adj. Definite.
v. To cause to burst in pieces by force from within.
adj. Pertaining to a sudden and violent outbreak.
n. Formal presentation.
adj. Pertaining to a formal presentation.
v. To discuss.
n. Forcible ejection.
adj. Still existing and known.
adj. Done or made without much or any preparation.
adv. Without studied or special preparation.
adj. Capable of being thrust out.
n. A muscle that causes extension.
v. To diminish the gravity or importance of.
adj. Being no longer in existence.
v. To render extinct.
v. To praise in the highest terms.
v. To obtain by violence, threats, compulsion, or the subjection of another to some necessity.
n. The practice of obtaining by violence or compulsion.
v. To surrender the custody of.
n. The surrender by a government of a person accused of crime to the justice of another government.
adj. Having no essential relation to a subject.
n. Undue expenditure of money.
adj. Needlessly free or lavish in expenditure.
n. One who supports extreme measures or holds extreme views.
n. The utmost point, side, or border, or that farthest removed from a mean position.

- 60 -

Extricate
Extrude
Exuberance
Exuberant

v. Disentangle.
v. To drive out or away.
n. Rich supply.
adj. Marked by great plenty-fullness.

F
Fabricate
Fabulous
Facet
Facetious
Facial
Facile
Facsimile
Faction
Factious
Fallacious
Fallacy
Fallible
Fanatic
Fastidious
Fatuous
Fawn
Fealty
Feasible
Feint
Felicitate
Felony
Ferocious
Fervid
Fervour
Feudalism
Fickle
Fictitious
Fidelity
Finale
Finite
Fiscal
Fissure
Fitful
Flagrant
Flamboyant
Fledgling
Flora
Fluctuation
Flue
Fluent
Flux
Foggy
Foible
Foist
Foliage
Folklore
Fondle
Forbearance
Forebode
Forecast
Forego

v. To invent fancifully or falsely.

adj. Incredible.
n. One of the small triangular plane surfaces of a diamond or other gem.
adj. Amusing.
adj. Pertaining to the face.
adj. Not difficult to do.
n. An exact copy or reproduction.
n. A number of persons combined for a common purpose.
adj. Turbulent.
adj. Illogical.
n. Any unsound or delusive mode of reasoning, or anything based on such Reasoning.
adj. Capable of erring.
n. A religious zealot.
adj. Hard to please.
adj. Idiotic
n. A young deer.
n. Loyalty.
adj. That may be done, performed, or effected; practicable.
n. Any sham, pretence, or deceptive movement.
v. To wish joy or happiness to, especially in view of a coming event.
n. One of the highest class of offenses, and punishable with death or imprisonment.
adj. Of a wild, fierce, and savage nature.
adj. Intense.
n. Ardour or intensity of feeling.
n. The feudal system.
adj. Unduly changeable in feeling, judgment, or purpose.
adj. Created or formed by the imagination.
n. Loyalty.
n. Concluding performance; climax
adj. Limited.
adj. Pertaining to the treasury or public finances of a government.
n. A crack or crack-like depression.
adj. Spasmodic.
adj. Openly scandalous.
adj. Characterized by extravagance and in general by want of good taste.
n. A young bird.
n. The aggregate of plants growing without cultivation in a district.
n. Frequent irregular change back and forth from one state or degree to another.
n. A smoke-duct in a chimney.
adj. Having a ready or easy flow of words or ideas.
n. A state of constant movement, change, or renewal.
adj. Obscure.
n. A personal weakness or failing.
v. To palm off.
n. Any growth of leaves.
n. The traditions, beliefs, and customs of the common people.
v. To handle tenderly and lovingly.
n. Patient endurance or toleration of offenses.
v. To be an omen or warning sign of, especially of evil.
v. To predict.
v. To deny oneself the pleasure or profit of.

- 61 -

Foreknowledge
Foresee
Foresight
Forgo
Forswear
Forte
Fortify
Fortitude
Fracture
Fragile
Frailty
Fraudulence
Fretful
Frightful
Frigid
Frivolity
Frivolous
Frizz
Frizzle
Frolicsome
Frontier
Frowzy
Frugal
Fugacious
Fulcrum
Fulminate
Fulsome
Functionary
Fundamental
Furbish
Furtive
Fuse
Fusible
Futile
Futurist

n. Prescience.
v. To discern beforehand.
n. Provision against harm or need.
v. To deny oneself.
v. To renounce upon oath.
n. A strong point.
v. To provide with defensive works.
n. Patient courage.
n. A break.
adj. Easily broken.
n. Liability to be broken or destroyed.
n. Deceitfulness.
adj. Disposed to peevishness.
adj. Apt to induce terror or alarm.
adj. Lacking warmth.
n. A trifling act, thought, saying, or practice.
adj. Trivial.
v. To give a crinkled, fluffy appearance to.
v. To cause to crinkle or curl, as the hair.
adj. Prankish.
n. The part of a nation's territory that abuts upon another country.
adj. Slovenly in appearance.
adj. Economical.
adj. Fleeting.
n. The support on or against which a lever rests, or the point about which it turns.
v. To cause to explode.
adj. Offensive from excess of praise or commendation.
n. An official.
adj. Basal.
v. To restore brightness or beauty to.
adj. Stealthy or sly, like the actions of a thief.
v. To unite or blend as by melting together.
adj. Capable of being melted by heat.
adj. Of no avail or effect.
n. A person of expectant temperament.

G
Gauge
Gaiety
Gaily
Gait
Gallant
Galore
Galvanize
Gamble
Gambol
Gamester
Gamut
Garnish
Garrison
Garrulous
Gendarme
Genealogy
Genealogist
Generality
Generalize
Generic

n. An instrument for measuring.

n. Festivity.
adv. Merrily.
n. Carriage of the body in going.
adj. Possessing a brave or chivalrous spirit.
adj. Abundant.
v. To imbue with life or animation.
v. To risk money or other possession on an event, chance, or contingency.
n. Playful leaping or frisking.
n. A gambler.
n. The whole range or sequence.
v. In cookery, to surround with additions for embellishment.
n. The military force stationed in a fort, town, or other place for its defense.
adj. Given to constant trivial talking.
n. In continental Europe, particularly in France, a uniformed and armed police officer.
n. A list, in the order of succession, of ancestors and their descendants.
n. A tracer of pedigrees.
n. The principal portion.
v. To draw general inferences.
adj. Noting a genus or kind; opposed to specific.

- 62 -

Generosity
Genesis
Geniality
Genital
Genitive
Genteel
Gentile
Germane
Germinate
Gestation
Gesticulate
Gesture
Ghastly
Gibe
Giddy
Gigantic
Glacial
Glacier
Gladden
Glazier
Glimmer
Glimpse
Glutinous
Gluttonous
Gnash
Gourmand
Gossamer
Gourd
Graceless
Gradient
Granary
Grandeur
Grandiloquent
Grandiose
Grantor
Granular
Granulate
Granule
Grapple
Gratification
Gratify
Gratuitous
Gratuity
Gravity
Gregarious
Grief
Grievance
Grievous
Grimace
Grisly
Grotesque
Grotto
Guile
Guileless
Guinea
Guise
Gullible
Gumption
Gusto

n. A disposition to give liberally or to bestow favors heartily.

n. Creation.
n. Warmth and kindliness of disposition.
adj. Of or pertaining to the animal reproductive organs.
adj. Indicating source, origin, possession, or the like.
adj. Well-bred or refined.
adj. Belonging to a people not Jewish.
adj. Relevant.
v. To begin to develop into an embryo or higher form.
n. Pregnancy.
v. To make gestures or motions, as in speaking, or in place of speech.
n. A movement or action of the hands or face, expressive of some idea or emotion.
adj. Hideous.
v. To utter taunts or reproaches.
adj. Affected with a whirling or swimming sensation in the head.
adj. Tremendous.
adj. Icy, or icily cold.
n. A field or stream of ice.
v. To make joyous.
n. One who cuts and fits panes of glass, as for windows.
n. A faint, wavering, unsteady light.
n. A momentary look.
adj. Sticky.
adj. Given to excess in eating.
v. To grind or strike the teeth together, as from rage.
n. A connoisseur in the delicacies of the table.
adj. Flimsy.
n. A melon, pumpkin, squash, or some similar fruit having a hard rind.
adj. Ungracious.
adj. Moving or advancing by steps.
n. A storehouse for grain after it is thrashed or husked.
n. The quality of being grand or admirably great.
adj. Speaking in or characterized by a pompous or bombastic style.
adj. Having an imposing style or effect.
n. The maker of a deed.
adj. Composed of small grains or particles.
v. To form into grains or small particles.
n. A small grain or particle.
v. To take hold of.
n. Satisfaction.
v. To please, as by satisfying a physical or mental desire or need.
adj. Voluntarily.
n. That which is given without demand or claim. Tip.
n. Seriousness.
adj. Not habitually solitary or living alone.
n. Sorrow.
n. That which oppresses, injures, or causes grief and at the same time a sense of wrong.
adj. Creating affliction.
n. A distortion of the features, occasioned by some feeling of pain, disgust, etc.
adj. Fear-inspiring.
adj. Incongruously composed or ill-proportioned.
n. A small cavern.
n. Duplicity.
adj. Frank.
n. An English monetary unit.
n. The external appearance as produced by garb or costume.
adj. Credulous.
n. Common sense.
n. Keen enjoyment.

- 63 -

Guzzle
Gynaecocracy
Gyrate
Gyroscope

v. To swallow greedily or hastily; gulp.

n. Female supremacy.
v. To revolve.
n. An instrument for illustrating the laws of rotation.

H
Habitable
Habitant
Habitual
Hackney
Haggard
Halcyon
Hale
Harangue
Harbinger
Harmonious
Havoc
Hazard
Heedless
Heifer
Heinous
Haemorrhage
Henchman
Heptagon
Herbaceous
Herbarium
Herbivorous
Hereditary
Heredity
Heresy
Heretic
Heterodox
Heterogeneity
Heterogeneous
Hiatus
Hibernal
Hideous
Hilarious
Hillock
Hinder
Hindmost
Hindrance
Hirsute
Hoard
Hoarse
Homage
Homogeneous
Homologous
Homonym
Homophone
Honorarium
Hoodwink
Horde
Hosiery
Hostility
Humane
Humanitarian
Humanize

adj. Fit to be dwelt in.

n. Dweller.
adj. According to usual practice.
v. To make stale or trite by repetition.
adj. Worn and gaunt in appearance.
adj. Calm.
adj. Of sound and vigorous health.
n. A tirade.
n. One who or that which foreruns and announces the coming of any person or thing.
adj. Concordant in sound.
n. Devastation.
n. Risk.
adj. Thoughtless.
n. A young cow.
adj. Odiously sinful.
n. Discharge of blood from a ruptured or wounded blood-vessel.
n. A servile assistant and subordinate.
n. A figure having seven sides and seven angles.
adj. Having the character of a herb.
n. A collection of dried plants scientifically arranged for study.
adj. Feeding on herbs or other vegetable matter, as animals.
adj. Passing naturally from parent to child.
n. Transmission of physical or mental qualities, diseases, etc., from parent to offspring.
n. An opinion or doctrine subversive of settled beliefs or accepted principles.
n. One who holds opinions contrary to the recognized standards or tenets of any philosophy.
adj. At variance with any commonly accepted doctrine or opinion.
n. Unlikeness of constituent parts.
adj. Consisting of dissimilar elements or ingredients of different kinds.
n. A break or vacancy where something necessary to supply the connection is Wanting.
adj. Pertaining to winter.
adj. Appalling.
adj. Boisterously merry.
n. A small hill or mound.
v. To obstruct.
adj. Farthest from the front.
n. An obstacle.
adj. Having a hairy covering.
v. To gather and store away for the sake of accumulation.
adj. Having the voice harsh or rough, as from a cold or fatigue.
n. Reverential regard or worship.
adj. Made up of similar parts or elements.
adj. Identical in nature, make-up, or relation.
n. A word agreeing in sound with but different in meaning from another.
n. A word agreeing in sound with but different in meaning from another.
n. A token fee or payment to a professional man for services.
v. To deceive.
n. A gathered multitude of human beings.
n. A stocking.
n. Enmity.
adj. Compassionate.
n. A philanthropist.
v. To make gentle or refined.

- 64 -

Humbug
Humiliate
Hustle
Hybrid
Hygiene
Hypercritical
Hypnosis
Hypnotic
Hypnotism
Hypnotize
Hypocrisy
Hypocrite
Hypothesis
Hysteria

n. Anything intended or calculated to deceive or mislead.

v. To put to shame.
v. To move with haste and promptness.
adj. Cross-bred.
n. The branch of medical science that relates to improving health.
adj. Fault finding.
n. An artificial trance-sleep.
adj. Tending to produce sleep.
n. An artificially induced somnambulistic state in which the mind readily acts on Suggestion.
v. To produce a somnambulistic state in which the mind readily acts on suggestions.
n. Extreme insincerity.
n. One who makes false professions of his views or beliefs.
n. A proposition taken for granted as a premise from which to reach a Conclusion.
n. A nervous affection occurring typically in paroxysms of laughing and crying.

I
Ichthyic
Ichthyology
Icon
Iconoclast
Idealize
Idiom
Idiosyncrasy
Idolize
Ignoble
Ignominious
Illegible
Illegitimate
Illiberal
Illicit
Illimitable
Illiterate
Illogical
Illuminate
Illumine
Illusion
Illusive
Illusory
Imaginable
Imaginary
Imbibe
Imbroglio
Imbrue
Immaculate
Immaterial
Immature
Immeasurable
Immense
Immerse
Immersion
Immigrant
Immigrate
Imminence
Imminent
Immiscible
Immoral
Immortalize
Immune

adj. Fish-like.
n. The branch of zoology that treats of fishes.
n. An image or likeness.
n. An image-breaker.
v. To make to conform to some mental or imaginary standard.
n. A use of words peculiar to a particular language.
n. A mental quality or habit peculiar to an individual.
v. To regard with inordinate love or admiration.
adj. Low in character or purpose.
adj. Shameful.
adj. Undecipherable.
adj. Unlawfully begotten.
adj. Stingy.
adj. Unlawful.
adj. Boundless.
adj. Having little or no book-learning.
adj. Contrary to the rules of sound thought.
v. To supply with light.
v. To make bright or clear.
n. An unreal image presented to the senses.
adj. Deceptive.
adj. Deceiving or tending to deceive, as by false appearance.
adj. That can be imagined or conceived in the mind.
adj. Fancied.
v. To drink or take in.
n. A misunderstanding attended by ill feeling, perplexity, or strife.
v. To wet or moisten.
adj. Without spot or blemish.
adj. Of no essential consequence.
adj. Not full-grown.
adj. Indefinitely extensive.
adj. Very great in degree, extent, size, or quantity.
v. To plunge or dip entirely under water or other fluid.
n. The act of plunging or dipping entirely under water or another fluid.
n. A foreigner who enters a country to settle there.
v. To come into a country or region from a former habitat.
n. Impending evil or danger.
adj. Dangerous and close at hand.
adj. Separating, as oil and water.
adj. Habitually engaged in licentious or lewd practices.
v. To cause to last or to be known or remembered throughout a great or indefinite length of time.
adj. Exempt, as from disease.

- 65 -

Immutable
Impair
Impalpable
Impassable
Impassive
Impatience
Impeccable
Impecunious
Impede
Impel
Impend
Imperative
Imperceptible
Imperil
Imperious
Impermissible
Impersonal
Impersonate
Impertinence
Imperturbable
Impervious
Impetuosity
Impetuous
Impetus
Impiety
Impious
Implausible
Implicate
Implicit
Imply
Importation
Importunate
Importune
Impoverish
Impracticable
Impregnable
Impregnate
Impromptu
Impropriety
Improvident
Improvise
Imprudent
Impudence
Impugn
Impulsion
Impulsive
Impunity
Impure
Impute
Inaccessible
Inadmissible
Inadvertent
Inadvisable
Inane
Inanimate
Inapprehensible
Inapt
Inarticulate
Inaudible

adj. Unchangeable.
v. To cause to become less or worse.
adj. Imperceptible to the touch.
adj. That cannot be passed through or over.
adj. Unmoved by or not exhibiting feeling.
n. Unwillingness to brook delays or wait the natural course of things.
adj. Blameless.
adj. Having no money.
v. To be an obstacle or to place obstacles in the way of.
v. To drive or urge forward.
v. To be imminent.
adj. Obligatory.
adj. Indiscernible.
v. To endanger.
adj. Insisting on obedience.
adj. Not permissible.
adj. Not relating to a particular person or thing.
v. To appear or act in the character of.
n. Rudeness.
adj. Calm.
adj. Impenetrable.
n. Rashness.
adj. Impulsive.
n. Any impulse or incentive.
n. Irreverence toward God.
adj. Characterized by irreverence or irreligion.
adj. Not plausible.
v. To show or prove to be involved in or concerned
adj. Implied.
v. To signify.
n. The act or practice of bringing from one country into another.
adj. Urgent in character, request, or demand.
v. To harass with persistent demands or entreaties.
v. To make indigent or poor.
adj. Not feasible.
adj. That cannot be taken by assault.
v. To make pregnant.
n. Anything done or said on the impulse of the moment.
n. The state or quality of being unfit, unseemly, or inappropriate.
adj. Lacking foresight or thrift.
v. To do anything extemporaneously or offhand.
adj. Heedless.
n. Insolent disrespect.
v. To assail with arguments, insinuations, or accusations.
n. Impetus.
adj. Unpremeditated.
n. Freedom from punishment.
adj. Tainted.
v. To attribute.
adj. Difficult of approach.
adj. Not to be approved, considered, or allowed, as testimony.
adj. Accidental.
adj. Unadvisable.
adj. Silly.
adj. Destitute of animal life.
adj. Not to be understood.
adj. Awkward or slow.
adj. Speechless.
adj. That cannot be heard.

- 66 -

Inbred
Incandescence
Incandescent
Incapacitate
Incapacity
Incarcerate
Incendiary
Incentive
Inception
Inceptive
Incessant
Inchoate
Inchoative
Incinerate
Incipience
Incipient
Incisor
Incite
Incitement
Incoercible
Incoherence
Incompatible
Incompressible
Inconceivable
Incongruous
Inconsequential
Inconsiderable
Inconstant
Incontrovertible
Inconvenient
Indefensible
Indefinitely
Indelible
Indescribable
Indestructible
Indicant
Indict
Indigence
Indigenous
Indigent
Indigestible
Indigestion
Indignant
Indignity
Indiscernible
Indiscreet
Indiscriminate
Indispensable
Indistinct
Indivertible
Indivisible
Indolence
Indolent
Indomitable
Induct
Indulgence
Indulgent
Inebriate
Inedible

adj. Innate.
n. The state of being white or glowing with heat.
adj. White or glowing with heat.
v. To deprive of power, capacity, competency, or qualification.
n. Want of power to apprehend, understand, and manage.
v. To imprison.
n. Chemical or person who starts a fire-literally or figuratively.
n. That which moves the mind or inflames the passions.
n. The beginning.
adj. Beginning.
adj. Unceasing.
adj. Incipient.
n. That which begins, or expresses beginning.
v. To reduce to ashes.
n. Beginning.
adj. Initial.
n. A front or cutting tooth.
v. To rouse to a particular action.
n. That which moves to action, or serves as an incentive or stimulus.
adj. Incapable of being forced, constrained, or compelled.
n. Want of connection, or agreement, as of parts or ideas in thought, speech, etc.
adj. Discordant.
adj. Resisting all attempts to reduce volume by pressure.
adj. Incomprehensible.
adj. Unsuitable for the time, place, or occasion.
adj. Valueless.
adj. Small in quantity or importance.
adj. Changeable.
adj. Indisputable.
adj. Interfering with comfort or progress.
adj. Untenable.
adv. In a vague or uncertain way.
adj. That cannot be blotted out, effaced, destroyed, or removed.
adj. That cannot be described.
adj. That cannot be destroyed.
adj. That which points out.
v. To find and declare chargeable with crime.
n. Poverty.
adj. Native.
adj. Poor.
adj. Not digestible, or difficult to digest.
n. Difficulty or failure in the alimentary canal in changing food into absorptive nutriment.
adj. Having such anger and scorn as is aroused by meanness or wickedness.
n. Unmerited contemptuous conduct or treatment.
adj. No perceptible.
adj. Lacking wise judgment.
adj. Promiscuous.
adj. Necessary or requisite for the purpose.
adj. Vague.
adj. That cannot be turned aside.
adj. Not separable into parts.
n. Laziness.
adj. Habitually inactive or idle.
adj. Unconquerable.
v. To bring in.
n. The yielding to inclination, passion, desire, or propensity in oneself or another.
adj. Yielding to the desires or humor of oneself or those under one's care.
v. To intoxicate.
adj. Not good for food.

- 67 -

Ineffable
Inept
Inert
Inevitable
Inexcusable
Inexhaustible
Inexorable
Inexpedient
Inexplicable
Inextensible
Infallible
Infamy
Inference
Infest
Infidel
Infidelity
Infirm
Infirmary
Infirmity
Inflammable
Inflammation
Inflexible
Influential
Influx
Infringe
Infuse
Infusion
Ingenious
Ingenuity
Ingenuous
Inglorious
Ingratiate
Ingratitude
Ingredient
Inherence
Inherent
Inhibit
Inhospitable
Inhuman
Inhume
Inimical
Iniquity
Initiate
Inject
Injunction
Inkling
Innocuous
Innovate
Innumerable
Inoffensive
Inopportune
Inquire
Inquisition
Inquisitive
Inquisitor
Inroad
Insatiable
Inscribe
Inscrutable

adj. Unutterable.
adj. Not fit or suitable.
adj. Inanimate.
adj. Unavoidable.
adj. Not to be justified.
adj. So large or furnishing so great a supply as not to be emptied, wasted, or spent.
adj. Unrelenting.
adj. Unadvisable.
adj. Such as cannot be made plain.
adj. Of unchangeable length or area.
adj. Exempt from error of judgment, as in opinion or statement.
n. Total loss or destitution of honour or reputation.
n. The derivation of a judgment from any given material of knowledge on the ground of law.
v. To be present in such numbers as to be a source of annoyance, trouble, or danger.
n. One who denies the existence of God.
n. Disloyalty.
adj. Lacking in bodily or mental strength.
n. A place for the reception or treatment of the sick.
n. A physical, mental, or moral weakness or flaw.
adj. Easily set on fire or excited.
n. A morbid process in some part of the body characterized by heat, swelling, and pain.
adj. That cannot be altered or varied.
adj. Having the power to sway the will of another.
n. Infusion.
v. To trespass upon.
v. To install, introduce, or inculcate, as principles or qualities.
n. The act of imbuing, or pouring in.
adj. Evincing skill, originality, or cleverness, as in contrivance or arrangement.
n. Cleverness in contriving, combining, or originating.
adj. Candid, frank, or open in character or quality.
adj. Shameful.
v. To win confidence or good graces for oneself.
n. Insensibility to kindness.
n. Component.
n. The state of being permanently existing in something.
adj. Intrinsic.
v. To hold back or in.
adj. Not disposed to entertain strangers gratuitously.
adj. Savage.
v. To place in the earth, as a dead body.
adj. Adverse.
n. Gross wrong or injustice.
v. To perform the first act or rite.
v. To introduce, as a fluid, by injection.
n. Mandate.
n. A hint.
adj. Harmless.
v. To introduce or strive to introduce new things.
adj. Countless.
adj. Causing nothing displeasing or disturbing.
adj. Unsuitable or inconvenient, especially as to time.
v. To ask information about.
n. A court or tribunal for examination and punishment of heretics.
adj. Given to questioning, especially out of curiosity.
n. One who makes an investigation.
n. Forcible encroachment or trespass.
adj. That desires or craves immoderately or unappeasably.
v. To enter in a book, or on a list, roll, or document, by writing.
adj. Impenetrably mysterious or profound.

- 68 -

Insentient
Inseparable
Insidious
Insinuate
Insipid
Insolence
Insolent
Instantaneous
Instigate
Instigator
Instructive
Insular
Insulate
Insuperable
Insurgence
Insurgent
Insurrection
Intangible
Intemperance
Intension
Intensive
Intention
Interact
Intercede
Intercept
Intercession
Intercessor
Interdict
Interim
Interlocutor
Interlude
Interminable
Intermission
Intermit
Intermittent
Interpolation
Interpose
Interposition
Interpreter
Interrupt
Intersect
Intervene
Intimacy
Intimidate
Intolerable
Intolerance
Intolerant
Intoxicant
Intoxicate
Intracellular
Intramural
Intrepid
Intricacy
Intricate
Intrigue
Intrinsic
Introspect
Intrude
Intrusion

adj. Lacking the power of feeling or perceiving.

adj. That cannot be separated.
adj. Working ill by slow and stealthy means.
v. To imply.
adj. Tasteless.
n. Pride or haughtiness exhibited in contemptuous and overbearing treatment of others.
adj. Impudent.
adj. Done without perceptible lapse of time.
v. To provoke.
n. One who incites to evil.
adj. Conveying knowledge.
adj. Pertaining to an island.
v. To place in a detached state or situation.
adj. Invincible.
n. Uprising.
n. One who takes part in forcible opposition to the constituted authorities of a place.
n. The state of being in active resistance to authority.
adj. Not perceptible to the touch.
n. Immoderate action or indulgence, as of the appetites.
n. The act of stringing or stretching, or state of being strained.
adj. Adding emphasis or force.
n. That upon which the mind is set.
v. To act reciprocally.
v. To mediate between persons.
v. To interrupt the course of.
n. Entreaty in behalf of others.
n. A mediator.
n. Authoritative act of prohibition.
n. Time between acts or periods.
n. One who takes part in a conversation or oral discussion.
n. An action or event considered as coming between others of greater length.
adj. Having no limit or end.
n. A recess.
v. To cause to cease temporarily.
adj. A temporary discontinuance.
n. Verbal interference.
v. To come between other things or persons.
n. A coming between.
n. A person who makes intelligible the speech of a foreigner by oral translation.
v. To stop while in progress.
v. To cut through or into so as to divide.
v. To interfere for some end.
n. Close or confidential friendship.
v. To cause to become frightened.
adj. Insufferable.
n. Inability or unwillingness to bear or endure.
adj. Bigoted.
n. Anything that unduly exhilarates or excites.
v. To make drunk.
adj. Occurring or situated within a cell.
adj. Situated within the walls of a city.
adj. Fearless and bold.
n. Perplexity.
adj. Difficult to follow or understand.
n. A plot or scheme, usually complicated and intended to accomplish something by secret ways.
adj. Inherent.
v. To look into.
v. To come in without leave or license.
n. The act of entering without warrant or invitation; encroachment.

- 69 -

Intuition
Inundate
Inure
Invariable
Invasion
Invective
Inveigh
Inventive
Inverse
Inversion
Invert
Investigator
Inveterate
Invidious
Invigorate
Invincible
Inviolable
Invoke
Involuntary
Involution
Involve
Invulnerable
Iota
Irascible
Irate
Iridescence
Irony
Irradiate
Irrational
Irreducible
Irrelevant
Irreligious
Irrepressible
Irresistible
Irresponsible
Irreverence
Irreverent
Irreversible
Irrigate
Irritable
Isolate
Itinerant
Itinerary
Itinerate

n. Instinctive knowledge or feeling.

v. To fill with an overflowing abundance.
v. To harden or toughen by use, exercise, or exposure.
adj. Unchangeable.
n. Encroachment, as by an act of intrusion or trespass.
n. An utterance intended to cast censure, or reproach.
v. To utter vehement censure or invective.
adj. Quick at contrivance.
adj. Contrary in tendency or direction.
n. Change of order so that the first shall become last and the last first.
v. To turn inside out, upside down, or in opposite direction.
n. One who investigates.
adj. Habitual.
adj. Showing or feeling envy.
v. To animate.
adj. Not to be conquered, subdued, or overcome.
adj. Incapable of being injured or disturbed.
v. To call on for assistance or protection.
adj. Unwilling.
n. Complication.
v. To draw into entanglement, literally or figuratively.
adj. That cannot be wounded or hurt.
n. A small or insignificant mark or part.
adj. Prone to anger.
adj. Moved to anger.
n. A many-coloured appearance.
n. Censure or ridicule under cover of praise or compliment.
v. To render clear and intelligible.
adj. Not possessed of reasoning powers or understanding.
adj. That cannot be lessened.
adj. Inapplicable.
adj. Indifferent or opposed to religion.
adj. That cannot be restrained or kept down.
adj. That cannot be successfully withstood or opposed.
adj. Careless of or unable to meet responsibilities.
n. The quality showing or expressing a deficiency of veneration, especially for sacred things.
adj. Showing or expressing a deficiency of veneration, especially for sacred things.
adj. Irrevocable.
v. To water, as land, by ditches or other artificial means.
adj. Showing impatience or ill temper on little provocation.
v. To separate from others of its kind.
adj. Wandering.
n. A detailed account or diary of a journey.
v. To wander from place to place.

J
Jargon
Jaundice
Jeopardize
Jingo
Jocose
Jocular
Journalize
Jovial
Jubilation
Judgment
Judicature

n. Confused, unintelligible speech or highly technical speech.

n. A morbid condition, due to obstructed excretion of bile or characterized by Yellowing of the skin.
v. To imperil.
n. One of a party in Great Britain in favor of spirited and demonstrative foreign policy.
adj. Done or made in jest.
adj. Inclined to joke.
v. To keep a diary.
adj. Merry.
n. Exultation.
n. The faculty by the exercise of which a deliberate conclusion is reached.
n. Distribution and administration of justice by trial and judgment.

- 70 -

Judicial
Judicious
Juggle
Jugglery
Jugular
Junction
Juncture
Junta
Juridical
Jurisdiction
Jurisprudence
Juror
Joust
Justification
Juvenile
Juxtapose

adj. Pertaining to the administration of justice.

adj. Prudent.
v. To play tricks of sleight of hand.
n. The art or practice of sleight of hand.
adj. Pertaining to the throat.
n. The condition of being joined.
n. An articulation, joint, or seam.
n. A council or assembly that deliberates in secret upon the affairs of government.
adj. Assumed by law to exist.
n. Lawful power or right to exercise official authority.
n. The science of rights in accordance with positive law.
n. One who serves on a jury or is sworn in for jury duty in a court of justice.
v. To engage in a tilt with lances on horseback.
n. Vindication.
adj. Characteristic of youth.
v. To place close together.

K
Kerchief
Kernel
Kimono
Kind-hearted
Kingship
Kinsfolk
Knavery
Knead
Knighthood

n. A square of linen, silk, or other material, used as a covering for the head or Neck.
n. A grain or seed.
n. A loose robe, fastening with a sash, the principal outer garment in Japan.
adj. Having a kind and sympathetic nature.
n. Royal state.
n. Pl. Relatives.
n. Deceitfulness in dealing.
v. To mix and work into a homogeneous mass, especially with the hands.
n. Chivalry.

L
Laborious
Labyrinth
Lacerate
Lackadaisical
Lactic
Ladle
Laggard
Landlord
Landmark
Landscape
Languid
Languor
Lapse
Lascivious
Latent
Lattice
Laud
Laudable
Laundress
Laureate
Lax
Laxative
Legacy
Legible
Legislate
Legislative
Legitimacy

adj. Toilsome.
n. A maze.
v. To tear rudely or raggedly.
adj. Listless.
adj. Pertaining to milk.
n. A cup-shaped vessel with a long handle, intended for dipping up and pouring Liquids.
adj. Falling behind.
n. A man who owns and lets a tenement or tenements.
n. A familiar object in the landscape serving as a guide to an area otherwise Easily lost track of.
n. A rural view, especially one of picturesque effect, as seen from a distance or An elevation.
adj. Relaxed.
n. Lassitude of body or depression.
n. A slight deviation from what is right, proper, or just.
adj. Lustful.
adj. Dormant.
n. Openwork of metal or wood, formed by crossing or interlacing strips or bars.
v. To praise in words or song.
adj. Praiseworthy.
n. Washerwoman.
adj. Crowned with laurel, as a mark of distinction.
adj. Not stringent or energetic.
adj. Having power to open or loosen the bowels.
n. A bequest.
adj. That may be read with ease.
v. To make or enact a law or laws.
adj. That makes or enacts laws.
n. Accordance with law.

- 71 -

Leisure
Leniency
Leonine
Lethargy
Levee
Lever
Leviathan
Levity
Levy
Lewd
Lexicography
Lexicon
Liable
Libel
Liberalism
Liberate
Licentious
Licit
Liege
Lien
Lieu
Linear
Lingo
Lingua
Linguist
Linguistics
Liquefy
Liquidate
Listless
Literacy
Lithe
Lithesome
Lithograph
Litigant
Littoral
Liturgy
Livelihood
Livid
Loath
Loathe
Locomotion
Loiterer
Longevity
Loquacious
Louse
Lucid
Lucrative
Ludicrous
Luminary
Luminescent
Luminosity
Luminous
Lunacy
Lunar
Luscious
Lustrous
Lyric

n. Spare time.
n. Forbearance.
adj. Like a lion.
n. Prolonged sluggishness of body or mind.
n. An embankment beside a river or stream or an arm of the sea, to prevent overflow.
n. That which exerts, or through which one may exert great power.
n. Any large animal, as a whale.
n. Frivolity.
v. To impose and collect by force or threat of force.
adj. Characterized by lust or lasciviousness.
n. The making of dictionaries.
n. A dictionary.
adj. Justly or legally responsible.
n. Defamation.
n. Opposition to conservatism.
v. To set free or release from bondage.
adj. Wanton.
adj. Lawful.
adj. Sovereign.
n. A legal claim or hold on property, as security for a debt or charge.
n. Stead.
adj. Of the nature of a line.
n. Language.
n. The tongue.
n. One who is acquainted with several languages.
n. The science of languages, or of the origin, history, and significance of words.
v. To convert into a liquid or into liquid form.
v. To deliver the amount or value of.
adj. Inattentive.
n. The state or condition of knowing how to read and write.
adj. Supple.
adj. Nimble.
n. A print made by printing from stone.
n. A party to a lawsuit.
adj. Of, pertaining to, or living on a shore.
n. A ritual.
n. Means of subsistence.
adj. Black-and-blue, as contused flesh.
adj. Averse.
v. To abominate.
n. The act or power of moving from one place to another.
n. One who consumes time idly.
n. Unusually prolonged life.
adj. Talkative.
n. A small insect parasitic on and sucking the blood of mammals.
adj. Mentally sound.
adj. Highly profitable.
adj. Laughable.
n. One of the heavenly bodies as a source of light.
adj. Showing increase of light.
n. The quality of giving or radiating light.
adj. Giving or radiating light.
n. Mental unsoundness.
adj. Pertaining to the moon.
adj. Rich, sweet, and delicious.
adj. Shining.
adj. Fitted for expression in song.

- 72 -

M
Machinist
Macrocosm
Madden
Magnanimous
Magnate
Magnet
Magnitude
Maize
Malady
Malaria
Malediction
Malefactor
Maleficent
Malevolence
Malevolent
Malign
Malignant
Malleable
Mandate
Mandatory
Mane
Manoeuvre
Mania
Maniac
Manlike
Mannerism
Manor
Mantel
Mantle
Manumission
Manumit
Maritime
Maroon
Martial
Martian
Martyrdom
Marvel
Masquerade
Massacre
Material
Materialize
Maternal
Matricide
Matrix
Maudlin
Mausoleum
Mawkish
Maxim
Maze
Meagre
Meander
Mechanics
Medallion
Meddlesome
Mediate
Medieval
Mediocre

n. One who makes or repairs machines, or uses metal-working tools.

n. The whole of any sphere or department of nature or knowledge to which Man is related.
v. To inflame with passion.
adj. Generous in treating or judging others.
n. A person of rank or importance.
n. A body possessing that peculiar form of polarity found in nature in the Lodestone.
n. Importance.
n. Indian corn: usually in the United States called simply corn.
n. Any physical disease or disorder, especially a chronic or deep-seated one.
n. A fever characterized by alternating chills, fever, and sweating.
n. The calling down of a curse or curses.
n. One who injures another.
adj. Mischievous.
n. Ill will.
adj. Wishing evil to others.
v. To speak evil of, especially to do so falsely and severely.
adj. Evil in nature or tending to do great harm or mischief.
adj. Pliant.
n. A command.
adj. Expressive of positive command, as distinguished from merely directory.
n. The long hair growing upon and about the neck of certain animals, as the horse And the lion.
v. To make adroit or artful moves: manage affairs by strategy.
n. Insanity.
n. A person raving with madness.
adj. Like a man.
n. Constant or excessive adherence to one manner, style, or peculiarity, as of Action or conduct.
n. The landed estate of a lord or nobleman.
n. The facing, sometimes richly ornamented, about a fireplace, including the usual Shelf above it.
n. A cloak.
n. Emancipation.
v. To set free from bondage.
adj. Situated on or near the sea.
v. To put ashore and abandon (a person) on a desolate coast or island.
adj. Pertaining to war or military operations.
adj. Pertaining to Mars, either the Roman god of war or the planet.
n. Submission to death or persecution for the sake of faith or principle.
v. To be astonished and perplexed because of (something).
n. A social party composed of persons masked and costumed so as to be Disguised.
n. The unnecessary and indiscriminate killing of human beings.
n. That of which anything is composed or may be constructed.
v. To take perceptible or substantial form.
adj. Pertaining or peculiar to a mother or to motherhood.
n. The killing, especially the murdering, of one's mother.
n. That which contains and gives shape or form to anything.
adj. Foolishly and tearfully affectionate.
n. A tomb of more than ordinary size or architectural pretensions.
adj. Sickening or insipid.
n. A principle accepted as true and acted on as a rule or guide.
n. A labyrinth.
adj. Scanty.
v. To wind and turn while proceeding in a course.
n. The branch of physics that treats the phenomena caused by the action of forces.
n. A large medal.
adj. Interfering.
v. To effect by negotiating as an agent between parties.
adj. Belonging or relating to or descriptive of the middle ages.
adj. Ordinary.

- 73 -

Medley
Meliorate
Mellifluous
Melodious
Memento
Menace
Mendacious
Mendicant
Mentality
Mentor
Mercenary
Merciless
Meretricious
Mesmerize
Messieurs
Metallurgy
Metamorphosis
Metaphor
Metaphysics
Mete
Meticulous
Metonymy
Metric
Metropolis
Mettle
Microcosm
Mien
Migrate
Mileage
Militant
Militate
Militia
Mimic
Miniature
Minion
Ministration
Ministry
Minutia
Mirage
Misapprehend
Mischievous
Miscreant
Misdeed
Misdemeanour
Miser
Mishap
Misinterpret
Misnomer
Misogamy
Misogyny
Missive
Mite
Mitigate
Mockery
Moderator
Modish
Modulate
Mollify
Momentary

n. A composition of different songs or parts of songs arranged to run as a continuous Whole.

v. To make better or improve, as in quality or social or physical condition.
adj. Sweetly or smoothly flowing.
adj. Characterized by a sweet succession of sounds.
n. A souvenir.
n. A threat.
adj. Untrue.
n. A beggar.
n. Intellectuality.
n. A wise and faithful teacher, guide, and friend.
adj. Greedy
adj. Cruel.
adj. Alluring by false or gaudy show.
v. To hypnotize.
n. Pl. Gentlemen.
n. The art or science of extracting a metal from ores, as by smelting.
n. A passing from one form or shape into another.
n. A figure of speech in which one object is likened to another, by speaking as if The other.
n. The principles of philosophy as applied to explain the methods of any Particular science.
v. To apportion.
adj. Over-cautious.
n. A figure of speech that consists in the naming of a thing by one of its Attributes.
adj. Relating to measurement.
n. A chief city, either the capital or the largest or most important city of a state.
n. Courage.
n. The world or universe on a small scale.
n. The external appearance or manner of a person.
v. To remove or pass from one country, region, or habitat to another.
n. A distance in miles.
adj. Of a warlike or combative disposition or tendency.
v. To have weight or influence (in determining a question).
n. Those citizens, collectively, who are enrolled and drilled in temporary military Organizations.
v. To imitate the speech or actions of.
adj. Much smaller than reality or that the normal size.
n. A servile favourite.
n. Any religious ceremonial.
n. A service.
n. A small or unimportant particular or detail.
n. An optical effect looking like a sheet of water in the desert.
v. To misunderstand.
adj. Fond of tricks.
n. A villain.
n. A wrong or improper act.
n. Evil conduct, small crime.
n. A person given to saving and hoarding unduly.
n. Misfortune.
v. To misunderstand.
n. A name wrongly or mistakenly applied.
n. Hatred of marriage.
n. Hatred of women.
n. A message in writing.
n. A very small amount, portion, or particle.
v. To make milder or more endurable.
n. Ridicule.
n. The presiding officer of a meeting.
adj. Fashionable.
v. To vary in tone, inflection, pitch or other quality of sound.
v. To soothe.
adj. Lasting but a short time.

- 74 -

Momentous
Momentum
Monarchy
Monastery
Monetary
Mongrel
Monition
Monocracy
Monogamy
Monogram
Monograph
Monolith
Monologue
Monopoly
Monosyllable
Monotonous
Monotony
Monsieur
Monstrosity
Morale
Moralist
Moratorium
Morbid
Moribund
Morose
Motley
Mouthful
Muddle
Muffle
Mundane
Munificence
Muster
Mutation
Mutilate
Mutiny
Myriad
Mystic
Myth
Mythology

adj. Very significant.

n. An impetus.
n. Government by a single, sovereign ruler.
n. A dwelling-place occupied in common by persons under religious vows of Seclusion.
adj. Financial.
n. The progeny resulting from the crossing of different breeds or varieties.
n. Friendly counsel given by way of warning and implying caution or reproof.
n. Government by a single person.
n. The habit of pairing, or having but one mate.
n. A character consisting of two or more letters interwoven into one, usually Initials of a name.
n. A treatise discussing a single subject or branch of a subject.
n. Any structure or sculpture in stone formed of a single piece.
n. A story or drama told or performed by one person.
n. The control of a thing, as a commodity, to enable a person to raise its price.
n. A word of one syllable.
adj. Unchanging and tedious.
n. A lack of variety.
n. A French title of respect, equivalent to Mr. And sir.
n. Anything unnaturally huge or distorted.
n. A state of mind with reference to confidence, courage, zeal, and the like.
n. A writer on ethics.
n. An emergency legislation authorizing a government suspend some action temporarily.
adj. Caused by or denoting a diseased or unsound condition of body or mind.
adj. On the point of dying.
adj. Gloomy.
adj. Composed of heterogeneous or inharmonious elements.
n. As much as can be or is usually put into the or exercise.
v. To confuse or becloud, especially with or as with drink.
v. To deaden the sound of, as by wraps.
adj. Worldly, as opposed to spiritual or celestial.
n. A giving characterized by generous motives and extraordinary liberality.
n. An assemblage or review of troops for parade or inspection, or for numbering off.
n. The act or process of change.
v. To disfigure.
n. Rebellion against lawful or constituted authority.
n. A vast indefinite number.
n. One who professes direct divine illumination, or relies upon meditation to acquire truth.
n. A fictitious narrative presented as historical, but without any basis of fact.
n. The whole body of legends cherished by a race concerning gods and heroes.

N
Naphtha
Narration
Nasal
Natal
Nausea
Navigate
Nebula
Nectar
Nefarious
Negation
Nemesis
Neolithic
Neology
Neophyte
Nestle
Nestling
Nettle

n. A light, colourless, volatile, inflammable oil used as a solvent, as in manufacture of Paints.

n. The act of recounting the particulars of an event in the order of time or Occurrence.
adj. Pertaining to the nose.
adj. Pertaining to one's birth.
n. An affection of the stomach producing dizziness and usually an impulse to vomit.
v. To traverse by ship.
n. A gaseous body of unorganized stellar substance.
n. Any especially sweet and delicious drink.
adj. Wicked in the extreme.
n. The act of denying or of asserting the falsity of a proposition.
n. A goddess; divinity of chastisement and vengeance.
adj. Pertaining to the later stone age.
n. The coining or using of new words or new meanings of words.
adj. Having the character of a beginner.
v. To adjust cosily in snug quarters.
adj. Recently hatched.
v. To excite sensations of uneasiness or displeasure in.

- 75 -

Neurology
Niggardly
Nihilist
Nimble
Nocturnal
Noisome
Noisy
Nomad
Nonchalance
Non-combatant
Nonentity
Normalcy
Nostrum
Noticeable
Notorious
Novelette
Novice
Noxious
Nuance
Nucleus
Nugatory
Nuisance
Nunnery
Nuptial
Nurture

n. The science of the nervous system.

adj. Stingy. (no longer acceptable to use)
n. An advocate of the doctrine that nothing either exists or can be known.
adj. Light and quick in motion or action.
adj. Of or pertaining to the night.
adj. Very offensive, particularly to the sense of smell.
adj. Clamorous.
adj. Having no fixed abode.
n. A state of mind indicating lack of interest.
n. One attached to the army or navy, but having duties other than that of Fighting.
n. A person or thing of little or no account.
n. The state of being normal.
n. Any scheme or recipe of a charlatan character.
adj. Perceptible.
adj. Unfavourably known to the general public.
n. A short novel.
n. A beginner in any business or occupation.
adj. Hurtful.
n. A slight degree of difference in anything perceptible to the sense of the mind.
n. A central point or part about which matter is aggregated.
adj. Having no power or force.
n. That which annoys, vexes, or irritates.
n. A convent for nuns.
adj. Of or pertaining to marriage, especially to the marriage ceremony.
n. The process of fostering or promoting growth.

O
Obdurate
Obituary
Obligate
Obligatory
Oblique
Obliterate
Oblivion
Obnoxious
Observance
Obsolescence
Obsolete
Obstetrician
Obstinacy
Obstruct
Obtrude
Obvert
Obviate
Occident
Occlude
Occult
Occupant
Octogenarian
Ocular
Oculist
Oddity
Ode
Odious
Odium
Odoriferous
Odorous
Offhand

adj. Impassive to feelings of humanity or pity.

adj. A published notice of a death.
v. To hold to the fulfilment of duty.
adj. Binding in law or conscience.
adj. Slanting; said of lines.
v. To cause to disappear.
n. The state of having passed out of the memory or of being utterly forgotten.
adj. Detestable.
n. A traditional form or customary act.
n. The condition or process of gradually falling into disuse.
adj. No longer practiced or accepted.
n. A practitioner of midwifery.
n. Stubborn adherence to opinion, arising from conceit or the desire to have One's own way.
v. To fill with impediments so as to prevent passage, either wholly or in part.
v. To be pushed or to push oneself into undue prominence.
v. To turn the front or principal side of (a thing) toward any person or object.
v. To clear away or provide for, as an objection or difficulty.
n. The countries lying west of Asia and the Turkish dominions.
v. To absorb, as a gas by a metal.
adj. Existing but not immediately perceptible.
n. A tenant in possession of property, as distinguished from the actual owner.
adj. A person of between eighty and ninety years.
adj. Of or pertaining to the eye.
n. One versed or skilled in treating diseases of the eye.
n. An eccentricity.
n. The form of lyric poetry anciently intended to be sung.
adj. Hateful.
n. A feeling of extreme repugnance, or of dislike and disgust.
adj. Having or diffusing an odor or scent, especially an agreeable one.
adj. Having an odour, especially a fragrant one.
adv. Without preparation.

- 76 -

Officiate
Officious
Offshoot
Ointment
Olfactory
Ominous
Omission
Omnipotence
Omnipotent
Omniscience
Omniscient
Omnivorous
Onerous
Onset
Onslaught
Onus
Opalescence
Opaque
Opportune
Opportunist
Opprobrium
Optic
Optician
Optimism
Optometry
Opulence
Oral
Orate
Orator
Oratory
Ordeal
Ordinal
Originate
Orthodox
Orthodoxy
Oscillate
Ostentation
Ostracize
Ought
Oust
Outcast
Outcry
Outdo
Outlandish
Outlast
Outlaw
Outlive
Outrageous
Outweigh

v. To act as an officer or leader.

adj. Intermeddling with what is not one's concern.
n. Something that branches off from the parent stock.
n. A fatty preparation with a butter-like consistency in which a medicinal Substance exists.
adj. Of or pertaining to the sense of smell.
adj. Portentous.
n. Exclusion.
n. Unlimited and universal power.
adj. Possessed of unlimited and universal power.
n. Unlimited or infinite knowledge.
adj. Characterized by unlimited or infinite knowledge.
adj. Eating or living upon food of all kinds indiscriminately.
adj. Burdensome or oppressive.
n. An assault, especially of troops, upon an enemy or fortification.
n. A violent onset.
n. A burden or responsibility.
n. The property of combined refraction and reflection of light, resulting in Smoky tints.
adj. Impervious to light.
adj. Especially fit as occurring, said, or done at the right moment.
n. One who takes advantage of circumstances to gain his ends.
n. The state of being scornfully reproached or accused of evil.
n. Pertaining to the eye or vision.
n. One who makes or deals in optical instruments or eye-glasses.
n. The view that everything in nature and the history of mankind is ordered for The best.
n. Measurement of the powers of vision.
n. Affluence.
adj. Uttered through the mouth.
v. To deliver an elaborate or formal public speech.
n. One who delivers an elaborate or formal speech.
n. The art of public speaking.
n. Anything that severely tests courage, strength, patience, conscience, etc.
n. That form of the numeral that shows the order of anything in a series, as first, second, third.
v. To cause or constitute the beginning or first stage of the existence of.
adj. Holding the commonly accepted faith.
n. Acceptance of the common faith.
v. To swing back and forth.
n. A display dictated by vanity and intended to invite applause or flattery.
v. To exclude from public or private favour.
v. To be under moral obligation to be or do.
v. To eject.
n. One rejected and despised, especially socially.
n. A vehement or loud cry or clamour.
v. To surpass.
adj. Of barbarous, uncouth, and unfamiliar aspect or action.
v. To last longer than.
n. A habitual lawbreaker.
v. To continue to exist after.
adj. Shocking in conduct.
v. To surpass in importance or excellence.

P
Pacify
Pact
Pagan
Pageant
Palate

v. To bring into a peaceful state.

n. A covenant.
n. A worshiper of false gods.
n. A dramatic representation, especially a spectacular one.
n. The roof of the mouth.

- 77 -

Palatial
Palliate
Pallid
Palpable
Panacea
Pandemic
Pandemonium
Panegyric
Pantheism
Pantheon
Pantomime
Papacy
Papyrus
Parable
Paradox
Paragon
Paramount
Paramour
Paraphernalia
Pare
Pariah
Parity
Parlance
Parley
Parody
Paroxysm
Parricide
Parsimonious
Partisan
Pastoral
Pathos
Patriarch
Patrician
Patrimony
Patriotism
Patronize
Patronymic
Paucity
Pauper
Pauperism
Payee
Peaceable
Peccadillo
Pecuniary
Pedagogue
Pedagogy
Pedant
Peddle
Pedestal
Pedestrian
Pedigree
Peddler
Peevish
Pellucid
Penance
Penchant
Pendant
Pendulous
Penetrable

adj. Magnificent.
v. To cause to appear less guilty.
adj. Of a pale or wan appearance.
n. Perceptible by feeling or touch.
n. A remedy or medicine proposed for or professing to cure all diseases.
adj. Affecting a whole people or all classes, as a disease.
n. A fiendish or riotous uproar.
n. A formal and elaborate eulogy, written or spoken, of a person or of an act.
n. The worship of nature for itself or its beauty.
n. A circular temple at Rome with a fine Corinthian portico and a great domed roof.
n. Sign-language.
n. The official head of the Roman Catholic Church.
n. The writing-paper of the ancient Egyptians, and later of the Romans.
n. A brief narrative founded on real scenes or events usually with a moral.
n. A statement or doctrine seemingly in contradiction to the received belief.
n. A model of excellence.
adj. Supreme in authority.
n. One who is unlawfully and immorally a lover or a mistress.
n. Miscellaneous articles of equipment or adornment.
v. To cut, shave, or remove (the outside) from anything.
n. A member of a degraded class; a social outcast.
n. Equality, as of condition or rank.
n. Mode of speech.
v. To converse in.
v. To render ludicrous by imitating the language of.
n. A sudden outburst of any kind of activity.
n. The murder of a parent.
adj. Unduly sparing in the use or expenditure of money.
adj. Characterized by or exhibiting undue or unreasoning devotion to a party.
adj. Having the spirit or sentiment of rural life.
n. The quality in any form of representation that rouses emotion or sympathy.
n. The chief of a tribe or race who rules by paternal right.
adj. Of senatorial or noble rank.
n. An inheritance from an ancestor, especially from one's father.
n. Love and devotion to one's country.
v. To exercise an arrogant condescension toward.
adj. Formed after one's father's name.
n. Fewness.
n. One without means of support.
n. Dependence on charity.
n. A person to whom money has been or is to be paid.
adj. Tranquil.
n. A small breach of propriety or principle.
adj. Consisting of money.
n. A schoolmaster.
n. The science and art of teaching
n. A scholar who makes needless and inopportune display of his learning.
v. To go about with a small stock of goods to sell.
n. A base or support as for a column, statue, or vase.
n. One who journeys on foot.
n. One's line of ancestors.
n. One who travels from house to house with an assortment of goods for retail.
adj. Petulant. (irritable)
adj. Translucent.
n. Punishment to which one voluntarily submits or subjects himself as an expression of penitence.
n. A bias in favor of something.
n. Anything that hangs from something else, either for ornament or for use.
adj. Hanging, especially so as to swing by an attached end or part.
adj. That may be pierced by physical, moral, or intellectual force.

- 78 -

Penetrate
Peninsular
Penitence
Penitential
Pennant
Penultimate
Penurious
Penury
Perceive
Perceptible
Perception
Percipient
Percussion
Peremptory
Perennial
Perfidy
Perforate
Perfumery
Perfunctory
Peripatetic
Perjure
Perjury
Permanence
Permeate
Pernicious
Perpetrator
Perpetuate
Perquisite
Persecution
Perseverance
Persevere
Persiflage
Persist
Persistence
Personage
Perspective
Perspicacious
Perspicuous
Perspiration
Perspire
Persuade
Pertinacity
Pertinent
Perturb
Perusal
Pervade
Perverse
Perversion
Perversity
Pervert
Petrify
Petulance
Petulant
Philanthropic
Philanthropist
Philanthropy
Philately
Philharmonic
Philologist

v. To enter or force a way into the interior parts of.

adj. Pertaining to a piece of land almost surrounded by water.
n. Sorrow for sin with desire to amend and to atone.
adj. Pertaining to sorrow for sin with desire to amend and to atone.
n. A small flag.
adj. A syllable or member of a series that is last but one.
adj. Excessively sparing in the use of money.
n. Indigence.
v. To have knowledge of, or receive impressions concerning, through the medium of the body senses.
adj. Cognizable.
n. Knowledge through the senses of the existence and properties of matter or the external world.
n. One who or that which perceives.
n. The sharp striking of one body against another.
adj. Precluding question or appeal.
adj. Continuing though the year or through many years.
n. Treachery.
v. To make a hole or holes through.
n. The preparation of perfumes.
adj. Half-hearted.
adj. Walking about.
v. To swear falsely to.
n. A solemn assertion of a falsity.
n. A continuance in the same state, or without any change
v. To pervade.
adj. Tending to kill or hurt.
n. The doer of a wrong or a criminal act.
v. To preserve from extinction or oblivion.
n. Any profit from service beyond the amount fixed as salary or wages.
n. Harsh or malignant oppression.
n. A persistence in purpose and effort.
v. To continue striving in spite of discouragements.
n. Banter.
v. To continue steadfast against opposition.
n. A fixed adherence to a resolve, course of conduct, or the like.
n. A man or woman as an individual, especially one of rank or high station.
n. The relative importance of facts or matters from any special point of view.
adj. Astute.
adj. Lucid.
n. Sweat.
v. To excrete through the pores of the skin.
v. To win the mind of by argument, eloquence, evidence, or reflection.
n. Unyielding adherence.
adj. Relevant.
v. To disturb greatly.
n. The act of reading carefully or thoughtfully.
v. To pass or spread through every part.
adj. Unreasonable.
n. Diversion from the true meaning or proper purpose.
n. Wickedness.
n. One who has forsaken a doctrine regarded as true for one esteemed false.
v. To convert into a substance of stony hardness and character.
n. The character or condition of being impatient, capricious or petulant.
adj. Displaying impatience.
adj. Benevolent.
n. One who endeavours to help his fellow men.
n. Active humanitarianism.
n. The study and collection of stamps.
adj. Fond of music.
n. An expert in linguistics.

- 79 -

Philology
Phlegmatic
Physiognomy
Physiographic
Piecemeal
Pillage
Pincers
Pinchers
Pinnacle
Pioneer
Pious
Pique
Piteous
Pitiable
Pitiful
Pitiless
Pittance
Placate
Placid
Plagiarism
Platitude
Plaudit
Plausible
Playful
Plea
Plebeian
Plenary
Plenipotentiary
Plenitude
Plumb
Plummet
Plutocracy
Pneumatic
Poignancy
Poignant
Poise
Polar
Polemics
Pollen
Polygamy
Polyglot
Polygon
Polytechnic
Pommel
Pomposity
Pompous
Populace
Populous
Portend
Portent
Posterior
Postscript
Potency
Potent
Potentate
Prate
Prattle
Preamble
Precarious

n. The study of language in connection with history and literature.

adj. Not easily roused to feeling or action.
n. The external appearance merely.
n. Description of nature.
adv. Gradually.
n. Open robbery, as in war.
n. An instrument having two lever-handles and two jaws working on a pivot.
n. An instrument having two jaws working on a pivot.
n. A high or topmost point, as a mountain-peak.
n. One among the first to explore a country.
adj. Religious.
v. To excite a slight degree of anger in.
adj. Compassionate.
adj. Contemptible.
adj. Wretched.
adj. Hard-hearted.
n. Any small portion or meagre allowance.
v. To bring from a state of angry or hostile feeling to one of patience or friendliness.
adj. Serene.
n. The stealing of passages from the writings of another and publishing them as one's own.
n. A written or spoken statement that is flat, dull, or commonplace.
n. An expression of applause.
adj. Seeming likely to be true, though open to doubt.
adj. Frolicsome.
n. An argument to obtain some desired action.
adj. Common.
adj. Entire.
n. A person fully empowered to transact any business.
n. Abundance.
n. A weight suspended by a line to test the verticality of something.
n. A piece of lead for making soundings, adjusting walls to the vertical.
n. A wealthy class in a political community who control the government by means of their money.
adj. Pertaining to or consisting of air or gas.
n. Severity or acuteness, especially of pain or grief.
adj. Severely painful or acute to the spirit.
n. Equilibrium.
adj. Pertaining to the poles of a sphere, especially of the earth.
n. The art of controversy or disputation.
n. The fine dust-like grains or powder formed within the anther of a flowering plant.
n. The fact or condition of having more than one wife or husband at once.
adj. Speaking several tongues.
n. A figure having many angles.
adj. Pertaining to, embracing, or practicing many arts.
v. To beat with something thick or bulky.
n. The quality of being marked by an assumed stateliness and impressiveness of manner.
adj. Marked by an assumed stateliness and impressiveness of manner.
n. The common people.
adj. Containing many inhabitants, especially in proportion to the territory.
v. To indicate as being about to happen, especially by previous signs.
n. Anything that indicates what is to happen.
n. The hinder part.
n. Something added to a letter after the writer's signature.
n. Power.
adj. Physically powerful.
n. One possessed of great power or sway.
v. To talk about vainly or foolishly.
v. To utter in simple or childish talk.
n. A statement introductory to and explanatory of what follows.
adj. Perilous.

- 80 -

Precaution
Precipice
Precipitant
Precipitate
Precise
Preclude
Precocious
Precursor
Predatory
Predecessor
Predicament
Predicate
Predict
Prediction
Predominance
Predominant
Predominate
Pre-eminence
Pre-empt
Preface
Prefatory
Prefer
Preferable
Preference
Preferential
Preferment
Prefix
Prejudice
Prelude
Premature
Premier
Premise
Preoccupation
Preoccupy
Preponderant
Preponderate
Preposterous
Prerogative
Presage
Prescience
Prescript
Presentiment
Presentment
Preservation
Presumption
Presumptuous
Preternatural
Pretext
Prevalence
Prevalent
Prevaricate
Prickle
Prim
Primeval
Primitive
Pristine
Privy
Probation
Probe

n. A provision made in advance for some possible emergency or danger.

n. A high and very steep or approximately vertical cliff.
adj. Moving onward quickly and heedlessly.
v. To force forward prematurely.
adj. Exact.
v. To prevent.
adj. Having the mental faculties prematurely developed.
n. A forerunner or herald.
adj. Prone to pillaging.
n. An incumbent of a given office previous to another.
n. A difficult, trying situation or plight.
v. To state as belonging to something.
v. To foretell.
n. A prophecy.
n. Ascendancy or preponderance.
adj. Superior in power, influence, effectiveness, number, or degree.
v. To be chief in importance, quantity, or degree.
n. Special eminence.
v. To secure the right of preference in the purchase of public land.
n. A brief explanation or address to the reader, at the beginning of a book.
adj. Pertaining to a brief explanation to the reader at the beginning of a book.
v. To hold in higher estimation.
adj. More desirable than others.
n. An object of favor or choice.
adj. Possessing, giving, or constituting preference or priority.
n. Preference.
v. To attach at the beginning.
n. A judgment or opinion formed without due examination of the facts.
n. An introductory or opening performance.
adj. Coming too soon.
adj. First in rank or position.
n. A judgment as a conclusion.
n. The state of having the mind, attention, or inclination preoccupied.
v. To fill the mind of a person to the exclusion of other subjects.
adj. Prevalent.
v. To exceed in influence or power.
adj. Utterly ridiculous or absurd.
adj. Having superior rank or precedence.
v. To foretell.
n. Knowledge of events before they take place.
adj. Prescribed as a rule or model.
n. Foreboding.
n. Semblance.
n. Conservation.
n. That which may be logically assumed to be true until disproved.
adj. Assuming too much.
adj. Extraordinary.
n. A fictitious reason or motive.
n. Frequency.
adj. Of wide extent or frequent occurrence.
v. To use ambiguous or evasive language for the purpose of deceiving or diverting attention.
v. To puncture slightly with fine, sharp points.
adj. Stiffly proper.
adj. Belonging to the first ages.
adj. Pertaining to the beginning or early times.
adj. Primitive.
adj. Participating with another or others in the knowledge of a secret transaction.
n. Any proceeding designed to ascertain or test character, qualification, or the like.
v. To search through and through.

- 81 -

Probity
Proclamation
Procrastinate
Procrastination
Proctor
Prodigal
Prodigious
Prodigy
Proffer
Proficiency
Profligacy
Profligate
Profuse
Progeny
Proletarian
Prolific
Prolix
Prologue
Prolong
Promenade
Prominence
Promiscuous
Promontory
Promulgate
Propaganda
Propagate
Propel
Prophecy
Prophesy
Propitious
Propulsion
Prosaic
Proscribe
Proscription
Prospector
Prospectus
Prostrate
Protagonist
Protg
Protestant
Protocol
Protoplasm
Prototype
Protrude
Protuberance
Provident
Providential
Provincial
Proviso
Prowess
Proxy
Prudence
Prurient
Pseudonym
Psychic
Psychopathic
Psychotherapy
Puerile
Pugnacious

n. Virtue or integrity tested and confirmed.

n. Any announcement made in a public manner.
v. To put off till tomorrow or till a future time.
n. Delay.
n. An agent acting for another.
n. One wasteful or extravagant, especially in the use of money or property.
adj. Immense.
n. A person or thing of very remarkable gifts or qualities.
v. To offer to another for acceptance.
n. An advanced state of acquirement, as in some knowledge, art, or science.
n. Shameless viciousness.
adj. Abandoned to vice.
adj. Produced or displayed in overabundance.
n. Offspring.
n. A person of the lowest or poorest class.
adj. Producing offspring or fruit.
adj. Verbose.
n. A prefatory statement or explanation to a poem, discourse, or performance.
v. To extend in time or duration.
v. To walk for amusement or exercise.
n. The quality of being noticeable or distinguished.
adj. Brought together without order, distinction, or design (for sex).
n. A high point of land extending outward from the coastline into the sea.
v. To proclaim.
n. Any institution or systematic scheme for propagating a doctrine or system.
v. To spread abroad or from person to person.
v. To drive or urge forward.
n. Any prediction or foretelling.
v. To predict or foretell, especially under divine inspiration and guidance.
adj. Kindly disposed.
n. A driving onward or forward.
adj. Unimaginative.
v. To reject, as a teaching or a practice, with condemnation or denunciation.
n. Any act of condemnation and rejection from favour and privilege.
n. One who makes exploration, search, or examination, especially for minerals.
n. A paper or pamphlet containing information of a proposed undertaking.
adj. Lying prone, or with the head to the ground.
n. A leader in any enterprise or contest.
n. One specially cared for and favored by another usually older person.
n. A Christian who denies the authority of the Pope and holds the right of special judgment.
n. A declaration or memorandum of agreement less solemn and formal than a treaty.
n. The substance that forms the principal portion of an animal or vegetable cell.
n. A work, original in character, afterward imitated in form or spirit.
v. To push out or thrust forth.
n. Something that swells out from a surrounding surface.
adj. Anticipating and making ready for future wants or emergencies.
adj. Effected by divine guidance.
adj. Uncultured in thought and manner.
n. A clause in a contract, will, etc., by which its operation is rendered conditional.
n. Strength, skill, and intrepidity in battle.
n. A person who is empowered by another to represent him or her in a given matter.
n. Caution.
adj. Inclined to lascivious thoughts and desires.
n. A fictitious name, especially when assumed by a writer.
adj. Pertaining to the mind or soul.
adj. Morally irresponsible.
n. The treatment of mental disease.
adj. Childish.
adj. Quarrelsome.

- 82 -

Puissant
Punctilious
Punctual
Pungent
Pungency
Punitive
Pupillage
Purgatory
Purl
Purloin
Purport
Purveyor
Pusillanimous
Pyre
Pyromania
Pyrotechnic

adj. Possessing strength.

adj. Strictly observant of the rules or forms prescribed by law or custom.
adj. Observant and exact in points of time.
adj. Affecting the sense of smell.
n. The quality of affecting the sense of smell.
adj. Pertaining to punishment.
n. The state or period of being a student.
n. An intermediate state where souls are made fit for paradise or heaven by expiatory suffering.
v. To cause to whirl, as in an eddy.
v. To steal.
n. Intent.
n. One who supplies
adj. Without spirit or bravery.
n. A heap of combustibles arranged for burning a dead body.
n. An insane propensity to set things on fire.
adj. Pertaining to fireworks or their manufacture.

Q
Quackery
Qualm
Quandary
Quarantine
Quarrelsome
Quay
Querulous
Query
Quibble
Quiescence
Quiescent
Quiet
Quietus
Quintessence
Quintet
Quite
Quixotic

n. Charlatanry
n. A fit of nausea.
n. A puzzling predicament.
n. The enforced isolation of any person or place infected with contagious Disease.
adj. Irascible.
n. A wharf or artificial landing-place on the shore of a harbor or projecting into it.
adj. Habitually complaining.
v. To make inquiry.
n. An utterly trivial distinction or objection.
n. Quiet.
adj. Being in a state of repose or inaction.
adj. Making no noise.
n. A silencing, suppressing, or ending.
n. The most essential part of anything.
n. Musical composition arranged for five voices or instruments.
adv. Fully.
adj. Chivalrous or romantic to a ridiculous or extravagant degree.

R
Rabid
Racy
Raillery
Ramify
Rampant
Rampart
Rancour
Rankle
Rapacious
Rapine
Rapt
Raptorial
Ration
Rationalism
Raucous
Ravage
Ravenous
Ravine

adj. Affected with rabies or hydrophobia.

adj. Exciting or exhilarating to the mind.
n. Good-humored satire.
v. To divide or subdivide into branches or subdivisions.
adj. Growing, climbing, or running without check or restraint.
n. A bulwark or construction to oppose assault or hostile entry.
n. Malice.
v. To produce irritation or festering.
adj. Disposed to seize by violence or by unlawful or greedy methods.
n. The act of seizing and carrying off property by superior force, as in war.
adj. Enraptured.
adj. Seizing and devouring living prey.
v. To provide with a fixed allowance or portion, especially of food.
n. The formation of opinions by relying upon reason alone, independently of Authority.
adj. Harsh.
v. To lay waste by pillage, rapine, devouring, or other destructive methods.
adj. Furiously voracious or hungry.
n. A deep gorge or hollow, especially one worn by a stream or flow of water.

- 83 -

Rebellious
Rebuff
Rebut
Recant
Recapitulate
Recapture
Recede
Receptive
Recessive
Recidivist
Reciprocal
Reciprocate
Reckless
Reclaim
Recline
Recluse
Recognizance
Recoil
Reconnoitre
Recourse
Recreant
Recrudescence
Rectitude
Recuperate
Recur
Recurrent
Redemption
Redolent
Redress
Redundancy
Redundant
Re-establish
Refract
Refractory
Refute
Regale
Regent
Regicide
Regime
Regimen
Regiment
Regnant
Regress
Regretful
Reign
Reimburse
Rein
Reinstate
Reiterate
Rejuvenate
Relapse
Relegate
Relent
Relevant
Relinquish
Reliquary
Relish
Reluctance
Remembrance

adj. Insubordinate.
n. A peremptory or unexpected rejection of advances or approaches.
v. To oppose by argument or a sufficient answer.
v. To withdraw formally one's belief (in something previously believed or Maintained).
v. To repeat again the principal points of.
v. To capture again.
v. To move back or away.
adj. Having the capacity, quality, or ability of receiving, as truths or impressions.
adj. Having a tendency to go back.
n. A confirmed criminal.
adj. Mutually interchangeable or convertible.
v. To give and take mutually.
adj. Foolishly headless of danger.
v. To demand or to obtain the return or restoration of.
v. To cause to assume a leaning or recumbent attitude or position.
n. One who lives in retirement or seclusion.
n. An acknowledgment entered into before a court with condition to do someParticular act.
v. To start back as in dismay, loathing, or dread.
v. To make a preliminary examination of for military, surveying, or geological Purposes.
n. Resort to or application for help in exigency or trouble.
n. A cowardly or faithless person.
n. The state of becoming raw or sore again.
n. The quality of being upright in principles and conduct.
v. To recover.
v. To happen again or repeatedly, especially at regular intervals.
adj. Returning from time to time, especially at regular or stated intervals.
n. The recovery of what is mortgaged or pledged, by paying the debt.
adj. Smelling sweet and agreeable.
v. To set right, as a wrong by compensation or the punishment of the wrong-doer.
n. Excess.
adj. Constituting an excess.
v. To restore.
v. To bend or turn from a direct course.
adj. Not amenable to control.
v. To prove to be wrong.
v. To give unusual pleasure.
n. One who is lawfully deputized to administer the government in the absence of king.
n. The killing of a king or sovereign.
n. Particular conduct or administration of affairs.
n. A systematized order or course of living with reference to food, clothing and Personal habits.
n. A body of soldiers.
adj. Exercising royal authority in one's own right.
v. To return to a former place or condition.
adj. Feeling, expressive of, or full of regret.
v. To hold and exercise sovereign power.
v. To pay back as an equivalent of what has been expended.
n. A step attached to the bit for controlling a horse or other draft-animal.
v. To restore to a former state, station, or authority.
v. To say or do again and again.
v. To restore to youth.
v. To suffer a return of a disease after partial recovery.
v. To send off or consign, as to an obscure position or remote destination.
v. To yield.
adj. Bearing upon the matter in hand.
v. To give up using or having.
n. A casket, coffer, or repository in which relics are kept.
v. To like the taste or savor of.
n. Unwillingness.
n. Recollection.

- 84 -

Reminiscence
Reminiscent
Remiss
Remission
Remonstrance
Remonstrant
Remonstrate
Remunerate
Remuneration
Renaissance
Rendezvous
Rendition
Renovate
Renunciation
Reparation
Repartee
Repeal
Repel
Repellent
Repertory
Repine
Replenish
Replete
Replica
Repository
Reprehend
Reprehensible
Reprehension
Repressible
Reprieve
Reprimand
Reprisal
Reprobate
Repudiate
Repugnance
Repugnant
Repulse
Repulsive
Repute
Requiem
Requisite
Requital
Requite
Rescind
Resemblance
Resent
Residue
Resilience
Resonance
Resource
Respite
Resplendent
Restitution
Resumption
Resurgent
Resurrection
Resuscitate
Retaliate
Retch

n. The calling to mind of incidents within the range of personal knowledge or Experience.
adj. Pertaining to the recollection of matters of personal interest.
adj. Negligent.
n. Temporary diminution of a disease.
n. Reproof.
adj. Having the character of a reproof.
v. To present a verbal or written protest to those who have power to right or Prevent a wrong.
v. To pay or pay for.
n. Compensation.
n. The revival of letters, and then of art, which marks the transition from Medieval to modern time.
n. A prearranged place of meeting.
n. Interpretation.
v. To restore after deterioration, as a building.
n. An explicit disclaimer of a right or privilege.
n. The act of making amends, as for an injury, loss, or wrong.
n. A ready, witty, or apt reply.
v. To render of no further effect.
v. To force or keep back in a manner, physically or mentally.
adj. Having power to force back in a manner, physically or mentally.
n. A place where things are stored or gathered together.
v. To indulge in fretfulness and faultfinding.
v. To fill again, as something that has been emptied.
adj. Full to the uttermost.
n. A duplicate executed by the artist himself, and regarded, equally with the first, as an original.
n. A place in which goods are stored.
v. To find fault with.
adj. Censurable.
n. Expression of blame.
adj. Able to be kept under restraint or control.
v. To grant a respite from punishment to.
v. To chide or rebuke for a fault.
n. Any infliction or act by way of retaliation on an enemy.
n. One abandoned to depravity and sin.
v. To refuse to have anything to do with.
n. Thorough dislike.
adj. Offensive to taste and feeling.
n. The act of beating or driving back, as an attacking or advancing enemy.
adj. Grossly offensive.
v. To hold in general opinion.
n. A solemn mass sung for the repose of the souls of the dead.
adj. Necessary.
n. Adequate return for good or ill.
v. To repay either good or evil to, as to a person.
v. To make void, as an act, by the enacting authority or a superior authority.
n. Similarity in quality or form.
v. To be indignant at, as an injury or insult.
n. A remainder or surplus after a part has been separated or otherwise treated.
n. The power of springing back to a former position
n. The quality of being able to reinforce sound by sympathetic vibrations.
n. That which is restored to, relied upon, or made available for aid or support.
n. Interval of rest.
adj. Very bright.
n. Restoration of anything to the one to whom it properly belongs.
n. The act of taking back, or taking again.
adj. Surging back or again.
n. A return from death to life
v. To restore from apparent death.
v. To repay evil with a similar evil.
v. To make an effort to vomit.

- 85 -

Retention
Reticence
Reticent
Retinue
Retort
Retract
Retrench
Retrieve
Retroactive
Retrograde
Retrogression
Retrospect
Revere
Reverent
Reversion
Revert
Revile
Revoke
Rhapsody
Rhetoric
Rhetorician
Ribald
Riddance
Ridicule
Ridiculous
Rife
Righteousness
Risible
Rivulet
Robust
Rote
Rotund
Rudimentary
Ruffian
Ruminant
Ruminate
Rupture
Rustic

n. The keeping of a thing within one's power or possession.

n. The quality of habitually keeping silent or being reserved in utterance.
adj. Habitually keeping silent or being reserved in utterance.
n. The body of persons who attend a person of importance in travel or public Appearance.
n. A retaliatory speech.
v. To recall or take back (something that one has said).
v. To cut down or reduce in extent or quantity.
v. To recover something by searching.
adj. Operative on, affecting, or having reference to past events, transactions, Responsibilities.
v. To cause to deteriorate or to move backward.
n. A going or moving backward or in a reverse direction.
n. A view or contemplation of something past.
v. To regard with worshipful veneration.
adj. Humble.
n. A return to or toward some former state or condition.
v. To return, or turn or look back, as toward a former position or the like.
v. To heap approach or abuse upon.
v. To rescind.
n. Rapt or rapturous utterance.
n. The art of discourse.
n. A showy writer or speaker.
adj. Indulging in or manifesting coarse indecency or obscenity.
n. The act or ridding or delivering from something undesirable.
n. Looks or acts expressing amused contempt.
adj. Laughable and contemptible.
adj. Abundant.
n. Rectitude.
adj. Capable of exciting laughter.
n. A small stream or brook.
adj. Characterized by great strength or power of endurance.
n. Repetition of words or sounds as a means of learning them, with slight attention.
adj. Round from fullness or plumpness.
adj. Being in an initial, early, or incomplete stage of development.
adj. A lawless or recklessly brutal fellow.
adj. Chewing the cud.
v. To chew over again, as food previously swallowed and regurgitated.
v. To separate the parts of by violence.
adj. Characteristic of dwelling in the country.

S
Sacrilege
Sagacious
Salacious
Salience
Salient
Saline
Salutary
Salutation
Salvage
Salvo
Sanctimonious
Sanctity
Sanguine
Sapid
Sarcasm
Sardonic
Satiate

n. The act of violating or profaning anything sacred.

adj. Able to discern and distinguish with wise perception.
adj. Having strong sexual desires.
n. The condition of standing out distinctly.
adj. Standing out prominently.
adj. Constituting or consisting of salt.
adj. Beneficial.
n. Any form of greeting, hailing, or welcome, whether by word or act.
n. Any act of saving property.
n. A salute given by firing all the guns, as at the funeral of an officer.
adj. Making an ostentatious display or hypocritical pretense of holiness or piety.
n. Holiness.
adj. Cheerful, Having the color of blood.
adj. Affecting the sense of taste.
n. Cutting and reproachful language.
adj. Scornfully or bitterly sarcastic.
v. To satisfy fully the appetite or desire of.

- 86 -

Satire
Satyr
Savage
Scarcity
Scholastic
Scintillate
Scope
Scoundrel
Scribble
Scribe
Scruple
Scrupulous
Scurrilous
Scuttle
Sear
Secant
Secede
Seclude
Sedate
Sedentary
Sediment
Sedition
Seduce
Seethe
Seismograph
Seize
Semblance
Senile
Sensual
Sensuous
Sentinel
Sequel
Sequester
Sequestrate
Servitude
Severance
Sheer
Shrewd
Shriek
Shrinkage
Shuffle
Simulate
Simultaneous
Sinecure
Singe
Sinister
Skiff
Skirmish
Sleight
Slight
Slothful
Sluggard
Solace
Solecism
Solicitor
Solicitude
Soliloquy
Solvent
Sombre

n. The employment of sarcasm, irony, or keenness of wit in ridiculing vices.

n. A very lascivious person.
n. A wild and uncivilized human being.
n. Insufficiency of supply for needs or ordinary demands.
adj. Pertaining to education or schools.
v. To emit or send forth sparks or little flashes of light.
n. A range of action or view.
n. A man without principle.
n. Hasty, careless writing.
n. One who writes or is skilled in writing.
n. Doubt or uncertainty regarding a question of moral right or duty.
adj. Cautious in action for fear of doing wrong.
adj. Grossly indecent or vulgar.
v. To sink (a ship) by making holes in the bottom.
v. To burn on the surface.
adj. Cutting, especially into two parts.
v. To withdraw from union or association, especially from a political or religious Body.
v. To place, keep, or withdraw from the companionship of others.
adj. Even-tempered.
adj. Involving or requiring much sitting.
n. Matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid.
n. Conduct directed against public order and the tranquility of the state.
v. To entice to surrender chastity.
v. To be violently excited or agitated.
n. An instrument for recording the phenomena of earthquakes.
v. To catch or take hold of suddenly and forcibly.
n. Outward appearance.
adj. Peculiar to or proceeding from the weakness or infirmity of old age.
adj. Pertaining to the body or the physical senses.
adj. Having a warm appreciation of the beautiful or of the refinements of luxury.
n. Any guard or watch stationed for protection.
n. That which follows in consequence of what has previously happened.
v. To cause to withdraw or retire, as from society or public life.
v. To confiscate.
n. Slavery.
n. Separation.
adj. Absolute.
adj. Characterized by skill at understanding and profiting by circumstances.
n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream, caused by agony or terror.
n. A contraction of any material into less bulk or dimension.
n. A mixing or changing the order of things.
v. Imitate.
adj. Occurring, done, or existing at the same time.
n. Any position having emoluments with few or no duties.
v. To burn slightly or superficially.
adj. Evil.
n. Usually, a small light boat propelled by oars.
n. Desultory fighting between advanced detachments of two armies.
n. A trick or feat so deftly done that the manner of performance escapes Observation.
adj. Of a small importance or significance.
adj. Lazy.
n. A person habitually lazy or idle.
n. Comfort in grief, trouble, or calamity.
n. Any violation of established rules or customs.
n. One who represents a client in court of justice; an attorney.
n. Uneasiness of mind occasioned by desire, anxiety, or fear.
n. A monologue.
adj. Having sufficient funds to pay all debts.
adj. Gloomy.

- 87 -

Somniferous
Somnolence
Somnolent
Sonata
Sonorous
Soothsayer
Sorcery
Sordid
Souvenir
Sparse
Spartan
Spasmodic
Specious
Spinster
Sprightly
Spurious
Squabble
Squalid
Stagnant
Stagnate
Statuesque
Stature
Stealth
Stellar
Sterling
Stifle
Stigma
Stimulate
Stimulus
Stoicism
Stolid
Strait
Stratagem
Stratum
Stripling
Studious
Stultify
Stupendous
Stupor
Suave
Subconscious
Subjugate
Submerge
Submersible
Submission
Subsist
Substantive
Subtend
Subterfuge
Subterranean
Subtle
Subversion
Subvert
Succinct
Succulent
Succumb
Suffrage
Suffuse
Sumptuous

adj. Tending to produce sleep.

n. Oppressive drowsiness.
adj. Sleepy.
n. An instrumental composition.
adj. Resonant.
n. One who claims to have supernatural insight or foresight.
n. Witchcraft.
adj. Of degraded character or nature.
n. A token of remembrance.
adj. Thinly diffused.
adj. Exceptionally brave; rigorously severe.
adj. Convulsive.
adj. Plausible.
n. A woman who has never been married.
adj. Vivacious.
adj. Not genuine.
v. To quarrel.
adj. Having a dirty, mean, poverty-stricken appearance.
adj. Not flowing: said of water, as in a pool.
v. To become dull or inert.
adj. Having the grace, pose, or quietude of a statue.
n. The natural height of an animal body.
n. A concealed manner of acting.
adj. Pertaining to the stars.
adj. Genuine.
v. To smother.
n. A mark of infamy or token of disgrace attaching to a person as the result of evil-doing.
v. To rouse to activity or to quickened action.
n. Incentive.
n. The principles or the practice of the Stoics-being very even tempered in Success and failure.
adj. Expressing no power of feeling or perceiving.
n. A narrow passage of water connecting two larger bodies of water.
n. Any clever trick or device for obtaining an advantage.
n. A natural or artificial layer, bed, or thickness of any substance or material.
n. A mere youth.
adj. Having or showing devotion to the acquisition of knowledge.
v. To give an appearance of foolishness to.
adj. Of prodigious size, bulk, or degree.
n. Profound lethargy.
adj. Smooth and pleasant in manner.
adj. Being or occurring in the mind, but without attendant consciousness or Conscious perception.
v. To conquer.
v. To place or plunge under water.
adj. Capable of being put underwater.
n. A yielding to the power or authority of another.
v. To be maintained or sustained.
adj. Solid.
v. To extend opposite to.
n. Evasion.
adj. Situated or occurring below the surface of the earth.
adj. Discriminating.
n. An overthrow, as from the foundation.
v. To bring to ruin.
adj. Concise.
adj. Juicy.
v. To cease to resist.
n. The right or privilege of voting.
v. To cover or fill the surface of.
adj. Rich and costly.

- 88 -

Superabundance
Supercilious
Superficial
Superfluity
Superfluous
Superlative
Supernatural
Supersede
Supplant
Supple
Supplicant
Supposition
Suppress
Surfeit
Surmise
Surmount
Surreptitious
Surrogate
Sybarite
Sycophant
Sylph
Symmetrical
Symmetry
Sympathetic
Symphony
Synod

n. An excessive amount.
adj. Exhibiting haughty and careless contempt.
adj. Knowing and understanding only the ordinary and the obvious.
n. That part of anything that is in excess of what is needed.
adj. Being more than is needed.
n. That which is of the highest possible excellence or eminence.
adj. Caused miraculously or by the immediate exercise of divine power.
v. To displace.
v. To take the place of.
adj. Easily bent.
n. One who asks humbly and earnestly.
n. Conjecture.
v. To prevent from being disclosed or punished.
v. To feed to fullness or to satiety.
v. To conjecture.
v. To overcome by force of will.
adj. Clandestine.
n. One who or that which is substituted for or appointed to act in place of Another.
n. A luxurious person.
n. A servile flatterer, especially of those in authority or influence.
n. A slender, graceful young woman or girl.
adj. Well-balanced.
n. Relative proportion and harmony.
adj. Having a fellow-feeling for or like feelings with another or others.
n. A harmonious or agreeable mingling of sounds.
n. An ecclesiastical council.

T
Tableau
Tacit
Taciturn
Tact
Tangent
Tantalize
Tantamount
Tapestry
Tarnish
Taut
Taxidermy
Teem
Telepathy
Temerity
Temporal
Temporize
Tenacious
Tenant
Tendency
Tenet
Tenor
Tense
Tentative
Tenure
Termagant
Terminal
Termination
Terminus
Territorial
Terse

n. An arrangement of inanimate figures representing a scene from real life.

adj. Understood.
adj. Disinclined to conversation.
n. Fine or ready mental discernment shown in saying or doing the proper thing.
adj. Touching.
v. To tease.
adj. Having equal or equivalent value, effect, or import.
n. A fabric to which a pattern is applied with a needle, designed for ornamental Hangings.
v. To lessen or destroy the lustre of in any way.
adj. Stretched tight.
n. The art or process of preserving dead animals or parts of them.
v. To be full to overflowing.
n. Thought-transference.
n. Recklessness.
adj. Pertaining to or concerned with the affairs of the present life.
v. To pursue a policy of delay.
adj. Unyielding.
n. An occupant.
n. Direction or inclination, as toward some objector end.
n. Any opinion, principle, dogma, or doctrine that a person believes or maintains as True.
n. A settled course or manner of progress.
adj. Strained to stiffness.
adj. Done as an experiment.
n. The term during which a thing is held.
adj. Violently abusive and quarrelsome.
adj. Pertaining to or creative of a boundary, limit.
n. The act of ending or concluding.
n. The final point or goal.
adj. Pertaining to the domain over which a sovereign state exercises jurisdiction.
adj. Pithy.

- 89 -

Testament
Testator
Testimonial
Theism
Theocracy
Theology
Theoretical
Theorize
Thermal
Thesis
Thrall
Timbre
Timorous
Tincture
Tinge
Tipsy
Tirade
Tireless
Tiresome
Toilsome
Tolerable
Tolerance
Torpor
Torrid
Tortuous
Torturous
Tractable
Trait
Trajectory
Trammel
Tranquil
Transact
Transcend
Transcendent
Transcribe
Transcript
Transgress
Transience
Transient
Transition
Transitory
Translucence
Transmission
Transmit
Transparent
Transverse
Travail
Travesty
Treacherous
Treachery
Treatise
Tremor
Tremulous
Trenchant
Trepidation
Trickery
Trinity
Triumvir
Trivial

n. A will.
n. The maker of a will.
n. A formal token of regard, often presented in public.
n. Belief in God.
n. A government administered by ecclesiastics.
n. The branch of theological science that treats of God.
adj. Directed toward knowledge for its own sake without respect to applications.
v. To speculate.
adj. Of or pertaining to heat.
n. An essay or treatise on a particular subject.
n. One controlled by an appetite or a passion.
n. The quality of a tone, as distinguished from intensity and pitch.
adj. Lacking courage.
n. A solution, usually alcoholic, of some principle used in medicine.
n. A faint trace of color.
adj. Befuddled with drinks.
n. Harangue.
adj. Untiring.
adj. Wearisome.
adj. Laborious.
adj. Moderately good.
n. Forbearance in judging of the acts or opinions of others.
n. Apathy.
adj. Excessively hot.
adj. Abounding in irregular bends or turns.
adj. Marked by extreme suffering.
adj. Easily led or controlled.
n. A distinguishing feature or quality.
n. The path described by a projectile moving under given forces.
n. An impediment.
adj. Calm.
v. To do business.
v. To surpass.
adj. Surpassing.
v. To write over again (something already written)
n. A copy made directly from an original.
v. To break a law.
n. Something that is of short duration.
n. One who or that which is only of temporary existence.
n. Passage from one place, condition, or action to another.
adj. Existing for a short time only.
n. The property or state of allowing the passage of light.
n. The act of sending through or across.
v. To send trough or across.
adj. Easy to see through or understand.
adj. Lying or being across or in a crosswise direction.
n. Hard or agonizing labour.
n. A grotesque imitation.
adj. Perfidious.
n. Violation of allegiance, confidence, or plighted faith.
n. An elaborate literary composition presenting a subject in all its parts.
n. An involuntary trembling or shivering.
adj. Characterized by quivering or unsteadiness.
adj. cutting deeply and quickly.
n. Nervous uncertainty of feeling.
n. Artifice.
n. A threefold personality existing in the one divine being or substance.
n. One of three men united coordinately in public office or authority.
adj. Of little importance or value.

- 90 -

Troublesome
Truculence
Truculent
Truism
Truthful
Turgid
Turpitude
Tutelage
Twinge
Typify
Typography
Tyrannical
Tyranny
Tyro

adj. Burdensome.
n. Ferocity.
adj. Having the character or the spirit of a savage.
n. A statement so plainly true as hardly to require statement or proof.
adj. Veracious.
adj. Swollen.
n. Depravity.
n. The act of training or the state of being under instruction.
n. A darting momentary local pain.
v. To serve as a characteristic example of.
n. The arrangement of composed type, or the appearance of printed matter.
adj. Despotic.
n. Absolute power arbitrarily or unjustly administrated.
n. One slightly skilled in or acquainted with any trade or profession.

U
Ubiquitous
Ulterior
Ultimatum
Umbrage
Unaccountable
Unaffected
Unanimous
Unanimity
Unbecoming
Unbelief
Unbiased
Unbridled
Unconscionable
Unconscious
Unction
Unctuous
Undercharge
Underhanded
Underlie
Underling
Undulate
Unfavourable
Ungainly
Unguent
Unify
Unique
Unison
Unlawful
Unnatural
Unsettle
Unsophisticated
Untoward
Unwieldy
Unwise
Upbraid
Up heave
Uproarious
Uproot
Urban
Urbanity
Urchin
Usurious

adj. Being present everywhere.

adj. Not so pertinent as something else to the matter spoken of.
n. A final statement or proposal, as concerning terms or conditions.
n. A sense of injury.
adj. Inexplicable.
adj. Sincere.
adj. Sharing the same views or sentiments.
n. The state or quality of being of one mind.
adj. Unsuited to the wearer, place, or surroundings.
n. Doubt.
adj. Impartial, as judgment.
adj. Being without restraint.
adj. Ridiculously or unjustly excessive.
adj. Not cognizant of objects, actions, etc.
n. The art of anointing as with oil.
adj. Oily.
v. To make an inadequate charge for.
adj. Clandestinely carried on.
v. To be the ground or support of.
n. A subordinate.
v. To move like a wave or in waves.
adj. Adverse.
adj. Clumsy.
n. Any ointment or lubricant for local application.
v. To cause to be one.
adj. Being the only one of its kind.
n. A condition of perfect agreement and accord.
adj. Illegal.
adj. Artificial.
v. To put into confusion.
adj. Showing inexperience.
adj. Causing annoyance or hindrance.
adj. Moved or managed with difficulty, as from great size or awkward shape.
adj. Foolish.
v. To reproach as deserving blame.
v. To raise or lift with effort.
adj. Noisy.
v. To eradicate.
adj. Of, or pertaining to, or like a city.
n. Refined or elegant courtesy.
n. A roguish, mischievous boy.
adj. Taking unlawful or exorbitant interest on money loaned.

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Usurp
Utilitarianism
Utmost

v. To take possession of by force.

n. The ethical doctrine that actions are right because they are useful or of beneficial tendency.
n. The greatest possible extent.

V
Vacate
Vaccinate
Vacillate
Vacuous
Vagabond
Vagrant
Vainglory
Valediction
Valedictorian
Valedictory
Valorous
Vapid
Variable
Variance
Variant
Vassal
Vegetate
Vegetation
Vegetative
Vehement
Velvety
Venal
Veneer
Venerable
Venerate
Venial
Venison
Venom
Venous
Veracious
Veracity
Verbatim
Verbiage
Verbose
Verdant
Verily
Verity
Vermin
Vernacular
Vernal
Versatile
Vertex
Vertigo
Vestige
Vicarious
Vicissitude
Vie
Vigilance
Vigilant
Vignette

v. To leave.
v. To inoculate with vaccine virus or virus of cowpox.
v. To waver.
adj. Empty.
n. A wanderer.
n. An idle wanderer.
n. Excessive, pretentious, and demonstrative vanity.
n. A bidding farewell.
n. Student who delivers an address at graduating exercises of an Educational institution.
n. A parting address.
adj. Courageous.
adj. Having lost sparkling quality and flavor.
adj. Having a tendency to change.
n. Change.
n. A thing that differs from another in form only, being the same in essence or Substance.
n. A slave or bondman.
v. To live in a monotonous, passive way without exercise of the mental faculties.
n. Plant-life in the aggregate.
adj. Pertaining to the process of plant-life.
adj. Very eager or urgent.
adj. Marked by lightness and softness.
adj. Mercenary, corrupt.
n. Outside show or elegance.
adj. Meriting or commanding high esteem.
v. To cherish reverentially.
adj. That may be pardoned or forgiven, a forgivable sin.
n. The flesh of deer.
n. The poisonous fluid that certain animals secrete.
adj. Of, pertaining to, or contained or carried in a vein or veins.
adj. Habitually disposed to speak the truth.
n. Truthfulness.
adv. Word for word.
n. Use of many words without necessity.
adj. Wordy.
adj. Green with vegetation.
adv. In truth.
n. Truth.
n. A noxious or troublesome animal.
n. The language of one's country.
adj. Belonging to or suggestive of the spring.
adj. Having an aptitude for applying oneself to new and varied tasks or to various Subjects.
n. Apex.
n. Dizziness.
n. A visible trace, mark, or impression, of something absent, lost, or gone.
adj. Suffered or done in place of or for the sake of another.
n. A change, especially a complete change, of condition or circumstances, as of fortune.
v. To contend.
n. Alert and intent mental watchfulness in guarding against danger.
adj. Being on the alert to discover and ward off danger or insure safety.
n. A picture having a background or that is shaded off gradually.

- 92 -

Vincible
Vindicate
Vindicatory
Vindicative
Vinery
Virago
Virile
Virtu
Virtual
Virtuoso
Virulence
Visage
Vista
Visual
Visualize
Vitality
Vitalize
Vitiate
Vituperative
Vivacity
Vivify
Vivisection
Vociferate
Vociferous
Vogue
Volition
Voracious
Vortex
Vulnerable

adj. Conquerable.
v. To prove true, right, or real.
adj. Punitive.
adj. Revengeful.
n. A greenhouse for grapes.
n. A bold, impudent, turbulent woman.
adj. Masculine.
n. Rare, curious, or beautiful quality.
adj. Being in essence or effect, but not in form or appearance.
n. A master in the technique of some particular fine art.
n. Extreme poison.
n. The face, countenance, or look of a person.
n. A view or prospect.
adj. Perceptible by sight.
v. To give pictorial vividness to a mental representation.
n. The state or quality of being necessary to existence or continuance.
v. To endow with life or energy.
v. To contaminate.
adj. Deserving of censure.
n. Liveliness.
v. To endure with life.
n. The dissection of a living animal.
v. To utter with a loud and vehement voice.
adj. Making a loud outcry.
n. The prevalent way or fashion.
n. An act or exercise of will.
adj. Eating with greediness or in very large quantities.
n. A mass of rotating or whirling fluid, especially when sucked spirally toward the Center.
adj. Capable of receiving injuries.

W
Waif
Waive
Wantonness
Wavelet
Weak-kneed
Wean
Wearisome
Wee
Whereupon
Wherever
Wherewith
Whet
Whimsical
Whine
Wholly
Wield
Wile
Winsome
Wintry
Wiry
Witchcraft
Witless
Witticism
Wizen
Wrangle
Wreak
Wrest

n. A homeless, neglected wanderer.

v. To relinquish, especially temporarily, as a right or claim.
n. Recklessness.
n. A ripple.
adj. Without resolute purpose or energy.
v. To transfer (the young) from dependence on mother's milk to another form of Nourishment.
adj. Fatiguing.
adj. Very small. Whereabouts n. The place in or near which a person or thing is.
adv. After which.
adv. In or at whatever place.
n. The necessary means or resources.
v. To make more keen or eager.
adj. Capricious.
v. To utter with complaining tone.
adv. Completely.
v. To use, control, or manage, as a weapon, or instrument, especially with full command.
n. An act or a means of cunning deception.
adj. Attractive.
adj. Lacking warmth of manner.
adj. Thin, but tough and sinewy.
n. Sorcery.
adj. Foolish, indiscreet, or silly.
n. A witty, brilliant, or original saying or sentiment.
v. To become or cause to become withered or dry.
v. To maintain by noisy argument or dispute.
v. To inflict, as a revenge or punishment.
v. To pull or force away by or as by violent twisting or wringing.

- 93 -

Wretchedness
Writhe
Wry

n. Extreme misery or unhappiness.

v. To twist the body, face, or limbs or as in pain or distress.
adj. Deviating from that which is proper or right.

Z
Zealot
Zenith
Zephyr

n. One who espouses a cause or pursues an object in an immoderately partisan Manner.

n. The culminating-point of prosperity, influence, or greatness.
n. Any soft, gentle wind.

Confused Words (Homonyms, Homophones)

1) A TYRE, ATTIRE
A tyre (uh TIGHR) A rubber ring that usually contains air and which fits around the wheel of a car, a bicycle, a truck, etc
Attire (uh TIGHR) To dress or to clothe; especially, clothing worn on a specific occasion
A very fashionably dressed young man asked, "Do you think this is the right attire for me to wear to change a tire on my
bicycle?"
2) ABDICATE, ABROGATE, ARROGATE, DEROGATE, DELEGATE, DELICATE
Abdicate (AB duh kayt") To formally renounce, which is commonly done by a monarch of a throne; relinquish, abandon
Abrogate (AB ruh gayt") To abolish or to annul by authority; to nullify, to cancel, To repeal, to annul, or to abolish
something formally and publicly; especially, a law.
Arrogate (AIR uh gayt") To claim, to take, to appropriate, or to assume for oneself without right.
Delegate noun (DEL i git); verb (DEL i gayt") Someone who is authorized or sent to speak and act for others; representative,
entrust, assign, give over, charge, commit to the care of: "She delegated her power of attorney to her nephew."
Delicate (DEL i kit) Pleasing in its lightness, fine, dainty, exquisite, elegant, fragile, frail, perishable
3) ABDICATION, ADDICTION
Abdication (ab" duh KAY shuhn) A formal resignation and renunciation of powers authority; a resignation.
Addiction (uh DIK shuhn) A devotion to or an abnormally strong craving and dependence on something.
4) ABJURE, ADJURE

- 94 -

Abjure (ab JOOR), Abjuring To renounce, reject, or give up rights or allegiance on oath. To repudiate, renounce or recant
publicly; to disclaim
Adjure (uh JOOR) 1. To appeal to earnestly or to entreat
2. To charge, to bind, or to command earnestly and solemnly, often under oath or the threat of a penalty
5)

ABLUTION, ABSOLUTION

Ablution (ab LYOO shuhn) 1. A washing of ones body; washing, bathing, cleaning, bath, lavation
2. A washing or cleansing as a religious ceremony of purification; ceremonial washing, ritualistic washing
Absolution (ab" suh LOO shuhn) A freeing from sin, guilt, or blame; or a declaration that frees a person from guilt or
punishment for sin.
5) ABSTAIN, ABSTEMIOUS
Abstain (ab STAYN, uhb STAYN) To refrain from something by one's own choice
Abstemious (ab STEE mee uhs, uhb STEE mee uhs) Marked by restraint especially in the consumption of food or alcohol.
"Her sister's midlife heart attack made her realize the importance of taking care of her body and turned her toward a more
abstemious and healthful lifestyle."
6)

ABUSE, MISUSE

Abuse (uh BYOOZ) A corrupt practice or activity; unfair use, improper use
Misuse (mis YOOZ) 1. Improper or incorrect use; misapplication. 2. To harm or to take advantage

6) ACCEDE, EXCEED
Accede (ahk SEED)To comply with; consent to, approve; yield to; to agree with, surrender to, comply with
Exceed (iks SEED) 1. To surpass, to go beyond normal requirements 2. To excel, predominate, be superior
7) ACCELERATE, EXHILARATE
Accelerate, verb (AK SEL uh rayt") 1. To cause anything in motion or process to go or move faster; to speed up.
2. To cause to happen sooner; to hasten
Exhilarate, verb (ig ZIL uh rayt") To cause someone to feel very happy and excited
8) ACCENT, ASCENT, ASSENT
Accent (AK sent") 1. A stress on a syllable to aid in the pronunciation of words; a stress, an emphasis
2. Pronunciation, enunciation, or modulation of speech
Ascent (uh SENT) 1. A rising or climbing; an upward movement 2. Incline, slope 3. Advancement, progress:
Assent (uh SENT) To comply or to agree to something; to consent

9) ACCESS, ASSESS, EXCESS

Access (AK ses") Way of approach, a means of reaching, passageway, entry admittance; entrance
Assess (uh SES) 1. To set an estimated value on property, etc.; estimate, appraise 2. To judge, evaluate
Excess (ik SES) Surpassing limits, surplus, extra, overflow
10) ACCLAMATION, ACCLIMATION
Acclamation (ak" luh MAY shuhn) Loud applause, shout of approval:
Acclimation (ak" li MAY shuhn, ak" luh MAY shuhn) To be accustomed to a different climate, environment, situation, or
circumstance
11)

ACENTRIC, ECCENTRIC

- 95 -

Acentric (ay SEN trik) Not near the center, not central:
Eccentric (ik SEN trik, ek SEN trik) 1. Departing from a recognized, conventional, or established norm or pattern; Strange

11)

ACETIC, ASCETIC; AESTHETIC, ESTHETIC

Acetic (uh SEE tik) 1. Sour, acerbic; 2. A reference to vinegar or other acid characteristics
Aesthetic, Esthetic (es THET ik) Characterized by a heightened sensitivity to beauty
12)

ACRONYM, ANAGRAM

Acronym (AK ruh nim)A word formed from the first (or first few) letters of a series of words (Ex: UNO-United Nations
Organisation)
Anagram (AN uh gram") A word or phrase made from another by rearranging its letters (Ex.: now can become won; dread
can be transformed into adder)
13) ACUITY, ACUMEN, ACUTE
Acuity (uh KYOO uh tee)
1. Perceptual keenness; such as, with hearing, sight, or the intellect 2. Related to acute, with its sense of sharpness
Acumen (uh KYOO muhn)
1. Mental sharpness, intelligence, sagacity; 2. Quickness in understanding and dealing with a situation; keen insight
Acute (uh KYOOT)
1. Having a sharp point 2. Extremely severe and sharp; as an acute pain 3. Keenly perceptive or discerning, ingenious
14) ADAPT, ADEPT, ADOPT
Adapt (uh DAPT)
1. To make suitable by changing or adjusting; conform to 2. To fit for a new use; rework, convert, make suitable, modify,
Adept (uh DEPT) Skillful, adroit, proficient
Adopt (uh DAHPT)
1. To choose as ones own child; 2. To take up and use (an idea, a practice, etc.) as ones own:
3. To accept and to put into effect
15) ADDENDA, ADDENDUM, AGENDA
Addenda (uh DEN duh) (plural)
Things to be added, as in a supplement or an appendix
Addendum (uh DEN dum) (singular)
Something that has been added in a written document
Agenda (uh JEN duh)
A list of things to be done at a meeting; schedule, program
16)

ADDUCE, DEDUCE

Adduce (uh DOOS, uh DYOOS)

Offer as a reason in support of an argument; cite as pertinent, conclusive, or persuasive
Deduce (di DOOS, di DYOOS)
1. Reach a conclusion by reasoning 2. Trace the course, descent, or origin of
17)

ADHERENCE, ADHERENTS

Adherence (ad HIR uhns)

1. A steady attachment, as of a person to a rule 2. Adhesiveness, stickiness
Adherents (ad HIR uhnts)
Supporters, allies, followers; sticking or holding together
18)

ADHESION, COHESION

Adhesion (ad HEE zhuhn)

- 96 -

A sticking together, as of substances or tissues

Cohesion (koh HEE zhuhn)
1. Particles of the same substance sticking together; unity, particles that are united in a single mass
2. A story whose facts all make sense and fit together 3. A group which is united and sticks together
19)

ADJOIN, ADJOURN

adjoin (uh JOIN)

To be next to; to be in contact with: "Yes, as strange as it may be, the hospital did adjoin the cemetery."
adjourn (uh JURN)
1. To put off or to suspend until a future time: "The meeting will adjourn until next week."
2. Move, depart for: "Having finished dinner, they decided to adjourn to the living room."
20)

ADVERSE, AVERSE

Adverse (ad VURS, AD vurs")

Opposed to, hostile to; unfavorable, contrary: "Adverse winds prevented our plane from arriving on time."
Averse (uh VURS)
Disliking; unwilling; having a feeling of great distaste or an inclination against something or someone: "My father is
always averse to spending money."
21)

ADVICE, ADVISE

Advice (ad VIGHS) (always a noun)

1. A recommended opinion; counsel
2. Formal or official information about something; intelligence, news, report
Advise (ad VIGHZ) (always a verb)
1. To offer an opinion or a course of action; to counsel; to recommend: "I advise you to reconsider your decision
2. To inform, tell, notify, make known: "The weather report did advise us that the roads were too icy for the trip."

22)

AERIE; AIRY; EERIE, EERY

aerie (ER ee, IR ee)

The nest of an eagle, or other bird, of prey which is constructed in a high place
airy (ER ee)
1. Well-ventilated 2. Jaunty, sprightly, lively, frolicsome: "The little goats hopped around in an airy way."
3. Imaginary, fanciful, dreamy, ethereal, and unrealistic: "Her head was full of airy thoughts."
23)

EERIE, EERY (IR EE)

So strange as to inspire a feeling of fear; uneasy because of superstitious fear; ominous, ghostly, spooky: "Seeing the old
graveyard; especially, at night, gave us an eerie (or eery) feeling."
24)

AFFECT, EFFECT

Affect (uh FEKT)

1. As a verb: To influence, to act on, to modify, to pertain to: "The rain will affect our plans for a picnic."
2. To pretend, to feign: "She is from New York, but she just had to affect a British accent."
3. As a noun: A feeling, an emotion: "The affect of her speech was to cause anger and great dissension."
Effect (i FEKT)
1. As a noun: A result, a change; usually; a consequence: "The farmers felt the effect of the drought for several years."
2. Influence, power, force: "The plea for clemency had no effect on the judge."
3. As a verb: to produce, to accomplish, to bring about: "Do you think a new hairdo will effect my appearance?"
25)

AFFLUENCE, AFFLUENTS, EFFLUENCE, EFFLUENTS

Affluence (AF loo wuhns; af LOO wuhns)

- 97 -

An abundance of riches, wealth, or opulence: "The ideal economy has enough affluence to benefit everyone."
Affluents (AF loo wuhns; af LOO wuhns)
Applies to people who have large incomes, usually incomes spent freely
Effluence (EF loo uhns)
1. The act or process of flowing out: "The effluence of enthusiasm could not be repressed."
Effluents (EF loo uhns)
Liquids; such as sewage or industrial chemicals, that are released as waste
26)

AGNOSTIC, ATHEIST, DEIST, THEIST

Agnostic (ag NOS tik)

Someone who believes that there is no proof of the existence of God, but does not deny the possibility that God exists
Atheist (AY thee ist)
A disbeliever, denier of God's existence
Deist (DEE ist)
Someone who believes in God based on reason rather than revelation and involves the view that God has set the universe
in motion but does not interfere with how it exists
Theist (THEE ist)
Someone who believes in a personal God as creator and ruler of the universe
27)

AID, AIDE

Aid (AYD)
1. To help, assist, give a helping hand 2. To foster, promote; make easy: "A good dictionary is an essential aid in the
improvement of the English language."
Aide (AYD)
An assistant or an adjutant
28)

ERE, ERR, HEIR

Ere (AIR)
Prior to; before in time: "We will have a warm fire ere nightfall and so ere long we will be comfortable."
Err (ER, UR, or AIR)
1. To make a mistake, slip up, miscalculate: "Banks rarely err in figuring a checking account balance."
2. To deviate from an established moral code; to transgress, sin, misbehave: "To err is human, to forgive divine."
Heir (AIR; not HAIR)
1. One who is legally entitled to inherit and to own an estate after the previous owners death; a beneficiary, an inheritor:
2. A person who succeeds or is in line to succeed to a hereditary rank, title, or office
29)

AISLE, ISLE

Aisle (IGHL)
A passageway or corridor; for example: a narrow aisle between two rows of seats; a path way
Isle (IGHL)
A very small island, an islet: "He bought his own private isle so he could build a house and have more privacy."
30)

ALL MIGHTY, ALMIGHTY

All mighty (awl MIGH tee)

When all of those in a group are in agreement, or disagreement, about something: "We're all mighty glad to see you."
Almighty (awl MIGH tee)
Having absolute power; all-powerful
31)

ALL READY, ALREADY

All ready (awl RED ee)

Everyone or everything is prepared; quite ready in every particular; completely ready
Already (awl RED ee)

- 98 -

1. By this time; soon: "Are you finished with your work already?"
2. Before this time: "We arrived at noon but you had already gone."
32)

ALL RIGHT, ALL-RIGHT, ALRIGHT

All right (awl RIGHT)

1. Healthy, in good health; safe, uninjured: "She was all right in spite of her accident."
2. Satisfactorily, acceptably: "The new cake recipe turned out to be all right." 3. Yes, very well
All-right (awl RIGHT)
When hyphenated, this is the spelling for the slang adjective: "Hes an all-right guy."
Alright
This is never an acceptable spelling for all right; regardless of how many times you may see it misspelled in print.
33)

ALL TOGETHER, ALTOGETHER

All together (awl" tuh GETH uhr)

Everyone in a group
Altogether (awl" tuh GETH uhr)
1. To the whole extent; completely; entirely: "The house was altogether destroyed by fire."
2. On the whole; considering everything: "Altogether, I'm sorry it happened."
34)

ALL WAYS, ALWAYS

All ways (AWL wayz)

1. Every existing possibility, every method: "She investigated all ways that were possible to find her missing sister."
Always (AWL wiz, AWL wayz)
1. Every time, on every occasion, regularly, consistently: "We always start working at 0800 hours
2. Eternally, forever, perpetually: "He vowed that he would always love her."
3. At any time; in any event: "You may always get a new job if you want to."
35) ALLAY, ALLEY, ALLEYS, ALLOY, ALLY
Allay (uh LAY)
1. To make something less severe or strong 2. To rest, to relieve: "Medicine will allay a person's pain."
Alley (AL ee)
1. A passageway, a narrow thoroughfare, narrow back street 2. Narrow passage: "This alley leads nowhere."
Alloy (AL oi", uh LOI)
A metal made by melting and mixing two or more metals or a metal and another material mixed together
Ally (uh LIGH; AL igh)
1. Associate, partner, friend; collaborator: "The United States was an ally of Great Britain in two world wars."
2. To join with, band together
36)

ALLUDE, DELUDE, DELUGE, ELUDE, ILLUDE, REFER

Allude (uh LOOD)

To refer to indirectly without specific identification or details, to mention, to refer to
Delude (di LOOD)
1. To cause someone to believe something that is not true 2. To deceive the mind or judgment of
Deluge (DEL yooj)
1. To flood with water; inundate; submerge:
2. To give or to send someone a large amount of things at the same time
Elude (i LOOD)
1. To avoid, escape from, evade as by daring, cleverness, or skill: "The burglar found a way to elude the police by hiding in
a dumpster."
2. To escape the understanding or grasp of: "This is a name that has always eluded me and it continues to elude me."
Illude (il LOOD)
To deceive; to mock; to excite and to disappoint the hopes of
Refer (ri FUHR)
1. To direct to a source for help or information 2.To turn, to go; to consult: "Refer to the last page for answers."

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37)

ALTAR, ALTER

Altar (AWL tur)

Place of worship; a stand or platform in a place of worship: "He placed the Bible on the altar as he read passages to the
congregation."
Alter (ALW tur)
1. To change, transform, make different, modify: "The blond wig seemed to completely alter her appearance. She said she
would also alter her dress."
38)

ALTERNATE, ALTERNATIVE

alternate (AWL tur nayt [verb]; AWL tur nit [adjective] [noun])
1. Occurring by turns; succeeding each other, take turns, change (verb)
2. One and then the other; every other, successive (adjective): "Each of the two druggists works on alternate Sundays."
3. Standby, backup, understudy (noun): "He attended the political convention not as a delegate but as an alternate."
alternative (awl TUR nuh tiv)
A choice between two or among more than two things; something remaining to be chosen; an option
39)

ALUMNA, ALUMNAE, ALUMNUS, ALUMNI

alumna (singular) (uh LUHM nuh)

A female graduate: "My mother is an alumna of the University of California."
alumnae (plural) (uh LUHM nee)
Female graduates: "My two sisters are both alumnae of Alpha High School."
alumnus (singular) (uh LUHM nuhs)
A male graduate: "He was an alumnus of the University of Iowa."
alumni (plural) (uh LUHM nigh)
1. Male graduates: "All of the graduates at the commencement were alumni because it was a males-only university."
2. Generally used to refer to both the alumni and alumnae of a coeducational institution

40)

AMATEUR, ARMATURE, NEOPHYTE, NOVICE, TYRO

Amateur (AM uh toor", AM uh tuhr", AM uh choor", AM uh tyoor")

Someone with limited skills in, or knowledge of, an activity; nonprofessional
Armature (AR muh choor")
An armor like covering: "The armature of this dynamo needs repair."
Neophyte (NEE uh fight") Novice (NOHV is) Tyro (TIGH roh)
Any new participant in some activity; beginner, apprentice; a disciple, convert, proselyte, novitiate
41)

AMELIORATION, MELIORATION, PEJORATION

Amelioration (uh meel" yuh RAY shuhn)

A making or becoming better; improvement: "Efforts of amelioration are being made for the suffering of people.
Melioration (meel" yuh RAY shuhn; mee" lee uh RAY shuhn)
1. The act or process of improving something or the state of being improved
2. The linguistic process by which a word over a period of time grows more elevated in meaning or more positive in
connotation: "The word nice has gone through the process of melioration because it formerly meant 'foolish'."
Pejoration (pej uh RAY shuhn; pee" juh RAY shuhn)
1. The process or condition of worsening or degenerating; deterioration
2. The process by which the meaning of a word becomes negative or less elevated over a period of time
42)

AMEND, EMEND

Amend (uh MEND)

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1. To change for the better; to improve; to rectify; 2. To revise, to modify: "The members of the club voted to amend the
constitution."
Emend (i MEND)
To improve by critical editing; to correct, to revise: "We must emend the report by inserting the right data."
43)

AMIABLE, AMICABLE

Amiable (AY mee uh buhl)

Friendly and agreeable in disposition; good-natured and likable: "Amiable neighbors help make a house a home."
Amicable (AM i kuh buhl)
Characterized by or exhibiting friendliness or goodwill; peaceable, agreeable: "If wars are to end, nations must learn
amicable means of settling their disputes."
44)

AMITY, ENMITY

Amity (AM i tee)

A feeling of friendship: "Friendly relations between nations or groups could give mankind an era of international amity."
Enmity (EN mi tee)
A very deep unfriendly feeling
45)

AMNESIA, APHASIA

Amnesia (am NEE zhuh)

A loss of memory as a result of a shock, an injury, a psychological disturbance, or some kind of medical disorder
Aphasia (uh FAY zhuh)
One in a group of speech disorders in which there is a defect, or loss, of the power of expression and comprehension of
spoken or written language or signs
46)

AMORAL, IMMORAL, UNMORAL

Amoral (ay MOHR uhl)

1. Neither moral nor immoral; that is, not showing concern for what is right or wrong in human behaviour
2. Not caring about right and wrong
Immoral (i MOR uhl)
Contrary to established social principles; corrupt, evil, wrong: "Selling illegal drugs to anyone is immoral."
Unmoral (uhn MOR uhl)
Having no perception of what is right or wrong or unable to distinguish right from wrong: "An infant or any one who is
mentally incapable of knowing what is right or wrong is considered to be unmoral; that is, neither moral nor immoral."
47)

AMUSED, BEMUSED

Amused (uh MYOOZ'd)

Entertained, occupied; interested: "We amused ourselves by playing games until our parents got back home."
Bemused (bi MYOOZ'd)
1. Mildly amused; engrossed, thoughtful 2. Confused, muddled, bewildered: "The wine left him somewhat bemused."
48)

ANALYST, ANNALIST

Analyst (AN uh list)

Someone with specialized knowledge or skill who studies or examines something by separating it into its constituent
elements and gives an assessment, description, or explanation of it
Annalist (AN uh list)
1. Someone who writes records of events arranged chronologically by each year or by successive years; a chronicler
2. A writer, or historian, who compiles the records and reports of an organization or a learned field in chronological order:
49)

ANECDOTE, ANTIDOTE

Anecdote (AN ik doht")

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An interesting incident or brief history; a short narrative; sometimes, a humorous account: "Have you noticed that many
public speakers begin their talks with a humorous anecdote?"
Antidote (AN ti doht")
1. A remedy to counteract poison; an antitoxin: "Doctors rushed an antidote to the boy who was bitten by a snake."
50)

ANGUISH, LANGUISH

Anguish (ANG gwish)

Extreme anxiety or emotional torment; grief, woe: "The mother waited in anguish for news of her missing child."
Languish (LANG gwish)
1. To undergo hardship as a result of being deprived of something, typically attention, independence, or freedom
2. To long for something that is being denied; to pine for: "After days in the hospital without visitors, he could only
languish for the sight of his family."
51)

ANNALIZE; ANALYZE

Annalize (AN nuh lighz)

1. To record; to write in annals
Analyze (AN uh lighz")
1. To examine something in great detail.
52)

ANNUAL, ANNUL, PERENNIAL

Annual (AN yoo uhl)

1. Yearly, occurring every year or once a year:
Annul (uh NUHL)
To cancel; to invalidate, to rescind: "The contract was annulled because it was not legally signed by both parties."
Perennial (puh REN ee uhl)
1. Lasting indefinitely; perpetual, continual: "She sits there with that perennial grin on her face."
3. In botany, having a life span of more than two years; such as, a perennial plant
53)

ANTAGONIST, PROTAGONIST

Antagonist (an TAG uh nist)

1. Someone, or something, opposing or in conflict with another person or thing; an opponent.
2. A major character in a book, play, or movie whose values or behaviors are in conflict with those of the primary
character, or hero: "The objective of the antagonist in the story was to destroy the protagonist in battle."
Protagonist (proh TAG uh nist)
The most important, or primary, character (good or evil) in a novel, play, story, or other literary work: "The protagonist
had to defend himself against the opposition of the antagonist."
54)

ANTECEDENCE, ANTECEDENTS

Antecedence (an" ti SEED ns)

The act or state of going before in time; precedence; priority in time, pre-existence
Antecedents (ant" uh SEED uhnts)
The history, events, characteristics, etc., of one's earlier life; ancestors, forefathers: "My antecedents were all pioneers."
55)

ANY ONE, ANYONE

Any one (EN ee wuhn", EN ee wuhn)

Used to distinguish one person from others in the same group or class; any single person or thing
Anyone (EN ee wuhn", EN ee wuhn)
Any person at all: "Can anyone identify the culprit who committed this crime?"
56)

APIARY, AVIARY

Apiary (AY pi er" i)

A place for bees: "The farmer had an apiary for his bees so they could produce honey."

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Aviary (AY vi er" i)

A place for birds; such as, a cage, house, or enclosure: "She kept several birds in her aviary."
57)

APLOMB, A PLUMB

Aplomb (uh PLOM, uh PLUM)

Confidence, skill, and poise; especially, in difficult or challenging circumstances: "A good hostess can handle an
embarrassing situation with great aplomb."
A plumb (uh PLUM)
1. As a noun, a weight, usually made of lead, attached to a line and used to find the depth of
2. Also, as a verb, to examine something in a careful and complete way in order to understand it: "The book strives to
plumb the complexities of human relationships."
58)

APPORTION, PROPORTION

Apportion (uh POR shuhn; uh POHR shuhn)

To divide and to assign according to a plan; to allot
Proportion (pruh POR shuhn, pruh POHR shuhn)
A relationship between things or parts of things with respect to comparative magnitude, quantity, or degree
59) APPOSITE, OPPOSITE
Apposite (AP uh zit)
Especially well suited to the circumstances; strikingly appropriate and relevant
Opposite (AHP uh zit)
1. Placed or located directly across from something else or from each other
2. Facing the other way; moving or tending away from each other: "They went in opposite directions."
60)

APPRAISE, APPRISE, A PRIZE

Appraise (uh PRAYZ)

To place a value on; to judge the worth of something: "The agent wanted to appraise the house at $100,000.
Apprise (uh PRIGHZ)
To inform or to give notice to someone about something; to notify: "Police should apprise an arrested person of his/her
right to remain silent and to be represented by a lawyer."

61)

APPRECIATE, DEPRECIATE, DEPRECATE

Appreciate (uh PREE shee ayt")

1. Be grateful for, be thankful for, regard highly.
2. To realize the worth of, estimate justly.
3. To increase in value: "Given the history of this company, your investment could appreciate over the months."
Depreciate (di PREE shee ayt")
1. To reduce or to lower the value of: "Runaway inflation can quickly depreciate the country's currency."
2. To belittle, to disparage: "All he can do is to depreciate all of my efforts to help him."
Deprecate (DEP ri kayt")
1. To protest or to express strong disapproval of: "The townspeople deprecate the new exhibit."
2. To belittle: "You should not deprecate your own worth to the community."
62)

APPREHEND, COMPREHEND

Apprehend (ap" ri HEND)

1. To arrest, to take into custody: "The police expect to apprehend the kidnappers before nightfall."
2. To understand, to perceive: "The public doesn't fully apprehend the complexity of space flight."
Comprehend (kom" pri HEND, komp" ri HEND)
To take in the meaning, nature, or importance of; to grasp: "The child couldn't comprehend the advanced textbook."

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63)

ARBITRATE, MEDIATE

Arbitrate (AR bi trayt")

1. To decide or to sit in judgment after listening to both sides.
Mediate (MEE dee ayt")
To bring about an agreement: "The lawyer tried to mediate between the car company and the auto union."
64)

ARC, ARK

Arc (AHRK)
A curved line, arch, crescent, bow: "The rainbow formed a beautiful arc in the sky."
Ark (AHRK)
1. The chest containing the Ten Commandments of God, written on stone tablets and carried by the Hebrews during their
long desert wanderings.
2. A large, flat-bottomed or awkward boat: "They lived on an ark, or house boat, on the Seine River in Paris."

65)

ARRAIGN, ARRANGE

Arraign (uh RAYN)

1. To call into court for some legal action; accuse, charge
2. Accuse, call to account: "The medical association met to arraign the doctor for his unethical behavior."
Arrange (uh RAYNJ)
1. To put in order; organize. 2. Plan, schedule: "The travel agent tried to arrange the trip with a stopover in Rome."
66)

ARRANT, ARRANTLY, ERRANT, ERRANTLY

Arrant (AR uhnt)

1. Used to emphasize that someone or something is an extreme example of that which is unacceptable: "This is arrant
nonsense!"
Arrantly (AR uhnt li)
Of the worst kind, impudently or not showing respect for other people: "He was arrantly smoking in the non-smoking
area of the restaurant."
Errant (ER uhnt)
1. Roving or wandering; especially, in search of adventure.
2. Straying from the proper course or correct standard: "She could no longer tolerate her errant husband."
Errantly (ER uhnt li)
A reference to someone or something going out of a specified area: "The calf errantly went into the neighbor's garden."
67)

ARTIST, ARTISTE

Artist (AR tist)

A practitioner of a fine art: "The paintings of the artist were displayed at the community center."
Artiste (ar TEEST)
A skilled public performer or entertainer; especially, a singer or dancer: "The artiste closed the concert with a new song."
68)

ASCENSION, ASSUMPTION

Ascension (uh SEN shuhn)

Rising, climbing, scaling: "The climbers' ascension of the mountain was more difficult than they expected."
Assumption (uh SUMP shuhn)
A belief, supposition, or premise: "The couple rented the old house on the assumption that the landlord would renovate
it."
69)

ASPIRATION, INSPIRATION, PERSPIRATION

Aspiration (as" puh RAY shuhn)

A strong desire or high ambition; something that a person wants very much to achieve
Inspiration (in" spuh RAY shuhn)

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Stimulation of the mind or emotions to a high level of feeling or some creative effort or activity.
Perspiration (pur" spuh RAY shuhn)
The fluid, consisting of water with small amounts of urea and salts, which is excreted through the pores of the skin by the
sweat glands; sweating.
70)

ASSASSINATE, ASSAIL, ASSAULT

Assassinate (uh SAS uh nayt")

To murder (a prominent person) with a surprise attack, often for political reasons
Assail (uh SAYL)
To attack with or as if with violent blows: "A mugger tried to assail him on the dark street as he was walking home."
Assault (uh SALT)
1. A violent physical or verbal attack: "He was heard to verbally assault one of his coworkers."
2. To attack with or as if with violent blows.
71) ASSAY, ESSAY
Assay (uh SAY, AS ay)
1. The chemical analysis or testing of an alloy or ore to determine the ingredients and their proportions2. Any
examination or testing: "The officials will assay the votes to determine the final results of the election."
Essay (ES ay, e SAY)
A short piece of writing that reveals a person's thoughts or opinions about a subject
72)

ASSIMILATE, SIMULATE

Assimilate (uh SIM uh layt")

1. To consume and incorporate (nutrients) into the body after digestion: "What we eat will assimilate into our bodily
systems."
2. To learn something so that it is fully understood and can be used: "Children need to assimilate new ideas and there is a
lot of information to assimilate in schools."
Simulate (SIM yuh layt")
1. To make a pretense of; to feign: "The woman tried to simulate tears to get our sympathy."
2. To have or to take on the appearance, form, or sound of: "The wall surface was constructed to simulate stone."
73)

ASSUME, PRESUME

Assume (uh SOOM)

1. To take for granted, to speculate: "We assume that we will see the speaker at the meeting next week."
2. To take on, become responsible for, take care of: "The new buyer will assume the mortgage on the house."
Presume (pri ZOOM)
1. Take for granted, believe, deduce: "Dr. Livingston, I presume?"
2. To rely on too much: "She wants to presume on his writing talents to compile her memoirs."
74)

ASSURANCE, INSURANCE

Assurance (uh SHOOR uhns)

The state of being sure or certain about something; a strong feeling of confidence
Insurance (in SHOOR uhns)
An agreement in which a person makes regular payments to a company and the company promises to pay money if the
person is injured or dies; or to pay money equal to the value of something; such as, a house or a car, if it is damaged, lost,
or stolen.
75)

ASTROLOGY, ASTRONOMY

Astrology (uh STRAHL uh jee)

A form of divination based on the theory that the movements of the celestial bodies; such as, the stars, the planets.
Astronomy (uh STRAHN uh mee)
The scientific study of heavenly bodies, particularly stars.

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76) AUGER, AUGUR

Auger (AW gur)
A tool for boring holes into wood, leather, etc.: "He used an auger to make holes in the shoes for the shoelaces."
Augur (AW gur)
1. Verb: To foretell, predict, forewarn: "Dark clouds augur the coming of the thunderstorm."
2. Noun: A prophet, a prognosticator, an oracle: "An ancient Roman augur told Julius Caesar to 'Beware the Ides of
March'."
77)

AUGHT, NAUGHT, NAUGHTY, OUGHT

Aught (AWT)
1. Anything; any part or item; by any chance; in any respect (considered to be literary and old-fashioned): "For aught I
know, he could have left an hour ago."
2. The figure "0"; a cipher of zero: "He had aught, or naught, available to pay for the bread."
Naught (NAWT)
1. Nothing, nonexistent, insignificant; zero, a cipher; worthless, useless: "All of our work was for naught."
2. Zero (usually a naught): "All of their efforts to complete the project on time was for naught."
Ought (AWT)
1. Used to indicate what is expected: "They ought to be here by now.
2. Used to say or to suggest what should be done: "You ought to get some rest now.
78)

AURAL, ORAL

Aural (OR uhl)

Related to the ear or the sense of hearing: "Hearing aids overcome some aural deficiencies."
Oral (OR uhl)
Something uttered by the mouth or in words; spoken, vocal, using speech.
79)

AURICLE, ORACLE

Auricle (OR i kuhl)

1. An ear or ear-shaped appendage or part; pinna:: "Many animals, including humans, have a dual auricle for hearing."
2. An ear-shaped muscular part that sticks out from the surface of each upper chamber atrium of the heart: "Cardiologists
are quite aware of each auricle of the heart."
Oracle (OR i kuhl)
1. A person; such as, a priestess, through whom a god was believed to speak
2. Someone who has a great deal of knowledge about something and whose opinions and advice are highly valued.

80)

AUTOMATION, AUTOMATON

Automation (aw" tuh MAY shuhn)

The technique, method, or system of operating or controlling a process with electronic devices, reducing human
intervention to a minimum: "The door uses a system of automation so you don't have to push it open."
Automaton (aw TOM uh tuhn)
1. Anything capable of spontaneous movement or action: "They had an incredible automaton, or robot, that was
vacuuming the rugs in the living room."
2. A person who acts in a mechanical or machinelike way: "He was behaving like an unfeeling automaton."
81)

AVENGE, REVENGE, VENGEANCE

Avenge (uh VENJ)

The act of doing something to hurt another person in the sense of achieving justice because that party caused harm to
someone; to repay: "Sam wants to avenge and to punish the person who caused his mother's injuries."
Revenge (ri VENJ)

- 106 -

1. Revenge usually stresses reprisal for the person wronged or offended; to pay back: "He still plans to revenge the injury
done to him by getting even."
2. An action taken in return for an injury or harmful offense: "They humiliated me, but I will get my revenge."
Vengeance (VEN juhns)
An act of punishment in retaliation for an injury or offense: "He sought vengeance for the murder of his sister."
82)

AVER, AVERT, DIVERT, EVERT

Aver (uh VUR)

To affirm positively; to proclaim: Yes, The witness did aver that he had seen the suspect at the scene of the crime.
Avert (uh VURT)
1. To turn aside, to turn away: "She had to avert her head so we could not see her face."
2. To prevent, to turn away: "The quick arrival of fire-fighters would avert a major forest fire."
Divert (di VURT)
1. To turn aside from a course or direction: "Traffic had to divert around the scene of the accident."
Evert (i VURT)
To turn outward or inside out, as any saclike object: "The doctor had to evert her eyelid so he could remove the irritating
grain of sand."
83)

AVOCATION, VOCATION

Avocation (av" oh KAY shuhn)

An activity taken up in addition to one's regular work or profession, usually for enjoyment; a hobby: "Her favorite
avocation is reading."
Vocation (voh KAY shuhn)
A regular occupation, especially one for which a person is particularly suited or qualified: "I'm a carpenter by vocation,
but my avocation is painting."
84)

AVOID, DEVOID

Avoid (uh VOID)

1. To keep something from happening: "He tried very hard to avoid falling down on the icy sidewalk."
2. To stay clear of or away from someone or something: "He took a detour onto another street to avoid the heavy traffic."
Devoid (di VOID)
Completely lacking; destitute or empty: "The landscape in this area seems to be devoid of any life."
85)

AWARD, REWARD

Award (uh WARD)

Something that is bestowed or granted, as for merit: "They award a scholarship to the student with the highest grades."
Reward (ri WARD)
1. Something given or received in recompense for worthy behavior; a token of appreciation: "A large reward was offered
for the return of the necklace."
86)

AWAY, AWEIGH

Away (uh WAY)

1. From a particular thing or place: "We ran away from the lion."
2. At or to a distance in space or time: "They lived a block away from the park."
3. At or by a considerable interval: "The scientist lived away back in the 17th century."
Aweigh (uh WAY)
A reference to an anchor; just clear of the bottom of a body of water: "The ship raised its anchor aweigh."
87)

AWFUL, OFFAL

Awful (AW fuhl)

1. Dreadful, bad, terrible: "What awful weather!"
2. Awe-inspiring, awesome, wondrous: "The astronauts know the awful expanse of the solar system."
Offal (AWFl)

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The waste parts of butchered animals, carrion, carcass; such as, entrails

88)

AWHILE, A WHILE

awhile (uh HWIGHL, uh WIGHL)

For a short time; an adverb which is never preceded by a preposition such as for: "Let us wait awhile; not for awhile."
a while (uh HWIGHL, uh WIGHL)
A noun meaning "a period of time". This form may be preceded by a preposition: "Stay for a while or stay a while."
89)

AXES, AXIS

Axes (AHK sis)

Tools that have heavy metal blades and long handles that are used for chopping wood, etc.: "The men used the axes to
clear the trees blocking the highway after the storm."
Axis (AHK sis)
1. The imaginary straight line that something; such as, the earth, turns around: "The earth rotates on its axis."
2. A straight line that divides a shape evenly into two parts
3. An affiliation of two or more nations to promote and ensure mutual interest, cooperation, and solidarity in their
relations with foreign powers.
90)

BABBLE, BABEL, BAUBLE, BUBBLE

Babble (BAB uhl)

1. To talk rapidly or at length about things that seem irrelevant or foolish; to jabber or to prattle.
3. Clamor, hubbub, din: "The speaker shouted over the babble of the crowd."
4. Gurgle, murmur, coo: "The baby babbled happily."
Babel, Babel (BAY buhl, BAB uhl)
Tumult, confusion, bedlam, clamor: "The political convention became a babel of conflicting opinions."
Bauble (BAW buhl)
A trinket, ornament, usually cheap, or an inexpensive piece of jewelry: She wore the red bauble that she obtained when
she visited the gypsys tent at the fair.
Bubble (BUB uhl)
1. A small globe of gas floating in a liquid: "The bubble floated upwards in the lava lamp."
2. To become lively or effervescent: "She seemed to bubble with laughter and happiness."
91)

BAD, BADE

Bad (BAHD)
1. Not good, poor, inferior, below standard; faulty, defective: "She's a very bad singer."
2. Immoral, unethical, wrong: "Lying is a bad thing."
3. Erroneous, wrong, incorrect: "Her bad spelling kept her from becoming a secretary."
Bade (BAYD, BAHD)
To tell, say, to wish: "He bade us farewell."
92) BAIL, BALE
Bail (BAYL)
1. A bond, a surety: "The accused are being held on $10,000 bail."
2. Scoop, throw water out: "Bail the water out of the boat as quickly as possible."
Bale (BAYL)
1. A large amount of material; such as, hay, wood, paper, cotton, etc. which is pressed together tightly and often tied or
wrapped: "The farmer loaded the big bale of hay on to the truck."
93)

BAIT, BATE

Bait (BAYT)
1. Food or other enticement placed, as a lure, on a hook, or in a trap: "The fisherman put an earthworm as bait on the
fishing hook."

- 108 -

2. To get someone excited by exposing something desirable to that person while keeping it out of reach: "He wanted to
bait his wife by showing her a tantalizing necklace."
Bate (BAYT)
To decrease, to lesson the force or intensity of, to moderate: "He was about to bate, or to become less active, in his
exercise routines."
94)

BALD, BALLED, BAWLED

Bald (BAWLD)
1. No hair on the head; bald-headed, bald-pated, hairless, smooth: "When he became bald, he bought a toupee."
2. Lacking a natural or usual covering; bare, without cover, treeless, denuded, barren
Balled (BAWLD)
1. To form something into a round shape: "I stood up quickly and balled the letter in my hands and threw it in the trash."
2. A state of confusion or things in a tangle and a mess: "Because the overseer did not check all the details before giving
the order, the workers balled up the project."
Bawled (BAWLD)
1. Past tense of bawl (cried loudly); cried, wailed, weeped: "The nursery was full of babies who bawled for long periods."
2. Cried out noisily; shouted, bellowed, yelled: "The captain bawled for the sergeant to come immediately."
95)

BALEFUL, BANEFUL

Baleful (BAYL fuhl)

1. Threatening harm or great evil; ominous: "He turned and gave us a baleful, or sinister, glare."
2. Harmful or deadly; full of menacing or malign influences; pernicious: "They experienced the baleful effects of water
pollution on their health."
Baneful (BAYN fuhl)
Causing harm, ruin, and death: "On television, we have been witnessing the baneful results of war as Israel attacks Hamas
in Gaza."
96) BALL, BALL, BAWL
ball (BAWL)
Round mass, sphere, globe: "The cat played with the ball of twine."
ball (BAWL)
1. Dance, dancing party, prom: "The banquet was followed by a ball."
2. A large formal party for dancing: "All of the students were invited to the university ball."
bawl (BAWL)
1. Cry, wail, howl, weep: "The little boy was so upset that he began to bawl for his mother."
2. To speak very loudly: "The children were misbehaving so badly and the father was so frustrated, that he could only
bawl at them to settle down."
97)

BALLAD, BALLET, BALLOT

Ballad (BAL uhd)

1. A narrative poem or a narrative verse: "He read the class a great English ballad."
2. Folk song, a song: "We sat around the campfire, while a folk singer sang a wonderful ballad."
Ballet (bal LAY)
An intricate group dance with pantomime that tells a story: "The famous ballet was attended by hundreds of patrons."
Ballot (BAL uht)
An act or method of voting; a ticket, a list of candidates to be voted on: "Three candidates for mayor are listed on the
ballot."
98)

BANDS, BANNS, BANS

Bands (BAHNZ)
Small groups of musicians who play popular music together: "The drummers of bands are a significant part of rock-androll bands and jazz bands."
Banns (BAHNZ)
A public statement which announces that two people are going to be married: "The banns of marriage were posted in the
church."

- 109 -

Bans (BAHNZ)
Statements, usually official, forbidding people from using or from doing something: "The city has bans against smoking in
all public buildings."

99)

BARD, BARRED

Bard (BAHRD)
1. Poet-singer, a poet: "The Homeric poems were composed and sung by one bard after another."
2. A narrative poet, writer, minstrel: "A local bard read his poetry to the audience."
Barred (BAHRD)
1. To obstruct or impede; to block: "The gate to the estate barred visitors from access to the house."
2. To keep out; to exclude: "The guard barred their unauthorized entrance to the building."
100)

BARE, BEAR, BEAR

Bare (BAIR)
1. Stripped naked, undressed, uncovered, unclad: "The engineers worked bare to the waist in the broiling sun."
2. Empty, void, vacant; unadorned: "We wanted to hang up some paintings on those bare walls."
Bear (BAIR), as a noun.
1. The animal, also known as a bruin: "The bear was catching salmon in the river."
2. A person who expects the price of stocks to go down and who sells them to avoid losing money: "As a bear, he is
hoping to sell his stocks before the market goes even lower."
Bear (BAIR), as a verb.
1. Support, sustain, maintain: "These columns bear the weight of the roof."
2. To transport, to carry, to tote, to haul, to take: "The donkeys had to bear supplies up the steep mountain trail."
3. To give birth to, to bring into being, to bring forth: "Yes, his mother did bear three fine sons."
4. To go, to move, or to turn in a specified direction: "When you get into town, bear to the north at the first street."
101) BARON, BARREN
Baron (BAR uhn)
1. A lord or nobleman; a peer who is a member of the lowest rank of British nobility
2. A person with great power, wealth, and influence in some sphere
Barren (BAR uhn)
1. Producing no offspring, childless: "The couple decided to adopt a child when they realized that she was barren."
2. Incapable of producing offspring; sterile: "The farmer realized that he was cheated when he bought the barren cow."
102) BASTILLE, BASTION
Bastille (ba STEEL)
1. When not capitalized, a prison or jail: "The president decided to close the bastille located on a small island."
2. When capitalized, July 14, observed in France in commemoration of the storming of the Paris prison in 1789, a citizens'
victory at the outset of the French Revolution: "The destruction of the Bastille is celebrated yearly in France."
Bastion (BAS chuhn, BAS tee uhn)
1. A fortified area or stronghold, frequently implying a rampart or irregular fortification surrounding the base of a
structure: "The castle was considered a bastion of safety during the Middle Ages."
2. An institution serving as an example of strength: "Her home was considered a bastion of respectability and good taste."
103) BAT, BATT
Bat (BAT)
1. A stout wooden stick used in sports such as cricket and baseball: "The baseball player picked up a bat and scored a
home run."
2. To hit or to strike with a stout wooden stick: "We saw the player bat the ball over the fence for a home run."
Batt (BAT)
Pieces of fabric used as lining when making quilts: "The women used a thick cotton batt when making the beautiful quilts
which they sold."

- 110 -

104) BATH, BATHE

Bath (BATH)
That which is associated with the process or equipment for washing the body or an item: "The Roman Bath in the city
attested to the resourcefulness of the citizens, using natural waters to fill the bath."
Bathe (BAYTH)
To immerse in water or other liquid for the purpose of refreshment or cleaning oneself with a sponge or cloth and soap:
"During the hot weather, it felt good to bathe ones face frequently with scented water."
105)

BATHOS, PATHOS

Bathos (BAY thos")

Something that is ridiculously melodramatic, commonplace, or mawkish; particularly when someone is striving for a much
more exalted effect: "The serious message of the film is ruined by the bathos of its ridiculous ending."
Pathos (PAY thos)
Something that genuinely evokes pity or sorrow: "Our knowledge of his tragic end adds an element of pathos to the story
of his early success."
106)

BATON, BATTEN

Baton (buh TON, BAT'n)

1.A slender wooden stick or rod used by a conductor to direct an orchestra or band: "The orchestra conductor raised his
baton to start the music."
2. A short staff carried certain public officials as a symbol of office: "The mayor passed the baton or gave the job and
responsibility on to the new mayor."
Batten (BAT'n)
1. To prepare for possible trouble or difficulty: "The city is ready to batten down for the weekend's scheduled protests."
2. To thrive and to prosper, especially at another person's expense: "He could only batten like a leech on the financial
savings of other people."
107) BEACH, BEECH
Beach (BEECH)
The sloping shore of a body of water: "The family planned a picnic on the beach at the local lake."
Beech (BEECH)
A kind of tree that grows in temperate regions with smooth, ash-gray bark and bearing an edible nut: "The squirrels in the
garden loved to collect the beech nuts that fell to the ground."
108)

BEAU, BOW

Beau (BOH)
The boyfriend, sweetheart, or lover of a girl or a woman: "She was waiting for her beau to pick her up."
Bow (BOH)
1. A decorative knot: "He adjusted his bow tie before leaving for the dance."
2. A weapon made from a strip of elastic wood, bent by a string and used to project arrows
3. As a verb, to curve or to bend: "He was trying to bow the flexible piece of steel."
109)

BEER, BIER

Beer (BIR)
An alcoholic drink consisting of a fermented beverage made from malt and hops: "After work, the women from the
factory got together for a beer before going home."
Bier (BIR)
1. A coffin together with its stand prior to burial: "The undertaker arranged the coffin and the bier for the funeral.
110) BEETLE, BETEL
Beetle (BEET'l)

- 111 -

1. A type of insect with wings that form a hard cover on its back when it is not flying: "The student was excited to find a
rare beetle for her insect collection."
2. A heavy mallet with a large wooden head used to mash potatoes or to hammer cobblestones into place: "The workers
completing the road repair used a beetle to set the stones into place."
3. Jutting; overhanging: "His beetle eye brows were quite a site to behold."
Betel (BEET'l)
A climbing pepper plant producing leaves which Asians chew
111)

BELLOW, BELLOWS, BILLOW

Bellow (BEL oh)

1. To make a loud, bawling noise: "The cow began to bellow when the farmer was late to milk her."
2. To shout in a deep voice: "He was heard to bellow orders to one of his employees."
Bellows (BEL ohz)
A device that produces a strong current of air when its sides are pressed together: "He used a bellows to start the fire."
Billow (BIL oh)
1. A surge or swell of water, a rolling mass of something; such as, smoke which resembles the movement of water
2. To swell out or to balloon through the action of the wind: "The sails on the ship will billow when the wind comes up."
3. To move as a large cloud or mass: "Clouds of smoke were seen to billow up from the chimney."
112)

BENEDICTION, MALEDICTION

Benediction (ben" i DIK shuhn)

1. An invocation of divine blessing, usually at the end of a church service
2. An expression of good wishes.
Malediction (mal" i DIK shuhn)
The calling down of a curse or an expression of slander: "The old patriarch uttered a malediction against the rival clan."
113)

BENEVOLENCE, MALEVOLENCE

Benevolence (buh NEV uh luhns)

An inclination to perform kind, charitable acts
Malevolence (muh LEV uh luhns)
Having or exhibiting ill will; wishing harm to others; malicious
114)

BERG, BURG

Berg (BURG)
A great mass of ice; short for iceberg
Burg (BURG)
Slang for a small town: "There are no more opportunities for me in this burg."
115)

BESEECH, BESIEGE

Beseech (bi SEECH)

To beg or request in an urgent and anxious manner
Besiege (bi SEEJ)
To worry, harass, distress, or to present a request: "The city counselors sought to besiege the mayor to repair the roads."
116)

BESIDE, BESIDES

beside (bi SIGHD)

A preposition meaning at the side of, next to, near: "He was seen sitting beside the road."
besides (bi SIGHDZ)
A conjunction meaning furthermore, moreover or in addition to: "What would you like to do besides going to the park
after lunch?"
117)

BEWILDER, PERPLEX, PUZZLE

- 112 -

Bewilder (bi WIL duhr)

To confuse, perplex, or to lose one's bearings
Perplex (puhr PLEKS)
To be unable to think logically or clearly about something; to make intricate or involved: "The situation served only to
perplex and to confuse the two sisters."

118)

BIANNUAL, BIENNIAL, PERENNIAL

Biannual (bigh AN yoo uhl)

Occurring twice a year; semiannual: "The family got together on a biannual basis to celebrate birthdays."
Biennial (bigh EN ee uhl)
Occurring every two years: "Electing senators occurs on a biennial basis."
Perennial (puh REN ee uhl)
Persistent over a period of several years; continuing without interruption
119)

BIASED, BIGOTED, INTOLERANT, PREJUDICED

Biased (BIGH uhs't)

1. Inclined, showing favouratism
2. In statistics, a tendency to yield one outcome more frequently in a statistical exercise: "The outcome of the research
appeared to be biased, based on the teachers review of the statistics."
Bigoted (BIG uh tid)
Stubborn or intolerant adherence to ones opinions or perceptions or prejudices.
Intolerant (in TOL uhr uhnt)
An unwillingness to ensure that others have the equal freedom of basic rights; such as, religion, social or political.
Prejudiced (PREJ uh dis)
An irrational attitude or judgment or action that is based on incomplete information or without just grounds or a biased
strong personal opinion: "Much of the violence that was observed in the county was the result of prejudiced behavior of
the residents."
120)

BIBLIOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY

Bibliography (bib" lee AHG ruh fee)

A listing, often descriptive, of materials, with information relating to a specific subject.
Biography (bigh AHG ruh fee)
Usually the written account of a person's life
121)

BID, BIDE

Bid (BID)
1. To make an offer for the price for something; often in the context of an auction
2. An invitation or an expression offered as a greeting or benediction.
Bide (BIGHD)
To wait for an opportunity OR for the right time.

122)

BIGAMY, MONOGAMY, POLYGAMY

Bigamy (BIG uh mee)

The act of being married to two spouses at the same time
Monogamy (muh NAHG uh mee)
Marriage to only one person at a time
Polygamy (puh LIG uh mee)
Plural marriage; having more than one wife or husband at the same time
.
123) BIRR, BURR

- 113 -

Birr (BUR)
1. Force or momentum; vigor: "The birr of the winds swept down from the canyons."
2. A whirring sound: "The bag pipes make a birr when the players are attempting to tune them."
Burr (BUR)
1. A roughness or rough edge; especially, one left on metal after casting or cutting
2. A rough or prickly part of a plant that easily sticks to a passerby
124)

BISECT, DISSECT

Bisect (BIGH sekt", bigh SEKT)

To cut or to divide into two parts; especially, two equal parts.
Dissect (di SEKT, digh SEKT, DIGH sekt")
To separate into sections for close scientific analysis or interpretation: "The students in the biology class each had a frog
to dissect as their class project."
125)

BLATANT, FLAGRANT

Blatant (BLAYT'nt)
1. Disagreeably loud or boisterous; offensively noisy; clamorous
2. Glaringly conspicuous, very obvious and offensive: "He showed a blatant disregard for the safety of other drivers."
Flagrant (FLAY gruhnt)
Conspicuously bad, offensive, outrageous, or reprehensible: "The corrupt mayor demonstrated a flagrant disregard for
the law."
126)

BLEAK, BLINK

Bleak (BLEEK)
1. Gloomy and somber: "The future looks bleak for many people."
2. Providing no encouragement; depressing: "We are obviously in a bleak global-economic situation."
Blink (BLINGK)
To close and to open one or both of the eyes rapidly: "He had to blink his eyes when the bright light shined on his face."
127)

BLEU, BLEW, BLUE

Bleu (BLOO)
1. A reference to people who are able to cook food to the highest standard
Blew (BLOO)
The past tense of blow: "The wind blew hard during the night."
Blue (BLOO)
A color: "He wore a blue shirt with a matching blue tie."
128)

BLOB, BLOBS; BLOG, BLOGS; FLOG, FLOGS

Blob, Blobs (BLAHB, BLAHBZ)

1. A soft, amorphous mass; an indistinct or shapeless form or object
2. A usually small amount of something thick and wet: "He cleaned up the blobs of paint that he dropped on the floor."
Blog, Blogs (BLAHG, BLAHGZ)
To write entries in, add material to, or maintain a web log or web logs
Flog, Flogs (FLAHG, FLAHGZ)
1. To beat or whip someone severely: "The guard was about to flog the prisoner as punishment for trying to escape."
2. Used in a figurative sense: "The press is expected to flog the police chief for his failure to take appropriate action
against the criminal elements in his city."
129)

BLOC, BLOCK

Bloc (BLAHK)
A group, as of politicians, nations, etc., combined to foster special interests
Block (BLAHK)

- 114 -

1. A solid piece of wood, metal, etc.; usually with one or more flat sides
2. To obstruct or to prevent passage: "That fallen tree will block the road for several hours."
130)

BLOND, BLONDE

Blond (BLOND)
A boy or man with light hair, blue eyes, and fair skin: "The use of 'blond' in the past was limited to a male; however, now
it is used interchangeably for both genders."
Blonde (BLOND)
A girl or woman with light hair, blue eyes, and fair skin
131) BOAR, BOER, BOOR, BORE
Boar (BOHR)
A male swine or pig: "We just saw a wild boar running into the woods."
Boer (BOHR)
A Dutch colonist or descendant of a Dutch colonist in South Africa
Boor (BOOR)
A person with rude, clumsy manners, and little refinement; often referred to as a peasant
Bore (BOHR)
1. To make weary by being dull, repetitive, monotonous, or tedious: "That film was one big bore."
2. To make a hole in or through something as with a drill: "He wanted to bore a hole in the door frame."

132)

BOGEY, BOGY, BOGIE

Bogey (BOH gee)

One stroke over par in a game of golf: "The champion claimed a bogey over her closest competition."
Bogy, Bogey, Bogie (BOH gee)
1.A goblin; an evil spirit: "The children huddled in their beds after listening to stories about a bogy."
2. A person or thing which is feared: "Tales abound about a bogy who rides a black horse on dark, moonless nights."
133)

BOLDER, BOULDER

Bolder (BOHL duhr)

1. More daring and resistant: "If you want to be noticed, perhaps you need to be a little bolder."
2. Showing or needing confidence or lack of fear: "Few politicians have been bolder than those who want to cut taxes."
Boulder (BOHL duhr)
A very large stone or rounded piece of rock: "The road was blocked by a boulder."
134) BOORS, BOURSE
Boors (BOORZ)
Plural of boor, an insensitive or rude person
Bourse (BOORS)
A specialized sale; such as, numismatic or philatelic, typically at a convention where the items would be displayed.
135) BOOS, BOOZE
Boos (BOOZ)
Sounds uttered to show contempt, scorn, or disapproval: "There were loud boos from the crowd at the end of the
speech."
Booze (BOOZ)
A casual expression describing an alcoholic beverage: "After the big football game, the boys went to the bar for a quick
booze before going home."
136)

BORN, BORNE

Born (BORN)

- 115 -

Brought forth, or into, being; offspring: "Her daughter was born yesterday at the hospital."
Borne (BORN)
To carry, support, or to hold up: "He has borne a gift for the family from Africa."
137)

BOROUGH, BORROW, BURRO, BURROW

Borough (BUR oh)

A village or a political division of a city or an incorporated town or municipality, that is smaller than a city.
Burro (BUR oh)
A small donkey often used as a pack animal
Borrow (BOR oh)
1. To take for one's use: "I went to the library to borrow a few books."
2. To use an idea, saying, etc. that was thought up by someone else
Burrow (BUR oh)
1. A small hole made in the ground as by a rabbit for habitation and refuge
2. To tunnel by digging either by hand or with machinery
138)

BOUGH, BOW

Bough (BOU)
A branch of a tree, often the largest or main branch.
Bow (BOU)
1. As a noun, a bending: "The man made a bow to the king."
2. The front part of a vessel: "The bow of the ship was crushing through the winter ice."
3. As a verb, to bend in greeting or to submit one's self: "She had to bow to the queen's wishes."
139) BOUILLON, BULLION
Bouillon (BOOL yahn, BOOL yuhn)
A thin, clear soup; usually of beef: "At the dinner party, the host served bouillon as the first course."
Bullion (BOOL yuhn)
Gold or silver in bars or plates, but not in coin formats.
140)

BOURGEOIS, PROLETARIAT

Bourgeois (boor ZHWA, BOOR zhwa")

An individual or group which is perceived socially and economically as middle class.
Proletariat (pro" li TAR ee it)
Of or pertaining to the lower social or economic class in a community; such as, industrial workers or labourers.
141) BOY, BUOY
Boy (BOI)
A young-male child: "They brought their boy to the concert, too."
Buoy (BOO ee, BOI)
1. A warning float moored on a dangerous rock or shoal or at the edge of a channel
2. A cork belt or jacket to keep a person from sinking.
3. As a verb, To hold up; to encourage: "The good news will buoy up our hopes for the results of the elections."

142) BRAISE, BRAYS, BRAZE

Braise (BRAYZ)
To cook (meat) by searing it until it is brown, then simmering it in a covered pan
Brays (BRAYZ)
1. To make the loud harsh cry of a donkey
2. To utter or sound loudly and harshly
Braze (BRAYZ)

- 116 -

To solder with a hard solder like brass.

143)

BRAKE, BREAK

Brake (BRAYK)
A device for slowing or stopping a vehicle or wheel; especially, by friction
Break (BRAYK)
To separate into parts or fragments; to shatter
144)

BREACH, BREECH

Breach (BREECH)
1. An opening made by breaking down something solid; such as, a gap made in a wall or fortification
2. A breaking or the neglect (of a law, a trust, etc.); an infraction or infringement: "For the guard to leave now would be a
breach of duty."
3. A breaking of friendly relations; a quarrel: "A misunderstanding caused a breach between me and my friend."
Breech (BREECH)
1. The lower rear portion of the human trunk; the behind, posterior; hind part: "A breech is an old-fashioned word for the
'backside' of the body."
2. The part of a firearm (gun) to the rear of the bore: "Flame flew out of the breech of the gun because of the defective
bullets he was using."
145)

BREADTH, BREATH, BREATHE

Breath (BRETH)
Air which is inhaled and exhaled during breathing: "The loss of breath can be a dangerous symptom."
Breathe (BREETH)
To inhale and to exhale air into one's lungs: "He rose quickly to the surface of the water and then he could breathe
again."
146)

BREWED, BROOD

Brewed (BROOD)
1. To make ale or beer from malt and hops: "We went to the place where they brewed the beer for our store."
2. To instigate or to incite: "He brewed discontent and trouble with the audience."
Brood (BROOD)
1. The young of certain animals; especially, a group of young birds or fowl hatched at one time and cared for together:
"The mother hen had a colourful brood of chicks."
2. The children of a family: "The new neighbor has quite a brood of five children."
147) BREWS, BRUISE
Brews (BROOZ)
1. To create a beverage by steeping or soaking (tea) or by fermentation (beer
2. To bring about or to plot, to contrive: "Trouble brews when the union members are unhappy with their contract."
Bruise (BROOZ)
Discoloration on the skin caused by the breaking of blood vessels as the result of an injury: "After the boxer won the
round, he had a big bruise over his right eye."

148)

BRIDAL, BRIDLE

Bridal (BRIGHD'l)
Referring to a bride or a wedding: "She changed her bridal gown right after the marriage ceremony."
Bridle (BRIGHD'l)

- 117 -

1. The head harness, including bit and reins used to guide or to restrain a horse: "The woman had trouble putting the
bridle on her restless horse."
2. To show resentment by pulling back one's head and neck during a conversation or a confrontation
149)

BROACH, BROOCH

Broach (BROHCH)
1. A pointed tool for making holes: "The carpenter used a broach to make a smooth hole in the piece of wood."
2. To open by making a hole: "He tried to broach a cask of wine."
3. To begin to talk about something: "He wanted to broach a new topic for the discussion."
Brooch (BROOCH, BRUCH)
An ornamental pin used on one's clothing: "She wore a beautiful brooch with a pearl as part of its structure."
150)

BROCHURE, LEAFLET, PAMPHLET

Brochure (broh SHOOR)

A small book or publication containing descriptive or advertising information
Leaflet (LEE flit)
1. Botanical, a small, young foliage: "In the spring, the students examined the leaflet on the branch of the tree."
2. A printed publication usually for distribution free of charge, typically one page in length
Pamphlet (PAM flit)
A printed publication that is unbound or with a soft, paper cover
151)

BUCCAL, BUCKLE

Buccal (BUK'l)
The cheek or a reference to the mouth: "The buccal nerve on his right cheek was irritated by the infected tooth."
Buckle (BUK'l)
1. A clasp used to fasten the ends of a belt, strap, etc.
2. A metal ornament for a shoe
3. As a verb, to fasten: "Be sure to buckle your seat belt when driving in a car."
4. To bend, to bulge, or to wrinkle: "Heat applied to a sheet of plastic will cause it to buckle, distorting its shape."
152)

BUMP, THUMP

Bump (BUMP)
To strike against something with force: "The truck hit the large stone with a jolting bump."
Thump (THUMP)
To hit or to knock with something heavy.
153)

BUNDLE, BUNGLE

Bundle (BUN d'l)

A large number of things or items fastened together for ease of handling
Bungle (BUNG guhl)
To mishandle or to act in a clumsy manner
154)

BURGLAR, ROBBER, THIEF

Burglar (BUR gluhr)

An individual who steals or attempts to take property that does not belong to that person
Robber (ROB buhr)
An individual who takes property or valuables unlawfully and often with threat of violence
Thief (THEEF)
An individual who takes property or steals in a very secretive manner
155)

BURLEY, BURLY

Burley (BER lee)

- 118 -

A kind of Kentucky tobacco: "At the tobacco market, the plantation owner received a large sum for his fine burley."
Burly (BER lee)
Big and strong: "The wrestler appeared to be tall and burly as he stood by the TV announcer."
156) BURST, BUST
Burst (BURST)
1. A sudden breaking apart or explosion 2. An unexpected expression of emotion
3. A short period of producing or doing something that begins suddenly
Bust (BUST)
1. A sculpture depicting the upper portion of the body 2. To smash or to break up; to ruin; slang: "When the Stock
Market collapsed, it marked the bust up of many businesses."
3. A complete failure, a flop; slang: "Although critically acclaimed, the play has been a bust."
4. An occurrence in which the police catch and arrest people who are, or who have been, committing a crime: "There was
a big drug bust last week when the police arrested the marijuana dealers."
157)

CACAO, COCA, COCAIN, COCOA, COCO

Cacao (kuh KOU, KAY oh)

A South American tree, Theobroma cacao, which produces the seed pods from which cocoa is made
Coca (KOH kuh)
One of several South American plants of the Erythroxylon family, whose leaves contain cocaine and other alkaloids
Cocain (koh KAYN, KOH kayn")
A narcotic (alkaloid) extracted from coca leaves
Cocoa (KOH koh)
Cocao beans which have been roasted and ground to a powder and from which much of the fat has been extracted, often
used for baking or making a hot drink
Coco (KOH koh)
The coconut palm and its fruit
158)

CACOPHEMISM, DYSPHEMISM, EUPHEMISM

Cacophemism (kuh KAH fuh mizm")

Relating to harsh discordant sounds, words or phrases
Dysphemism (dis FEM izm)
1. The deliberate substitution of an offensive expression for a neutral one: "His speech simply contained one dysphemism
after another as he uttered "killed" and "died" or "dead" when referring to her mother."
2. Disordered phonation (producing vocal sounds), articulation, or hearing resulting from emotional or mental deficits:
"His stuttering was an example of dysphemism."
Euphemism (YOO fuh miz" uhm)
Use of a mild, neutral, evasive, or vague term in place of one considered taboo, offensive, blunt, or unpleasant: "When he
referred to his occupation, he described himself with the euphemism sanitation worker instead of using the term garbage
collector."
159)

CALENDAR, CALENDER, COLANDER

Calendar (KAL uhn dur)

A table showing the months, weeks, and days of the year
Calender (KAL uhn dur)
A machine in which cloth or paper is glazed by rollers
Colander (KUHL uhn dur, KAHL uhn dur)
A bowl that has many small holes or perforations in the bottom used for washing, straining, or draining food.

160)

CALK, CAULK

Calk (KAWK)

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1. A tapered piece of metal projecting downward from the bottom of a shoe to prevent slipping: "During the winter, the
horse shoes were made with a calk so the horse would not slip on the ice."
Caulk (KAWK)
To fill a crack so it will not leak: "At the start of each fishing season, the fishermen will caulk their boats against leaks."
161)

CALLOUS, CALLUS

Callous (KAL uhs)

1. Not feeling or showing any concern about the problems or suffering of other people
2. Emotionally hardened; unfeeling: "She had a callous indifference for the suffering of her neighbor."
Callus (KAL uhs)
A hard, thickened place on the skin; especially, on the hands and feet
162)

CALORIC, CHOLERIC

Caloric (kuh LOR ik)

Relating to the amount of heat, Of or relating to calories
Choleric (KAL uh rik, kuh LER ik )
Hot tempered, easily moved to excessive anger: "His red face gave away the choleric nature of his personality."
163)

CANAP, CANOPY

Canap (KAN uh pay, KAN uh pee)

A cracker or piece of bread spread with a seasoned mixture of fish, cheese, etc.
Canopy (KAN uh pee)
1. A covering fixed over a bed, throne, entrance, etc., as a decoration or shelter: "A crowd gathered under the theater
canopy which extended over the sidewalk."
2. Sometimes used figuratively: "The canopy of the sky was wonderful to see."
164)

CANDID, CANDIED

Candid (KAN did)

Expressing opinions and feelings in an honest and sincere way: "He was quite candid about his past life."
Candied (KAN deed)
Sugared; cooked with sugar until reaching a translucent appearance
165)

CANNON, CANON, CANYON

Cannon (KAN uhn)

A large mounted gun that shoots heavy metal or stone balls
Canon (KAN uhn)
1. A Roman Catholic Church law: "People are expected to know the canon of the Church."
2. An accepted rule or guide about how people should behave or about how something should be done.
Canyon (KAN yuhn)
A narrow valley with steep sides, often with a river in the bottom: "They rode the mules to the bottom of Grand Canyon
to view the Colorado River."
166)

CANT, CANT

Cant (KANT)
Words that are supposed to sound like serious statements about important issues; such as, religion or morality, but that
are not honest or sincere: "We think the people are sick of hypocrisy and cant from their leaders."
Can't (KANT)
A contraction of the words can not: "The child yelled out, 'I cant do it!' when he was urged by his father to jump off the
diving board into the pool."

167)

CANTER, CANTOR

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Canter (KAN tur)

A gait slower than a gallop but faster than a trot: "The rider kept the horse in an easy canter."
Cantor (KAN tur)
The official soloist or chief singer of the liturgy in a synagogue
168)

CANVAS, CANVASS

Canvas (KAN vuhs)

Coarse cloth used to make tents, sailing cloth, etc.: "The tent was made of green canvas."
Canvass (KAN vuhs)
To survey, examine, or to investigate
169)

CAPABLE, CULPABLE

Capable (KAY puh buhl)

Having the ability required for a specific task or accomplishment
Culpable (KUL puh buhl)
Deserving of blame or censure as being wrong, evil, improper, or injurious
170)

CAPITAL, CAPITOL, CAPITOL

Capital (KAP i t'l)

1. Having the main offices of a government: "The state's capital city is where the main government officials are located."
2. When referring to a crime, having death as a possible punishment: "Homicide that occurs during the course of an
attempted kidnapping is a capital crime in several states."
3. The amount of money, property, etc. which is used to start or to operate a new business: "Do they have sufficient
capital to continue in business or will we lose our jobs?"
Capitol (KAP i t'l)
A building, or group of buildings, in which a state legislature meets.
Capitol (KAP i t'l) (always written in capital C)
The white marble domed building in Washington, D.C., where the U.S. Congress meets: "The organization is lobbying
Capital Hill to increase funding for educational research."
171)

CARAT, CARET, CARROT, KARAT

Carat (KAR uht)

A unit of weight measuring pearls and precious stones, equal to 200 milligrams (7.05 ounces
Caret (KAR it)
A mark (^) indicating that something needs to be inserted
Carrot (KAR uht)
An orange colored root vegetable: "She ate a raw carrot with her lunch."
Karat (KAR uht)
A unit of fineness for gold, equal to 1/24 of the total amount of pure gold in an alloy: "Pure gold is 24 karat while gold
that is 50 percent pure is 12 karat."
172)

CAREEN, CAREER

Careen (kuh REEN)

Typically involving speed, to move or sway from side to side: "The car appeared to careen down the street as if it were
out of control."
Career (kuh RIR)
A permanent profession or calling for which one trains: "It is often difficult to decide what career to choose when you are
young."
173)

CARIES, CARRIES

Caries (KAR eez, KAR i eez)

Decay of teeth, bones, or tissues: "The dental assistant checked each of the students for caries as part of his job."

- 121 -

Carries (KAR eez)

1. Moving something from one place to another while holding and supporting it.
2. Reporting information in the media: "The TV station carries reports on the weather 24/7."
3. Having something in a store and ready to be sold or to keep something in stock: "Her grocery store always carries a
good selection of fresh fruits and vegetables."
174)

CAROUSAL, CAROUSEL

Carousal (kuh ROU zuhl)

A party or revelry that is marked by drunkenness and out of control behaviour
Carousel (kar" uh SEL, kar" uh ZEL)
1. A Merry-Go-Round: "The children enjoyed riding on the carousel in the park."
2. A circular conveyor system: "She saw her luggage on the carousel at the airport."
175)

CARTILAGE, CARTRIDGE

Cartilage (KAHR t'l ij)

Tough white fibrous connective tissue attached to the surfaces of bone joints: "When she fell during the tennis match,
she tore the cartilage in her knee."
Cartridge (KAHR trij)
1. Small arms ammunition or shotgun shells
2. A small modular unit designed to be inserted into a larger piece of equipment: "The toner for the office printer came in
a cartridge which made it easy to change."
176)

CASK, CASQUE

Cask (KASK)
A barrel to hold liquids: "The cask of wine was stored in the cave."
Casque (KASK)
A helmet, especially an ornate visorless headpiece of the 16th century: "The teacher wore a casque to illustrate the kind
of helmet worn by a soldier of past."
177)

CASKET, GASKET

Casket (KAS kit)

A coffin wherein a dead body is placed: "We were amazed at the price of the coffin and asked to see other models."
Gasket (GAS kit)
A seal used between matched machine parts or around pipe joints to prevent the escape of gas, fluids, etc.: "The rubber
gasket on the pipes was important for the safety of the workers."
178)

CAST, CASTE

Cast (KAST)
1. To toss, pitch, throw, or fling something: "He cast stones in an effort to make them skip on the surface of the lake."
2. To assign a theatrical performer to a part in a drama: "My sister was chosen to be in the cast of the play."
3. To form into a given shape by pouring something into a mold; such as liquid metal, plaster, clay, etc.: "We were pouring
clay into the cast which would result in the shape of a man."
Caste (KAST)
A social class, rank, or order: "The former caste system in India tended to prevent people from getting an education and
better jobs."
179)

CASUAL, CAUSAL

Casual (KAZH oo uhl)

1. Occurring by chance, without predictable regularity, occasional: "During the summer vacation, he worked as a casual
farmhand on his neighbors farm."
2. An offhand, unfeeling, or uncaring remark: "Her husband made a casual remark about her shoes."
Causal (KAW zuhl)

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Relating to any event or circumstances that brings about a result, expected or unexpected: "The heavy rains had the
causal effect of raising the level in the river."
180)

CATACLASM, CATACLYSM

Cataclasm (KAT uh klaz uhm)

Disruption; breaking down: "This winter's heavy ice and snow resulted in a cataclasm of electrical and phone lines.
Cataclysm (KAT uh kliz" uhm)
1. A sudden and violent upheaval or disaster that causes great changes in society: "The revolution could result in a
worldwide cataclysm."
2. A terrible and devastating natural disaster; such as, a flood: "An earthquake can cause a great cataclysm; especially, in
a densely populated area."
181)

CATHOLIC, ROMAN CATHOLIC

Catholic (KATH uh lik, KATH lik)

Comprehensive or broad in interests, tastes, or sympathies: "Extensive reading and attending lectures at the university
gave her a catholic understanding of the issues."
Roman Catholic (ROH man KATH uh lik; ROH man KATH lik)
A member of the Roman Catholic church; relating to the structure and organization of the Roman Catholic church
182)

CAUDAL, CAUDLE, CODDLE

Caudal (KAWD'l)
Relating to or situated towards the end of the body: "The rooster has large feathers at the caudal end of his body.
Caudle (KAWD'l)
A warm drink for invalids made of bread, eggs, sugar and spices: "The nurse mixed a warm caudle to give to the ill person
who came to the hospital."
Coddle (KOD'l)
1. To treat someone with too much care or kindness; to pamper: "She has a tendency to coddle her children too much."
2. To cook slowly in liquid that is just below the boiling point.
183)

CEDE, SEED

Cede (SEED)
To yield or to transfer, typically through a written document or treaty
Seed (SEED)
1. A small object produced by a plant from which a new plant can grow
2. The beginning of something which continues to develop or grow: "Her comment planted a seed of doubt in his mind."
184)

CEIL, SEAL

Ceil (SEEL)
1. To provide or to cover the upper interior surface of a room
Seal (SEEL)
1. A die or signet having a raised or incised emblem used to stamp an impression on a receptive substance; such as, wax,
paper, or even lead: "He had a special seal for his books with his name impressed in the front page."
2. A marine animal or any of various aquatic carnivorous mammals found chiefly in the Northern Hemisphere and having
a sleek, torpedo-shaped body and limbs that are modified into paddle-like flippers: "It was noisy but interesting to hear
and to see the seal colonies near the beach."
3. To close tightly or hermetically: "They will seal the blacktop driveway with a new coating to make it more water proof."
185)

CHEAP, CHEEP

Cheap (CHEEP)
1. Not expensive or not costing a lot of money 2. Low quality, not worth a lot of money
3. Not willing to share or to spend money: "He was too cheap to pay for the dinner."
Cheep (CHEEP)

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To chirp or to peep, as a baby chick or to make a quick high sound: "I could hear the first newly hatched chick going
cheep, cheep, cheep in the nest."

186) CHEEK, CHEEKY, CHIC, SHEIK

Cheek (CHEEK)
1. The fleshy part of either side of the face below the eyes and between the nose and ears
2. British informal: impertinent boldness, an attitude, or way of behaving that is rude and does not show proper respect:
Cheeky (CHEE kee)
Primarily British: rude and showing a lack of respect often in a way that seems playful or amusing; impertinently bold;
impudent and saucy: "His cheeky humor often resulted in cheeky grins from the rest of us."
Chic (SHEEK)
1. Conforming to the current fashion; stylish: "She always wore the most chic clothes."
2. Adopting or setting current fashions and styles; sophisticated: "This particular style is the height of chic this year."
Sheik (SHEEK, SHAYK)
1. A leader of an Arab family, village, or tribe: "We paid a visit to sheik while we were traveling in his village."
2. A senior official in an Islamic religious organization: "We were happy to learn more about Islam from the sheik."
187)

CHEW, ESCHEW

Chew (CHYOO)
1. To bite food and to grind it with the teeth
2. To meditate on; to ponder: "He had to chew the problem over before he could go on the trip."
Eschew (es CHYOO)
To avoid doing or being involved in something disliked, harmful, or is not proper or right: "Many people eschew the
violence that is going on in so many parts of the world."
188)

CHOIR, QUIRE

Choir (KWIGHR)
1. An organized group of singers; especially, in a church: "I sang in the choir at my high school."
Quire (KWIGHR)
1. A compilation of 24 (or 25) sheets of paper of uniform size and quality: "The publisher decided to use a quire of yellow
paper when publishing the book of poetry."
2. One twentieth of a ream of paper (500 sheets of paper): "I counted out a quire of paper when I was in the store buying
paper for my printer."
189) CHOLER, COLLAR
Choler (KAWL uhr, KOH luhr)
Hot tempered and easily provoked: "The candidate often demonstrated a choler temper when participating in a debate."
Collar (KAWL uhr)
1. To get control of or to stop: "The dog catcher attempted to collar the run away dog."
2. The band of cloth that finishes the neckline of a shirt or blouse
190)

CIRCUMSCRIBED, CIRCUMSPECT

Circumscribed (SUR kuhm skrighb'd")

1. To define a space carefully by drawing a line (literal or figurative) around a space: "The surveyor circumscribed the
building lot before the purchase was finalized."
Circumspect (SUR kuhm spekt")
Thinking carefully about possible risks before doing or saying something: "These people are circumspect in all their
business dealings."
191)

CITE, SIGHT, SITE

Cite (SIGHT)

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1. To quote as an authority or example: "It is necessary that we cite our references for this information."
2. To mention or to bring forward as support, illustration, or proof: "They were required to cite several instances of
insubordinate behavior by the new employees."
3. To publicly and to officially honor someone for an outstanding performance
Sight (SIGHT)
1. The act or fact of seeing someone or something: "The new house was a beautiful sight to see."
Site (SAHYT)
As a noun, the position or location of a town, building, etc.,
As a verb, to locate, place, or install (something) in a specific place
192) CLAMBER, CLAMOR, CLAMOUR
Clamber (CLAM buhr, KLAM uhr)
To scramble, climb, or crawl in an awkward way: "The children always clamber over the rocks."
Clamor (KLAM uhr)
1. To cry loudly and insistently for something; 2. To be loud and noisy
Clamour (KLAM uhr [chiefly British])
To ask for or to demand something in a loud way: "Fans were seen to clamour for autographs of the sports stars.
193) CLENCH, CLINCH
Clench (KLINCH)
To hold or to close tightly: "He started to clench his fists when he saw that the man was angry."
Clinch (KLINCH)
To finalize or to bring to an end: "The judges comments appeared to clinch the argument between the lawyers."
194)

CLICK; CLICH, CLICHE; CLIQUE

Click (KLIK)
A slight, sharp sound: "When the door shut, he could hear the lock click."
Clich, Cliche (klee SHAY)
An expression or idea that has become trite (worn out or overly used) and so is no longer original: "The speech was
littered one clich after another all of which dated the speaker."
Clique (KLEEK)
A small, exclusive circle or group of people: "At the local high school, the girls formed a special clique which only included
girls with red hair."
195) CLIMACTERIC, CLIMACTIC, CLIMATIC
Climacteric (kli MAK tuhr ik, kligh" mak TER ik)
A critical period or year in a person's life when major changes in health or fortune are thought to take place
Climactic (kligh MAK tik)
Relating to or constituting a climax: "The music soared towards the climactic ending to the opera."
Climatic (kligh MAT ik)
Influenced by or resulting from the prevailing weather conditions: "The climatic changes in global warming are affecting
the polar bears in the Arctic areas."
196)

CLIMB, CLIME

Climb (KLIGHM)
To rise or to move upward; especially, by using the hands and feet
Clime (KLIGHM)
A shorter term for climate: "The students said they were off to their clime class to study global warming."
197) CLOISTER, CLOSURE, CLOTURE,
Cloister (KLOI stuhr)
A place, especially a monastery or convent, devoted to religious seclusion
Closure (KLOH zhuhr)

- 125 -

A bringing to an end; a conclusion

Cloture (KLOH chuhr)
A parliamentary procedure by which debate is ended and an immediate vote is taken on the matter under discussion:

198)

CLOTHES, CLOTHE, CLOTHS

Clothes (KLOHZ)
Articles for personal apparel or household use; garments for the body; wearing apparel
Clothe ( KLOHTH)
To dress; to attire; to cover with or as with clothing
Cloths (KLAWTHS, KLAHTHS)
Soft pliable material made of woven or synthetic fabric often adapted for a particular purpose: "The brightly colored
cloths were used to decorate the pavilion for the fair."
199) COARSE, COURSE
Coarse (KORS, KOHRS)
Inferior quality, rough textured; crude: "The language the mob used was coarse and angry."
Course (KORS, KOHRS)
1. A path or direction of movement 2. Typical or normal action 3. One of several parts of a meal
200)

COAX, COKES

Coax (KOHKS)
To persuade or to try to persuade by flattery or persistent pleading
Cokes (KOHKS)
Distillations of coals which are used as fuel and in making steel: "The steel factory burned large quantities of various cokes
in order to produce rails for the railroads."
201)

COLLABORATE, CORROBORATE

Collaborate (kuh LAB uh rayt")

To work together, typically in an intellectual undertaking
Corroborate (kuh ROB uh rayt")
To confirm or to provide supporting evidence or information: "The independent research from the two scientists
appeared to corroborate the cause of the disease."
202)

COLLAGE, COLLEGE

Collage (koh LAZH, kuh LAZH)

An art work created from the use of diverse materials; such as, paper, cloth, etc
College (KOL ij)
A school for education beyond preparatory or high school
203)

COLLISION, COLLUSION

Collision (kuh LIZH uhn)

An encounter between two objects that results in an exchange or change of energy
Collusion (kuh LOO zhuhn)
A secret agreement or working together for a typically illegal purpose
204) colonel, kernel
Colonel (KUR n'l)
A highly ranking member of the military or similar organization
Kernel (KUR n'l)

- 126 -

1. The soft core of a seed 2. The essence or central aspect of a thought or an idea
205)

COMMAND, COMMEND

Command (kuh MAND)

To exercise authority or domination of a situation
Commend (kuh MEND), To praise someone or something

206)

COMMUNICATE, COMMUTE, COMPUTE

Communicate (kuh MYOO ni kayt")

To exchange or to provide information in a manner that is clear and understandable
Commute (kuh MYOOT)
1. To travel to and from a place in a regular fashion 2. To change a decision or penalty to something less severe: "The
courts decided to commute his sentence from the death penalty to 25 years in prison for his crimes."
Compute (kuhm PYOOT)
To work out an answer by mathematical means: "The accountant used an adding machine to compute her tax rebate."
207)

COMPELLATION, COMPILATION

Compellation (kahm" puh LAY shuhn)

The act of addressing or designating someone by name: "John Smith was the compellation of the author of the book."
Compilation (kahm" puh LAY shuhn)
Something, such as a set of data, a report, or an anthology, that is gathered into a collection
208)

COMPLACENT, COMPLAISANT

Complacent (kuhm PLAY suhnt

Self-satisfied and unconcerned
Complaisant (kuh PLAY suhnt, kum PLAY zuhnt)
Exhibiting a desire or willingness to please; cheerfully obliging: "The butler, as represented in the movies, was always
complaisant, speaking cheerfully to the guests."
209)

COMPLEMENT, COMPLIMENT

Complement (KOM pluh muhnt)

Something that completes or perfects something else: "The new hat is a great complement to her outfit."
Compliment (KOM pluh muhnt)
An action that expresses admiration or approval
210)

COMPREHENSIBLE, COMPREHENSIVE

Comprehensible (kahm" pri HEN suh buhl)

Understandable: "The secretary's job was to translate the manager's directives into comprehensible language for the
workers in the factory."
Comprehensive (kahm" pri HEN siv)
Complete, inclusive; dealing with all or many of the relevant details: "The director stated that the new report was the
most comprehensive and comprehensible one she had ever read."
211)

CONCERT, CONSORT

Concert (KAHN surt)

A performance of music or dancing that is typically intended for the public
Consort (KAHN sort")
1. To maintain an association with an individual or group
2. A spouse, typically thought of as regal: "The Prince Consort often accompanied the queen during her travels."
212) CONCISE, SUCCINCT

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Concise (kuhn SIGHS)

A brief expression or statement without elaboration or detail
Succinct (suhk SINGKT)
A precise, terse, expression in a few words

213)

CONDEMN, CONTEMN

Condemn (kuhn DEM)

1. To express strong disapproval of: "He wanted to condemn the needless waste of government money."
2. To judge or to declare to be unfit for use or consumption, usually by an official order
Contemn (kuhn TEM)
To view with contempt; to despise: "When he heard the speech, he could only contemn it as inappropriate and vulgar."
214)

CONDEMNATION, COMMENDATION

Condemnation (kon" dem NAY shuhn)

A statement or expression of very strong and definite criticism or disapproval: "The government's statement was a
condemnation of all acts of terrorism."
Commendation (kom" uhn DAY shuhn)
1. The act of praising or approving someone or something: "Their hard work deserves commendation."
2. An official letter that praises someone publicly: "The soldier was awarded a commendation for bravery."
215)

CONDONE, CONDOMINIUM

Condone (kuhn DOHN)

To overlook, forgive, or disregard (an offense) without protest or censure: "The dean at the university sought to condone
the students activities, refusing to call in the authorities."
Condominium (kon" duh MIN ee uhm)
A building or complex in which units of property, such as apartments, are owned by individuals and common parts of the
property, such as the grounds and building structure, are owned jointly by the unit owners
216)

CONFIDANT, CONFIDANTE, CONFIDENT

Confidant (KAHN fi dant", KAHN fi dahnt")

Someone with whom secret or confidential information may be shared: "The kings trusted confidant was his uncle."
Confidante [feminine form] (KAHN fi dahnt")
Female form of confidant: "The queens confidante was a young woman she had known from childhood."
Confident (KAHN fi duhnt)
Being sure of oneself: "Being confident is the feeling a person has before he, or she, knows better."
217)

CONFIRM, CONFORM

Confirm (kuhn FURM)

To establish as true that which was doubtful or uncertain; to verify: "The employer was finally able to confirm the rumor
about the loss of jobs."
Conform (kuhn FORM)
To behave in a conventional way; especially, in accepting customs, traditions, or prevailing opinions: "When we moved to
a new country, we had to conform to new ways of doing things."
218)

CONGREGATION, CONJUGATION

Congregation (kong" gri GAY shuhn)

A body of assembled people or things; a gathering: "The priest addressed the congregation."
Conjugation (kon" juh GAY shuhn)

- 128 -

The presentation of an inflected verb form: "Part of the conjugation of the verb to be (in the singular, present tense) is: I
am, you are, he/she/it is."
219)

CONNOTATION, DENOTATION

Connotation (kon" uh TAY shuhn)

The set of associations implied by a word in addition to its literal meaning: "The word childlike has a connotation of
innocence or of being a pest."
Denotation (dee" noh TAY shuhn)
Something signified or referred to; a particular meaning of a symbol, word, or phrase: "The word has one literal
denotation but several different connotations."
220)

CONSCIENCE, CONSCIENTIOUS, CONSCIOUS

Conscience (KAHN shuhns)

A knowledge or awareness of right and wrong; with a compulsion to do the right thing
Conscientious (kahn" shee EN shuhs)
Made or done according to what one knows is right and showing care and precision with painstaking efforts to do
something properly: "She was a conscientious reporter, always checking her facts before writing the story."
Conscious (KAHN shuhs)
Having a feeling or knowledge of one's own sensations, feelings, etc.; or being aware of one's external environment:
"Standing on the edge of the canyon, she was conscious of the vast beauty of the place."
221)

CONSONANCE, CONSONANTS

Consonance (KAHN suh nuhns)

Harmonious agreement among the components or parts, for example, of sounds
Consonants (KAHN suh nuhnts)
A speech sound characterized by the constriction of one or more points along the breath channel during pronunciation
222)

CONTEMPTIBLE, CONTEMPTUOUS

Contemptible (kuhn TEMP tuh b'l)

That which is deserving of scorn; despicable
Contemptuous (kuhn TEMP choo uhs)
Being full of contempt; scornful, disdainful of someone or something: "Her tone of voice was contemptuous, dripping
with unkindness and scorn."
223)

CONTENTIOUS, CONTROVERSIAL

Contentious (kuhn TEN shuhs)

That which may cause quarrels or worrisome disputes
Controversial (kahn" truh VUR shuhl, kahn" truh VUR see uhl)
Information or discussion characterized by a differing of opinions among readers, participants, etc
224)

CONTINENCE, CONTINENTS

continence (KON tuh nuhns)

1. Self-restraint, moderation 2. Self-control over urinary and fecal discharges: "I read that most children have continence
by the age of three."
continents (KON tuh nuhnts)
The principal land masses of the earth
225)

CONTINUAL, CONTINUOUS

Continual (kuhn TIN yoo uhl)

A frequently repeated occurrence: "The continual drumming of the rain on the tin roof was very distracting."
Continuous (kuhn TIN yoo uhs)

- 129 -

An action or circumstance that continues for a period of time without being stopped or interrupted
226)

CONVERGE, DIVERGE

Converge (kuhn VURJ)

To move towards a common point or point of interest
Diverge (di VURJ, digh VURJ)
To move away from a common point or point of agreement

227)

CONVINCE, PERSUADE

Convince (kuhn VINS)

By argument or discussion to bring to a point of agreement or understanding
Persuade (puhr SWAYD)
To determine a course of action as the result of argument or pleading
228)

CONVULSION, REVULSION

Convulsion (kuhn VUL shuhn)

A violent or uncontrolled fit often accompanied by violent contractions of muscles
Revulsion (ri VUL shuhn)
A negative reaction or sudden pulling away from a situation, individual, etc
229)

COOP; COUPE, COUP

Coop (KOOP)
A small, enclosed, often crowded or holding space: "The flock of chickens were kept in the clean coop in the shade of the
large tree."
Coupe (KOOP), Coup (koo PAY)
A small enclosed vehicle primarily designed to carry two people which might be horse drawn or a small automobile.
230)

CORE, CORPS, CORPSE

Core (KOR, KOHR)

Center, an innermost area: "The core argument was summed up by the final speaker at the conference."
Corps (KOR, KOHR)
A group of people; literally, a "body of people
Corpse (KOHRPS)
A dead body: "The undertaker agreed to prepare the corpse for the funeral."
231)

CORNET, CORONET

Cornet (kor NET)

A wind instrument of the trumpet class, having three valves operated by pistons
Coronet (kahr" uh NET, kor" uh NET)
A small crown worn by princes and princesses and by other nobles below the rank of sovereign
232) CORPORAL, CORPOREAL, CORPULENT
Corporal (KOR pur uhl, KOR pruhl)
1. Bodily, as physical punishment: "The teaching manual at the school indicated teachers were NOT to use corporal
punishment on the students."
2. A military rank (below sergeant): "She was very proud to be appointed the first female corporal in her military unit."
Corporeal (kor POH ree uhl)

- 130 -

Having a material body (not spiritual); tangible: "The Food Bank was established to meet the corporeal needs of the
neighborhood residents."
Corpulent (KOR pyoo luhnt)
Fat and fleshy; stout; obese: "The doctor advised his corpulent patient to lose weight for the sake of his health."
233)

COUNCIL, COUNSEL, CONSUL

Council (KOUN suhl)

A group appointed or elected to make decisions: "Most cities and towns have a council that governs certain areas."
Counsel (KOUN suhl)
As a noun, an attorney; as a verb, to give advice: "His counsel (attorney) did an excellent job of building a legal case while
the social worker tried unsuccessfully to counsel the parents."
Consul (KAHN suhl)
A government official representing a country in another country
234)

COUNSELOR, COUNCILOR

Counselor (KOUN suh lur)

An adviser who provides guidance; usually an attorney: "The counselor prepared the case to present to the judge."
Councilor (KOUN suh lur)
A member of an assembly of people called together for consultation, deliberation, or discussion; such as, one which is
convened to advise a governor: "My neighbor was elected to be the city councilor for this area."
235)

COURIER, CURRIER

Courier (KOOR ee ur, KUR ee ur)

A messenger
Currier (KUR ee ur)
1. Anyone who processes hides into leather by soaking, coloring, and who finishes the leather after it has been tanned:
"He made his living as a currier in the leather processing industry."
2. A person who grooms a horse with a currycomb: "A currier uses a square comb with rows of small teeth to curry or to
groom (give a neat appearance to) horses."
236)

COURTEOUS, POLITE

Courteous (KUR tee uhs)

Demonstrating respect by good manners and behavior: "It is courteous to stand when the justice enters the court room."
Polite (puh LIGHT)
Demonstrating correct social skills and manners
237)

COURTESY, CURTSY

Courtesy (KUR ti see)

Generosity as demonstrated by providing gifts or special privileges
Curtsy, Curtsey (KURT see)
The act of demonstrating respect for an individual by bending ones knees and bowing ones head
238)

COVER, OVERT

Covert (KOH vurt)

Concealed, hidden, disguised, secret, or surreptitious: "The head of the company received a covert threat."
Overt (oh VURT, OH vurt")
C learly evident: "He had an overt dislike for his new supervisor."
239)

COWARD, COWERED

Coward (KOU uhrd)

An individual who shows fear in the face of danger or pain
Cowered (KOU uhrd)

- 131 -

To cringe in fear: "He cowered in his house as the wind storm blew harder."
240)

CRAPE, CREPE

Crape (KRAYP)
An arm band of dark cloth, often worn on ones sleeve, as a sign of mourning
Crepe (KRAYP)
Woven fabric that has a slight crinkly appearance
241)

CRAWL, TRAWL

Crawl (KRAHL)
To move in a slow manner as in traffic or by moving on one's hands and knees.
Trawl (TRAHL)
A method of fishing using a large cone shaped net which is dragged through the water, catching whatever is in the area.
242)

CREAK, CREEK

Creak (KREEK)
A reference to a particular kind of grating or squeaking sound
Creek (KREEK, KRIK)
A very small stream which is often a shallow or intermittent tributary to a river.
243) CREASE; CREESE, KRIS
Crease (KREES)
A mark in fabric that is the result of folding the material along a line.
Creese, Kris (KREES)
A snake shaped dagger of Indonesian or Malay origin
244)

credible, creditable, credulity, credulous

Credible (KRED uh buhl)

Believable, capable of being believed, or worthy of confidence; reliable: "During the trial, she was presented as a credible
witness for the defence."
Creditable (KRED i tuh buhl)
Worthy of credit or praise for doing something
Credulity (kri DOO li tee)
A tendency to believe too readily
Credulous (KREJ oo luhs)
Inclined to believe almost anything; gullible; naive: "The credulous behavior of the young man who had just moved to the
city suggested he was naive."
245) CREVASSE, CREVICE
Crevasse (kri VAHS)
A large, deep fissure; especially, in a glacier
Crevice (KREV is)
A narrow split or crack: "It always amazes me that flowers in the desert grow within almost any crevice in rocks."
246) criterion (s), criteria (pl)
Criterion (krigh TIR ee uhn)
The basis or standard upon which a judgment may be made.
Criteria (krigh TIR ee uh)
Things that are used as reasons for making judgments or decisions.
247)

CRITIC, CRITIQUE

Critic (KRIT ik)

Someone who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter.

- 132 -

Critique (kri TEEK)

1. An evaluation by using a review or commentary, especially one dealing with works of art or literature
2. A crucial or decisive discussion of a specified topic: "During the course of the dinner, they engaged in a wide ranging
critique of the new policies at the university."
248)

CROAK, CROCK

Croak (KROHK)
1. A harsh, rough sounding voice or sound.
2. A slang term for death or dying: "He had a heart attack that caused him to croak."
Crock (KRAHK)
1. A pot or jar made of baked clay: "When we went to the restaurant, we had chili served in a crock.
2. An old, ill, or unhappy person: "Her neighbor is an old crock who complains about everything."

249) CUBICAL, CUBICLE

Cubical (KYOO bi kuhl)
The shape of a cube, having identical measurements in all dimensions: "The cubical shaped blocks had the alphabet
printed on them so the children can pretend to spell words."
Cubicle (KYOO bi kuhl)
A space in a large room that is partitioned off, often to ensure privacy: "Each of the workers was assigned to a cubicle,
complete with a computer, file cabinet, and telephone."
250)

CUE, QUEUE

Cue (KYOO)
1. A rod or "stick" used to propel or to move a ball in the game of pool or billiards: "The billiard player sighted down his
cue, determining the best angle at which to strike the ball."
2. A prompt or signal to do something: "The actress did not need a single cue during her performance of the long play."
Queue (KYOO)
1. Primarily British, a line of people or vehicles waiting their turns
2. A pendent (dangling, hanging, or suspended) braid of hair on the back of the head; a pigtail: "She wore a long blond
queue of hair which helped her endure the heat of the day."
251)

CURRANT, CURRENT

Currant (KUR uhnt)

A small red, black, or white berry that is often used in making jams and jellies.
Current (KUR uhnt)
1. Generally accepted; happening in the present time
2. The swift flow or movement of water: "The current in the center of the river was very strong."
252)

COSTUMER, CUSTOMER

Costumer (KOS too" muhr, KOS tyoo" muhr)

An individual who makes, buys, or sells the clothing used by actors, etc. for dressing differently than normal: "The actors
went to the costumer to get the right clothing for the part in the new play."
Customer (KUS tuh muhr)
An individual who buys a service or item(s): "She was a good customer at the store, always buying her books from them."
253)

CYGNET, SIGNET

Cygnet (SIG nit, SIG nuht)

A young swan: "We saw a mother swan with just one cygnet."
Signet (SIG nit, SIG nuht)

- 133 -

A seal; especially, as used on a document often one which is engraved on a ring: "The king used sealing wax to press his
signet on the letter."
254)

CYPRESS, CYPRUS

Cypress (SIGH pris)

One of a number of evergreen trees that have leaves which overlap like scales
Cyprus (SIGH pruhs)
An island in the Mediterranean Sea: "They planned to spend their summer holidays on the Island of Cyprus."
255)

DAIRY, DIARY

Dairy (DAIR ee)

Milk or a milk-products-producing enterprise; a milk store
Diary (DIGH uh ree)
A daily record written about by someone about his/her life

256)

DAMP, DANK

Damp (DAMP)
1. Moisture in the air; humidity.
2. Somewhat or slightly wet
Dank (DANGK)
Disagreeably damp, humid, or very moist
257)

DANGLE, TANGLE

Dangle (DANG guhl)

To hang something in a manner that allows it to swing freely
Tangle (TANG guhl)
1. A confused or bewildering situation: "He was about to tangle himself up in legal problems."
2. A scrambled mess of something: "The string was all in a tangle and could not be undone."
258)

DEADLY, DEATHLY

Deadly (DED lee)

1. Causing or able to cause death 2. Extremely accurate and effective: "He had a deadly aim with his bow and arrow."
3. Extreme or complete: "A deadly silence followed his question to the audience."
Deathly (DETH lee)
1. Suggestive of the cessation of life: "Her face had a deathly pallor as the result of having thought she saw a ghost."
2. In a way that is close to death or dying: "He became deathly ill."
259)

DEBAR, DISBAR

Debar (dee BAHR)

A circumstance that would prevent something from happening: "Being born in a foreign country would debar the
candidate from running for President of the U.S."
Disbar (dis BAHR)
To remove the status and privileges and obligations of someone who was a legal practitioner: "Not paying his traffic fines
served to disbar the lawyer so he could no longer practice law."
260) DECEASE, DISEASE
Decease (di SEES)
To die, cease living; death: "The newspaper carried an article clarifying the decease of the popular doctor."
Disease (di ZEEZ)
A condition that impairs the full and healthy functioning of an animal or plant

- 134 -

261)

DECENT, DESCENT, DISSENT

Decent (DEE suhnt)

Suitable, fit, or proper: "They were on strike for decent wages."
Descent (di SENT)
A downward incline or passage; a slope
Dissent (di SENT)
1. As a noun, a disagreement: "The fact they had an occasional dissent, and did not see eye to eye on some subjects, did
not spoil their friendship."
2. As a verb, to disagree, to contradict, to differ in opinion or feeling, or to wrangle: "During the debate among
candidates, they often would dissent and contradict each other."
262)

DECIMATE, DEMOLISH, DESTROY

Decimate (DES uh mayt")

1. To eliminate or to get rid of a large number of (plants, animals, people, etc
2. To severely damage or destroy a large part of something
Demolish (di MAHL ish)
1. To eliminate credibility: "The gossip in the office threatened to demolish the reputation of the manager."
2. To break up into pieces or to tear down
Destroy (di STROI)
To spoil or ruin the condition of an object: "Flooding in the basement will destroy the furniture that is stored there."
263)

DECISIVE, INCISIVE

Decisive (di SIGH siv)

1. Being able to make or formulate solutions or answers to a situation
2. Causing something to end in a particular way: "The poverty of his childhood played a decisive role in his adult life."
Incisive (in SIGH siv)
1. Clear, direct, insightful: "Her incisive comments helped to bring the debate to a close."
2. Able to explain difficult ideas clearly and confidently: "She's known for her incisive mind and quick wit."
264)

DECOMPOSE, DISCOMPOSE

Decompose (dee" kuhm POHZ)

To cause something; such as, dead plants and the bodies of dead animals, to be slowly destroyed and broken down by
natural processes, chemicals, etc.: "Bacteria and fungi help to decompose organic matter."
Discompose (dis" kuhm POHZ)
To make someone lose his or her composure; to agitate or to unsettle and so to put into a state of disorder: "The bad
news about her mother could only discompose or upset us."
265)

DECORUM, PROPRIETY

Decorum (di KOHR uhm)

Good taste and behavior in both appearance and personal conduct: "She was the epitome of decorum in all her business
undertakings."
Propriety (pruh PRIGH i tee)
Doing what is socially acceptable in terms of manners, conduct, and manner of speaking
266)

DECREE, DEGREE

Decree (di KREE)

An official order, edict, or decision; as of a church, government, or court
Degree (di GREE)
1. Any of successive steps or states in a process or serie 2. A unit of measure on a scale
3. An academic title given to students who complete a prescribed course of study at a college or university, etc
267)

DEDUCE, DEDUCT

- 135 -

Deduce (di DOOS, di DYOOS)

1. To trace the course of 2. To infer by logical reasoning 3. To conclude from known facts or general principles
Deduct (di DUKT)
To subtract or to take away: "His employer will deduct the taxes from his pay check before it is deposited in the bank."
268)

DEFENDANT, PLAINTIFF

Defendant (di FEN duhnt, di FEN dant")

In a legal situation, the individual who must respond to an application before the courts to resolve a situation
Plaintiff (PLAYN tif)
An individual who starts a legal action to resolve a legal situation involving his or her rights
269)

DEFENSIBLE, DEFENSIVE

Defensible (di FEN suh buhl)

That which can be protected: "Her innocence of the crime was defensible because she had not been present when the
murder took place."
Defensive (di FEN siv)
Committed to resisting or protecting a situation from defeat or harm: "The football team played a strong defensive game,
scoring the last touchdown to win the game."
270)

DEFER, DIFFER

Defer (di FUR)

1. To put off or to choose to do something at a later time
2. To yield to an authority: "The Social Worker agreed to defer to the experience of her supervisor."
Differ (DIF ur)
To disagree: "As best friends, we would often differ on our interpretations of the books we had read."
271)

DEFERENCE, DIFFERENCE

Deference (DEF ur uhns)

1. A yielding in opinion, judgment or wishes. 2. Courteous regard or respect for someone or something.
Difference (DIF ur uhns, DIF ruhns)
Not alike, dissimilar; not the same; the quality that makes one person or thing unlike another one.
272)

DEFINITE, DEFINITIVE

Definite (DEF uh nit)

Clear and unmistakable; precise: "The statement was definite and left no room for misunderstanding."
Definitive (di FIN i tiv)
Authoritative and exhaustive: "This definitive life of Keats leaves nothing for future biographers; it is the final word on the
subject."
273)

DEFUSE, DIFFUSE

Defuse (dee FYOOZ)

1. To remove the fuse from (an explosive device)
2. To make less dangerous, tense, or hostile: "The President made a diplomatic move that could defuse the crisis."
Diffuse (di FYOOS; dee FYOOZ)
1. (di FYOOS) Widely spread or scattered; not concentrated: "The forest was filled with a soft, diffuse light."
2. (dee FYOOZ) To spread out and to move freely throughout a large area: "The heat from the radiator seemed to diffuse
throughout the room."
274)

DELEGATE, DELICATE

Delegate

- 136 -

1. As a noun (DEL i git), a person authorized to act as a representative for another person; a deputy or an agent: "He's
been chosen as a delegate to the convention to represent our community."
2. As a verb (DEL i gayt"), to give control, responsibility, authority, etc. to someone: "The manager will delegate authority
to the best employees of this company so the project can succeed."
Delicate (DEL i kit)
1. Pleasing to the senses; especially, in a subtle way: "The delicate color of her dress was very attractive."
2. Easily broken or damaged: "This cup is very delicate and fragile; so please handle it carefully."
3. Easily disturbed or upset: "Many people struggle to maintain the delicate balance between work and family."
Relegate (REL i gayt")
To assign an idea or a concept to a place of insignificance or to put something out of ones mind: "After the long
argument, I was determined to relegate the conflict out of my mind and to think of other things."
275)

DELUDED, DILUTED

Deluded (di LOOD'd)

To trick or to mislead the mind: "I was very sad to realize that the patient was deluded and thought he was the king."
Diluted (digh LOOT'd)
To reduce the strength of something or to make thin by adding a substance

276)

DENOUNCE, RENOUNCE

Denounce (di NOUNS)

To speak or to make threatening remarks against or about an individual or situation: "The mob made angry comments
seeking to denounce the landlord for the high rents."
Renounce (ri NOUNS)
To give up or to refuse to follow or to cooperate: "The king chose to renounce his throne rather than allow the evil wizard
to take over."
277)

DENSE, DENTS

Dense (DENS)
Concentrated, compact, requiring great concentration: "The poetry was very dense and powerful, requiring the students'
careful study."
Dents (DENTS)
Small hollows resulting from blows or hits by something harder: "She took her car to the body shop to repair the dents on
the hood after the accident."
278)

DEPOSITION, DISPOSAL, DISPOSITION

Deposition (dep" uh ZISH uhn)

The written testimony of a witness made under oath
Disposal (di SPOH zuhl)
1. The authority or inclination to determine the use of something: "As office manager, it is at my disposal whether the
visitors may use the telephone and fax machine."
2. An instrument for the orderly and systematic destruction of something
Disposition (dis" puh ZISH uhn)
1. To control or to manage: "The last will of the factory owner was careful to make a statement of the disposition of the
bank account to the family lawyer."
2. Getting rid of something: "She arranged for the disposition of the old tires by sending them to the recycling center."
3. A typical attitude, temperament, or mood: "She had a sunny disposition which enhanced her teaching skills."
279)

DEPRAVATION, DEPRIVATION

Depravation (dep" ruh VAY shuhn)

The corruption of or making something or someone evil: "A consequence of living on the streets was the depravation of
character of the youth."
Deprivation (dep" ruh VAY shuhn)

- 137 -

Not having basic or perceived basic requirements for living; lacking desired or necessary items or things: "She eventually
overcame the deprivation of her childhood."
280)

DEPRECATE, DEPRECIATE

Deprecate (DEP ri kayt")

To disapprove; usually, with regret: "I felt badly that I had attempted to deprecate my colleagues good works."
Depreciate (di PREE shee ayt")
To lessen the price or value of something: "I was informed that the value of my car will depreciate every year."
281)

DESCENDANT, DESCENDENT

Descendant (di SEN duhnt)

Someone who is related to a person or group of people who lived in the past: "He was a descendant of German
immigrants."
Descendent (di SEN duhnt)
Moving downward; a downward incline or passage; a slope: "The skiers were not aware of the steep descendent hill until
it was too late."

282) DESERT, DESSERT

Desert (di ZURT)
1.To leave, forsake, or abandon 2. Dry, barren region (note one "s" as in sand
deserts (di ZURTS)
That which is deserved or punishment that someone deserves: "They all wanted to see this criminal receive his just
deserts."
dessert (di ZURT)
Sweet food served at the end of a meal; sometimes two are desired ("ss"): "We had ice cream and apple pie for our
dessert."
283) DESIRABLE, DESIROUS
Desirable (di ZIGHR uh b'l)
1. Something which a person wants. 2. Something which is pleasing or valuable.
Desirous (di ZIGHR uhs)
Having, displaying, or marked by desire: "She was desirous of making a good impression during the job interview."
284)

DESOLATE, DISSOLUTE

Desolate
1. Verb (DES uh layt): To lay waste, to make uninhabitable: "They were afraid the severe storm would desolate the
countryside."
2. Adjective (DES uh lit): Lonely, solitary; uninhabited, deserted: "The story of the desolate castle in the wilderness
intrigued the explorers."
Dissolute (DIS uh loot")
1. Immoral, debauched: "Don Giovanni was considered a dissolute but charming individual."
2. A description of someone whose way of living is considered morally wrong
285)

DESPERATE, DISPARATE, DESPERADO

Desperate (DES puhr it)

Extreme loss of hope, frustration, or attempts to escape a situation
Disparate (DIS puhr it, di SPAR it)
1. Marked by distinct differences or character: "Even though the boys were twins, their personalities were disparate."
2. Different from each other; dissimilar; radically different, different in essential qualities
Desperado (des" puh RAH doh, des" puh RAY doh)

- 138 -

A bold bandit or criminal, often associated with the "wild west" of the United States
286)

DETRACT, DISTRACT

Detract (di TRAKT)

To take or to draw away: "The bill boards along the highway only detract your attention from the lovely scenery."
Distract (dis TRAKT)
To draw the mind or attention away in another direction; to divert: "The soft music helped to distract her mind from her
worries."
287) DEVICE, DEVISE
Device (di VIGHS)
Something invented to accomplish a specific purpose or to provide certain results.
Devise (di VIGHZ)
To invent or to contrive: "It must be possible to devise some way to protect the environment from such pollution."
288) DEVISER, DEVISOR
Deviser (di VIGHZ uhr)
Anyone who forms, invents, or contrives something in the mind: "He was a deviser of a new method for converting
sunlight into electricity."
Devisor (di VIGH zuhr, dev" i ZOR) Someone who transmits real estate by means of a will: "She was a devisor of her home
to her son."
289) DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS
Diagnosis (digh" uhg NOH sis)
The investigation or identification of a problem, illness, etc.
Prognosis (prag NOH sis)
Prospect of recovery after an illness or difficult situation: "The doctor's prognosis for a full recovery pleased the patient
very much."
290)

DIAGRAM, DIAPHRAGM

Diagram (DIGH uh gram")

1. A drawing that illustrates, explains, or shows the parts of something
Diaphragm (DIGH uh fram")
The muscular partition between the chest and the abdomen in mammals; a thin membrane or partition
291)

DICED, MINCED

Diced (DIGHS't)
Chopped into small cubicle pieces: "She put the diced vegetables into the soup."
Minced (MINS't)
1. To cut up into very small or minute pieces: "The spaghetti sauce was made with minced beef."
2. To speak with an affectation (pretense): "She minced her words in an effort to sound sophisticated."
292)

DICTIONARY, GLOSSARY, LEXICON, THESAURUS

Dictionary (DIK shuh ner" ee)

A book containing the alphabetical listing of words used in a language, providing definitions, pronunciations, etc.: "She
received a new dictionary when she graduated from high school."
Glossary (GLAH suh ree, GLOS uh ree)
A collection of specialized words and their meanings: "There was a glossary at the end of the book to help the reader
understand the text."
Lexicon (LEK si kahn", LEK si kon")
Another term for dictionary which includes any book typically containing all the morphemes (smallest meaningful parts)
of a language: "The scholar sought a lexicon in the library to assist her in writing her thesis on the Gaelic language."
Thesaurus (thi SAUR uhs, thi SOR uhs)

- 139 -

A book containing a store of words; especially, of synonyms and antonyms arranged in categories: "We found out that
there is more than one kind of thesaurus available for us to find logical structures and word associations."
293)

DIFFIDENT, DISSIDENT

Diffident (DIF i duhnt, DIF i dent")

Hesitant, lacking in self confidence: "His diffident manner suggested he was shy rather than embarrassed."
Dissident (DIS i duhnt, DIS i dent)
Not having the same opinion as other individuals or groups
294) DIGRESS, REGRESS
Digress (digh GRES, di GRES)
To side track or to divert attention from the topic at hand: "Her conversation often seemed to digress from the interests
of her visitors."
Regress (ri GRES)
To move backward, either physically or in ones thinking: "When he was ill and in the hospital, his mind seemed to
regress, often talking about his childhood."
295)

DINGHY, DINGY

Dinghy (DING ee)

A small rowboat or an inflatable rubber life raft: "The tugboat pulled a small dinghy behind it for emergencies."
Dingy (DING jee)
1. Darkened with smoke and grime; dirty or discolored: "The tenement housing which the author described was dingy
with age."
2. Shabby, drab, or squalid: "They lived in a dingy room to save money so they could immigrate to a better life."
296)

DIRE, DYER

Dire (DIGHR)
1. Having or warning of terrible consequences; disastrous: "Even the smallest mistake could have dire consequences."
2. Requiring urgent and immediate action or treatment: "The government is in dire need of reform."
Dyer (DIGH'r)
A person who uses a soluble substance for staining or coloring materials by soaking in a coloring solution
297)

DISASTER, HOLOCAUST, TRAGEDY

Disaster (di ZAS tuhr, di SAS tuhr)

A sudden event causing great damage or loss: "The rise in the river caused a disaster in the farm land."
Holocaust (HAHL uh kost", HOH luh kost)
Destruction or sacrifice by fire
Tragedy (TRAJ i dee)
A very bad event that causes great sadness and often involves someone's death
298)

DISBURSE, DISPERSE

Disburse (dis BURS)

To pay out or to expend: "Our cashier will disburse several thousand dollars later today."
Disperse (di SPURS)
To scatter something: "The street department is scheduled to disperse the road salt as soon as some of the snow is
removed."
299)

DISCLOSE, DIVULGE

Disclose (di SKLOHZ)

To expose or to make known: "She promised that she would not disclose your secret."
Divulge (di VULJ)
To reveal or to make known: "The author of mystery novels decided to divulge her real name to her readers."

- 140 -

300)

DISCOMFIT, DISCOMFORT, DISCONCERT

Discomfit (dis KUM fit)

To frustrate the plans or expectation of; to thwart; to make uneasy; to confuse; to disconcert
Discomfort (dis KUHM furt)
Lack of comfort; uneasiness; inconvenience: "I dont like the discomfort of living in a tent all summer."
Disconcert (dis" kuhn SURT)
1. To upset or to frustrate plans, etc 2. To upset the composure or self-possession of; to embarrass; to confuse
301)

DISCREET, DISCRETE

Discreet (di SKREET)

Displaying wise reserve in one's speech or conduct; being prudent and careful: "The university president was discreet as
she spoke to the visitors."
Discrete (di SKREET)
Constituting a separate thing; distinct: "There is a discrete difference between the two sisters."
302)

disinterested, uninterested

Disinterested (dis IN trist id)

Unbiased, impartial, unprejudiced; not personally involved; not influenced by personal feelings, opinions, or concerns: "A
disinterested third party mediated the dispute in a disinterested pursuit of the truth."

303)

DISPASSIONATE, UNIMPASSIONED

Dispassionate (dis PASH uh nit)

Not influenced by or effected by personal emotion or involvement
Unimpassioned (un" im PASH uhnd)
Marked by a reasonable approach totally devoid of emotional influence or appeal: "He answered the court charges with
an unimpassioned defense."
304)

DISTINCT, DISTINCTIVE

Distinct (di STINGKT)

1. Different in a way that can be seen, heard, smelled, felt, etc.; noticeably different2. Easy to see, hear, smell, feel, etc.
Distinctive (di STINGK tiv)
1. Demonstrating unique characteristics or style: "Her accent was distinctive and unforgettable."
2. Appealing or interesting because of an unusual quality or characteristic: "This store sells the most distinctive
chocolates."
305)

DISTRACTED, DISTRAIT, DISTRAUGHT

Distracted (di STRAKT id)

To call attention away from the focus of a situation.
Distrait (di STRAY); Distraite (dis TRAYT) [French]
Inattentive or preoccupied, especially because of anxiety: "When she didn't show up for the meeting, her employer was
uneasy and distrait."
Distraught (di STRAWT)
Confused or stirred up due to mental conflict, anxiety or doubt: "When her son was late coming home from school, the
mother was distraught, imagining all sorts of things which might have happened to him."
306)

DROOP, DRUPE

Droop (DROOP)
To sink or to hang in a downward manner: "You can always tell when he is sad because his shoulders will droop."
Drupe (DROOP)

- 141 -

A fruit or nut which has a single seed in the center and is surrounded either by a soft flesh (cherry) or by a hard flesh
(almond shell): "When the drupe are ripe on the trees, it is always a contest of whether I will get to pick the cherries or if
the birds will get them first."
307)

DUAL, DUEL

Dual (DOO uhl, DYOO uhl)

Twofold, double: "An umbrella has a dual purpose which is to protect me from the rain or to shade me from the sun."
Duel (DOO uhl, DYOO uhl)
A combat between two people; to fight: "In the 19th century, pistols were often used in a duel to settle arguments."
308)

DUCKED, DUCT

ducked (DUK't)
To lower the head or body quickly; especially, so as to avoid something; to dodge or to evade: "The people ducked so
they wouldn't hit their heads on the lower than normal door frames."
duct (DUKT)
1. A tubular passage through which a substance; especially, a fluid, is conveyed: "The roofer installed a new rain duct
along the edge of the roof."
309)

DWARF, ELF

Dwarf (DWORF)
An individual of unusually small stature whose features are often out of proportion to the rest of the body
Elf (ELF)
A small, lively, often mischievous imaginary creature.
310)

DYEING, DYING

Dyeing (DIGH ing)

The act of coloring with a special solution: "My sister was dyeing her hair with a new color."
Dying (DIGH ing)
1. About to pass on or the drawing to a close of one's life: "His mother was dying from pneumonia."
311)

EARTHLY, EARTHY

Earthly (URTH lee)

Suggestive of belonging to the earth; ordinary, practical
Earthy (UR thee)
1. Practical and straightforward; open and direct: "People were impressed by the speaker's earthy realism."
2. Plain and simple in style: "This restaurant tends to serve food that is made with simple, earthy ingredients."
312)

EFFECTIVE, EFFECTUAL, EFFICIENT

Effective (i FEK tiv)

Capable of having a decisive or desired result: "Brushing your teeth twice every day is an effective way to reduce tooth
decay."
Effectual (i FEK choo uhl)
Having produced or caused the desired result: "A trained police force was effectual in reducing crime in the city."
Efficient (i FISH uhnt)
Achieving the desired result with a minimum of waste: "The new water heater in the kitchen was very efficient."
313)

EGOISM, EGOTISM

Egoism (EE goh iz" uhm, EG oh iz" uhm)

A policy or doctrine that suggests that self interest is a valid reason for all actions
Egotism (EE guh tiz" uhm, EG uh tiz" uhm)
An overblown sense of self importance: "His egotism stood in the way of his making practical decisions."

- 142 -

314)

EGOIST, EGOTIST

Egoist (EE goh ist)

Someone who constantly talks about himself/herself; who is boastful and conceited
Egotist (EE guh tist)
A person who pursues a policy of self-seeking and whose actions are determined by self-interest
315)

EGRESS, INGRESS

Egress (EE gres)

A way out or an exit: "People who use an egress will find themselves outside."
Ingress (IN gres)
A place or means of entering, an entrance: "People who use an ingress will be entering a building or similar structure."
316)

EITHER, ETHER

Either (EE thuhr, IGH ther)

One or the other: "You will need to choose either toast and tea or eggs and ham for breakfast."
Ether (EE thuhr)
A volatile, highly flammable liquid, used chiefly in industry and as an anesthetic: "The doctor used ether so the patient
was asleep during the operation."
317)

ELEGY, EULOGY

Elegy (EL uh jee)

Chiefly, a poem of sorrow for the dead:
Eulogy (YOO luh jee)
High praise, written or spoken, usually about someone who has died
318)

ELICIT, ILLICIT, LICIT

Elicit (i LIS it)

To draw out, extract, or to bring forth: "The teacher tried to elicit an answer from her students."
Illicit (i LIS it)
Not permitted, unlawful, illegal, banned: "He was caught with illicit drugs in his briefcase."
Licit (LIS it)
Permitted by law; legal: "They claimed that their activities were licit under the law."
319)

ELIGIBLE, ILLEGIBLE, INELIGIBLE, LEGIBLE

Eligible (EL i juh b'l)

Qualified, entitled
Illegible (i LEJ uh b'l)
Unreadable: "Many people write so carelessly that their writing is illegible."
Ineligible (in EL i juh buhl)
Not qualified or permitted to participate:
Legible (LEJ uh b'l)
Writing which is clear and plain enough to be understood: "The journals were written in a legible hand by the secretary."
320)

EMANATE, EMINENT, IMMANENT, IMMEDIATE, IMMINENT

Emanate (EM uh nayt")

To come forth, as from a certain source: "The smoke seemed to emanate from the distant chimney."
Eminent (EM uh nuhnt)
1. Well-known, prominent, renowned: "The doctor was an eminent surgeon."
2. Rising above other things or places: "The snow capped mountain was eminent among the other low hills."
Immanent (IM uh nuhnt)
1. Living, remaining, or operating within, inherent: "She demonstrated immanent good sense in her dress and behavior."
2. Present throughout the universe, said of God: "Transcendent, immanent and indwelling the universe, time, etc.; or God

- 143 -

as immanent and existing in and extending into all parts of the created universe."
3. A thought or activity which occurs within the mind: "Thinking or day dreaming is an immanent activity."
4. Qualities or characteristics which are common throughout something: "Self preservation is an immanent characteristic
of most mammals."
Immediate (i MEE dee it)
That which happens or is accomplished with a minimum of time or distance
Imminent (IM uh nuhnt)
1. Likely to happen without delay, near at hand; that which may happen at any moment: "Judging by the gray clouds in
the sky, a thunder storm is imminent."
2. Immediate, ready to happen without further notice: "Leaping onto the subway tracks places you in imminent danger
and is a foolish thing to do."
321)

EMERGE, EMERSE, IMMERGE

Emerge (i MURJ)
To come forth, to rise up, to come into sight is usually followed by from.
"The sun is about to emerge from behind those fleecy clouds."
Emerse (ee MURS)
The term emerse appears to be no longer used in English except in an adjectival, or past-participle, form which is
primarily used in botany: "A water lily standing out of the water with its surrounding leaves is said to emerse from the
water."
Immerge (i MURJ)
To plunge or to sink into and to disappear; while in its former meaning, it is synonymous with immerse: "The chemist will
immerge the metal rod into the acid."
322)

EMERSED, IMMERSED

Emersed (i MURST)
Rising above the surface of a liquid: "The lilies were emersed in the pond."
Immersed (i MURST)
To dip into a liquid or to be covered by a liquid: "The dirty dishes were immersed in a sink full of soapy water."
323)

EMIGRANT, IMMIGRANT

Emigrant (EM i gruhnt)

An individual or object that has left a country or location to settle in another location
Immigrant (IM i gruhnt)
An individual or object which has come from a different location and settled in a new area: "My grandfather was an
immigrant from France."
324)

EMOLLIENT, EMOLUMENT

Emollient (i MUL yuhnt)

That which soothes or softens: "The pharmacist created an emollient for dry skin."
Emolument (i MUL yuh muhnt)
The compensation or rewards associated with employment: "An important question to ask during a job interview is about
the emolument for the position, e.g. wages and other benefits."
325)

EMPATHY, SYMPATHY

Empathy (EM puh thee)

Feeling or understanding the thoughts and experiences of another without direct communication.
Sympathy (SIM puh thee)
The ability or capacity of an individual to relate to or to share the experiences and feelings of another person
326)

ENDEMIC, EPIDEMIC, PANDEMIC

Endemic (en DEM ik)

Native to a particular locale or region.

- 144 -

Epidemic (ep" i DEM ik)

Very prevalent in a specific area: "The doctors were afraid of an epidemic of flu in the schools during the winter."
Pandemic (pan DEM ik)
That which occurs over a wide geographical, or international, area and effects large numbers of individuals: "The
outbreak of flu appeared to be pandemic and the medical profession worked hard to contain it."
327)

ENERVATE, INNERVATE

Enervate (EN uhr vayt")

To decrease or to reduce vitality or strength: "The woman's illness had a strong tendency to enervate her former
energetic behavior."
Innervate (IN uhr vayt", i NUR vayt")
1. To stimulate (a nerve, muscle, or body part) to action: "The doctor invented a special machine to innervate the tired
muscles of the runners legs."
2. To supply (an organ or a body part) with nerves: "The finger tips are equipped with sensitive nerves in order to
innervate people so they can be aware of their physical existence."
328)

ENTOMOLOGY, ETYMOLOGY

Entomology (en" tuh MAHL uh jee)

The study of insects
Etymology (et" uh MAHL uh jee)
The act of tracing the origins, derivations, and developments of words.
329)

ENVY, COVET, DESIRE

Envy (EN vee)

Angry or resentful awareness of the advantages enjoyed by another person or people: "The envy the older brother felt
about the fact his brother was able to go to university often upset him."
Covet (KUV it)
To wish for or to desire something that belongs to another individual: "As long as she could remember, she was told by
her mother not to covet her sisters bright red hair."
Desire (di ZIGHR)
To hope or to express a wish for something: "In my heart of hearts, I desire a rich and famous boy friend."
330)

EPIC, EPOCH

Epic (EP ik)

Typically a story or writing describing the legendary and heroic events and happenings of a period in history
Epoch (EP uhk, EE puhk")
A time in history that is set off by specific events or happenings
331)

EPIGRAM, EPIGRAPH

Epigram (EP i gram")

A wise or witty saying. Ex:- "Genius without Education is like Silver in the Mine."
"Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."
Epigraph (EP i graf")
1. An engraved or carved inscription on something; such as, a statue or building
2. A quotation at the beginning of a book, chapter, or section of a book, usually related to its theme
332)

EPITAPH, EPITHET

Epitaph (EP uh taf")

Something written or said in memory of a dead person; especially, words written on a gravestone:
Epithet (EP uh thet")
1. A term used to characterize, or to describe, a person or thing: "His charitable works have earned him the epithet 'Mr.
Philanthropy'."

- 145 -

2. An offensive word or name that is used as a way of abusing or insulting someone or others: "There was a group of
angry people hurling one epithet after another at each other."
333)

EQUABLE, EQUITABLE

Equable (EK wuh buhl, EE kwuh buhl)

Free from many changes or variations; uniform; steady, even, temperate.
Equitable (EK wi tuh buhl)
Fairness, lacking in favoritism: "Their mother was always equitable with distributing treats and discipline."
334)

ERASABLE, IRASCIBLE

Erasable (i RAYS uh b'l)

That which can be removed from something as with an eraser.
Irascible (i RAS uh b'l)
Easily angered; quick tempered: "My neighbor has an irascible disposition."
335)

ERECT, ERUCT

Erect (i REKT)
1. Being in a vertical, upright position: "The judge's posture was strong and erect."
2. To construct by assembling: "The farmers all got together to erect the new barn after the fire."
3. To raise to a rigid or upright condition: "The gardener was careful to tie the flowers in an erect position so they would
bloom better."
Eruct (i RUKT)
To belch forth, as gas from stomach; to emit or issue violently, as a matter from volcano: "His mother always reminded
him it was not polite to eruct or belch in public."
336)

ERRATUM (S), ERRATA (PL)

erratum, singular (i RAH tuhm, i RAY tuhm)

An error in a publication discovered after the publication has been printed
errata, plural (i RAH tuh, i RAY tuh)
A list of corrections of errors in a publication
337)

ERUPTION, IRRUPTION

Eruption (i RUP shuhn)

An issuing forth suddenly and violently; outburst; outbreak: "The eruption of the volcano took everyone by surprise."
Irruption (i RUP shuhn)
A violent incursion or sudden invasion: "The irruption of the population of rats in the city caused the health officials to be
very concerned."
338)

ESPECIAL, SPACIAL, SPECIAL

Especial (i SPESH uhl)

Distinctive, noteworthy, personal, of special significance: "In the speech, the college president paid especial attention to
the awards the research department had achieved."
Spacial (SPAY shuhl)
A description of the three dimensional spaces in which objects have relative direction or position: "To be a competent
artist, you need to have a good sense of spacial relationships."
Special (SPESH uhl)
Unusual and readily distinguishable from other objects or individuals or events: "The two little girls were special friends
and played together all the time."
339)

EVADE, INVADE

Evade
To avoid in a dexterous manner, baffle: "He tried to evade telling the truth by giving ambiguous answers to the police."

- 146 -

Invade (in VAYD)

An encroachment with the intent to take over, conquer, or to plunder: "The weeds in the field will invade the garden
unless they are cut down."
340)

EVERY DAY, EVERYDAY

Every day (EV ree DAY)

Each day or daily: "At school the students have two breaks every day."
Everyday (EV ree DAY)
1. Ordinary, typical, or usual: "It rained so often it seemed like an everyday occurrence."
341)

EVERYONE, EVERY ONE

Everyone (EV ree wun")

An inclusive word referring to every person or individual: "The invitation to the fete was issued to everyone.
Every one (EV ree wun")
Every individual without exception: "The children noticed that every one of the kittens had blue eyes."
342)

EVERYTHING, EVERY THING

Everything (EV ree thing")

Inclusive of all that relates to a subject or topic: "The boy wanted to know everything about the butterflies in the garden."
Every thing (EV ree thing")
Every single or individual object: "They were told to do every thing listed on their schedule and not to miss one item."
343)

EVILS, WEEVILS

Evils (EE vuhlz)

1. Things that are morally bad or wrong; wickedness: "Why are there so many evils caused by people against others?"
2. Things that are causes or sources of suffering, injuries, or destruction
Weevils (WEE vuhlz)
Any of numerous beetles, especially the snout beetle and are destructive to nuts, fruits, stems, and roots.
344)

EVOKE, INVOKE, REVOKE

Evoke (i VOHK)
To summon, call forth, or recollect: "Seeing the valley served to evoke strong memories of growing up in the mind of the
tourist."
Invoke (in VOHK)
To solicit or to request help or support
Revoke (ri VOHK)
To take back, to annul, or to recall: "Their father decided to revoke his permission for the children to go swimming and
they went to the movies instead."
345)

EVOLUTION, REVOLUTION

Evolution (ev" uh LOO shuhn)

Process of change, typically involving development; growth.
Revolution (rev" uh LOO shuhn)
1. An unexpected, fundamental, and radical change
2. A measure of time for a celestial body to complete the orbit around its axis: "The approximate revolution of the earth
around the sun is 365 days."
346)

EVOLVE, DEVOLVE

Evolve (i VOLV)
To produce by natural change and development.
Devolve (di VOLV)
The change of power and authority from a central power or governing body to that of a more local center.

- 147 -

347)

EXALT, EXULT

Exalt (ig ZAWLT)

1. To glorify and to praise
2. To raise in rank, character, or status: "His reputation for good works will exalt his character in the eyes of his
neighbors."
Exult (ig ZULT)
To be in high spirits or to rejoice greatly: "I could only exult at the good news from my publisher."
348)

EXCEED, EXCEL

Exceed (ik SEED)

To go beyond typically established guidelines or limits
Excel (ik SEL)
To surpass, to be superior in achievement
349)

EXCEPTIONABLE, EXCEPTIONAL

Exceptionable (ik SEP shuh nuh buhl)

Liable to be objectionable or offensive.
Exceptional (ik SEP shuh nuhl)
Differing from the norm, either better than average or worse than average
350)

EXCERPT, EXTRACT

Excerpt (EK surpt")

1. As a noun; a carefully selected literary passage, usually small or short
2. As a verb; to extract, to select, to take out, or to quote passages from a book, etc.: "When you decide to excerpt a
passage from a book or text, be sure to credit it properly; otherwise, you might be accused of plagiarism."
Extract (ik STRAKT)
1. Usually a large selection from a literary passage
2. To pull something out: "While the dentist was working to extract her tooth, he was also trying to extract information
about the new concert series at the symphony."
3. To obtain information from someone who is reluctant to provide anything
351)

EXCLUDE, EXUDE

Exclude (ik SKLOOD)

To restrict or to prevent participation or involvement in a situation or activity: "The new rules were designed to exclude
pets from living in the apartment building."
Exude (ig ZOOD, ik SOOD)
1. To show off in an effusive manner: "She seemed to exude good humor and charm."
2. To spread out in all directions: "The spilled oil seemed to exude all over the garage floor."
352)

EXERCISE, EXORCISE

Exercise (EK suhr sighz")

1. To use frequently and repeatedly to strengthen: "She attempted to go to the gymnasium daily to exercise so she would
be ready to run the marathon."
2. To carry out an official function or duty: "He will exercise his responsibilities as vice president to the best of his ability."
Exorcise (EK sor sighz" EKS or sighz")
To free or to get rid of something that is perceived as evil or difficult
353)

EXHAUSTIBLE, EXHAUSTING, EXHAUSTIVE

Exhaustible (ig ZOST i buhl)

Possessing characteristics that suggest a depletion or using up of resources: "Timber is an exhaustible resource due to the
lack of foresight by the lumber companies."

- 148 -

Exhausting (ig ZOST ing)

1. Characterized by using all of one's mental or physical energy: "Running the marathon is an exhausting activity."
2. Completely using up something; such as, supplies or financial resources: "They kept over spending until they finally
realized that they were exhausting all of their money."
Exhaustive (ig ZAW stiv)
A thorough and complete study or consideration of information: "To complete his degree, he undertook an exhaustive
study of the use of the printing press over the decades."
354)

EXHORT, EXPORT, EXTORT

Exhort (ig ZORT)

To raise interest in something by strong argument or urging: "The student leader attempted to exhort his friends to
march to the government buildings."
Export (ik SPORT, ik SPOHRT, EK sport", EK spohrt")
When trading, the movement of goods or ideas from one location to another
Extort (ik STORT)
To obtain something through intimidation or illegal power: "The courts realized that the gangster had tried to extort
money from the business owners."
355)

EXPAND, EXPEND

Expand (ik SPAND)

1. To spread out, open out, stretch out 2. To make greater in size
Expend (ik SPEND)
1. To spend or to use something: "When running, try not to expend all your energy in the first few minutes."
2. To use time, energy, effort, etc. for a particular purpose or objective
356)

EXPANSE, EXPENSE

Expanse (ik SPANS)

Descriptive of something spread out, taking up a lot of space: "The wide expanse of the Pacific Ocean is impressive."
Expense (ik SPENS)
Cost which may be financial or an effort to achieve a goal or an end.
357)

EXPEDIENCE, EXPEDIENTS

Expedience (ik SPEE dee uhns)

Characteristic of using what is opportune to achieve a goal or end often without regard to principles or ethics: "Given the
rush to complete the railroad on time, the managers resorted to the expedience of using poor quality materials."
Expedients (ik SPEE de uhns)
That which is advantageous or profitable for the moment without due regard for others or for principles of honor: "The
criminal resorted to shady expedients in order to rob the banks."
358)

EXPLETIVE, EXPLICATIVE

Expletive (EK spli tiv)

A word used to fill a space in a communication (written or verbal) that does not add meaning to the communication and
is often considered crude or obscene: "The editor of the newspaper did not approve of the writers using expletives in
their text."
Explicative (EK spli kay" tiv, ik SPLIK uh tiv)
Providing a detailed and logical explanation: "The speaker provided an explicative introduction to his topic."
359)

EXPLICIT, IMPLICIT

Explicit (ik SPLIS it)

Clearly stated; plain to see; readily observable: "The directions for making the cake were explicit."
Implicit (im PLIS it)
Suggested or to be understood though not plainly expressed.

- 149 -

360)

EXPLOSION, IMPLOSION

Explosion (ik SPLOH zhuhn)

Characterized by a loud and noisy expression of emotion or to burst violently
Implosion (im PLOH zhuhn)
To cause to collapse inwardly due to the change in internal air pressure: "The implosion and collapse of the building was
carefully engineered by the specialists."
361)

EXPOSTULATE, POSTULATE

Expostulate (ik SPAHS chuh layt")

To reason or to discuss earnestly, typically to point out an inappropriate behavior: "The parents attempted to expostulate
with their children about the broken window."
Postulate (PAHS chuh layt")
To assume that something is true.
362)

EXTANT, EXTENT

Extant (EK stuhnt, ek STANT)

Currently existing: "Very few copies of the Gutenberg Bible are extant."
Extent (ik STENT)
A range or distance over which something extends: "To what extent are we the product of our training and
environment?"
363)

EXTEMPORANEOUS, IMPROMPTU

Extemporaneous (ik stem" puh RAY nee uhs)

1. Carried out or performed with little or no preparation
2. Prepared in advance but delivered without notes or text
Impromptu (im PROMP too, im PROMP tyoo)
1. Prompted by the occasion rather than being planned in advance.
2. Spoken, performed, done, or composed with little or no chance of preparation.

364)

EXTRANEOUS, INTRINSIC

Extraneous (ik STRAY nee uhs)

Not essential or not forming a necessary part of something.
Intrinsic (in TRIN zik, in TRIN sik)
Essential to the nature of an object or idea: "The intrinsic nature of their friendship could not be described."
365)

FABLE, FOIBLE

Fable (FAY buhl)

1. A short story that usually is about animals and which is intended to teach a lesson
2. A story or statement that is not true: "She combines fact and fable to make her novel more interesting."
Foible (FOI buhl)
A minor fault in someone's character or behaviour.
366)

FAADE, VENEER

Faade, Facade (fuh SAHD)

1. The front of a building: "The saloon had a large facade covering the whole front."
2. A way of behaving or appearing that gives other people a false idea of your true feelings or situation: "We were always
trying to keep up the facade of our happy marriage."
Veneer (vuh NEAR)
A thin layer of wood or other material that is attached to the surface of something in order to make it look better
367)

FACET, FAUCET

- 150 -

Facet (FAS it)

1. A part or element of something: "Each facet of the issue requires a lot of thinking through."
2. A small, flat surface on a jewel: "The diamond had one large facet and many small ones."
Faucet (FAW sit)
A device that is used to control the flow of water from a pipe.
368)

FACETIOUS, FICTITIOUS

Facetious (fuh SEE shuhs)

Used to describe speech that is meant to be funny but that is usually regarded as annoying, silly, or not proper.
Fictitious (fik TISH uhs)
Not true or real: "The characters in the novel are all fictitious."
369)
FACILITATE, FELICITATE
Facilitate (fuh SIL i tayt")
To make easy or easier: "Winning millions in the lottery may facilitate entering the world of high-class society"
Felicitate (fi LIS i tayt")
1. To wish joy or happiness to: "The parents of the bride wanted to felicitate the newly wedded couple before they left
for their honeymoon."
2. To congratulate.
370)

FAIL, FAILED, FAILING; FLAIL, FLAILED, FLAILING

Fail, Failed, Failing, verbs (FAYL, FAYL'd, FAYL ing)

To prove deficient or lacking; to perform ineffectively or inadequately
Flail, Flailed, Flailing, verbs (FLAYL, FLAYL'd, FLAYL ing)
1. To beat or to strike with or as if with a flail; that is, a manual threshing device consisting of a long wooden handle and a
shorter, free swinging stick attached to its end
2. To move vigorously or erratically; to thrash about: "We could see him flailing his arms helplessly in the water."
371)

FAIN, FEIGN

Fain (FAYN)
Archaic use, happily ready, willing; pleased, happy
Feign (FAYN)
To give a false appearance; to represent falsely: "Every Friday she feigns being sick to avoid attending the classes.
372)

FAINT, FEINT

Faint (FAYNT)
Dizzy, light headed; having little strength or vigor: "After hearing about the death of her son, she was quite faint."
Feint (FAYNT)
Trick, ruse, stratagem; a misleading movement or attack
373)

FAIR, FARE

Fair (FAIR)
1. Impartial, unbiased; honourable. 2. A reference to weather conditions: "The weather is fair; that is, clear and sunny."
Fare (FAIR)
A price paid for transportation: "The fare for a subway ride has been multiplied many times since it was originally set."
374)

FAIRY, FERRY

Fairy (FAIR ee)

An imaginary creature that looks like a very small human being, has magic powers, and sometimes has wings: "When I
was a child I loved reading fairy-tale books which took me into the land of fairies."
Ferry (FAIR ee)

- 151 -

1. To carry or move (someone or something) on a vehicle; such as, a boat or car, usually for a short distance between two
places 2. Ferryboat
375)

FARM, PHARM

Farm (FAHRM)
A piece of land used for growing crops or raising animals.
Pharm (FAHRM)
A place where genetically modified animals or plants are produced for the production of pharmaceuticals: "The term
pharm is a shortened form of pharmacy and pharmaceutical which are branches of the health sciences dealing with the
preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs."
376)

FARTHER, FURTHER

Farther (FAR thur)

Usually a reference to space dimension or a greater distance, but it should be used only in connection with a physical or a
linear distance: "That town is farther away than I thought."
Further (FUR thur)
Not always differentiated from farther, but it should be used in referring to a degree, a quantity, or time in quality or
degree: "The students had to do further research in their project."
377)

FATAL, FATEFUL

Fatal (FAYT'l)
1. Causing death: "Certain diseases can be fatal or deadly." 2. Causing ruin or failure.
Fateful (FAYT fuhl)
Having important results: "Her life changed on that fateful October evening."
378)

FATE, FETE

Fate (FAYT)
The force, principle, or power that is thought to predetermine events.
Fete (FAYT, FET)
A feast or festival: "They had a big fete to celebrate the beginning of the New Year."

379)

FAZE, PHASE

Faze (FAYZ)
To disturb, disconcert, or to embarrass: "You will seldom succeed as a musician if you let criticism faze you."
Phase (FAYZ)
Any of the stages or forms in any series of changes.
380)

FEASIBLE, PLAUSIBLE

Feasible (FEE zuh buhl)

Possible to do: "Is it feasible to buy that house when our income isn't very much?"
Plausible (PLAW zuh buhl)
Possibly true, believable or realistic: "The student had to think of a plausible explanation for being late for class."
381)

FEAT, FETE

Feat (FEET)
An act of bravery, skill, endurance, or ingenuity
Fete (FAYT, FEET)
1. As a verb, To honor someone or to celebrate something with a big party or public event.
2. As a noun, A festival or feast; an elaborate, often outdoor entertainment.

- 152 -

382)

FERMENT, FOMENT

Ferment (FUR ment")

1. To undergo or to cause the gradual decomposition of an organic compound induced by enzymes, bacteria, yeast, etc
2. A situation in which there is much excitement and confusion caused by some kind of change: "After the opposing
political party finally won the election, the town was in a state of ferment."
Foment (foh MENT)
To cause or to try to cause the growth or development of something bad or harmful: "To foment or to incite people to
plan a revolution without thinking can have very serious consequences!"
383)

FETED, FETID

Feted (FAYT'd, FET'd)

The simple past/past participle of "to fete" which is to honor (a person or people) or celebrate (something) with a large
party or celebration.
Fetid (FET id, FEE tid)
Having a strong or unpleasant smell: "A fetid or putrid odor of decaying meat filled the air in the kitchen."
384)

FIBBER, FIBER

Fibber (FIB uhr)

Someone who tells insignificant or childish lies or who makes an untrue statement about something minor or
unimportant.
Fiber (FIGH buhr)
1. Plant material that can not be digested but which helps people to digest other food.
2. A thin thread of natural or artificial material that can be used to make cloth, paper, etc.
385)

FIDDLING, PIDDLING

Fiddling (FID ling)

1. To move or to handle something with the hands or fingers in a nervous way: "She was nervously fiddling with her pen
as she was waiting for the test to start."
2. Playing folk music, country music, etc., on a violin.
Piddling (PID ling)
So trifling or trivial as to be beneath one's consideration: "He was unhappy about the piddling amount of money he was
receiving for all the work he did last month."

386)

FINAL, FINALE, FINALLY, FINELY

Final (FIGHN'l)
Coming to an end, last, a conclusion: "She was extremely glad when she passed the final exam."
Finale (FIGHN'l ee)
The conclusion or last part; the end; climax: "He sung a magnificent song for the finale."
Finally (fuh NAH lee)
At the end: "After looking for an hour, I finally found my keys."
Finely (FIGHN lee)
1. In a fine manner, not coarse, in very small particles: "The nuts for the cupcakes should be finely chopped."
2. Superior in quality
387)

FINENESS, FINESSE

Fineness (FIGHN uhs)

Superior in quality
Finesse (fi NES)
1. Skill, adroitness: "She handled the interview with the senator with finesse."
2. Subtlety or tact in maneuvering; craftiness: "He showed much finesse in dealing with the company executive."
388)

FISHING, PHISHING

- 153 -

Fishing (FISH ing)

The process of catching or trying to catch numerous aquatic vertebrates.
Phishing (FISH ing)
Creating a replica of an existing web page to fool a user into submitting personal, financial, or password data.
389)

FLAGRANT, FRAGRANT

Flagrant (FLAY gruhnt)

Very bad, too bad to be ignored: "She made a flagrant error in her exam and failed completely."
Fragrant (FRAY gruhnt)
A pleasant and usually sweet smell: "The roses he gave me were exceptionally fragrant."
390)

FLAMMABLE, INFLAMMABLE, NONFLAMMABLE

Flammable (FLAM uh buhl)

Capable of being set on fire and of burning quickly: "Gasoline is a very flammable liquid."
Inflammable (in FLAM uh buhl)
Easily excited, aroused, or angered: "The man had an inflammable temper when he felt he was being wronged" is a
proper usage, but it should no longer be used with reference to something that will not burn.
The word inflammable actually means "able to burn"; while nonflammable means "unable (or unlikely) to burn".
As a consequence, many English-speaking countries passed laws that have required manufacturers of materials and
substances that burn easily to use the word flammable in place of inflammable, which is considered less ambiguous or
confusing.
So remember that inflammable comes from inflame, which in this case means "to set on fire" and not from in-,
"not" + flammable, "combustible".
Nonflammable (nahn FLAM uh buhl)
Not flammable, especially not readily ignited and not rapidly burned: "It is much more realistic that people use
nonflammable or non-flammable instead of inflammable when they mean that something cannot burn or is very difficult
to burn."
391)

FLARE, FLAIR, FLAYER

Flare (FLAIR)
1. To blaze up with a sudden, bright light.
2. To burst out suddenly in anger, violence, etc.: "They always flare up when the topic of child abuse is mentioned."
Flair (FLAIR)
A natural talent or ability, an aptitude, a knack: "His daughter had a flair for math."
Flayer (FLAY uhr)
1. A person who strips off the skin or surface of: "The skin of the deer was stripped off by the flayer."
2. The noun for to strip of a person's possessions: "The new government taxes seemed to be like a flayer of the peoples'
earnings."
3. The noun for to reprove harshly or criticize severely: "The husband received a flayer from his wife.
392)

FLAUNT, FLOUT

Flaunt (FLONT)
To display in a showy manner; to show off proudly, defiantly, or impudently.
Flout (FLOUT)
1. To treat with scorn or contempt; to mock or to insult: "For some reason, all he could do was to flout the conventions of
his new community of residence."
2. To break or to ignore a law, rule, etc. without hiding what one is doing or showing any fear or shame: "Despite
repeated warnings, they have continued to flout the traffic laws."
393)

FLEA, FLEE

- 154 -

Flea (FLEE)
Any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects.
Flee (FLEE)
To escape or to run away from danger, pursuit, or unpleasantness: "Many people were able to flee Nazi Germany in
1936."
394)

FLIP, FLIP-FLOP, FLIPPANT

Flip (FLIP)
To throw or to toss with a light brisk motion; to flick, to spin.
Flip-Flop (FLIP flahp")
A change of opinion, especially by a politician: "She was accused of trying to flip-flop about her political position regarding
the educational system."
Flippant (FLIP puhnt)
Showing a lack of seriousness that is thought to be inappropriate; impudent, brash, impertinent, insolent: "The young
man shocked everyone by making flippant remarks while his father's will was being read."
395)

FLOE, FLOW, FLUX

Floe (FLOH)
A flat mass of floating ice: "A floe was making progress with the ship quite difficult."
Flow (FLOW)
To move smoothly, as in a stream: "She turned on the bathtub faucet and the water began to flow."
Flux (FLUKS)
1. Constant change and instability: "His political views are in a state of flux."
2. A state of uncertainty about what should be done (usually following some important event) preceding the
establishment of a new direction of action: "The flux following the death of the king caused much concern among the
politicians."
396)

FLOTSAM, JETSAM

Flotsam (FLAHT suhm)

Floating pieces, parts, etc., from a ship that has been wrecked.
Jetsam (JET suhm)
1.Floating objects that are thrown into the water from a ship: "Some of the jetsam we found on the beach were still
usable."
2. It is usually used in the phrase flotsam and jetsam, also figuratively: "He found a lot of flotsam and jetsam which had
collected on his desk."

397)

FLUSTER, FRUSTRATE

Fluster (FLUS tuhr)

To make someone nervous and confused: "Sudden, loud noises can fluster a speaker."
Frustrate (FRUS trayt")
To cause someone to feel angry, discouraged, or upset.
398)

FOGY, FOFEY, FOGGY

Fogy, Fogey (FOH gee)

A person who has old-fashioned habits and attitudes.
Foggy (FAW gee, FAHG ee)
1. Having or filled with fog: "It took us a whole hour to get there because it was so terribly foggy."
2. Not clear, vague or confused: "My memory is a bit foggy because I don't remember where I put my keys!"
399)

FONDLING, FOUNDLING

Fondling (FAWN dling)

- 155 -

Gently caressing, stroking, handling, or touching in an affectionate or loving way: "She was always seen idly fondling the
cat's ears."
Foundling (FOUND ling)
A baby that is found after being left, or deserted, by its parents or a parent
400)

FOREGO, FORGO

Forego (fohr GOH)

To go before, to precede: "The news of the Pope's visit to Germany will forego his arrival in the country."
Forgo (fohr GOH)
To give up the use or enjoyment of something: "I decided to forgo the trip to France and stay at home with my children."
401)

FOREVER, FOR EVER

Forever (FAIR ee), noun or adverb

1. A seemingly very long time, noun: "It has taken forever to resolve these political problems."
2. For a very long or seemingly endless time, adverb: "She said he promised that he would love her forever."
For ever (FAIR ee)
The closed spelling of the adverb forever is usually found in American English; while elsewhere in the English-speaking
world, the open adverbial phrase for ever is normally used.
402)

FOREWORD, FORWARD

Foreword (FOR wurd)

An introduction in a book: "The foreword of a book is usually not written by the author."
Forward (FOR wurd)
Movement to the front or onward: "The boy walked forward from the back of the bus."
403)

FORT, FORTE

Fort (FORT)
A fortified place for military defense: "The fort was captured after a long battle."
Forte (FOR tay")
1. A note or passage of music played or sung in a loud, forceful manner: "She played forte when she was supposed to
have played mezzopiano."
2. Something that a person is particularly good at: "She said that cooking was not really her forte."
404)

FORTH, FOURTH

Forth (FORTH)
1. Forward, onward in time or place: "From that day forth or from that time onward."
2. Out into notice or view: "There was a flow of lava bursting forth from the earth."
Fourth (FORTH)
1. A 4th or one of four equal parts of something: "She cut the small cake into one fourth piece for each person."
2. The number four in a series: "I will be flying in on the fourth of next month."
405)

FORTUITOUS, FORTUNATE

Fortuitous (fohr TOO i tuhs, fohr TYOO i tuhs)

Happening by chance: "His fortuitous arrival at the scene saved our lives."
Fortunate (FOHR chuh nit)
Enjoying and receiving some unexpected good, having good luck
406)

FOUL, FOWL

Foul (FOUL)
1. Rotten, contaminated, or dirty
2. Unfavorable; contrary to the rules of a game or sport: "He has a reputation for being a foul player."
Fowl (FOUL)

- 156 -

Birds collectively; a large edible bird; such as, a chicken, a turkey, a duck, etc.: "We had roasted fowl for our Thanksgiving
meal."
407)

FRAISE, FRAYS, PHRASE

Fraise (FRAYZ)
A barrier or defense of pointed, inclined stakes or of barbed wire.
Frays (FRAYZ)
1. A scuffle or brawl: "Many crime movies show frays between the police and the culprits."
2. To alarm or to frighten: "The old man frays the little girl without meaning to."
3. To wear away by rubbing; for example, the edges of fabric: "She frays the old pair of jeans at the bottom by wearing
them much too long."
Phrase (FRAYZ)
A sequence of words regarded as a meaningful unit.
408)
FRAUGHT, WROUGHT
Fraught (FRAWT)
Causing or having a lot of emotional stress or worry, anxious.
Wrought (RAWT)
Carefully formed or worked into shape: "The wrought wood forming the legs of the table were absolutely beautiful."
409)

FRENETIC, PHRENETIC

Frenetic (fruh NET ik)

Filled with excitement, activity, or confusion; wild or frantic.
Phrenetic (fruh NET ik)
A mental disorder, someone who is phrenetic or a madman.
410)

FUDDLE, MUDDLE

Fuddle (FUD'l)
1. A prolonged drinking spell; especially, in the phrase on the fuddle: "It seems as if he has been on the fuddle for about
two days now."
2. A confused mixture, a jumble: "She certainly has a fuddle of spools of different colored thread in that box."
Muddle (MUD'l)
To cause confusion in someone's mind: "He complained that getting too much advice can easily muddle his mind."
411)

FUNERAL, FUNEREAL

Funeral (FYOO nuhr uhl)

A ceremony or group of ceremonies held in connection with the burial or cremation of a dead person: "There were
several people who attended the funeral of our neighbor."
Funereal (fyoo NIR ee uhl)
Appropriate for or suggestive of a funeral; mournful: "When people attended the funeral, it was obvious that there was a
funereal gloom and sadness about the person being buried."
412)

FUNK, PUNK

Funk (FUHNK)
1. A condition of cowardly fright or a panic or a state of severe depression: "He is closer to coming out of his funk."
2. A type of popular music combining elements of jazz, blues, and soul and characterized by syncopated.
Punk (PUHNGK)
1. A young person; especially, a member of a rebellious counterculture group
2. Of poor quality, worthless; weak in spirits or health: "She had a punk feeling because of her bad cold."
413)

FUNKY, PUNKY

Funky (FUHNG kee)

1. Having a moldy or musty smell; having a strong, offensive, unwashed odor

- 157 -

2. Stylish or appealing in an unusual way: "They had dinner at a funky little Spanish restaurant last night."
Punky, Punkie, Punkey (PUHNG kee)
Being weak in spirits or health; run down, tired, worn out, dragging, or maybe on the verge of getting sick.
414)

FURRY, FURY

Furry (FUR ee)

Having or bearing fine hair: "Mary loves her furry little kitten."
Fury (FYOOR ee)
Violent anger; rage: "There was a great deal of fury regarding the death of the baseball player by a drunken driver."
415)

GAFF, GAFFE

Gaff (GAF)
1. A metal hook or spear used by fishermen or butchers to lift and maneuver heavy objects.
2. To fix or to set up for cheating: "The gambler was known to try to gaff when he played cards."
Gaffe (GAF)
Social awkwardness or a diplomatic blunder: "She was deeply embarrassed by her spoken gaffe at the garden party."
416)

GAIN, GAINLY

Gain (GAYN)
1. To come into possession or use of something; to acquire. 2. To attain in competition or struggle; to win
3. To obtain through effort or merit; to achieve
Gainly (GAYN'li)
Graceful, pleasing, shapely: "He was described as a gainly youth with dark hair and blue eyes."
417)

GALLEON, GALLON, GALLOON

Galleon (GAL ee uhn, GAL yuhn)

A large three-masted sailing ship with a square rig and usually two or more decks.
Gallon (GAL uhn)
A unit of volume in the U.S. Customary System, used in liquid measure, equal to 4 quarts (3.785 liters).
Galloon (guh LOON)
A narrow band of embroidery, lace, braid, or silver or gold thread, used as a trimming on clothes or upholstery.
418)

GALLEY, GALLERY

Galley (GAWL ee)

1. The kitchen and equipment on a ship, airplane, or train.
2. In printing and publishing, a single column of type set or the initial print or proof made from the column of type set:
Gallery (GAWL uh ree)
1. A room or building for the purpose of exhibiting works of art
2. A platform or construction in an auditorium to provide seating for an audience.
419)

GAMBIT, GAMUT

Gambit (GAM bit)

1. A maneuver, stratagem, or ploy
2. A remark intended to open a conversation: "As his opening gambit, he asked his new friend about the weather."
Gamut (GAM uht)
The entire range or extent, as of emotions: "His face expressed a gamut of emotions, from tense anger to relaxed
satisfaction."
420)

GAMBLE, GAMBOL

Gamble (GAM buhl)

1. To bet on an uncertain outcome, as of a contest or to play a game of chance
2. To take a risk in the hope of gaining an advantage or a benefit 3. To engage in reckless or hazardous behaviour

- 158 -

Gambol (GAM buhl, GAM bohl)

1. To leap about playfully; to frolic 2. Happy or light-hearted recreational activity for diversion or amusement.
421)

GANTLET, GAUNTLET

Gantlet (GAWNT lit, GAHNT lit)

Railroad terminology, an extent of railroad track
Gauntlet (GAWNT lit, GAHNT lit)
1. A heavy or protective glove used on industrial sites
2. An ordeal, either literally or figuratively in which an individual is required to dash between foes.
422)

GAP, GAPE

Gap (GAP)
1. A break, separation, or space in the continuity of a structure.
2. A wide disparity or difference in attitudes or opinions: "The generation gap is the subject of many books and articles."
Gape (GAYP, GAP)
A wide open gaze often in incredulity or wonder: "We could only gape in amazement at the performers at the circus."
423)

GARGLE, GARGOYLE

Gargle (GAHR guhl)

To rinse or to wash the throat with a liquid; a gargling sound
Gargoyle (GAHR goil")
A water spout, usually in the form of a grotesquely formed animal projecting from the gutter of a building
424)

GEEK, FREAK

Geek (GEEK)
A person who is single-minded or accomplished in scientific or technical pursuits but is felt to be socially inept.
Freak (FREEK)
A thing, or occurrence, that is markedly unusual or irregular: "A freak of nature produced a midsummer snow storm."
425)

GENERIC, GENETIC

Generic (juh NER ik)

1. Relating to a whole group or class: "The term flu is sometimes used as a generic term for any illness caused by a virus."
2. Not sold or made under a particular brand name: "They are selling generic drugs at a lower price than the better known
brands."
Genetic (juh NET ik)
Relating to, or influenced by the origin or development of something: "The police used genetic material at the scene of
the crime to identify the man as the culprit."

426)

GENIUS, GENUS, GENRE

Genius (JEEN yuhs)

Talent; a great mental capacity and inventive ability
Genus (JEE nuhs)
A class, kind, sort: "A Swedish scientist defined the genus of plants, helping to categorize the different plants."
Genre (ZHAHN ruh)
A kind, or type, as of works of literature, art, etc.: "The famous author specializes in the genre of short stories."
427)

GENTEEL; GENTLE

Genteel (jen TEEL)

Showing the good taste and refinement associated with polite society; elegant or fashionable: "Her genteel manners
made her a welcome guest for any event."

- 159 -

Gentle (JEN t'l)

Suitable to polite society; that is, refined, courteous, etc.: "Her gentle voice was pleasing."
428)

GESTURE, JESTER

Gesture (JES chuhr)

Movement of body parts, arms, hands, to communicate information.
Jester (JES tuhr)
Someone who acts in a foolish manner attempting to be witty or playful: "In medieval castles, a jester was often
employed to entertain guests."
429)

GHASTLY, GHOSTLY

Ghastly (GAST lee)

Terrifying, frightening, horrifying, or extremely unpleasant
Ghostly (GOHST lee)
Characterized by a shadowy, spectral appearance: "It felt as if there were a ghostly presence in the room."
430)

GIBE, JIBE, JIVE

Gibe (JIGHB)
To taunt or to tease in a derisive manner
Jibe (JIGHB)
1. To move forcefully from one side of a position to another
2. To be in agreement: "Your position on the issues does not seem to jibe with your earlier statements."
Jive (JIGHV)
Foolish, informal, or deceptive speech; often characterized by slang: "She grew up talking street jive."
431)

GILD, GUILD

Gild (GILD)
1. To cover with gold or gold coloring.
2. To give an often deceptively attractive or improved appearance to.
Guild (GILD)
An association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards.
432)

GILT, GUILT

Gilt (GILT)
1. Covered with a brilliant substance such as gold or artificial gold color
Guilt (GILT)
Feelings of responsibility for real or imagined offenses.

433)

GIST, GRIST, JEST

Gist (JIST)
The essence or main point of a matter: "Her opening speech at the inquest provided the gist of the issues to be
reviewed."
Grist (GRIST)
1. Grain or a quantity of grain for grinding; ground grain: "The farmer delivered corn to the grist mill to become grist or
corn meal."
2. Something that can be used to one's advantage: "As a writer, my friend regards her difficult childhood experiences as
grist for the mill; that is, she considers such experiences as examples which she can use in her novel."
Jest (JEST)
A frivolous comment made to communicate mockery rather than precise truth.

- 160 -

434)

GLACIER, GLAZIER

Glacier (GLAY shuhr)

A large section or body of ice on a hillside or mountain that is characterized by a slow and inexorable movement downhill:
Glazier (GLAY zhuhr)
Someone who cuts and fits glass; such as, for doors and windows.
435)

GLANCE, GLIMPSE

Glance (GLANS)
1. A quick, often oblique, look at something: "The actor cast a quick glance at the noisy group in the balcony."
2. To hit something and bounce off at an angle.
Glimpse (GLIMPS)
1. A brief, quick look at something.
2. To look at or to see something or someone for a very short time.
436)

GLUT, GLUTEN, GLUTTON

Glut (GLUT)
1. As a noun, too much of something or a supply of something that is much more than is needed or wanted.
2. As a verb, to fill a thing with more of something than is needed or wanted.
Gluten (GLOOT'n)
A substance in wheat and flour that holds the dough together: "The amount of gluten in the flour is an important factor in
how well the bread dough will rise."
Glutton (GLUT'n)
Someone who eats too much: "He is a glutton for ice cream and pie."
437)

GOBBLE, BINGE

Gobble (GAHB uhl)

To eat or to grab in a greedy manner.
Binge (BINJ)
Unrestrained behaviors; such as, drinking, eating, or shopping: "When she got her paycheck, she went on a shopping
binge until she spent almost all of her money."
438)

GOER, GORE

Goer (GOH uhr)

Anyone who goes to places; especially, a person who goes to a specified place frequently or regularly.
Gore (GOR, GOHR)
1. Violent images or scenes that show a great deal of blood.
2. To cut or wound something often with a sharp instrument: "A bullfighter is always at risk that the bull will gore him."

439)

GOGGLE, GOOGLE, GOOGOL

Goggle (GAH guhl)

To look at something or someone with the eyes wide open in a way that shows that a person is surprised, amazed, etc.:
Google (GOO g'l)
The name of the search engine and software.
Googol (GOO g'l)
100
The term is numerically valued as: (10 )
440)

GORGE, GORGE

Gorge (GORJ), verb

- 161 -

1. To stuff with food; to glut. 2. To devour greedily.

Gorge (GORJ), noun
1. A deep ravine, usually with a river running through it. 2. A narrow pass; especially, one that goes between mountains.
441)

GORILLA; GUERRILLA, GUERILLA

Gorilla (guh RIL uh)

An anthropoid or an ugly or brutal person.
Guerrilla, Guerilla (guh RIL uh)
Someone who engages in irregular warfare
442)

GOURMAND, GOURMET

Gourmand (goor MAHND, GOOR muhnd)

An individual who is exceedingly focused on food and drink.
Gourmet (goor MAY, GOOR may")
An individual whose special interests are fine foods and drink.
443)

GRAFT, GRAPHED

Graft (GRAHFT)
1. The process of joining two branches or stems of a plant so they grow as one
2. Dishonest activity in which people with power use their positions and influences to get money and advantages
Graphed (GRAHFT)
To have drawn or created, a diagram that shows the relationship or interrelationship among or between two or more
concepts or things.
444)

GRANTEE, GRANTY

Grantee (gran TEE)

Someone to whom a grant is made: "He was the grantee of the scholarship."
Granty (gran TEE)
Someone who accords a favor, prerogative, or privilege to another person: "She was the granty of the request to extend
him more time to pay off his debt."
445)

GRATE, GREAT

Grate (GRAYT)
1. To reduce to fragments, shreds, or powder by rubbing against an abrasive surface.
2. To make a harsh rasping sound by or as if by scraping or grinding.
3. A framework of lattice or parallel bars: "The water drain on the street was protected by a grate."
Great (GRAYT)
1. Extremely large or big. 2. Of outstanding importance or significance.
446)

GRAY, GREY

Gray (GRAY)
An American spelling that refers to a color between black and white or often is like the color of smoke.
Grey (GRAY)
The British-English spelling of gray which is a color that is between black and white
447)

GRIP, GRIPE, GRIPPE

Grip (GRIP)
1. A tight hold; a firm grasp. 2. An intellectual hold or understanding.
Gripe (GRIGHP)
To complain naggingly or petulantly; to grumble
Grippe (GRIP)

- 162 -

Influenza; an acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation of the respiratory tract and by fever, chills,
muscular pain, and prostration.
448)

GRISLY, GRISTLY, GRIZZLY

Grisly (GRIZ lee)

Inspiring repugnance because of its appalling crudity or utter inhumanity; gruesome: "The grisly scene of the mine
explosion was carefully documented by the photographer."
Gristly (GRIS lee)
Tough cartilage, especially in meat prepared for eating.
Grizzly (GRIZ lee)
1. A very large and powerful bear of western North America.
2. Streaked, flecked, or intermixed with gray; having gray or graying hair: "His grizzly hair was very distinguished looking
and was set off by a black felt hat."
449)

GUARANTEE, GUARANTY

Guarantee (gahr" uhn TEE)

A pledge that something is as represented and will be replaced if it doesn't meet specifications.
Guaranty (GAHR uhn tee)
A pledge by which a person commits himself/herself to the payment of another person's debt or obligation in the event
of default.
450)

GUISE, GUYS

Guise (GIGHZ)
1. An outward appearance; an aspect: "Her guise appeared calm despite the shattering news."
2. A mode of dress; a garb: "What guise will you wear to the masquerade ball?"
Guys (GIGHZ)
1. People in general: "What are you guys doing?"
2. Ropes, cords, or cables used for steadying, guiding, or holding: "The sailors used several guys to fasten the big crate to
the deck."
451)

HALL, HAUL

Hall (HAWL)
A large, often imposing room, in a building, often used for meetings
Haul (HAWL)
1. To pull an object from one place to another: "We used the tractor to haul the bricks for the new building."
2. To change the direction of a ship's course to take advantage of the wind
452)

HALLOW, HALO, HOLLOW, HOLLER

Hallow (HAHL oh)

To set aside for sacred or holy use: "The priest thought to hallow the land next to the church as a burial ground."
Halo (HAY loh)
A nimbus of light surrounding a celestial object; such as, the sun
Hollow (HAHL oh)
1. An empty space or cavity within an object: "The tree was old and hollow."
2. Empty, lacking in sincerity
Holler (HAHL uhr)
To shout, to cry, or to call out: "When he hit his thumb with the hammer, his first response was to holler in pain."
453)

HANGAR, HANGER

Hangar (HANG uhr, HANG guhr)

A large structure for aircraft or airplanes: "There is no more room in the hangar for additional planes."
Hanger (HANG uhr)
A device on which to hang clothes

- 163 -

454)

HAUNTED, HUNTED

Haunted (HAWNT'd)
1. Inhabited, visited, or appeared to have been in the form of a ghost or other supernatural being.
2. Troubled or upset.
Hunted (HUHNT'd)
To have chased and killed: "The wolves hunted their prey until they were successful in getting their next meal."
455)

HAVEN, HEAVEN

Haven (HAY vuhn)

1. A harbor or anchorage; a port: "The harbor at Halifax is a haven for many ships."
2. A place of refuge or rest; a sanctuary: "Churches have traditionally been considered a haven for the poor."
Heaven (HEV uhn)
1. The sky 2. The abode of God, the angels, and the souls of those who are granted salvation
456)

HAY, HEY

Hay (HAY)
Grass or other plants, such as clover or alfalfa, cut and dried for fodder: "The farmer is cutting his clover so it can dry and
become hay for his cattle."
Hey (HAY)
Used to attract attention or to express surprise, appreciation, wonder, or pleasure: "Hey, come on and let's get going!"
457)
HEARSAY, HERESY
Hearsay (HIR say")
Information or evidence that is obtained through a secondary or indirect source
Heresy (HER i see)
1. Dogma or doctrine held by an individual or a group of individuals which is perceived as unacceptable or different to
that of another religious group
2. An opinion or belief that is held contrary to generally accepted standards or practices
458)

HEIST, HOIST

Heist (HIGHST)
The act of taking something unlawfully and often accompanied by violence.
Hoist (HOIST)
The act of lifting something by using a tackle: "They will hoist the flag at daybreak."
459)

HENCE, THENCE

Hence (HENS)
1. Proceeding from a specific time or place; later than the present time.
2. For this reason: "He was a newcomer and hence had no close friends here."
Thence (THENS)
Proceeding from a specific place: "The village chief ordered that they all go thence from their homes to reside in the
mountains."

460)

HEW, HUE

Hew (HYOO)
To chop or to cut by using a cutting instrument: such as, an axe
Hue (HYOO)
A gradient of color that helps to classify individual colors
461)

HIATUS, QUIETUS

- 164 -

Hiatus (high AY tuhs)

1. A gap or interruption in space, time, or continuity; a break: "I took a brief hiatus from my studying for my final
examinations and made a pot of tea."
2. A period of time when something; such as, an activity or program is stopped
Quietus (kwigh ee tuhs)
A stillness or pause; something that quiets, represses, or results in a removal from an activity: "Most schools have a
quietus, or pause, from the end of June to the beginning of September when classes become active again."
462)

HISTORIC, HISTORICAL

Historic (hi STOR ik)

1. Famous, having great importance: "When the treaty was signed, it was an historic moment for everyone."
2. Relating to history or the past: "The historic importance of the river is appreciated by all of us who live near it."
Historical (hi STOR i kuhl)
Relating to, of great importance, or having the characteristics of history: "The students created a play depicting the
historical moments in the towns past."
463)

HOARD, HORDE

Hoard (HORD)
1. A cache of supplies often hidden or secretive: "We saw the hoard of dry beans in the cupboard."
2. To save, to put by, to acquire, to accumulate, or to keep a secret supply of something
Horde (HORD)
A restless throng or crowd.
464)

HOMONYM, HOMOPHONE, HOMOGRAPH, HETERONYM

Homonym (HAHM uh nim", HOH muh nim")

A word which is identical with another one in pronunciation, but differing from it in spelling and meaning: "The word
pairs fair, fare and read, reed are each an example of a homonym."
Homophone (HAHM uh fohn", HOH muh fohn")
A word with the "same sound" as another one, is etymologically more precise and is less ambiguous in meaning than the
reference homonym: "The words him and hymn are examples of homophones."
Homograph (HAHM uh grahf, HOH muh graf")
A word that is identical with another one in spelling, but is different from it in origin and meaning, and sometimes in
pronunciation: "The words bass referring to a fish, and bass referring to the quality of the male voice, are examples of
homographs."
Heteronym (HET uhr uh nim")
A word with an identical spelling as another one but with different pronunciations and meanings: "The word row is an
example of a heteronym; such as, row meaning objects in a line and row meaning a quarrel or fight."
465)

HONORARIUM, STIPEND

Honorarium (ahn" uh RAIR ee uhm)

The gift of payment for a service in lieu of a specific price for the service: "For her speech at the university, the visiting
professor was given an honorarium."
Stipend (STIGH pend", STIGH puhnd)
A specified sum of money paid on a periodic basis for services or expenses: "He received a stipend three times a year to
pay for his housing costs."

466)

HUMAN, HUMANE

Human (HYOO muhn)

Characteristic of any living or extinct member of human beings, male and female
Humane (hyoo MAYN)
Characterized by sympathetic compassion and caring for another individual or animal

- 165 -

467)

HUMERUS, HUMOROUS

Humerus (HYOO muhr uhs)

A bone extending from the elbow to the shoulder in humanoids or of a forelimb in other animals.
Humorous (HYOO muhr uhs)
Funny, comical, amusing: "Sometimes a humorous saying can contain a great deal of wisdom."
468)

HURDLE, HURTLE

Hurdle (HUR d'l)

1. As a noun, a barrier, an obstacle; (in steeplechase racing) a fence, a hedge, a wall: "The racer cleared the last hurdle
and dashed toward the finish line."
2. Another noun form, an obstacle or difficulty, a hindrance, an obstruction: "The final exam is the student's last hurdle
before graduation."
3. As a verb it means to jump, to spring over, to clear: "The horse was able to hurdle the fence and run into the pasture."
Hurtle (HUR t'l)
1. To speed, to rush; to run quickly, to gallop; to go like the wind: "The motorcycle was able to hurtle along the road at 90
miles an hour."
2. To throw forcibly, to fling with great force; to whirl
469)

HYPERBOLA, HYPERBOLE

Hyperbola (high PUR buh luh)

A mathematical term indicating a part a curve: "Every draftsman must learn the formula for the hyperbola."
Hyperbole (high PUR buh lee)
An extravagant overstatement or exaggerated language.
470)

HYPERCRITICAL, HYPOCRITICAL

Hypercritical (high" puhr KRIT i kuhl)

Overcritical or excessively critical: "A hypercritical parent or teacher can discourage a child from trying to improve."
Hypocritical (hip" uh KRIT i kuhl)
Pretending to have certain beliefs about what is proper or right, but practicing the opposite or contrary behavior of those
beliefs: "A hypocritical teacher demands respect from students, but he or she does not show respect for them."
471)

HYPERTHERMIA, HYPOTHERMIA

Hyperthermia (high" puhr THUR mee uh)

Unusually high body temperature
Hypothermia (high" puh THUR mee uh)
Abnormally low body temperature
472)

IDIOPATHIC, IDIOPATHY

Idiopathic (id" ee oh PATH ik, id "ee uh PATH ik)

Characterized as happening spontaneously or developing from an unknown cause: "His brown eyes were idiopathic
because everyone else in the family had blue eyes."
Idiopathy (id" ee AHP uh thee)
1. A disease of indeterminate cause; a spontaneous or primary disease: "My friend was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer
which seemed to appear as an idiopathy."
2. Happening spontaneously or developing from an unknown cause.

473)

IDLE, IDOL, IDYLL, IDYLLIC

Idle (IGHD'l)
1. Inactive, not working, not active, or not being used
Idol (IGHD'l)

- 166 -

1. An object or picture that is worshiped as a god: "The idol in the temple had many who were present to worship it."
2. Someone who is greatly loved or admired: "She was an actress who was the idol of thousands of people."
Idyll, Idyl (IGHD'l)
1. A work of art, including writing, that includes rustic or rural life
2. A narrative poem about an epic or romantic theme.
Idyllic (igh DIL ik)
Very peaceful, happy, and enjoyable: "The brothers recalled the joy of having lived an idyllic childhood together."
474)

IMBRUE, EMBRUE, IMBUE

Imbrue, Embrue (im BROO)

To discolor or to stain
Imbue (im BYOO)
To influence in a permanent fashion: "The new ideas seemed to imbue the students with a keen enthusiasm for their
work."
475)

IMITATE, INTIMATE, INTIMATE, INTIMIDATE

Intimate (IN tuh mayt")

1. To say or to suggest something in an indirect way; to hint or to imply
2. To make known subtly and indirectly; to hint
Intimidate (in TIM i dayt")
1. To make someone afraid or insecure: "He tries to intimidate his political opponents with hidden threats."
2. To frighten into submission, compliance, or acquiescence.
476)

IMMORAL, IMMORTAL

Immoral (i MAWR uhl, i MAHR uhl)

Behavior or beliefs that conflict with perceived traditional and acceptable ways of behaviour
Immortal (i MAWR t'l)
1. Having eternal life or existence; never dying, undying
2. Qualities of unending or lasting fame or existence.
477)

IMMUNITY, IMPUNITY

Immunity (i MYOO ni tee)

1. A state of being able to resist disease by counteracting its effects
2. A condition whereby a person is protected or exempt from certain normal civil rules.
Impunity (im PYOO ni tee)
A state of being safe from or free from punishment, penalty, or harm: "He acted with impunity, knowing that he would
not be prosecuted by the police."
478)

IMPASSABLE, IMPASSIBLE, IMPOSSIBLE

Impassable (im PAS uh buhl)

Unable to be traveled or overcome: "The severe snow storm made the roads in the mountains impassable."
Impassible (im PAS i buhl)
Characterized as being incapable of feelings; immune to pain or suffering: "Her face was a masque, impassible to the
suffering around her."
Impossible (im PAHS i buhl)
Unacceptable, awkward, incapable of happening.

479)

IMPETUOUS, VEHEMENT

Impetuous (im PECH yoo uhs)

- 167 -

Marked by impulsiveness, often without forethought: "Her decision to go on holidays was impetuous and surprised
everyone."
Vehement (VEE uh muhnt)
Marked by powerful and deeply felt feelings: "He was vehement in his denunciation of the nasty articles in the
newspaper."
480)

IMPINGE, INFRINGE

Impinge (im PINJ)

1. To hit or to strike something:
2. To affect the limits of something; especially, a right or law, often causing some kind of restriction.
Infringe (in FRINJ)
To enter into someplace in a manner that violates the law: "When you walk across my lawn, you infringe on my rights to
privacy."
481)

IMPOSTOR, IMPOSTURE

Impostor (im PAHS tuhr)

A pretender or someone who engages in deception under an assumed name or identity: "The prime minister revealed
that his assistant was an impostor, trying to find out secrets from the prime ministers office."
Imposture (im PAHS chuhr)
Deception by fraudulent impersonation or an instance of deception under an assumed name or identity: "The history of
crime contains many an incredible imposture."
482)

IMPRUDENT, IMPUDENT

Imprudent (im PROOD n't)

Unwise or indiscreet about handling practical matters; not exercising good judgment or common sense.
Impudent (IM pyuh duhnt, IM pyoo duhnt)
1. Showing a lack of respect and excessive boldness
2. Characterized by offensive boldness; insolent or impertinent: "The little boys impudent behavior earned him an early
to bed time."
483)

INANE, INSANE

Inane (in AYN)

1. Very silly or stupid: "She keeps interrupting me with her inane comments."
2. Empty, vacant; lacking sense or meaning; foolish, silly: "I quickly got tired of their inane questions."
Insane (in SAYN)
Having or showing severe mental illness; mentally ill or deranged.
484)

INCIPIENT, INSIPIENT

Incipient (in SIP ee uhnt)

Beginning to exist or to appear: "It seems as if there is an incipient personnel problem."
Insipient (in SIP ee uhnt)
A lack of wisdom; foolishness: "His insipient decisions were absolutely unacceptable."
485)

INCITE, INSIGHT

Incite (in SIGHT)

To stir up, spur on, arouse, or provoke to action: "It is easier to incite a mob than to disperse it."
Insight (in SIGHT)
1. The ability to understand people and situations in a very clear way. 2. To discern the true nature of a situation

486)

INCOHERENT, INCHOATE

- 168 -

Incoherent (in" koh HIR uhnt)

Lacking orderly cohesion or relevance; not logically connected; disjointed; rambling; lacking orderly continuity.
Inchoate (in KOH it)
Initial rudimentary formulation of something; just begun; in the early stage; rudimentary
487)

INCONCEIVABLE, UNTHINKABLE

Inconceivable (in" kuhn SEE vuh buhl)

Impossible to understand: "It was inconceivable that the professor wrote such an unsubstantiated article about the
president of the university."
Unthinkable (un THING kuh buhl)
1. Impossible to be understood by the mind or contrary to reasonable expectations
488)

INCREDIBLE, INCREDULOUS

Incredible (in KRED uh buhl)

Unbelievable: "The modern world is accepting many incredible happenings as reality."
Incredulous (in KREJ uh luhs)
Unbelieving: "Some men have been deceived so often that they have become incredulous of even ordinary events."
489)

INDETERMINABLE, INDETERMINATE

Indeterminable (in" di TUR muh nuh buhl)

Not able to be settled or decided in a definite manner: "The date for completing the project is indeterminable now.
Indeterminate (in" di TUR muh nit)
Inconclusive, unable to determine a specific answer: "The outcome of the chemistry experiment was indeterminate.
490)

INDICT, INDITE

Indict (in DIGHT)

To make a formal accusation or indictment against someone by the findings of a jury.
Indite (in DIGHT), archaic or literary
To write; especially, formally: "Few people now indite an epistle; instead, they scribble a note."
491)

INDIGENOUS, INDIGENT

Indigenous (in DIJ uh nuhs)

Native to a place; existing or produced naturally in a region or country: "Tobacco was indigenous to India.
Indigent (IN di juhnt)
Poor, needy, lacking money; poverty; destitute.
492)

INDIGNANT, INDIGNITY

Indignant (in DIG nuhnt)

1. Filled with anger caused by something unworthy or mean.
2. Feeling or showing anger because of something that is unfair or wrong; especially, because of an unjust, mean
treatment, or action: "She was very indignant about the excessive charges made by the taxi driver."
Indignity (in DIG ni tee)
1. A behavior which offends, humiliates, or insults
2. An act or occurrence which hurts someone's dignity or pride or self-respect; an affront.
493)

INDISCREET, INDISCRETE

Indiscreet (in" di SKREET)

Lacking discretion (without good judgment and sensitivity needed to avoid embarrassing or upsetting others); injudicious:
Indiscrete (in" di SKREET)
Not divided or divisible into separate parts: "There were layers of pages that were fused into an indiscrete bulky mass."
494)

INEQUITY, INIQUITY

- 169 -

Inequity (in EK wi tee)

Injustice, unfair treatment: "The inequity of punishing an innocent man shocked the whole city."
Iniquity (i NIK wi tee)
Wickedness, being unfair or evil: "The consistent iniquity of so many discourages any hope of a Utopia."
495)

INERT, INSERT

inert (in URT)

1. Very slow, sluggish, lacking the ability to move: "I was so tired after the marathon, I felt inert."
2. Not having the anticipated reaction either chemically or biologically: "The chemistry formula proved to be inert and not
dangerous."
insert (in SURT)
1. To put or to incorporate anything into the body of something else: "While editing the manuscript, the professor
suggested a new paragraph to insert into the text."
2. That which is included within the body of something else: "The newspaper had a special insert about the car race."
496)

INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS

Infectious (in FEK shuhs)

Capable of spreading or communicating: "Her enthusiasm for her work was infectious."
"The disease is infectious and requires medical attention."
Contagious (kuhn TAY juhs)
1. Disease or infection that is spread by contact
2. An influence or mood that spreads rapidly
497)

INFER, IMPLY, INSINUATE

Infer (in FUR)

To come to a conclusion based on facts or observations; to conclude from certain evidence
Imply (im PLIGH)
To suggest a consequence rather than to make a clear statement: "He seemed to imply that the meeting was over
without actually saying it."
Insinuate (in SIN yoo ayt")
1. To insert something into a context with an indirect suggestion: "He appeared to insinuate that the man was dishonest
by questioning his integrity."
2. To gradually make oneself a part of a group, a person's life, etc.; often by behaving in a dishonest way: "She stood next
to the speaker hoping to insinuate herself into the conversation."
498)

INFIDEL, INFIDELITY

Infidel (IN fi duhl, IN fi del")

1. A person who does not believe in a religion which another person regards as the true religion.
2. An individual who does not profess a religious belief.
Infidelity (in" fi DEL i tee)
The act or fact of having a romantic or sexual relationship with someone other than one's husband, wife, or partner
499)

INFORMANT, INFORMER

Informant (in FOR muhnt)

An individual who discloses information often in response to interrogation: "Because he had been an informant to the
police, the man was shunned by his neighbors."
Informer (in FOR muhr)
An individual who discloses knowledge or information, often about another individual, and who is typically paid for such
information: "The police informer was paid a large sum for the information leading to the arrest of the gang members."

- 170 -

500)

INGENIOUS, INGENUOUS

Ingenious (in JEEN yuhs)

Characterized by an aptitude for invention and resourcefulness; being clever, tricky, or shrewd: "She was ingenious in her
ability to modify recipes."
Ingenuous (in JEN yoo uhs)
Characterized by a childlike candor, without subtlety; open, frank, innocent: "She brought an ingenuous perspective to
the problem at hand."
501)

INSIDIOUS, INVIDIOUS

Insidious (in SID ee uhs)

1. The gradual onslaught of an illness or disease in such a manner that it is entrenched before being discovered
Invidious (in VID ee uhs)
That which may cause discontent, envy, jealousy, or resentment.
502)

INSOLATION, INSULATION, ISOLATION

Insolation (in" soh LAY shuhn)

The act, or an instance of, exposing to sunlight; including, therapeutic exposure to sunlight
Insulation (in" suh LAY shuhn, ins" yuh LAY shuhn)
A material or substance that is used to stop heat, electricity, or sound from going into or out of something.
Isolation (igh" suh LAY shuhn)
Being in a place or situation that is separate from others: "The isolation of the mountain community has existed for many
decades."
503)

INSOLUBLE, INSOLVABLE, INSOLVENT

Insoluble (in SAHL yuh buhl)

1. Characterized by having no explanation or solution
2. Impossible, or practically impossible, to dissolve in a liquid: "The mixture appeared to be insoluble under those test
tube conditions."
Insolvable (in SAHL vuh buhl)
Having no solution or answer; not explainable, unsolvable.
Insolvent (in SAHL vuhnt)
Not having sufficient funds to pay debts as they come due; bankrupt; unable to pay an obligation.
504)

INSTANCE, INSTANTS

Instance (IN stuhns)

An example to illustrate a situation or to make a point: "Her falling on the stairs was one more instance of the need for
safety rails."
Instants (IN stuhnts)
1. Characterized as happening immediately; imminent; without delay
2. An infinitely short space of time: "For a couple of instants, I forgot where I was."
505)

INTEGRATION, SEGREGATION

Integration (in" ti GRAY shuhn)

The incorporation of individuals as equals into the mainstream of a social organization.
Segregation (seg" ri GAY shuhn)
1. The practice or policy of keeping people of different races, religions, genders, etc., separate from each other
2. The enforced separation of groups in a manner that is discriminatory: "The laws governing school segregation have
been declared illegal."
506)

INTELLIGENT, INTELLIGIBLE, INTELLECTUAL

Intelligent (in TEL uh juhnt)

1. Possessing and using good judgment, problem solving, and advanced thinking

- 171 -

Intelligible (in TEL i juh buhl)

That which is able to be understood or comprehended: "In her speech, she made many relevant and intelligible
comments on the topic of water conservation."
Intellectual (in" tl EK choo uhl)
1. Inclined towards or interested in things that require the use of thought and reflection
2. Possessing or suggesting the possession of a high level of critical thinking.
507)

INTER; INTERN, INTURN

Inter (in TUR)

1. To bury a dead person.
2. As a prefix, happening or occurring between something or things: "The interface of printed pages and the colored
illustrations made the book very interesting."
Intern (IN turn")
1. A student of graduate academic standing completing professional training under the supervision of a qualified
instructor
Inturn (IN turn")
An inward turn or curve around an axis or fixed point: "He wore special shoes to correct the in-turn of his toes."
508)

INTERCESSION, INTERSESSION

Intercession (in" tuhr SESH uhn)

A request or prayer directed on behalf of another person.
Intersession (IN tuhr sesh" uhn)
The time period between two sessions of academic instruction.
509)

INTERMENT, INTERNMENT

Interment (in TUR muhnt)

The ceremony of burial: "The interment of my uncle was accompanied by special prayers and beautiful music."
Internment (in TURN muhnt)
The state or condition of being imprisoned or confined: "The internment of certain members of the community caused a
great deal of outrage."
510)

INTER-MURAL, INTERMURAL; INTRAMURAL

Inter-mural, Intermural (in tuhr MYOOR uhl)

Involving participants between two or more educational institutions, athletic clubs, or other groups; literally, between
the walls: "There were friendly inter-mural debates scheduled among the rival schools."
Intramural (in truh MYOOR uhl)
Existing or carried on within the bounds of an institution; especially, a school, athletic club, or a group; literally, within the
walls: "I signed up to play intramural soccer at our school."
511)

INTERPELLATE, INTERPOLATE

Interpellate (in TUR pel" ayt, in tuhr" puh LAYT)

To question formally: "It became necessary to interpellate the mayor regarding the charges of corruption."
Interpolate (in TUR puh layt")
To insert or to place someone or something between two or more things or people: "He likes to interpolate clever
quotations from various writers into his speeches."
512)

INTERSTATE, INTESTATE, INTRASTATE

Interstate (IN tuhr stayt")

Between two or more states
Intestate (in TES tayt", in TES tit)
Not having a valid will: "When he died, his property was intestate because he did not think to write his will."
Intrastate (in" truh STAYT)
Within one state: "Intrastate commerce is regulated by each state."

- 172 -

513)

INVADE, INVEIGHED

Invade (in VAYD)

1. To enter a territory for the purpose of conquest: "The ships sought to invade the country by sailing up the river."
2. Progressively injurious: "Without treatment, the doctors were afraid that gangrene would invade the wound."
Inveighed (in VAYD)
Having complained or protested strongly and bitterly
514)

INVOCATION, BENEDICTION

Invocation (in" vuh KAY shuhn)

1. A formula or recitation for conjuring or creating something: "The children pretended to be wizards and recited an
invocation, hoping to make their milk into ice cream."
2. A process for asking for support, help, or intercession: "The invocation at the beginning of the church service set the
tone for the ministers sermon."
Benediction (ben" i DIK shuhn)
An utterance of good wishes, often at the end of a religious service: "The minister gave his benediction to the
congregation at the end of the service."
Generally, an invocation comes at the beginning and a benediction comes at the end of a ceremony or religious service,
etc.
515)

INVOKE, REVOKE

Invoke (in VOHK)

To appeal for or to make an earnest request: "He sought to invoke the help of his friends when he was buying a new car.
Revoke (ri VOHK)
To take or to call back, to annul: "Because of his bad driving record, the police decided to revoke his driving license."
516)

IRRATIONAL, UNREASONABLE

Irrational (i RASH uh nuhl)

1. Incapable of logical thought, unthinking, unreasoning: "His father became more irrational as the fever got worse."
2. Affected by loss of usual or normal mental clarity; incoherent
3. Unsound, illogical, unreasonable, not based on reality, nonsensical, foolish.
Unreasonable (un REE zuh nuh buhl)
1. Not governed by reason; a less than reasonable attitude; contrary to reason
2. Exceeding reasonable limits; obstinate, headstrong, stubborn, inflexible, obdurate, prejudiced.
3. Excessive, too great, exorbitant, extravagant, immoderate, unjustifiable.
517)

IRRELEVANT, IRREVERENT

Irrelevant (i REL uh vuhnt)

Unrelated to, not applicable to the matter at hand; not pertinent; not relating to the point
Irreverent (i REV uhr uhnt)
Lacking in respect or seriousness; disrespectful; especially, to what is sacred
518)
ITS, IT'S
Its (ITS)
A possessive pronoun: "Every animal is proud of its young."
It's (ITS)
A contraction of it is or it has: "It's [It has] been nice to meet you and it's [it is] good to know I'll see you again next
month."
Since an i is missing, an apostrophe must be inserted to show the omission, but it is never used as a possessive.
519)

JAM; JAMB, JAMBE

Jam (JAM)

- 173 -

1. A food usually made from fruit: 2. A crowd: "Have you ever been caught in the subway jam during the busy hours?"
Jamb, Jambe (JAM)
An upright surface forming the side of an opening such as a door or window: "He was leaning against the door jamb to
watch the children play in the back yard."
520)

JEALOUS, ZEALOUS

Jealous (JEL uhs)

Intolerant of competition; suspicious of unfaithfulness: "My cat was very jealous of the neighbors cat which I was taking
care of while my neighbor was on vacation."
Zealous (ZEL uhs)
Characterized by the passionate or eager pursuit of something: "She was zealous in her pursuit of becoming a fine watercolor artist."
521)

JINKS, JINX

Jinks (JINGKS)
Characterized by moving quickly, making sudden turns and twists, and dodging
Jinx (JINGKS)
Something that causes bad luck or misfortune: "Some people say that breaking a mirror will jinx you for seven years.
522)

JOUST, JUST

Joust (JOUST, JUST)

1. A combat between two mounted knights or men-at-arms using lances; a tilting match.
2. To engage in a personal combat or competition
Just (JUST)
1. Honorable and fair in one's dealings and action: "Her Honor, Judge Smith was always just in her decisions at court."
2. Valid within the law; lawful: "The decision by the judge for the man to pay the traffic fine was a just decision."
523)

JUDICIAL, JUDICIOUS

Judicial (joo DISH uhl)

Relating to a judge, to a legal court system, or to the judiciary.
Judicious (joo DISH uhs)
Showing sound judgment: "His judicious decisions regarding his investments have made him wealthy."
524)

JUGGLER, JUGULAR

Juggler (JUG luhr)

1. An entertainer
2. Someone who attempts to manipulate situations or individuals for a desired purpose: "The salesman was quite the
juggler in trying to convince the man to buy the used car so he could get a commission."
Jugular (JUG yuh luhr)
Veins on either side of the neck for returning blood from the head to the heart.
525)

JUNCTION, JUNCTURE

Junction (JUNGK shuhn)

An intersection or meeting of roads or railroads: "The town was prosperous when it was a railroad junction."
Juncture (JUNGK chuhr)
A point of time made critical by a combination of circumstances.
526)

JURIST, JUROR

Jurist (JOOR ist)

A judge or lawyer: "He was described by his colleagues as an eminent jurist in the area of commercial law."
Juror (JOOR uhr, JOOR or")
Member of a body of people sworn to give a legal verdict on a given matter presented in a court of law.

- 174 -

527)

MACROCOSM, MICROCOSM

Macrocosm (MAK ruh kahz" uhm)

Great, universal, a complex that represents on a large scale one of its components: "The assignment for the astronomy
class was to create a macrocosm of one star in the Milky Way."
Microcosm (MIGH kruh kahz" uhm)
Small, little, representing the epitome of a larger entity: "The diversity of the residents in the tall residential building
appeared to represent a microcosm of the population of the city."
528)

MAGNATE, MAGNET

Magnate (MAG nayt")

An individual having power, rank, and influence; often in a specific area of expertise.
Magnet (MAG nit)
1. A piece of iron or steel which produces an attracting power which draws smaller pieces of iron, steel, etc. to it,
2. That which attracts: "The seashore was a magnet for holiday planners."
529)

MAIZE, MAZE

Maize (MAYZ)
Corn, often referred to as Indian Corn: "The recipe called for ground maize which I bought in the health food store."
Maze (MAYZ)
That which is complicated or elaborate: "On the first day of my new job, I tried to understand the maze of regulations."
530)

malady, medley, melody

Malady (MAL uh dee)

An illness of an animal: "The veterinarian finally was able to diagnose the malady of the farmers animal."
Medley (MED lee)
A piece of music made up of a series of short tunes: "She hummed a medley of show tunes while she worked."
Melody (MEL uh dee)
A pleasant and pleasing arrangement of sounds: "The melody played on the accordion was delightful."
531)

MALL, MAUL, MOLL

Mall (MAWL, MAL)

1. An urban shopping center.
2. A grassy public park, typically for pedestrian use: "We strolled down the mall and enjoyed the beauty of the flowering
trees."
Maul (MAWL)
1. A tool used for splitting logs or wood: "The hired hand on the farm used a mall to split logs for firewood."
2. To injure or to handle roughly: "There were reports in the newspaper of attempts by bears to maul hikers."
Moll (MAHL)
A woman companion of a gunman or gangster: "The crook's moll told the police where the gang was hiding."
532)

MANNER, MANOR

Manner (MAN uhr)

Social conduct
Manor (MAN uhr)
1. In North America, land which an individual rents from another for a fixed rate.
2. The house on an estate.
533)

MANTEL, MANTLE

Mantel (MAN t'l)

- 175 -

An ornamental facing around, or over, a fireplace.

Mantle (MAN t'l)
1. A loose sleeveless coat worn over outer garments; a cloak
2. Something that covers, envelops, or conceals: "Looking up into the sky was like looking at a dark blue mantle covering
the earth."
534)

MANUAL, MANUEL

Manual (MAN yoo uhl)

1. Relating to or worked by hand, not using a machine
2. A book or precise description or explanation on how to use something.
Manuel (MAN yoo uhl)
1. A given name for a male: "Mother called to remind her son, Manuel, to come home for dinner."
2. A surname: "I noticed there were many people in the telephone directory with the last name of Manuel."
535)

MARITAL; MARSHAL, MARSHALL; MARTIAL

Marital (MAIR i t'l)

Referring to circumstances relating to being married: "After we were married, we bought our marital home."
Marshal, Marshall (MAHR shuhl)
1. An individual who manages or organizes the ceremonies of a gathering.
2. An officer of the law (appointed or elected) with duties similar to a sheriff in terms of enforcing the law
Martial (MAHR shuhl)
Of or relating to the military, war, or military life: "He seemed suited to the martial life because he liked order and
precision."
536)

MARK, MARQUE

Mark (MAHRK)
2. A distinguishing impression or trait of something
Marque (MAHRK)
A product brand: "The company made exceptionally good quality marque of saddles for the equestrian school."
537)

MARQUEE, MARQUIS

Marquee (mahr KEE)

A large canopy or tent for an outdoor event or exhibition
Marquis (MAHR kwis, mahr KEE)
A male of hereditary nobility: "The marquis lived in the large house by the river."
538)

MASK, MASQUE

Mask (MASK)
1. A disguise or covering for the face
2. The image or copy of a face made by a mold
4. To conceal or to hide: "He wore long sleeves to mask the fact he was carrying a stick."
Masque (MASK)
An entertainment typical of the 16th and 17th centuries in which the characters wore masks and a story was of an
allegorical nature
539)

MASSED, MAST

Massed (MAS't)
Accumulated or gathered: "The bands massed in the park before the start of the parade."
Mast (MAST)
A tall vertical spar, sometimes sectioned, that rises from the keel or deck of a sailing vessel to support the sails and the
standing and running rigging.
540)

MASSEUR, MASSEUSE

- 176 -

Masseur (ma SUR, muh SYOOR)

A man who professionally gives massages
Masseuse (ma SYOOZ, ma SYOOS) A woman whose job is to give massages
541)

MASSIVE, MISSIVE

Massive (MAS iv)

1. Large when compared to what is typical. 2. Solid, ponderous, heavy
Missive (MIS iv)
A written letter or communication: "When I went away to school, I wrote a missive home to my friends every week."
542)

MASTERFUL, MASTERLY

Masterful (MAS tuhr fuhl)

Strong ability and personality; inclined to play the master; domineering, imperious: "Her masterful personality and ability
earned her the promotion she wanted."
Masterly (MAS tuhr lee)
Worthy of authority through knowledge or superior skill. "She played the complex piano composition with masterly
precision."
543)

MAYBE, MAY BE

Maybe (MAY bee)

1. Questionable, possible, perhaps: "Maybe it will rain tonight."
2. An expression indicating uncertainty. 3. Indicates uncertainity.
May be (may" BEE)
A phrase used to express the possibility of something: "Your answer may be correct, after all."
544)

MEAN, MIEN

Mean (MEEN)
1. Humble, possibly shabby: "Her mean accommodations were small and clean."
2. Repellent, selfish, petty; bad-tempered, vicious, unmanageable.
3. To have a purpose or an intention: "I mean to go to New York City sometime."
Mien (MEEN)
Bearing, appearance, conducting oneself, or manner; especially, as it reveals an inner state of mind: "Her outward mien
was calm and focused."
545)

MEAT, MEET, METE

Meat (MEET)
The flesh of an animal used as food.
Meet (MEET)
1. To see and to speak to someone for the first time. 2. To come together.
Mete (MEET)
To give something to the people who are considered worthy of receiving it; to allot, distribute, or apportion.
546)

MEDAL, MEDDLE

Medal (MED'l)
A piece of metal similar to a coin which is issued to commemorate special events
Meddle (MED'l)
To interfere, to get involved in something that is not one's personal concern."She had a tendency to meddle in her sister's
family affairs."
547)

MEDIATE, MEDICATE, MEDITATE

Mediate (MEE dee ayt")

- 177 -

1. To intervene between two or more disputants in order to bring about an agreement, a settlement, or a compromise:
2. To settle or to reconcile differences between people
Medicate (MED i kayt")
To treat with medicine.
Meditate (MED i tayt") To think or to mentally reflect; especially, in a calm and deliberate manner; to contemplate
548)
MELIORATIVE, PEJORATIVE
Meliorative (MEEL yuhr uh tiv; MEE lee uh ray" tiv; MEEL yuh ray" tiv)
That which is made more tolerable; something that has been softened.
Pejorative (pi JOR uh tiv)
Tending to make worse; derisive, derisory, demeaning, disparaging, derogatory; uncomplimentary
549)

METAL, METTLE

Metal (MET'l)
A substance; such as, gold, tin.
Mettle (MET'l)
Character, spirit, ardor, courage, stamina; the ability to continue something despite.
550)

MEWL, MULE

Mewl (MYOOL)
A weak cry or whimper: "I could hear the mewl of the kitten before I could find it."
Mule (MYOOL)
1. A mammal which is the result of the cross breeding a horse and a donkey.
2. A slipper typically without a back piece around the heel.
3. A person whose personality can be considered stubborn: "
551)

MILCH, ZILCH (GERMAN WORDS)

Milch (MILCH)
1. Giving milk 2. Giving milk or bred primarily for milk production
Zilch (ZILCH)
1. Zero; nothing: "I know zilch about the subject." 2. Amounting to nothing; nil: "She has done zilch to help me with this
project."
552)

MILITATE, MITIGATE

Militate (MIL uh tayt")

To have an influence; especially, a negative one, on something. "His inexperience will militate against his getting an early
promotion."
Mitigate (MIT uh gayt")
1. To make an offense or crime less serious or more excusable
2. To make something less harsh, severe, or violent; to moderate in force or intensity
553)

MILLENARY, MILLINERY

Millenary (MIL uh ner" ee, muh LEN uh ree)

Of or relating to a thousand, especially to a thousand years; millenarian.
Millinery (MIL uh ner" ee)
Articles, especially women's hats, sold by someone who deals with such products.
554)

MINCE, MINTS

Mince (MINS)
1. Finely chopped bits of food or to chop one's food finely.
2. To speak or to walk in a prim and fastidious manner.
Mints (MINS)

- 178 -

1. Candies or confections flavored with mint: "We have chocolate mints for an after dinner treat."
2. Locations where money or medals are coined: "There are two mints located in our city; unfortunately they do not give
away free samples."

555)

MOAN, MOWN

Moan (MOHN)
1. Prolonged lamentation; sound of grief; a low, drawn out, mournful sound.
Mown (MOHN)
The process of cutting down plants.
556)

MOAT, MOLT, MOTE

Moat (MOHT)
A wide, deep ditch, usually filled with water, around a medieval town, fortress, or castle for protection against attacks.
Molt (MOHLT)
To shed or to cast off a covering of hair, feathers, skin, etc. which is then replaced with new growth in the same place:
"The new chicks will molt their fluffy yellow feathers which will then grow into darker adult feathers."
Mote (MOHT)
A tiny speck or particle of dust, dirt, etc.; : "I like to watch the mote dance in the sunbeam coming through my window."
557)

MOBILE, MOVABLE

Mobile (MOH buhl, MOH beel", MOH bighl")

1. Changeable, versatile: "His mobile facial features were an asset for his acting career."
2. Capable of being moved or of moving: "She had a mobile telephone in her purse."
Movable (MOOH vuh buhl)
That which can be moved or displaced from one location to another: "During our summer vacations, we lived in a
movable home which was located on the shores of a nearby lake."
558)

MODE, MOWED

Mode (MOHD)
1. Common fashion or style: "She liked to dress in the current mode."
2. The most frequently occurring value in a set of data
Mowed (MOHD)
To have cut down something; for example, grass: "I mowed the lawn yesterday morning while it was still cool."
559)

MOGUL, MONGREL

Mogul (MOH guhl)

1. An important, powerful, or prominent person
2. An individual who is a descendant from several groups of Mongol, Persians, or Turkish people who invaded India.
3. A mound of hard compacted snow formed as an obstacle on a ski slope
Mongrel (MUHNG gruhl, MAHNG gruhl)
A dog with parents of different or mixed breeds: "This yellow mongrel wandered into our back yard today."
560)

MOMENTARY, MOMENTOUS

Momentary (MOH muhn ter" ee)

Very brief, lasting for only a moment, or done in an instant
Momentous (moh MEN tuhs)
Of significant or very great importance: "It was a momentous occasion when the football hero came to visit our school."
561)

MONOLOGUE, DIALOGUE

- 179 -

Monologue (MAHN uh lawg", MAHN uh lahg")

A dramatic speech or sketch performed by one actor
Dialogue (DIGH uh lawg", DIGH uh lahg")
A conversation or verbal exchange between two or more people

562)

MONOPOLY; POLYPOLY, POLYOPOLY

Monopoly (muh NAHP uh lee)

Exclusive possession or ownership of a commodity or service in a particular market, or control that makes possible the
manipulation of prices.
Polypoly, Polyopoly (PAHL ee PAHL ee, pahl ee AH pahl ee)
A market situation where there are large numbers of small buyers and small sellers, none of which can influence prices or
a market situation in which there are no large sellers but many small ones.
563)

MOOSE, MOUSSE, MOUSE

Moose (MYOOS)
A large cud chewing member of the deer family, common in Canada and the northern United States
Mousse (MYOOS)
A light dessert incorporating gelatin and/or whipped cream or beaten egg whites: "My aunt made a fabulous chocolate
mousse for dessert."
Mouse (MOUS)
A small rodent with a slender tail, a pointed nose, and small ears.
564)

MOOT, MUTE

Moot (MYOOT)
1. Argued about but not possible for anyone to prove: "He said that they should have foreseen the accident, but that
point is moot."
2. Not worth talking about; no longer important or worth discussing: "That is a moot point and not relevant to the topic
we are trying to resolve."
Mute (MYOOT)
1. An individual who is unable or unwilling to speak
2. Something felt or expressed without the use of words: "They hugged each other in mute sympathy over the death of
their father."
3. To make a sound softer, quieter, or less harsh
565)

MORAL, MORALE, MOREL

Moral (MAWR uhl, MAHR uhl)

1. Concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behaviour
2. A lesson that is learned from a story or an experience
Morale (muh RAHL, moh RAHL)
The feelings of enthusiasm and loyalty that a person or group has about a task or job: "Despite the fact that the team is
not playing all that well, their morale is still high."
Morel (muh REL, moh REL)
Any of various edible mushrooms of the genus Morchella having a brownish spongelike cap.
566)

MORALITY, MORTALITY

Morality (muh RAL i tee, maw RAL i tee)

1. The degree to which something is right and good
2. Conformity to the ideals of interpersonal relationships
Mortality (mor TAHL it tee)
The quality or state of being a person or something that is alive and therefore certain to die: "When people do not have
good health care, the mortality rate among young children can be very high."

- 180 -

567)

MORBID, SORDID

Morbid (MOR bid)

1. Characterized by unwholesome or very sad feelings 2. Characteristic of or induced by disease
Sordid (SOR did)
Very dirty, gross, and/or vile: "The novel was the sordid story of greed and avarice."

568)

MORN, MOURN

Morn (MORN)
The time of day taking place at sunrise until noon: "It was a beautiful morn when the sun came up today."
Mourn (MORN, MOHRN)
To feel or to express grief at a time of death or other significant loss
569)

MOTIF, MOTIVE

Motif (moh TEEF)

A recurring detail or idea in a work of art: "The flower motif in the panel over the fireplace was beautifully painted."
Motive (MOH tiv)
1. An idea or feeling which inspires an individual to act or to take action 2. A reason for doing something
570)

MOTTLE, MOTTO

Mottle (MAHT 'l)

Spots or blotches on the surface: "The sunshine created a mottle effect on the sidewalk as it shined through the leaves of
the trees."
Motto (MAHT oh)
A sentence, phrase, or short expression of the guiding principles for something: "The motto for our school is carved into
the stone over the main entrance."
571)

MUSICAL, MUSICALE

Musical (MYOO zi kuhl)

Relating to music, interest, or talent in music; harmonious.
Musicale (myoo zi KAL)
A social get together in which music is the primary entertainment: "We all attended the musicale at my aunt's home so
we could listen to the string quartet."
572)

MUSTARD, MUSTERED

Mustard (MUHS tuhrd)

1. A thick and spicy yellow or brownish-yellow sauce that is usually eaten with meat
2. A plant with yellow flowers, leaves that can be used for food, and seeds that are used in making the
Mustered (MUHS tuhrd)
1. Called forth, enrolled, come together: "The police mustered the village people to help look for the missing child."
2. Having worked hard to find or to get courage, support, etc.: "They mustered all the strength they could gather together
to push the car out of the mud."
573)

MYSTERIOUS, MYTHICAL, MYSTICAL

Mysterious (mi STIR e uhs)

Eliciting wonder and curiosity but baffling attempts to understand
Mythical (MITH i kuhl)
Legendary or occurring only in the imagination: "Ancient stories are filled with mythical characters and creatures."
Mystical (MIS ti kuhl)
Characterized as having spiritual meaning that is not obvious to the senses nor to the intellect

- 181 -

574)

NAUSEATED, NAUSEOUS

Nauseated (NAW zee ayt'd, NAW zhee ayt'd, NAW see ayt'd, NAW shee ayt'd)
To have felt very upset; to have had an upset stomach causing someone to feel like vomiting
Nauseous (NAW shuhs, NAW zee uhs)
Causing severe upset or disgust. "When I smelled the bilge in the engine room of the ship, it caused a nauseous feeling in
my stomach."

574)

NAY; NEE, NE; NEIGH

Nay (NAY)
A negative answer or response: "When the vote was called, the choice was to shout yea! or nay!"
Nee, Ne (NAY)
A term of reference to identify a woman's surname name prior to marriage
Neigh (NAY)
The vocal sound made by a horse: "My horse was heard to neigh happily when I gave her an apple."
575)

NEGLIGENT, NEGLIGIBLE

Negligent (NEG li juhnt)

Careless attention to one's duties or responsibilities: "His negligent attitude towards getting to work on time was noted
by his supervisor."
Negligible (NEG li juh buhl)
So small as to be unimportant or of no consequence.
576)

NOM DE PLUME, PEN NAME, PSEUDONYM

Nom de plume (nahm" duh PLOOM)

A name under which authors write which is not their real name
Pen name (PEN naym")
The name an author assumes which is not the author's real name
Pseudonym (SOOD n im")
A false or fictitious name: "The famous highwayman used a pseudonym so he would not be recognized when he was
talking with people at the inn."
577)

NOUGAT, NUGGET

Nougat (NOO guht)

A sweet confection which includes nuts and fruit, often chewy
Nugget (NUHG it)
A solid lump of something, typically associated with gold or other valuable metals: "The gold miner discovered a nugget of
gold as big as his thumb."
578)

NUANCE, NUISANCE

Nuance (NOO ans", NYOO ans")

A subtle or slight degree of difference, as in meaning, feeling, or tone; a gradation
Nuisance (NOO suhns, NYOO suhns)
Someone or something that is inconvenient, annoying, or vexatious; a bother: "Having to stand so long in line to get on an
airplane is a real nuisance."
579)

PADDOCK, PADDOCKS; PADLOCK, PADLOCKS

Paddock (PAD uhk)

1. A fenced area, usually near a stable, used primarily for grazing horses
2. An enclosed area at a race track where horses, dogs, etc., are kept before a race
Padlock (PAD lahk")

- 182 -

A detachable lock with a U-shaped bar hinged at one end, designed to be passed through the staple of a hasp or a link in a
chain and then snapped shut: "She put a padlock on her front gate and the garage door."
580)

PAIL, PALE

Pail (PAYL)
A round container that is open at the top and usually has a handle
Pale (PAYL)
1. Light in color: "We painted the walls with a pale blue color."
2. Having a skin color that is closer to white than is usual or normal
581)

PAIR, PARE, PEAR

Pair (PAIR)
Characterized by two of something: "He bought a suit with a new pair of trousers."
Pare (PAIR)
To diminish, to reduce, or to trim: "The new budget will pare down on all excess expenses."
"He used the clippers to pare his fingernails."
Pear (PAIR)
A fruit which is wide at one end (bottom) and coming to a modified point at the other end (top
582)

PALATE, PALETTE, PALLET

Palate (PAL it)

1. Roof of the mouth which separates the interior of the mouth from the nasal cavity: "The shape of the palate in her
mouth gave her voice a peculiar quality."
2. The sense of taste, often in reference to a refined or informed sense of taste: "He had a fine palate for tea and drank
several cups each day."
Palette (PAL it)
1. A thin board upon which an artist mixes paints and which is held when the artist is painting
2. A distinctive quality or use of color in a painting
Pallet (PAL it)
1. A mattress or small, temporary bed
2. A portable platform used to move heavy objects which are placed on it
3. A small mechanism in a time piece which ensures the movement of the pendulum
583)

PALTRY, PETTY, TRIVIAL

Paltry (PAWL tree)

Trivial, meager, measly, inferior: "The miser gave a paltry donation to the fund for hungry children."
Petty (PET ee)
1. Of secondary or of little or no importance 2. Characterized as being narrow minded
Trivial (TRIV ee uhl)
Ordinary, not very important: "It was a day filled with trivial activities."
584)

PARIAH, PIRANHA

Pariah (puh RIGH uh)

Someone who is disliked and rejected by other people: "She is a talented player, but her angry outbursts made her a
pariah in the sport of tennis."
Piranha (pi RAHN yuh, pi RAN yuh, pi RAH nuh, pi RAN yuh)
Any of several tropical South American freshwater fish that are voraciously/
585)

PARLAY, PARLEY

Parlay (PAHR lay, PAHR lee)

To bet successfully, to exploit, or to increase something into another item of greater value:
"With his skill, he attempted to parlay his investment in the stock market into a great fortune."
"The gambler decided to parlay his gold watch against the cards of his opponent."

- 183 -

Parley (PAHR lee)

A meeting to discuss points or issues of difference; to discuss subjects in such a meeting: "We scheduled a parley with the
union to discuss wage issues."
586)

PASS, PASSE; POSSE

Pass, Passe (pah SAY)

1. No longer current or in fashion; out-of-date: "That style of music is now considered pass or passe."
2. Past the prime; faded or aged: "The clothes he wears these days are pass."
Posse (PAH si)
A group of people who were gathered together by a sheriff in the past to help search for a criminal: "The sheriff and his
posse rode out to look for the bank robbers."
587)

PASTOR, PASTURE

Pastor (PAS tuhr)

A spiritual leader or member of the clergy
Pasture (PAS chuhr)
A field or space of land devoted to raising grass and in which grazing livestock feed
588)

PATHETIC, PROPHETIC

Pathetic (puh THET ik)

Arousing or capable of arousing sympathetic feelings of sadness and compassion
Prophetic (pruh FET ik)
Foretelling events as if by divine inspiration
589)

PAUSE, PAWS

Pause (PAWZ)
1. A temporary interruption, hesitation, or break from doing something 2. To stop or to linger
Paws (PAWZ)
1. The feet of an animal, typically one with claws 2. To touch in a clumsy manner, to scratch with a foot or hoof: "I
noticed that the horse paws the ground as if anxious to start the race."
590)

PAWING, PAWNING

Pawing (PAW ing)

Touching or grabbing in an excited or wild manner: "A crowd of customers was pawing over the remaining sales items on
the tables."
Pawning (PAWN ing)
The process of giving someone an object; such as, a security for a loan: "I was having such a bad financial situation that I
was pawning my silver rings in order to buy groceries."
591)

PEACEABLE, PEACEFUL

Peaceable (PEE suh buhl)

Characterized as without conflict or disorder: "The mood on the university campus was peaceable and well ordered.
Peaceful (PEES fuhl)
Of or relating to a time without violence or turbulence: "The years that I lived in the country were peaceful and
productive because I was able to concentrate on my new novel and enjoy life."
592)

PEAK, PEEK, PIQUE, PIQU

Peak (PEEK)
1. A tapering, projecting point; a pointed extremity: "The peak of the roof had a weather vane on it."
2. The pointed summit of a mountain 3. The point of greatest development, value, or intensity
Peek (PEEK)

- 184 -

To glance or to look quickly; especially, through an opening or from behind something: "Please take a quick peek at this
picture before I mail it to my aunt."
Pique (PEEK)
1. A state of vexation caused by a perceived slight or indignity; a feeling of wounded pride or a resentment at being
disdained, a fit of displeasure:
2. To excite, to arouse, or to cause curiosity or interest: "It seems that brightly colored things pique child's interest."
Piqu (pi KAY, pee KAY)
A tightly woven fabric with various raised patterns, produced especially by a double warp.
593)
PEAL, PEEL
Peal (PEEL)
1. A loud sound, as of bells, thunder, or the clanging of bells 2. A loud, easily heard sound.
Peel (PEEL)
1. The skin of a fruit 2. To cut away or to strip off the skin, covering, surface, or the outer layer of something
594)

PEARL, PURL

Pearl (PURL)
1. Someone who is special and unique: "Her friends described her as a pearl among women because she was always
gentle and kind."
3. A gem which is made from the covered irritant in a bivalve
Purl (PURL)
1. To embroider or to stitch with gold and silver thread. 2. A swirling stream or gentle murmur
595)

PEDAL, PEDDLE, PETAL

Pedal (PED'l)
1. The foot treadle or leaver that is pressed down to activate the attached machinery
2. The action necessary to move a bicycle
Peddle (PED'l)
To travel from place to place with items for sale
Petal (PET'l)
One of the leaves of a flower.
596)

PEDANT, PENDENT

Pedant (PED nt)

1. An individual who approaches teaching in a manner.
2. An individual who flaunts the educational background which has been achieved: "The supervisor impressed me as a
pedant because she never failed to mention that she had a Masters Degree."
Pendent (PEN duhnt)
1. Something that is suspended or hanging freely: "She wore a lustrous pearl pendent around her neck."
2. Ornamental roofs or ceilings characteristic of Gothic architecture
3. That which is secondary or supplementary: "The last chapter in the book was a pendent added by the author to explain
some of the basic information in the text."
597)

PENANCE, PENNANTS

Penance (PEN uhns)

1. Actions or behaviors that suggest sorrow or regret for a serious transgression: "He went to church every day as a
penance for having taken a book from the bookstore without paying for it."
2. A sacramental rite involving contrition, confession of sins to a priest, the acceptance of penalties, and absolution: "The
pastor led the rite of penance for those in the congregation who attended."
Pennants (PEN uhnts)
1. Nautical flags used for identification and signaling: "The ship entered the harbor with all the colorful pennants flying."
2. Flags often associated with a champion or winning sports team: "The pennants of the champion football team were
purple and yellow."
598)

PENCIL; PENSILE; PENCEL, PENSIL

- 185 -

Pencil (PEN suhl)

1. A tool for writing or drawing
2. A small stick of medication or cosmetics for local application: "The doctor gave her a pencil of antibiotic cream to put
on the scratches of her arm."
3. A gathering or mass of rays such as sunshine: "A pencil of sunlight came through the wooden blinds of the window in
the morning."
Pensile (PEN sighl")
Hanging loosely; suspended: "The birds nesting in the barn made pensile nests in the rafters."
Pencel, Pensil (PEN suhl)
A narrow flag, streamer, or pennon; especially, one carried at the top of a lance or spear: "When the knight rode into the
tournament, he carried the pencel which had been given to him by his sister fastened onto his lance."

599)

PENDANT, PENDENT; PENNANT

Pendant, Pendent (PEN duhnt)

A piece of jewelry that hangs on a chain or a cord which is worn around a person's neck.
Pennant (PEN uhnt)
A long, thin, pointed flag: "WeSS could see the pennant waving on the tower in the breeze."
600)

PERPETRATE, PERPETUATE

Perpetrate (PUR pi trayt")

To bring about, to commit a crime, to impose a hoax: "The police will try to find out who could perpetrate such a crime in
the quiet neighborhood."
Perpetuate (puhr PECH oo ayt")
To cause to last a long time or indefinitely; to preserve from oblivion: "By writing a biography, he tried to perpetuate the
memory of his parents and their ordeals as pioneers living in the desert."
601)

PERPETUAL, PERPETUITY

Perpetual (puhr PECH yoo uhl)

1. Lasting forever, eternal; serving in a position or office for an indefinite time
2. Continuous, blooming through every season: "The roses in the sheltered corner of the garden were in perpetual
bloom."
Perpetuity (puhr" pi TOO i tee, puhr" pi TYOO i tee)
1. The quality or state of lasting forever; an unlimited time; eternity
2. Payment of an annuity on an ongoing basis: "My grandfathers will stipulates that the annuity be paid to my aunt in
perpetuity."
602)

PERPLEX, PUZZLE

Perplex (puhr PLEKS)

1. To be unable to think clearly or decisively about something.
2. To make something intricate or complicated: "His explanation of the map only served to perplex me further."
Puzzle (PUHZ uhl)
1. To present a mental challenge or to offer a situation that is difficult to solve: "He tried to puzzle me with the
complicated mathematical equations."
2. To resolve a question or situation with ingenuity: "She was able to puzzle her way out of the challenging word quiz."
603)

PERQUISITE, PREREQUISITE, REQUISITE

Perquisite (PUR kwi zit)

A payment or profit received in addition to a regular wage or salary; especially, a benefit expected as one's due; a perk:
"Use of the company's jet is a perquisite of the job."
Prerequisite (pree REK wi zit)

- 186 -

Required or necessary as a prior condition: "Competence is a prerequisite to promotion to the next level of
administration."
Requisite (REK wi zit)
Required; essential or something that is indispensable: "It is a requisite that we carry water with us when we hike into the
desert."
604)

PERSECUTE, PROSECUTE

Persecute (PUR si kyoot")

1. To constantly annoy, to harass, to afflict, or to bother someone: "The paparazzi were determined to persecute the
famous actress by following her everywhere."
2. To treat someone cruelly or unfairly; especially, because of race or religious or political beliefs
3. To harass in such a manner as to injure or to afflict: "In the ancient city, the soldiers would often persecute people who
were identified as foreigners."
Prosecute (PRAHS i kyoot")
1. To initiate legal action as the result of a crime 2. To follow through with something until it is finished: "She is
determined to prosecute those who committed the fraud until justice is achieved."
605)
PERSONAL, PERSONNEL
Personal (PUR suh nuhl)
Done by an individual without intervention by another
Personnel (pur" suh NEL)
1. A group of individuals or staff who are employed or engaged in some activity: "The personnel list was posted in the
lunch room at our office."
2. A department or part of an organization which is concerned with employees: "The personnel department is
interviewing candidates for the new position."
606)

PERSPECTIVE, PROSPECTIVE, PROSPECTUS

Perspective (puhr SPEK tiv)

1. The technique for representing an object seen by the eyes on a flat or curved
2. A way or manner of thinking about and understanding a situation or subject: "The worried student took a long walk,
after which his problems seemed to have taken on a new and more manageable perspective."
3. The process of being able to see or understand a situation in its true or relative importance
4. A view which gives the impression of distance
Prospective (pruh SPEK tiv)
1. Likely to happen or to come about: "She was a prospective mother and the baby was due in two months."
2. Relating to the future: "He wrote a long novel in the hope of getting a prospective bonus from the publisher."
Prospectus (pruh SPEK tuhs)
1. A printed statement that summarizes or describes a business and is for distribution to potential investors
2. A statement outlining the main features of a new work or business enterprise or an established institution
607)

PERSPICACIOUS, PERSPICUOUS

Perspicacious (pur" spi KAY shuhs)

1. Having or showing penetrating mental discernment; clear-sighted: "He always thought his mother was a perspicacious
judge of character."
2. Having or showing an ability to notice and to understand things that are difficult or not obvious: "The movie critic made
some perspicacious observations about the film."
Perspicuous (puhr SPIK yoo uhs)
1. Clearly expressed or presented; easy to understand: "As an author and a speaker, he was hailed as a perspicuous writer
and presenter of oral information."
2. Expressing oneself clearly and effectively: "The professor was known as a perspicuous lecturer."
608)

PERUSE, PURSUE

Peruse (puh ROOZ)

- 187 -

1. To study or to consider with close attention to details: "Please peruse this essay carefully and check for spelling errors."
2. To look at or to read something in an informal, casual, leisurely, or relaxed way: "He decided to peruse the newspaper
during his break while he enjoyed a snack."
Pursue (puhr SOO)
1. To find ways to achieve or to accomplish something: "She was determined to pursue a career in music."
2. To proceed or to follow: "We determined to pursue a course directly across the snowy field in order to get to our
winter lodge."
3. To haunt or to afflict: "The nightmares continue to pursue me after witnessing the horrible boating accident."
4. To be involved in: "After his retirement, he was very happy to pursue his hobby of fishing."
5. To chase or to follow something in order to overtake, capture, or to kill it: "The hunter spent a long time in an effort to
pursue the deer in the forest so he could shoot it and return home with venison for his family."
609)

PETRIFY, PUTREFY, PURIFY

Petrify (PET ruh figh")

1. To change into stone or a stony substance: "Over thousands of years, the buried tree trunk will gradually petrify into
stone."
2. To confound with amazement or fear: "The harrowing tales of the author will petrify you and you will not want to walk
in the graveyard after dark ever again."
3. To deaden or to stifle: "I had the feeling that the long lecture was going to petrify my mind because it was so boring."
Putrefy (PYOO truh figh")
To create a state of rottenness, physically or morally: "If you bury the garbage, it will putrefy and eventually become
compost."
Purify (PYOOR uh figh")
1. To become pure or clean: "The brisk winds seemed to purify the air in the city."
2. To free from guilt or blemish: "Her confession that she took her mother's ring helped to purify her conscience."
610)

PHENOMENON, PHENOMENA, PHENOMENAL

Phenomenon, singular noun (fi NAHM uh nahn", fi NAHM uh nuhn)

1. A rare fact, circumstance, experience, or event
2. A fact of scientific interest that can be scientifically described, appraised, or explained: "Our chemistry instructor
demonstrated the phenomenon of mixing chemicals to produce dyes for industrial purposes."
Phenomena, plural noun (fi NAHM uh nuh) of phenomenon
Occasionally used as the singular form of phenomenon but such usage is considered incorrect
Phenomenal, adjective (fi NAHM uh nuhl)
1. Extraordinary: "She made phenomenal progress with her singing lessons because she practiced every day."
2. Very good or great; extremely unusual in a way that is very impressive: "The book was a phenomenal success for
several months."
611)

PHYSIC, PHYSIQUE, PSYCHIC

Physic (FIZ ik)

1. A medicine or remedy; especially, a laxative: "The doctor recommended a physic to overcome the patient's
constipation."
2. The art of medicine and healing (archaic usage): "She wanted to follow in her mother's footsteps and planned to train
as a physic as soon as she could."
Physique (fi ZEEK)
The structure, strength, appearance, or form of a person's body: "He exercised every day to maintain his healthy
physique."
Psychic (SIGH kik)
1. That which lies outside knowledge or physical science; immaterial or spiritual in nature; supernatural
2. Characterized by extraordinary sensitivity to forces beyond the physical world: "She seemed to have a psychic
understanding of the womans troubles."
3. A medium or individual who is sensitive to supernatural influences: "We decided to go to see a psychic to see if we
could learn anything about our future lives."
612)

PIAZZA, PIZZA, PLAZA

- 188 -

Piazza (pee AZ uh, pee AH zuh)

1. A square open place surrounded by buildings in a town or city: "The cafes lined the piazza in the charming city."
2. A porch that is arcaded and roofed: "They sat in the piazza to stay out of the sun while they drank their coffee."
Pizza (PEET zuh)
A single crusted pie often made of bread dough that is covered with tomatoes, cheese, and spiced meats, etc., and baked:
"I like to put cheese and olives on my pizza when I make it at home."
Plaza (PLAZ uh)
1. An open air space in a city or town: "The new plaza was designed primarily for bicycle parking and pedestrian traffic."
2. A shopping area often adjacent to a road or highway
613)

PIDGIN, PIGEON

Pidgin (PIJ uhn)

A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and
vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native
language
Pigeon (PIJ uhn)
1. An easy target, often in the context of exploitation: "He flashed his money around in such a manner that it made him a
pigeon for thieves."
2. Birds characterized by having a stout body, short legs, and smooth, solid, compact feathers.
614)

PISTIL, PISTOL

Pistil (PIS tuhl)

The long central part of a flower that extends from the ovary.
Pistol (PIS tuhl)
A small gun made to be aimed and fired with one hand
615)

PITEOUS, PITIABLE, PITIFUL

Piteous (PIT ee uhs)

Something which elicits a strong sense of sympathy or compassion: "The circumstances of poverty were piteous and
roused my determination to help in the local soup kitchen."
Pitiable (PIT ee uh buhl)
Wretched, paltry, lamentable: "When the Industrial Revolution was just getting started, employees earned pitiable wages
and often lived in piteous housing."
Pitiful (PIT i fuhl)
Touching, or exciting compassion: "The man who was standing on the corner looked so pitiful because he had no
umbrella and he was being soaked by the unexpected rain."
616)

PLAIT, PLEAT

Plait (PLAYT, PLAT)

1. A braid or pigtail: "Her plaint of hair was dark, heavy, and was hanging down her back."
2. To braid: "She decided to plait her hair with colored ribbons."
Pleat (PLEET)
1. A fold in a piece of material, often cloth, made by doubling the material over itself: "The seamstress made a pleat in the
belt on the coat so it would hang in an attractive style."
2. To create a fold: "The student decided to pleat the paper carefully to make a paper airplane."
617)

PLEAS, PLEASE

Pleas (PLEEZ)
1. Statements made by a party in a legal proceeding in support of the party's position; as well as, the responses of an
accused person to the charges brought before the court.
2. Explanations offered to excuse or to justify a decision.
3. Earnest begging or request for something: "Her pleas to stay out late did not make her parents change their position.
Please (PLEEZ)

- 189 -

1. To give satisfaction or pleasure: "She decided to please her friend by making a special chocolate cake for dessert."
2. A word used to express politeness: "Wont you have some cake, please?"
618)

PLEBEIAN, PROLETARIAN

Plebeian (pli BEE uhn)

A common or ordinary individual or behavior: "He always joked that he was a plebeian and rode his bicycle to work
instead of taking the car."
Proletarian (proh" li TAIR ee uhn)
A person who has low social status; such as, a member of the working class: "Because he lacked a proper education and
social existence, he spent his whole life as a poor proletarian."
619)

PLUM, PLUMB

Plum (PLUM)
The fruit from one of several trees which is smooth skinned and with a large seed or pit in the middle
Plumb (PLUM)
A weight on the end of a line, used to determine water depth

620)

POMMEL, PUMMEL

Pommel (PUHM uhl, PAHM uhl)

1. To beat; to pummel: "The rowdy boys on the playground tried to pommel a group of older boys."
2. The high, round part on the upper front part of a saddle; a saddlebow: "The cowgirl wrapped her lasso around the
pommel on her saddle."
Pummel (PUHM uh)
To beat, or the act of beating, as with the fists; to pommel
621)

PORE, POUR

Pore, Pores (POHR, POR; POHRZ)

1. As a verb, to study intently, to meditate upon something in a steady manner: "The scholarship candidate was
determined to pore over her notes before the examination."
2. As a noun, the very small openings in the surface of a plant or animal through which matter may pass: "She used a
special soap to clean the pores on her skin."
Pour (POHR, POR)
1. To rain hard and consistently
2. To flow or to dispense from a container.
3. To give uninhibited expression to: "The two friends agreed to meet and to pour out their concerns to each other."
4. To come continuously: "Compliments about the new fashion designs seemed to pour in every day."
622)

POPLAR, POPULAR

Poplar (PAHP luhr)

Any of a number of quick growing trees which are part of the willow family
Popular (PAHP yuh luhr)
1. Inexpensive and available to the majority of the population
2. Plain, easily understood. 3. Widely accepted or encountered.
623)

POPULACE, POPULOUS, POPULATION, POPULIST

Populace (PAHP yuh lis)

The people, the masses in a location
Populous (PAHP yuh luhs)

- 190 -

Having a large number of individuals living in the same location; densely inhabited; crowded: "The stadium was populous
during the soccer playoffs."
Population (pahp" yuh LAY shuhn)
The entire number of people or inhabitants in an area
Populist (PAHP yuh list)
1. Someone who believes in the rights and wisdom of the common people: "Her poetry was populist in nature and
appealed to the students at the university."
2. A political party which claims to represent the best interests of the common people.
624)

PORTION, POTION

Portion (POHR shuhn)

1. An individual share or part. 2. A dowry or inheritance. 3. An individual's lot or fate: "Because he broke a window at
school, the silly boy's portion was to clean up the playground after school for the next two weeks."
Potion (POH shuhn)
A drink or a mixture of liquids: "The doctor mixed a potion for her patient to drink which she said would help his cough."
625)

PRACTICABLE, PRACTICAL, PRAGMATIC

Practicable (PRAK ti kuh buhl)

Feasible, possible: "In theory, it is practicable for me to run the marathon today but in reality, I need more practice."
Practical (PRAK ti kuhl)
1. Actively engaged in an action or occupation.
2. Not theoretical, but useful: "She had a practical knowledge of auto mechanics that she obtained by working in the
garage."
Pragmatic (prag MAT ik)
Dealing with the problems that exist in a specific situation in a reasonable and logical way instead of simply depending on
ideas and theories.
626)

PRACTICE, PRACTISE

Practice (PRAK tis)

1. To do or to perform habitually or customarily; to make a habit of.
2. To do or to perform (something) repeatedly in order to acquire or to polish a skill.
3. To work at, especially as a profession: "She wants to practice law after she graduates from the university."
Practise (PRAK tis)
Primarily British: To do or to perform something habitually or repeatedly
627)

PRAY, PREY

Pray (PRAY)
1. A function word in the context of a request or plea.
2. To address a religious figure; such as, God or a deity, in a manner of supplication, adoration, etc.
Prey (PRAY)
1. Victim, someone or something that is helpless: "People who are alone and live in isolation are often the prey of
unscrupulous con-artists."
2. An animal which is taken by a predator as food.
3. To seize, devour, commit violence. "The roving bandits were known to prey on the isolated farms in the area."
628)

PRECEDE, PROCEED, PROCEEDS

Precede (pri SEED)

1. To go before, to be in front of. 2. To exceed in rank or degree of importance from someone else.
3. To occur earlier than something else: "The rally in the stadium will precede the actual start of the game."
Proceed (proh SEED, pruh SEED)
1. To issue or to come forth from a source in a regulated manner: "The student march will proceed from the library to the
administration buildings."
2. To continue after interruption: "After extensive applause, the speaker was able to proceed with his lecture and

- 191 -

illustrated talk."
Proceeds (PROH seedz")
The total amount of money or profit that is made via an activity: "The proceeds from the Jumble Sale exceeded all
expectations."
629)

PRECEDENCE, PRECEDENTS

Precedence (PRES i duhns, pri SEED n's)

A position of superior honor in a formal occasion or ceremonial event; a priority.
Precedents (PRES i duhns)
1. That which is done or said and which may serve as examples to justify later proceedings.
2. Activities that are well established and based on practice over time: "Morning coffee and afternoon tea are two
precedents which are traditions in their office."
630)

PRECIPICE, PRECIPITATE, PRECIPITOUS

Precipice (PRES uh pis)

1. An overhanging or extremely steep mass of rock; such as, a crag or the face of a cliff.
2. A point where danger, trouble, or difficulty begins: "The company is on the edge of a financial precipice."
Precipitate (pri SIP i tayt")
1. To bring about before expected or needed; to hasten the occurrence of.
2. Hasty, rash, without due deliberation: "The precipitate act was a cause for much regret."
Precipitous (pri SIP i tuhs)
1. Very steep and perpendicular: "It was a precipitous slope."
2. Happening in a very quick and sudden way: "There has been a precipitous decline in home sales recently."

631)

PRECLUDE, PRELUDE

Preclude (pri KLOOD)

To make impossible or to rule out: "Because she injured her hand, it will preclude her performing on the piano this
evening."
Prelude (PREL yood", PRAY lood", PREE lood)
1. An action or event that serves as an introduction to a primary event or occasion.
2. A musical selection that serves as an introduction to a larger musical composition.
632)

PREDICT, PREDICTIVE

Predict (pri DIKT)

To foretell a future event based on reason or experience: "The meteorologist's job is to predict the weather to the best of
his ability using weather maps, etc."
Predictive (pri DIK tiv)
Characteristics that foretell a situation: "High blood pressure could be a strong predictive of future heart problems."
633)

PREMIER; PREMIRE, PREMIERE

Premier (pri MIR, pree MIR)

First in importance, position, rank or time: "The leader of the political party was appointed as premier after an election.
Premire (pri MIR, pri MEER)
The first exhibition or performance of something: "The artist worked hard to organize her paintings for the premire
634)

PREMISE, SURMISE

Premise (PREM is)

1. That which is set forth ahead of time as an introduction to a discussion, etc.
2. Property upon which a building may be placed; a building: "With the windfall from the lottery, she decided to purchase
a premise upon which to build a school."
3. Something that is taken for granted or assumed: "It was the premise of the city hall that there would be no opposition
to higher taxes next year."

- 192 -

Surmise (suhr MIGHZ)

To imagine or infer something based on thin or flimsy evidence: "Do not surmise I can swim just because I like to exercise
in the swimming pool."
635)

PRESCRIBE, PROSCRIBE

Prescribe (pri SKRIGHB)

1. To provide or write an order for medications or recommendations.
2. To indicate or to dictate rules that are to be followed: "The school principal decided to prescribe new play ground rules.
Proscribe (proh SKRIGHB)
1. To prohibit or to condemn as harmful: "The village elders determined to proscribe smoking in the public buildings."
2. To make something illegal or to prohibit certain things: "The principal said he would proscribe the use of cell phones.
3. To publish the name of an individual who is condemned to death or whose property is forfeited to the government:
"The internal newsletter at the prison proscribed the list of inmates each week."
636)

PRESUMABLY, SUPPOSEDLY

Presumably (pri ZOOM uh bli)

To guess to be true without specific facts; an assumption: "I did not listen to the weather report but presumably it will be
sunny this afternoon."
Supposedly (suh POHZ uhd li)
Pretended, alleged, make believe, a mistaken belief: "She was supposedly my best friend and I could not believe she
would tell lies about me." "Supposedly we should be able to drive to the city and home again in three hours."

637)

PRESUMPTION, PRESUMPTIVE, PRESUMPTUOUS

Presumption (pri ZUHMP shuhn)

1. A belief or attitude based on probability: "In my country, there is a presumption of innocence until proven otherwise in
the legal system."
2. Audacious or discourteous: "It was a presumption on his part to think that tennis shoes were appropriate for the
luncheon at the hotel."
Presumptive (pri ZUHMP tiv)
Embryonic, small, or immature in nature, but capable to developing normally: "She was the heir presumptive to a fortune
whenever she would complete her education."
Presumptuous (pri ZUHMP choo uhs)
Stepping out of bounds of appropriate and expected behavior: "His loud and crude language was considered
presumptuous in the quiet of the library board meeting."
638)

PRETEND, PORTEND, PORTENT, POTENT

Pretend (pri TEND)

1. To give a false impression; to make believe: "When we were children, my sisters and I used to dress up and pretend to
be fairy princesses."
2. To make a false claim or assertion: "We will pretend we have tickets and hope to go to the parade."
Portend (por TEND, pohr TEND)
To give a sign in anticipation of something, an omen: "The dark clouds over the bay seem to portend a storm."
Portent (POR tent", POHR tent")
That which foreshadows an event in a prophetic manner: "The arrival of the seagulls in the farmer's field often is the
portent that it will rain in about two hours."
Potent (POH n't")
1. Powerful; mighty. 2. Producing powerful physical or chemical effects: "He used a potent drug to fight the cancer."
3. Having or exercising great power or influence: "The higher interest rate was a potent factor in the economy."
639)

PREVENT, HINDER

- 193 -

Prevent (pri VENT)

To keep from happening or succeeding; to deprive of hope or power: "The flat tire on the car will prevent us from going
to the movies tonight." "The birth of the prince will prevent the revolutionaries from taking power from the king."
Hinder (HIN duhr)
To delay, to impede, to make progress difficult: "The heavy snow drifts on the roads will hinder the progress of our car.
640)

PREVIEW, PURVIEW, PURVEY

Preview (PREE vyoo")

1. An advance showing, as of a movie or art exhibition
2. An introductory or preliminary message, sample, or overview; a foretaste.
Purview (PUR vyoo")
1. The range of operation, authority, control, concern, etc.
2. The full scope or compass of any document, statement, subject, book, etc.
Purvey (puhr VAY, PUR vay")
To publish or to pass on news or information; especially, gossip, scandal.
641)

PRIDE, PRIED

Pride (PRIGHD)
1. A gathering of lions: "On our safari, we saw a pride of lions."
2. Justifiable self esteem: "She felt a great deal of pride at her accomplishments as a painter."
3. Delight or pleasure in one's own accomplishments or of another .
Pried (PRIGHD)
1. To have opened or exposed with difficulty: "My sister pried my secret recipe for cookies from me."
2. To have pulled something apart by using a lever: "Using a crow bar, my brother pried open the buried treasure chest."

642)

PRIER, PRYER; PRIOR

Prier, Pryer (PRIGH uhr)

Someone who pries, especially a person who is unduly interested in the affairs of others.
prior (PRIGH uhr)
1. Existing earlier or preceding in time or order
2. A monk who is the head of a religious house or order: "We went to visit the prior of our local monastery."
643)

PRODIGAL, PROFLIGATE

Prodigal (PRAHD i guhl)

1. Characterized by extravagant, wasteful, lavish behaviour. 2. An individual who spends foolishly or extravagantly:
"Despite winning the lottery, he was a prodigal and was soon poor again."
Profligate (PRAHF li git, PRAHF li gayt")
An individual who always acts in a dissipated or wildly extravagant manner.
644)

PRODIGY, PROGENY

Prodigy, noun (PRAHD uh jee)

1. An individual who is considered to be very talented, often in reference to a child.
2. Something that is an extraordinary or unusual accomplishment or event.
Progeny, noun (PRAHJ uh nee)
Offspring, children, followers or successors: "The list of my grandparents' progeny is extensive and includes me."
645)

PROGRAM, POGROM

Program (PROH grahm"; PROH gruhm)

A listing of the order of events and things to be done, agenda, plan; timetable; prospectus.
Pogrom (puh GRAHM; POH gruhm)

- 194 -

A planned campaign of persecution or extermination sanctioned by a government and directed against an ethnic group.
646)

PROPHECY, PROPHESY

Prophecy (PRAHF i see)

The work of an individual who seems to be inspired with a spiritual will or purpose.
Prophesy (PRAHF i see)
1. To speak as if inspired by a divine thought: "He stood on the street corner to prophecy about the dangers of dance halls
and beer consumption."
2. To predict seemingly on the basis of mystical knowledge: "It was her prophecy that there would be a severe rain storm
and flood during the coming summer."
647)

PROS, PROSE

Pros (PROHZ)
1. Professionals in an area of endeavour.
2. An indication that an affirmation for something has been accomplished: "After the vote, the chair of the meeting
indicated the pros had won."
3. An argument in favor of something: "The jury had to weigh the pros and cons of the case while deciding a
recommendation to the court."
Prose (PROHZ)
Ordinary language used by people everyday including both spoken and written expressions.
648) PROSPERITY, POSTERITY
Prosperity (prah SPER i tee)
Characterized as being successful, enjoying economic well being.
Posterity (pah STER i tee)
Including all the descendants of a lineage or family: "He lived frugally so that his posterity could enjoy an easier life style."
649)

PROSTHESIS, PROSTRATION

Prosthesis (prahs THEE sis)

An artificial device used to replace a body part; such as, a limb (leg or arm).
Prostration (prah STRAY shuhn)
The result of someone becoming weak or powerless: "The campers suffered from heat prostration and exhaustion."
650)

PROTEAN, PROTEIN

Protean (PROH tee uhn, proh TEE uhn)

1. Exhibiting great diversity: "The population in the city could be described as protean, as reflected in the more than 150
different languages that were spoken in the schools in the city."
2. Readily able to assume different characters or forms: "The friendly ghost in the house was a bit of a protean, appearing
sometimes like a puppy and other times like a wisp of smoke."
Protein (PROH teen", PROH tee in)
Any of a number of naturally occurring or synthetic complex amino acids essential for all living cells: "I eat eggs and
cheese instead of meat to get my protein for the day."
651)

PROVIDENCE, PROVINCE

Providence (PRAHV i duhns, PRAHV i dens")

A reference to divine guidance or direction: "It was by divine providence that the ship did not sink after it hit an iceberg."
Province (PRAHV ins)
1. The proper or characteristic function of something: "Balancing the budget is the province of the accountants."
2. The division of a country outlining the jurisdiction.
652)

PRUDE, PRUDENT

Prude (PROOD)

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An individual who appears excessively attentive to proper behavior or decorum: "The school principal seemed such a
prude when it came to noise in the hallways during recess."
Prudent (PROOD n't)
Behavior that is described as circumspect or showing careful and wise judgment.
653)

PSYCHIATRIST, PSYCHOLOGIST, PSYCHOMETRICIAN, PSYCHOTHERAPIST

Psychiatrist (si KIGH uh trist, sigh KIGH uh trist)

A medical doctor who specializes in the study of mental and emotional issues or problems.
Psychologist (sigh KAHL uh jist)
An individual who has studied the mental and behavioral characteristics of an individual or group but who does not have
a medical degree.
Psychometrician (sigh kahm" i TRISH uhn)
A psychologist who deals with the design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement
of psychological variables; such as, intelligence, aptitude, and personality traits.
Psychotherapist (sigh" koh THER uh pist)
An individual who is trained to use the principles of psychology to work with individuals with mental and/or emotional
problems: "The psychotherapist who worked with my cousin was very sensitive to her concerns."
654)

PUPIL, STUDENT, SCHOLAR

Pupil (PYOO puhl)

1. The round opening in the iris of each eye which contracts or opens depending on the kind of light to which it is
exposed.
2. A child or youth who is being taught in a school or by a tutor.
Student (STOOD n't, STYOOD n't)
An individual who attends school with the purpose of learning.
Scholar (SKAHL uhr)
An individual who has done advanced studies in a specific area of study.

655)

RABBET, RABBIT, RABID

Rabbet (RAB it)

A groove cut into the surface of an item designed to match another piece so they can be joined.
Rabbit (RAB it)
1. Any member of the family of mammals characterized by long ears, soft fur and strong rear legs.
2. A member of a track team who sets the running pace for other team mates as part of a long distance run: "My cousin
trained to be the rabbit for the cross country racing team."
Rabid (RAB id)
1. Very violent, going to extremes in terms of expressing ones emotions and feelings or opinions.
2. Affected with rabies: "We were fearful of a rabid dog that was running around in the neighborhood."
656)

RABBLE, RUBBLE, RUBBER, RUBBISH, RUBLE,

Rabble (RAB uhl)

1. A disorderly and unorganized group of people.
2. An iron bar, usually with a bent end, used to rake, to stir, or to puddle melted iron.
Rubble (RUHB uhl)
1. Broken fragments of something which is often useless.
2. Worn or broken stones, etc. that are used as filling in the construction of walls: "The stone mason saved the rubble
from his work to be used later when the wall was built."
Rubbish (RUHB ish)
Useless or rejected material; trash: "The trucks will collect the rubbish on Tuesday."
Ruble, Rouble (ROO buhl)
A Russian coin: "After my vacation in Russia, I saved a ruble as a reminder of the great time I had there."
657)

RACK, WRACK

- 196 -

Rack (RAK)
1. High clouds that are blown about by the wind: "We could see the rack of clouds moving across the sky."
2. An instrument or tool designed for torture so as to cause extreme pain: "The museum had an example of a rack that
was used for torture during the Middle Ages."
Wrack (RAK)
1. Violent destruction of something. 2. Seaweed or kelp
3. To ruin or to destroy completely: "With the loss of the livestock, the farmer felt he was on the road to wrack and ruin."
658)

RACKET, RACQUET

Racket (RAK it)

1. A clattering noise or excitement.
2. An illegal scheme or enterprise involving fraud: "He was a member of a criminal racket."
3. Light weight sports equipment consisting of a handle at one end and a net of thread other end.
Racquet (RAK it)
An alternative spelling for racket usually occurring in the plural to refer to a game involving two to four players; including,
a racket (racquet), a ball, and played within a walled court: "My sister and I played a game of racquet ball (racketball)
every day and were the local champions."
659)

REIGN, REIN

Reign (RAYN)
1. The time during which an individual who is considered royalty holds political influence or control.
2. To be prevalent or commonly occurring
Rein (RAYN)
1. A controlling or restraining influence: "He kept a tight rein on the finances of the town so there would be no wasteful
spending."
2. Unhampered opportunity: "She was given free rein in planning the party for the end of the year."
3. The strap which is fastened to the bit in an animal's mouth and by which the animal is controlled or directed.

660)

RAISE, RAYS, RAZE

Raise (RAYZ)
1. To lift something or someone to a higher position.
2. To question or to bring forth a topic for discussion or debate: "He said he would raise the question of new prices for
bus tickets at the next board meeting."
Raze (RAYZ)
To demolish, tear down, or to reduce something: "The bull dozers will raze the grove this afternoon to make way for new
buildings."
661)

RAMP, RAMP, RANT

Ramp (RAMP)
1. An inclined surface or roadway connecting different levels.
Ramp (RAMP)
To increase or to cause something to increase in speed, size, etc.: "The work started slowly, but now they will ramp it up
to full speed."
Rant (RANT)
1. To talk loudly and in a way that shows anger. 2. To complain in a way that is unreasonable.
662)

RAPPED, RAPT, WRAPPED

Rapped (RAPT)
To have caused a short, sharp blow or hit: "The handsome guy rapped on the window with his racket to get the attention
of the beautiful girl who was waiting for him."
Rapt (RAPT)

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Completely or wholly absorbed as in thought, or carried away with emotion: "She listened to the singer with rapt
attention, scarcely breathing."
Wrapped (RAPT)
1. To have put on clothing, typically to be warm: "She wrapped herself in a voluminous cloak against the strong wind."
2. To have packaged something carefully: "The large painting was wrapped in several layers of canvas to protect it during
transit."
663)

RAPPEL, REPEL

Rappel (ra PEL)

To descend a steep slope or vertical face using a rope that is secured at the top and passed through a series of coils or a
harness around the body: "One of my hobbies was to rappel down a steep incline by using a double rope secured above
and placed around my body.
Repel (ri PEL)
1. To ward off or to keep away; to drive back: "While camping, we constantly had to repel insects.
2. To offer resistance to; to fight against: "Our troops were making efforts to repel an invasion by the terrorists.
664)

RATIONAL, RATIONALE

Rational (RASH uh nuhl)

1. Having good judgment: "She was a rational person and did not make hasty decisions."
2. Sane, lucid, and able to make sound judgments. 3. Having the ability to explain in a sensible manner.
Rationale (rash" uh NAL)
The underlying explanation or reason for a situation: "The president of the company explained his rationale for the layoffs
at the factory."
665)

RAVAGE, RAVISH

Ravage (RAV ij)

1. Violent damage or destruction: "We were afraid that the severe winds would ravage the countryside."
2. To cause reckless destruction: "The revolutionaries marched across the city planning to ravage the palace of the king."
Ravish (RAV ish)
1. To be overcome with emotion: "I was told that the beauty of the valley would ravish my soul."
2. To take away or to seize with violence: "The police investigated an accusation by the woman that the man tried to
ravish (rape) her."
666)

RAVEN, RAVIN, RAVINE

Raven (RAY uhn)

1. A large shiny black bird found in Europe, North America, and Asia.
2. To eat or to feed in a greedy manner: "He was so hungry after his long hike that he started to raven his meal, taking
large mouthfuls at a time."
Ravin (RAV uhn)
The act of seizing something as prey: "The large black raven swooped down over the field in an attempt to ravin the small
field creatures."
Ravine (ruh VEEN)
A small and narrow valley that has been created by a river, but not as large as a canyon.
667)

READ, REED

Read (REED)
1. Having the ability to examine and to grasp the meaning of written or printed material.
2. To peruse or to look over something carefully.
Reed (REED)
1. The process of making corrugations; such as, on the edge of a coin: "He was a famous engineer who developed the
machine to reed the coins for the mint."
2. Any of a number of tall grasses that often grow in wet areas and frequently have jointed stems.
3. A wind instrument made of a hollowed piece of wood: "She played in the reed section of the orchestra."

- 198 -

668)

REALITY, REALTY

Reality (ree AL i tee)

1. Something that necessarily exists or must be: "The availability of fresh water is a reality of life."
3. The quality or state of existence: "My dream to be a nurse became a reality when I graduated from the university."
Realty (REE uhl tee)
Property that may include land and/or buildings: "In her will, my mother left me her realty which included her house, a
cottage, and the farm."
669)

RECEDE, RESEED

Recede (ri SEED)

1. To move back or away from: "The train seemed to recede into the distance as we were watching."
2. To return the ownership of something to the previous owner.
Reseed (ri SEED)
1. To sow or to plant new seeds on a piece of land.
670)

RECITATION, RESUSCITATION

Recitation (res" i TAY shuhn)

1. The act of reading out loud.
2. The act or process of enumerating information: "When asked by the teacher for his report, the youth gave a recitation
of the facts about earth quakes."
Resuscitation (ri suhs" i TAY shuhn)
The process by which someone is brought back from a state of unconsciousness.
671)

RECLUSE, RECUSE

Recluse (REK loos", ri KLOOS)

1. An individual who has chosen to withdraw from society by living in solitude.
2. Characterized by a withdrawal from social contact.
Recuse (ri KYOOZ)
1. In law, to object to, to protest, or to challenge a judge, juror, etc.
2. To disqualify oneself from acting in a particular situation: "The mayor sought to recuse herself from the committee
because of a personal conflict of interest."
672)

REFUGE, REFUGEE

Refuge (REF yooj)

A place of shelter and protection in times of crisis.
Refugee (ref" yoo JEE)
An individual who leaves a situation of stress or crisis and seeks protection and shelter elsewhere.
673)

REGAL, REGALE, REGALIA

Regal (REE guhl)

Suitable for royalty; a kind of excellence: "The hotel was so elegant it looked regal to my appreciative eyes."
Regale (ri GAYL)
To entertain or to amuse (a person or people) by telling stories describing experiences, etc.: "After dinner, our father used
to regale us with stories of his childhood."
Regalia (ri GAYL yuh, ri GAY lee uh)
Symbols of royalty; decorations or insignias of one's position or office: "The queen's regalia included a long train, a crown,
and a sceptre."
674)

REGIME, REGIMEN, REGIMENT

Regime (ray ZHEEM, ri ZHEEM)

1. A regular pattern for activities or behavior: "At boarding school we followed the regime of showering with cold water."
2. To describe a form of authority or governance: "The current regime at the office is very strict about overtime."

- 199 -

Regimen (REJ uh muhn, REJ uh men")

A regular or systematic plan or structure of activities, typically intended to improve one's health: "During the winter she
tries to follow a careful regimen of diet and exercise."
Regiment (REJ uh muhnt)
1. A military unit typically composed of several battalions.
2. To subject to uniformity: "The school principal attempted to regiment the pupils into neat rows of ten."
675)

RESPECTABLE, RESPECTFUL

Respectable (ri SPEK tuh buhl)

1. Proper, typically in reference to one's manners or demeanor.
2. Tolerable, fair in size or amount: "His grades at school were considered respectable but not sufficiently strong enough
to earn him a scholarship."
Respectful (ri SPEKT fuhl)
Characterized by showing appreciation or courteous regard for someone: "Her respectful questions to the movie star
were appreciated and answered thoroughly."
676)

RESTFUL, RESTIVE, RESTLESS

Restful (REST fuhl)

Characterized by repose or quiet: "The cottage by the lake is a very restful place to spend the summer holidays."
Restive (RES tiv)
Fidgety, characterized by moving around excessively: "When he felt restive, my uncle would walk around in his office in a
nervous or stressful manner."
Restless (REST lis)
1. Characterized as lacking peace of mind: "Her restless mind was always thinking of new plots for her series of novels."
2. Unhappy about a situation and wanting changes: "The president realized that the students were restless when they
organized protest marches."
3. Having little or no relaxation or sleep: "We spent a restless night because of the strong winds and thunder storms."
678)

RETARD, RETARD, RETARRED

Retard (ri TAHRD)

1. To cause to move or to proceed slowly; to delay or to impede.
2. A slowing down or a hindering of progress; a delay.
Retard (REE tahrd")
Used as a disparaging term for a mentally retarded person.
Retarred (ri TAHRD)
To recover with a dark, oily, viscid mixture of hydrocarbons: "The stretch of road was worn and needed to be retarred so
cars could use it safely."
679)

RETCH, WRETCH

Retch (RECH)
A strong, wrenching attempt to vomit that does not bring up anything: "She hates being seasick because it makes her
want to retch."
Wretch (RECH)
1. A miserable, unfortunate, or unhappy person: "The woman was such a wretch that no one wanted to work with her."
2. Someone who is regarded as mean or despicable: "The hermit was perceived as an unwashed wretch by the people
who lived nearby."
680)

RETICENT, TACITURN

Reticent (RET i suhnt)

1. Inclined to keep one's thoughts, feelings, and personal affairs to oneself: "She was reticent about the cause for her
feeling so sad."
2. Restrained or reserved in style; reluctant; unwilling: "My friend was reticent to help out during the harvest season on
the farm because of an injured hand."
Taciturn (TAS i turn")

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Habitually untalkative, tending to remain silent, or not speaking frequently.

681)

REVEILLE, REVELRY

Reveille (REV uh lee, REV i lee)

The sounding of a bugle early in the morning to awaken and to summon soldiers or sailors in a camp or garrison to wake
up and to get out of bed.
Revelry (REV uhl ree)
Boisterous or noisy merrymaking.
682)

REVEL, REVILE

Revel (REV uhl)

1. To take great pleasure or delight in something: "My aunt said she would revel in her unaccustomed leisure; especially,
after retirement."
2. To engage in uproarious festivities; to make merry.
Revile (ri VIGHL)
To use abusive language: "There is no excuse to revile the man since he is not here to explain what happened."
683)

RHYME, RIME

Rhyme (RIGHM)
A verse writing in which there is a similarity of sound among the last words of a sentence or line of writing.
Rime (RIGHM)
Frost, small ice particles which form on exposed surfaces when the temperatures are below freezing: "There was a rime
of frost on the water trough for the cattle this morning."
684)

RIGGER, RIGOR

Rigger (RIG uhr)

1. Someone who furnishes or provides equipment for a specific use.
2. Anyone who manipulates the outcome of an event; such as, an election.
Rigor (RIG uhr)
1. Characterized by being unyielding or inflexible: "The rigor of the judge's decision made it difficult for the lawyers to
challenge the outcome of the trial."
2. Conditions that made life and subsistence difficult: "The rigor of the arctic winters made the expedition's tasks harder
to achieve."
3. The quality or state of being very exact, careful, or strict: "They conducted the experiments with scientific rigor because
they were being guided by a scholar known for her intellectual rigor."
4. Stiffness of tissue that prevents response to stimuli: "There was a rigor in the patient's arm that made it difficult for the
doctor to examine her."
685)

RIGHT, RITE, WRIGHT, WRITE

Rite (RIGHT)
1. A defined manner or pattern of words and actions for a ceremony: "She knew the rite for the opening prayers of the
meeting."
2. The prescribed or customary form for conducting a religious or other solemn ceremony
Wright (RIGHT)
Someone who constructs or repairs something; often used in combination with the type of vocation involved (playwright,
shipwright, etc.): "The famous playwright is going to work with our theater's production of her new play."
686)

RISKY; RISQUE, RISQU

Risky (RIS kee)

Accompanied by or involving danger; hazardous.
Risque, Risqu (ris KAY)

- 201 -

1. Suggestive of or bordering on indelicacy or impropriety: "Why does that talk-show host have to be so risque in his
conversation?"
2. Referring to sex in a rude and slightly shocking way: "I was surprised that she/he would tell such a risqu joke."
687)
ROIL, RILE, ROYAL
Roil (ROIL)
1. To make (a liquid) muddy or cloudy by stirring up sediment.
2. To displease or to disturb; to vex: "Teenagers often roil their parents as they strive to achieve independence."
Rile (RIGHL)
1. To stir to anger
2. To stir up (liquid); to make a fluid cloudy or muddy by stirring around (a variation of roil)
688)

RUE, ROUX

Roux (ROO)
A mixture of fat and flour; usually, cooked prior to incorporating into soup or sauce as a thickener.
Rue (ROO)
To feel regret, remorse, or sorrow: "We were afraid that we would rue investing in that automobile company."
689)

ROOD, RUDE, RUED

Rood (ROOD)
1. A large crucifix typically hanging at the entrance of a medieval church.
2. A unit of measurement equal to 7 or 8 yards or about 63 meters: "The surveyor measured off six rood to be the length
of the garden."
Rude (ROOD)
1. Unfinished, crude: "She submitted a rude sketch of her planned painting to her teacher for a critique."
2. Not refined, offensive.
Rued (ROOD)
Having felt regret, remorse, or sorrow for something: "I rued the day I moved to the country because I was so bored."
690)

ROSTER, ROSTRUM

Roster (RAHS tuhr, RAH stuhr)

An itemized list, typically of people's names: "She glanced down the roster to see if her friend had registered for the same
lecture course as she had."
Rostrum (RAHS truhm, RAW struhm)
1. A stage or raised platform for public speaking: "The carpenters built a rostrum for the speakers at the film festival."
2. A curved shape suggestive of a bird's beak, or bill, or the snout of some insects: "The ornithologist classified the
unusual bird based on the rostrum of the its beak."
691)

ROT, WROUGHT

Rot (RAHT)
1. To become morally corrupt or degenerated: "On the basis of his observed life style, I was afraid my cousin would rot
and die an early death."
2. To decay or to decompose.
3. A plant disease characterized by the breakdown of tissue, caused by bacteria or fungi: "We had to use a special spray to
get rid of the rot on my favorite rose bush."
Wrought (RAWT)
1. To fashion or to form in an artistic manner: "The blacksmith wrought an elegant iron gate for our garden."
2. Excited or deeply affected: "I was wrought with sorrow when I read about the sinking of the Titanic in 1912."
692)

ROTE, WROTE

Rote (ROHT)
1. A memorizing process using a routine system or repetition, often without full attention or comprehension: "As a child,
she learned the multiplication tables by rote."
2. A mechanical routine: "Operating the wringer is such a rote activity that I think I could do it in my sleep."

- 202 -

Wrote (ROHT)
1. To have drafted or formed letters or numbers on a surface with a pen, pencil, etc
693)

ROUGH, RUFF

Rough (RUHF)
1. An uneven, broken surface such as a road.
2. Turbulent, challenging, or difficult: "The stormy seas were so rough even the sailors were feeling a bit sea sick."
Ruff (RUHF)
A stiff, circular collar worn by men and women during the 16th and 17th centuries.
694)

RYE, WRY

Rye (RIGH)
1. A type of grass that is grown as a grain and used to make flour or whiskey.
Wry (RIGH)
1. Marked by an expression of grim humor or irony.
2. Showing both amusement and a feeling of being tired, annoyed, etc.: "When she was asked how she felt after winning
the marathon, she gave the reporter a wry smile and said, 'Pretty tired'."
695)

SAC, SACK, SACQUE, SEC, SAX

Sac (SAK)
1. A pouch containing fluid found in both plants and animals: "The doctor said his patient had an inflammation in the sac
surrounding his heart, medically identified as pericarditis."
Sack (SAK)
1. A bag which may be made of cloth, paper, etc.; the contents of such an object: "I take my own plastic sack when I go
shopping."
2. A loose fitting dress or coat: "I remember when sack dresses were very popular."
3. To place objects in a bag or similar container: "My summer job was to sack the potatoes for the farmer."
4. To dismiss from an employment or job: "The employer plans to sack my neighbor because he is late too often."
5. To loot, to plunder, and to steal that which is valuable: "The pirates planned to sack the coastal town at the crack of
dawn."
Sacque (SAK)
A short jacket typically worn by an infant: "Her grandmother made a colorful sacque for her baby as a holiday gift."
Sec (SEK)
1. Something that is moderately dry, often in reference to alcoholic drinks.
2. A reference to a short space of time; short for second: "If you can wait just a sec, I will get the box off the shelf for
you."
sax (SAKS)
The short name for the musical instrument known as the saxophone: "My sister always wanted to play the sax in a
concert band."
696)

SACRED, SACROSANCT

Sacred (SAY krid)

1. Holy, something that is considered worthy of veneration.
2. Important, devoted exclusively to one undertaking: "She believed that it was her sacred duty to care for children who
lived in slums and had no families."
Sacrosanct (SAK roh sangkt")
That which is considered very holy or too important and respected.
697)

SALON, SALOON

Salon (suh LAHN, SAL ahn", sa LAWN)

1. A gathering of people often associated with the arts and cultural endeavours.
2. A business establishment the purpose of which is to promote beauty and fashion.
Saloon (suh LOON)
1. A business establishment or room where alcoholic beverages are sold and consumed.

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2. A place on a train or ship that is comfortably and fashionably furnished for the comfort and ease of the passengers.
698)

SANATORIUM, SANITARIUM

Sanatorium (san" uh TOR ee uhm, san" uh TOHR uhm)

An organization or establishment dedicated to the treatment or rehabilitation of individuals suffering illness or injury:
Sanitarium (san" i TAIR ee uhm)
An alternative word for an establishment the purpose of which is to provide rest and treatment for the ill: "The famous
sanitarium was located near the desert where the air was dry and less polluted."
699)

SANGUINE, SANGUINARY, SANGUINEOUS

Sanguine (SANG gwin)

1. Having the character traits of cheerfulness.
2. Having a ruddy complexion: "After a day hiking in the mountains, he had a fresh and sanguine complexion."
Sanguinary (SANG gwuh ner" ee)
Bloody, associated with bloodshed: "Too many wars end up being more sanguinary than anticipated."
Sanguineous (sang GWIN ee uhs)
1. Relating to or involving blood or bloodshed: "The medical surgery was more sanguineous than the doctors expected."
2. Having the color of blood; blood-red: "His new shoes were sanguineous and were hard to keep clean."
700)

SATIRE, SATYR

Satire (SAT ighr")

A written work or a spoken expression that ridicules people's behavior.
Satyr (SAY tuhr, SAT uhr)
1. A deity from Greek mythology with the characteristics of a goat or a horse and which enjoys revelry.
2. A lecherous man: "After too much to drink, the man acted like a satyr.
701)

SERGE, SURGE

Serge (SURJ)
A sturdy fabric that is woven with a diagonal stripe in it: "My mother made me a serge skirt to go with my new coat."
Surge (SURJ)
1. To rise and fall in a sudden and excessive manner: "After the storm, we were afraid that the waves would surge against
the shore, causing flooding."
2. Characterized by an unexpected and sudden fluctuation or rise and fall.
702)

SEVER, SEVERE

Sever (SEV uhr)

To cut, to separate or to divide: "After an argument, my brother decided to sever all communication with his boss."
Severe (suh VEER)
1. Strict, stern, or rigorous in judgment: "He was his own most severe critic when talking about his new book."
2. Maintaining a scrupulous standard for behavior: "I thought that her expectations of the childrens behavior were
severe considering their ages."
3. Harsh, difficult, causing discomfort: "A winter in Northern Canada can be severe if anyone is not prepared for it."
4. Requiring great effort: "The war is a severe test of his leadership ability."
703)

SHALL, WILL (VERB FORMS)

Shall (SHAL)
This element is now mostly restricted to two situations, first, for interrogative sentences requesting permission or
agreement: "Shall we go for a walk now?" Second, shall is used in legal documents, in which it indicates a duty or
responsibility: "This tenant shall obtain the landlord's permission before he makes any changes to the property."
Will (WIL)
With minor exceptions, will has become the universal word to express futurity; regardless, of whether the subject is in
the first, second, or third person.

- 204 -

704)

SHEAR, SHEER

Shear (SHIR)
To cut, trim, or to clip something (hair, wool, bushes, etc.) from something: "Today is the day we shear the sheep."
Sheer (SHIR)
1. Something that is thin and almost transparent 2. Straight up and down, perpendicular: "We decided we could not
climb the sheer cliff today, but we are determined to try it tomorrow."
3. To act with focused determination: "She won the scholarship through her sheer determination to excel in all her
examinations."
705)

SHEATH, SHEATHE

Sheath (SHEETH)
1. A cover or case for something: "In my craft class, I made a leather sheath for my cousins pocket knife."
2. Any of a variety of coverings or supporting structures: "My umbrella has a protective sheath.
Sheathe (SHEETH)
To cover something with a protective layer: "The builders will sheathe the walls of the house with plastic to make it
windproof before putting up the brick siding."
706)

SHONE, SHOWN

Shone (SHOHN)
1. To have taken a fancy or liking to something: "I have shone my interest in water color painting by enrolling at a studio."
2. Fair weather, brilliant: "The sun has shone all day which we really enjoyed after three days of rain."
Shown (SHOHN)
1. To have caused or permitted someone or something to be seen: "I have shown my fancy embroidery at the craft fair."
2. To have pointed out or exhibited: "The real estate agent has shown my house to three buyers.
707)

SHUDDER, SHUTTER

Shudder (SHUHD uhr)

To tremble or to shiver in a convulsive manner: "It was so cold I began to shudder and could not stop until I went inside to
get warm."
Shutter (SHUHT uhr)
A moveable screen to cover a window or a door: "I decided to paint the shutter on the porch a bright green."

708)

SIGHER, SIRE

Sigher (SIGHR)
An individual who tends to breathe deeply and heavily.
Sire (SIGHR)
1. The male parent of a domestic animal. 2. To breed or to parent a domestic animal.
3. A form of address used to refer to a man of authority.
709)

SIMULATE, STIMULATE

Simulate (SIM yuh layt")

To copy or to imitate, often in such a manner as to be deceptive: "The students practiced flying a machine that was
designed to simulate the actual flight of a jet."
Stimulate (STIM yuh layt")
To arouse, to excite, or to provoke. "The professor was exceptional and could stimulate her students to an active
discussion of the issues."
710)

SING, SINGE

sing (SING)

- 205 -

To make musical tones by using the voice.

singe (SINJ)
To burn in a superficial or slight manner: "Be careful when you lean across the table, you might singe your hair in the
candles."
711)

SKIM, SKIMP, SKIN

Skim (SKIM)
1. To remove a layer of something from the surface of a liquid.
2. To look over or to read something quickly; especially, to find the main ideas.
3. To move quickly or lightly along, above, or near the surface of something: "It was interesting to see the ducks skim over
the lake before landing in the water."
Skimp (SKIMP)
To spend less time, money, etc., on something that is needed; to provide for or to supply inadequately; to be stingy with:
"For the sake of our health, we must not skimp on sleep.
712)

SLAY, SLEIGH

Slay (SLAY)
1. To kill in a random and wanton manner: "Wild animals do not slay other animals just for recreation, but for food."
2. To delight or to amuse someone, or others, very much: "You slay me when you tell such outrageous jokes."
Sleigh (SLAY)
1. A vehicle with runners used to drive across the snow or ice.
2. To drive a large, open vehicle that is usually pulled by a horse over snow or ice.
713)

SLEIGHT, SLIGHT

Sleight (SLIGHT)
1. Deceitful efforts. "He tried to borrow a large sum of money by employing sleight tactics."
2. The act of tricking or deceiving someone, or others, in a clever way.
Slight (SLIGHT)
1. Not stout, but slim or delicate: "Her slight figure was draped in black because her favorite cat had died."
2. Trivial, superficial, and not having much importance: "We had a slight acquaintance and I would not say we were
friends."

714)

SLEW, SLOUGH, SLOUGH, SLOUGH

Slew (SLOO)
1. Large numbers or quantities of something.
2. To turn, to swing about, or to skid: "The car was going too fast and it slew around the corner on the ice."
3. To have killed something, typically in great numbers: "The knight slew the dragon and won the hand of the princess."
Slough (SLOO, SLOU)
1. A depression or hollow, usually filled with deep mud or mire. 2. A state of deep despair or moral degradation.
Slough (SLUHF), noun
The dead outer skin shed by a reptile or an amphibian
Slough (SLUHF), verb
To get rid of something that is unwanted: "It is important that we slough off our fears and face the challenges that
confront us in this project."
715)

SLUGGARD, SLUGGER

Sluggard (SLUHG uhrd)

An individual who is habitually lazy and avoids work or physical exertion.
Slugger (SLUHG uhr)

- 206 -

1. Someone who hits a baseball very hard. 2. A boxer who hits an opponent hard over and over again.
716)

SMACK, SMOCK

Smack (SMACK) (noun and verb)

1. To press together and open the lips quickly and noisily, as when eating or tasting.
2. To strike sharply and with a loud noise; such as, a blow delivered with an open hand.
3. A hard slap or hit; including a loud noise that is made when something hits anything else in a forceful way.
Smock (SMAHK)
1. A loose coatlike outer garment, often worn to protect the clothes while working.
2. A woman's loose blouse-like garment, reaching below the waist and worn over slacks, etc.
717)

SMEAR, SMIRCH, SMIRK

Smear (SMIR)
1. To spread on or to wipe a surface with something that is sticky.
2. To make malicious or secretive comments about someone: "The unscrupulous banker tried to smear his competitor by
writing gossip in the newspaper."
4. An accusation or charge about someone that is without foundation: "The smear campaign by his political opponents
consisted of telling lies about his war record."
Smirch (SMURCH)
1. To make dirty, to sully. 2. To bring disgrace upon someone.
Smirk (SMURK)
To smile in a shallow, smug, unpleasant, or affected manner: "While the principal was talking with him, the youth seemed
not to pay attention and had a smirk on his face."
718)

SMUDGE, SMUG, SNUG

Smudge (SMUHJ)
1. To rub, to blur, or to make indistinct. 2. A spot or stain on something.
Smug (SMUHG)
1. Having or showing the annoying quality of people who feel very pleased or satisfied with their abilities, achievements,
and having a glow of self-congratulation: "He had a smug expression on his face because he was sure he had won the
competition."
2. An archaic or out-of-date usage: very clean, tidy, and very correct: "His desk in the office was always smug as were the
documents which he wrote."
snug (SNUHG)
1. Close fitting and comfortable: "The new coat had a snug fit and was very comfortable and warm."
2. To fasten down securely: "The sailors had to work hard to snug the barrels on the deck so they would not roll around."

719)

SOAR, SORE, SOWER

Soar (SOHR)
1. To sail up into the air to a great height or an upward flight.
2. To rise to a high or exalted level
Sore (SOHR)
1. Painfully tender or sensitive: "They felt sore all over after the bruising football game."
2. Characterized by difficulties and hardships.
3. A localized spot on the body where the skin is broken and which is typically infected.
Sower (SOHR)
1. An individual who plants seeds by scattering them. 2. Anyone who scatters non-truths and causes suspicion
720)

SODDER, SOLDER

Sodder (SAHD uhr)

Someone who, or a machine which, lays sod or grass for a lawn.
Solder (SAHD uhr)
1. The process by which two pieces of metal are fastened together. 2. To create a solid friendship or union.

- 207 -

721)

SOLID, STOLID

Solid (SAHL id)

1. Something that is neither a gas nor a liquid. 2. Something that has no internal cavity: "On the playground, we used a
solid rubber ball in our games."
3. Uninterrupted: "The speeches went on for two solid hours without a break."
4. Prudent, serious in purpose and character: "He had a solid reputation for good judgment in financial matters."
Stolid (STAHL id)
Expressing little or no emotion; impassive: "When she was angry, her face assumed a stolid expression and it was difficult
to know what she was thinking."
722)

SOLITAIRE, SOLITARY

Solitaire (SAH i tair")

1. Any of a number of card games in which there is only one player.
2. A gem stone.
Solitary (SAH i ter" ee)
Living alone, isolated, without companionship: "He lived a solitary life style during the summer when he was camping."
723)

SOMETIME, SOME TIME, SOMETIMES

Sometime (SUHM tighm")

Being or occurring only once in a while or occasionally: "My aunt was a sometime visitor to our home and she was always
welcome."
Some time (SUHM tighm")
At an unspecified or unknown point of time: "I heard the neighbors come home some time last night after midnight."
Sometimes (SUHM tighmz")
Occasionally, happening now and then: "Sometimes I like to go for a long walk when it is raining."
724)

SPACIOUS, SPECIOUS

Spacious (SPAY shuhs)

Having a large area or space for utilization.
Specious (SPEE shuhs)
1. Appearing to be true but actually false: "She justified her actions with specious reasoning."
725)

SPARK, STARK, START

Spark (SPAHRK)
1. A small piece of burning material that comes from a fire or is produced by rubbing or hitting two hard objects together.
2. A quality that makes a person or something pleasant, interesting, or successful: "He's a great actor, but he seems to
have lost some of the spark he used to have."
Stark (STAHRK)
Complete or utterly; extreme; entirely: "Too many people are living in stark poverty."
2. Unpleasant and difficult to accept or to experience: "The stark reality of his death while driving should be a stark
reminder of the dangers of driving while drunk."
726)

SPECIE, SPECIES

Specie (SPEE see, SPEE shee)

1. Coin of the precious metals (gold or silver).
2. In law, with reference to a contract, the expression 'performance in specie' means strictly, or according to the exact
terms: "The lawyer was explaining what the conditions of each specie for the new contract will be."
Species (SPEE seez, SPEE sheez)
1. A group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants.
727)

SPLATTER, SPLUTTER

Splatter (SPLAT uhr)

- 208 -

1. To move, fall, or to hit something in large drops: "Mud will splatter everywhere when the wet dog shakes herself."
2. To cause a liquid to move or to fall in large drops: "Why do you have to splatter paint everywhere?"
3. Something that has been hit and broken apart on a surface: "I can see that you have a big bug splatter on the
windshield of your car."
Splutter (SPLUT uhr)
1. To make a spitting or choking sound. 2. To say something in a choking incoherent manner: "She couldn't help but
cough and splutter as she climbed out of the icy water."
3. To speak hastily and incoherently, as when confused or angry.
728)

STAGGER, STRAGGLE

Stagger (STAG uhr)

1. To move or to stand unsteadily, as if under a great weight; to totter.
2. To arrange in alternating or overlapping time periods: "Next week, the administration will stagger the work shifts of the
nurses."
Straggle (STRAG uhl)
1. To stray or to fall behind: "When the class goes for a walk, I notice that there is always at least one pupil who will
straggle behind."
2. To proceed or to spread out in a scattered or irregular group: "The search party will straggle and scatter to check the
tall grass for the missing expensive bracelet."
729)

STAID, STAYED

Staid (STAYD)
Characterized by self restraint; serious, boring, or old fashioned: "His staid manner was in contrast to the bright red
sports jacket he was wearing."
Stayed (STAYD)
1. To have paused or stopped a forward movement: "The deer stayed perfectly quiet until the hunter got close to it."
2. To have lived or resided in some location: "We stayed in a lovely Bed and Breakfast near the river for our vacation."
3. To stop or to delay a proceeding, often in a legal context
730)

STAIR, STARE

Stair (STAIR)
One step of a flight or series of steps: "Each stair on the long staircase was painted with a different pattern."
stare (STAIR)
1. To look directly and fixedly, often with a wide-eyed gaze; to look intently.
2. To be conspicuous; to stand out.

731)

STAKE, STEAK

Stake (STAYK)
1. A stick of wood or other material that has a pointed end and is driven into the ground to serve as a marker: "The
surveyor drove a stake into the ground to mark the far edge of the field."
2. One primitive form of capital punishment was the use of a post to which an individual was tied in anticipation of an
execution: "The traitor was tied to the stake and left to die."
3. The prize in a competition or contest: "All of the teachers contributed to the stake for the student competition in their
school."
Steak (STAYK)
A slice of meat from such animals as beef cattle, pork, or fish: "We are going to BBQ a swordfish steak today."
732)

STALK, STALK, STALKER

Stalk (STAWK)
The main supportive stem of certain plants: "The recipe called for one stalk of chopped celery."
Stalk (STAWK)

- 209 -

1. To hunt or to follow prey in a secretive manner.

2. To walk in a stiff manner: "When the police officer was concentrating, he seemed to stalk about the office as if he were
angry."
Stalker (STAWK uhr)
An individual or animal which hunts or follows prey in a clandestine manner: "Our favorite cat is an excellent stalker of
field mice."
733)

STAMP, STOMP

Stamp (STAMP)
1. To injure or to destroy by bringing one's foot down heavily on an object in a repeated manner: "We tried to stamp out
the fire with our boots so it would not spread."
2. A seal or imprint to indicate that something has been paid for or that a tax has been paid for.
3. A distinctive characteristic.: "The farm had a dreary stamp about it because of the unpainted buildings."
Stomp (STAHMP, STAWMP)
1. A form of dance characterized by repeated heavy footwork: "The two young people demonstrated the stomp which
was the latest craze at their school."
2 To have used one's foot heavily to injure or destroy something: "Did you have to stomp on all of those ants out in the
yard?"
734)

STANCE, STAUNCH

Stance (STANS)
1. A publicly stated opinion: "The prosecuting attorney changed his stance after new evidence was discovered."
2. A way of standing: "Her son had a stiff stance as he was being scolded by his father."
Staunch (STAWNCH, STAHNCH)
1. To stop the flow of something: "She used a handkerchief to staunch her tears."
2. To impede the apparent course of something: "The mayor said she would staunch the wave of crime in the city."
3. Loyal, steadfast: "We have been staunch friends since we were in grade school."
735)

STATIONARY, STATIONERY

Stationary (STAY shuh ner" ee)

Not moving; staying in one place or position.
Stationery (STAY shuh ner" ee)
Writing paper and envelopes and related office or personal supplies.
736)

STATUE, STATURE, STATUTE

Statue (STACH yoo)

A sculpture that represents a human or an animal which is usually made of stone, metal, etc.
Stature (STACH uhr)
1. The level of respect that people have for a successful person, organization, etc.
2. The natural height of a human, animal, or some object in an upright position: "Since his stature in was more than the
other basketball players, he had a significant advantage."
Statute (STACH yoot)
An established law or rule that is formally created by a government.
737)

STEELY, STELE

Steely (STEE lee)

1. Resembling steel, as in color or hardness: "He had a steely determination to succeed."
2. Being very strong and determined often in a cold or unfriendly way: "She gave him a steely look when he tried to talk
to her."
Stele (STEE lee)
An upright stone or slab with an inscribed or sculptured surface, used as a monument or as a commemorative tablet in
the face of a building: "The builders included a stele on the front of the building near the main entrance."
738)

STENTORIAN, STERTOROUS

- 210 -

Stentorian (sten TOR ee uhn, sten TOHR ee uhn)

A very loud or powerful voice.
Stertorous (STUHR tuh ruhs)
Characterized by a harsh snoring or gasping sound: "He often disturbed his wife's sleep with his stertorous breathing."
739)

STILE, STYLE

Stile (STIGHL)
1. A set of steps used to cross over to the other side of a fence or a wall: "She climbed the stile and jumped down into the
grass on the other side of the fence."
2. The vertical arms of a structure or frame upon which other pieces are fastened: "The builder created a stile so she
could attach cross pieces and fashion a temporary ladder."
Style (STIGHL)
A distinctive manner of dress, speech, fashion, etc.
740)

STINK, STINT

Stink (STINGK)
To give off a very bad smell or odor.
Stint (STINT)
1. A defined length of time to be devoted to an undertaking
2. To be careful or frugal: "Please, don't stint on the butter on my hot toast."
741)

STRAIGHTENED, STRAITENED

Straightened (STRAYT n'd)

To have removed crookedness, bends, curves, etc
Straitened (STRAYT n'd)
Not having enough money or having less money than before.
742)

STRICTURE, STRUCTURE

Stricture (STRIK chuhr)

1. Restriction or a law or rule that limits or controls something: "The unexpected stricture on speed on this road really
slows the traffic down."
2. A strong criticism: "They don't agree with her stricture, or strictures, on the state of contemporary theater."
Structure (STRUK chuhr)
1. Something that has been built or constructed.
2. To create or to form into a recognizable shape; for example, a building.
743)

STRIDENT, TRIDENT

Strident (STRIGHD n't)

1. Characterized by a loud, harsh, and discordant sound.
2. Commanding attention by creating an intrusive impression: "The posters on the building were strident as they exhorted
the workers to strike against the factory."
Trident (TRIGHD n't)
A spear with three prongs such as one that is used for fishing: "The hapless fisherman was trying to catch the fish using a
trident."
744)

STRIP, STRIPE

Strip (STRIP)
1. To remove the covering of something: "My job for today is to strip the paint off the old bench under the tree."
2. To take a person's possessions away: "The court decided to strip the traitor of his wealth and possessions."
3. A long narrow stretch of water or land: "The airplane landed on the narrow strip of land next to the river."
Stripe (STRIGHP)

- 211 -

The design of a textile that includes bands of contrasting color against a background: "I like the stripe design in my new
summer coat."
745)

STUMBLE, TUMBLE

Stumble (STUHM buhl)

1. To make an error or to act in a wayward manner; to commit a sin.
2. To trip or to walk in an unsteady manner. 3. To speak in an awkward or hesitating manner.
Tumble (TUHM buhl)
1. Falling down unexpectedly: "He suffered a tumble when he missed the last step on the stairway."
2. Suffering an unexpected defeat or downfall: "The candidate's reputation experienced a tumble in the polls."
3. To roll downhill in a head over heels manner: "The children lay on the grass and started to tumble all the way to the
bottom of the decline."
746)

SUCCOR, SUCKER

Succor (SUHK uhr)

1. Something that provides relief: "It is said that prayer is often the succor for a troubled soul."
2. To go to the assistance of something or someone: "We will succor the homeless and take blankets to the shelter.
Sucker (SUHK uhr)
1. A lollipop or sweet candy often on a stick: "Each of the children was given a sucker at the end of the birthday party."
2. A person who is easily fooled or deceived or who is irresistibly attracted to something.
747)

SUEDE, SWAYED

Suede (SWAYD)
Leather or fabric that is finished with a soft-to-the-touch surface and is often used for clothing.
Swayed (SWAYD)
1. To have moved back and forth in a gentle manner: "The tops of the trees swayed in the breeze from the lake."
2. To have changed ones position or opinion on a matter, often because of the influence of someone.
3. To have provided a guiding or controlling influence: "The aging actor certainly swayed the new actors when they
worked with him."
748)

SUNDAE, SUNDAY, SUNDRY

Sundae (SUHN dee, SUHN day)

A dish of ice cream that may have a topping of fruit, sauce, or whipped cream.
Sundry (SUHN dree)
Miscellaneous or an indeterminate number of something: "There were sundry items sitting on the shelf in the bathroom."
"This was such a good book I would recommend it to all and sundry people."
749)

SWATH, SWATHE

Swath (SWAHTH, SWAWTH)

A broad strip or a width and length of cut grass, etc. after a machine or individual cuts it.
Swathe (SWAHTH, SWAWTH)
1. To wrap closely in cloth: "The nurse planned to swathe the new baby after it had been bathed."
2. A band of material or any medium used for wrapping: "The antique dealer used lengths of soft swathe to package the
vase so it would not break."
750)

TALENTS, TALONS

Talents (TAL uhnts)

1. The natural abilities or endowment of a person. 2. The general abilities that someone has.
Talons (TAL uhns)
1. The sharp claws of an animal or bird of prey. 2. Any objects that are shaped like a claw.
751)

TAPER, TAPIR

- 212 -

Taper (TAY puhr)

1. A tall slender candle; a waxed wick used for lighting candles.
2. A graduated narrowing of something towards one end: "You can see many leaves that taper to the ends."
3. To diminish or to become smaller: "Her voice began to taper off as she was reading the long story."
Tapir (TAY puhr, tuh PIR)
Any of several large, chiefly nocturnal, odd-toed ungulates of the genus Tapirus of tropical America, and Sumatra, related
to the horse and the rhinoceros, and having a heavy body, short legs, and a long, fleshy, flexible upper lip.
752)

TAUGHT, TAUT, TAUNT, TOT

Taught (TAWT)
To have provided guidance to students in an academic context.
Taut (TAWT)
1. Maintained in good or proper condition: "The captain ran a taut ship and rarely had to go into port for major repairs."
2. Characterized as using minimal detail: "The report from the police was taut and included only the basic facts of the
situation."
Taunt (TAWNT)
An insult, a slurring comment; to make such a comment. "The gang members tried to taunt the dignified old man.
Tot (TAHT)
1. A small child, typically too young to attend school.
2. A small measure of an alcoholic drink: "The bar tender measured a tot of rum for the customer."
753)

TEAM, TEEM

Team (TEEM)
A group of individuals associated with a specific task or activity.
Teem (TEEM)
1. A large quantity or anything that is to be filled to the point of overflowing: "The lake seemed to teem with fish and I
could hardly wait to go fishing there."
2. To empty or to pour out: "The foundry workers started to teem the molten metal into the forms."
754)

TEMERITY, TIMIDITY, TIMOROUS

Temerity (tuh MER i tee)

Recklessness, a foolhardy disdain for danger associated with an action. "The mountain hikers demonstrated temerity
when planning their assent of the dangerous mountain."
Timidity (tuh MI duh tee)
Not possessing courage or boldness: "His timidity made him a victim of many jokes on the playground."
Timorous (TIM uhr uhs)
Fearful, doubtful: "Her timorous personality was not evident in the fascinating mystery books which she wrote.
755)

TENANT, TENET

Tenant (TEN uhnt)

An individual who lives in a building, or uses land, on a temporary basis, often associated with the payment of rent.
Tenet (TEN it)
A basic doctrine or foundation of belief that is believed to be true: "The basic tenet of my faith is to be kind to other
people."
756)

TEPID, TORPID

Tepid (TEP id)

Lukewarm; lacking in enthusiasm or passion: "The tea in my cup has become tepid and had to be refreshed with more hot
tea." "Her tepid personality was a guise for a brilliant mind."
Torpid (TOR pid)
Sluggish, apathetic; bringing about listlessness: "The heat and humidity created such a torpid feeling that all I could do
was to lie in the shade of the trees."
757)

THONG, THRONG

- 213 -

Thong (THAWNG, THAHNG)

1. A narrow strip of fabric: "He used a leather thong to mend the saddle."
2. A sandal which is fastened to the foot using a narrow strip of fabric.
Throng (THRAWNG, THRAHNG)
A large number of people gathered together in a location: "A throng of fans was waiting for the players to arrive."
758)

THRASH, THRESH

Thrash (THRASH)
1. To whip, to hit, or to defeat: "Our team is determined to thrash the competition this year!"
2. The process by which grain is harvested and separated from the leaves and stems of plants.
3. To move about or to strike violently: "When I first learned to swim, I would thrash about in the water."
Thresh (THRESH)
1. To toss about: "I am so tired this morning because I am sure all I did was thresh in bed all night."
2. To separate grain from the plant on which it was grown using mechanical procedures.
759)

THROES, THROWS

Throes (THROHZ)
Difficult or painful struggles: "She was in the throes of sorrow due to the loss of her favorite aunt."
Throws (THROHZ)
1. To cast or to toss from one individual to another: "He throws a fast ball when he is on the pitcher's mound.
2. To cause or to create: "The sun throws long shadows across the land at the end of the day."
760)

THRONE, THROWN

Throne (THROHN)
A chair typically associated with royalty.
Thrown (THROHN)
1. To have or to be overcome by something or a situation: "She was not thrown by the difficult physics problem on her
examination." "He was thrown with emotion when he realized his friend was not hurt in the accident."
2. To have dashed or to hit something violently: "During the storm, the ship was thrown against the reef and was badly
damaged."
3. To have built, constructed, or exerted oneself to do something: "The construction company has thrown together a shed
for storing all of their equipment."
761)

THYME, TIME

Thyme (THIGHM)
Any of a number of plants with aromatic leaves frequently used in cooking or medicines.
Time (TIGHM)
1. A measureable period during which something occurs or happens: "This is the time of fantastic explorations in space."
2. One's experiences during a specific event: "We had a great time at the tea yesterday afternoon."

762)

TIDE, TIED

Tide (TIGHD)
The rise and fall of bodies of water: "We sat on the shore and watched the tide come in."
Tied (TIGHD)
Fastened together; such as, shoe lace, string around a package, etc.
763)

TIMBER, TIMBRE

Timber (TIM buhr)

1. Trees or wooded land considered as a source of wood. 2. Wood used as a building material; lumber.
Timbre (TAM buhr, TIM buhr)

- 214 -

The combination of qualities of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and volume: "The
timbre of the singer's voice enchanted me because it was so resonant."
764)

TINGE, TWINGE

Tinge (TINJ)
To change or modify to a slight degree typically in reference to color: "The artist decided to tinge the sunset in the
painting with a slight pink color."
Twinge (TWINJ)
A sharp localized pain which may be either physical or moral: "I felt a twinge in my ankle when I was walking because I
had twisted it earlier in the day." "He seemed to experience a twinge of conscience when he realized what he had done."
765)

TOAD, TOED, TOWED

Toad (TOHD)
An amphibious creature characterized by a rough, squat form which spends considerable time on land, returning to water
to lay eggs.
Toed (TOHD)
A reference to a digit on the foot: "People are known as five-toed creatures."
Towed (TOHD)
Pulled or dragged: "When we went camping, we towed a trailer with all of our camping gear behind the car."
766)

TON, TUN

Ton (TUHN)
A quantity equivalent to 1000 kgs.
Tun (TUHN)
1. A large cask for liquids; especially, wine
2. A measure of liquid capacity; especially, one equivalent to approximately 252 gallons (954 liters).
767)

TOOT, TOUT

Toot (TOOT)
1. A drinking spree: "After they finished their examinations, they all went on a toot for the rest of the evening."
2. A sharp note suggestive of the sound of a wind instrument. "She started to toot on the toy trumpet that was given to
her for the New Year's celebration."
Tout (TOUT)
1. To praise or to publicize in an extravagant manner.
2. To talk about something or someone as being very good, effective, skillful, etc.
768)

TORT, TORTE

Tort (TORT)
In law, damage, injury, or a wrongful act done willfully, negligently, or in circumstances involving strict liability; but not
involving breach of contract, for which a civil suit can be brought.
Torte (TORT, TORT tuh)
A rich cake made with many eggs and little flour and usually containing chopped nuts.
769)

TORTUOUS, TORTUROUS

Tortuous (TOR choo uhs)

1. Having or marked by repeated turns or bends; winding or twisting.
2. Not straightforward; circuitous; devious: "The story had a tortuous plot."
3. Highly involved; complex: "There were so many tortuous legal procedures that it took more than a year before there
was a final decision."
Torturous (TOR chuhr uhs)
1. Of, relating to, or causing torture. 2. Twisted; strained: "The mountain roads were torturous and required careful
attention in order to drive safely."

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770)

TOUCHE, TOUCHY

Touche (too SHAY)

Used to acknowledge a hit in fencing, a successful criticism, or an effective point in an argument.
Touchy (TUHCH ee)
Easily offended; very sensitive; likely to cause people to become upset: "Borrowing from the bank is a touchy subject with
some people; especially, during these days of financial instability."
771)

TRANSIENCE, TRANSIENTS

Transience (TRAN zee uhns, TRAN zhuhns, TRAN shuhns)

Characterized as being short lived; passing briefly through a situation or locale.
Transients (TRAN zee uhns, TRAN zhuhns, TRAN shuhns)
Individuals who frequently travel from place to place, often in search of employment or a better life style.
772)

TRAVAIL, TRAVEL

Travail (truh VAYL, TRAV ayl")

1. Physical or mental exertion. 2. To work hard.
Travel (TRAV uhl)
To move or to go from place to place
773)

TRAY, TREY

Tray (TRAY)
A shallow flat receptacle with a raised edge or rim, used for carrying, holding, or displaying articles.
Trey (TRAY)
A card, die, or domino with three pips (spots): "He rolled a double trey with the dice and won the bet."
774)

TREACHERY, TREASON

Treachery (TRECH uh ree)

A serious violation of faith or confidence: "His letter seemed pure treachery given the faith I had in his promise."
Treason (TREE zuhn)
Overt acts to overthrow a government to which one has pledged allegiance or any significant betrayal of trust.
775)

TRIUMPHAL, TRIUMPHANT

Triumphal (trigh UHM fuhl)

Characterized by a joyful success or victory: "Winning the election was a triumphal moment in her career."
Triumphant (trigh UHM fuhnt)
An event planned to rejoice and to celebrate a significant event: "The mayor planned a triumphant parade for the football
team because it finally won the pennant."
776)

TROOP, TROUPE

Troop (TROOP)
A group or gathering of soldiers, people or animals.
2. To walk, to gather, or to move in a large group.
Troupe (TROOP)
A group of performers for the theatre.
777)

TRUSSED, TRUST

Trussed (TRUHST)
1. Having tied someone up tightly to prevent movement.
2. Having used a strong frame of wooden beams, bars, or rods that have supported a roof or bridge.
Trust (TRUHST)
1. A belief that someone or something is reliable, good, honest, effective, etc.

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778)

TRUSTEE, TRUSTY

Trustee (tru STEE)

1. An individual to whom property is legally assigned for that person to administer for the benefit of another individual.
2. An individual who occupies a position of trust and responsibility: "My nephew is a trustee with the local bank."
Trusty (TRUS tee)
1. Dependable, reliable; used especially to describe a useful tool, device, etc.
779)

TURBID, TURGID

Turbid (TUR bid)

Not clear, heavy with smoke, and characterized by obscurity: "The air in the factory was turbid and it was difficult to see
across the room." "He chose to maintain a turbid lifestyle and rarely went out in public."
Turgid (TUR jid)
1. Plumped up, swollen, not wilted. "After I hit my thumb with a hammer, it became very turgid and purple."
2. Characterized by a manner that is excessively embellished or bombastic.
780)

TUTOR, TUDOR

Tutor (TOO tuhr, TYOO tuhr)

1. A private instructor who gives additional, special, or remedial instructions.
Tudor (TOO duhr, TYOO duhr)
1. An English ruling dynasty (1485-1603), including Henry VII and his descendants Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and
Elizabeth I: "There is a great deal of Tudor history to be learned about the rulers of England."
2. Of or relating to the royal monarchs of England.
781)

TWEAK, TWEET, TWEETER, TWIT, TWITTER

Tweak (TWEEK)
1. To pinch, pluck, or twist sharply: "Her son is very annoyed when his aunt has to tweak his cheek."
2. To adjust; to fine-tune: "The company may have to tweak the software program once more."
Tweet (TWEET)
1. To utter a weak chirping sound: "Rescue efforts of the man and woman were hampered by the flocks of birds that
continued to tweet as they circled the couple's heads."
Tweeter (TWEE tuhr)
A small loudspeaker designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds in a high-fidelity audio system: "We had to adjust the
tweeter on our speaker."
Twit (TWIT)
1. To taunt, to ridicule, or to tease; especially, for an embarrassing mistake or fault: "He continued to twit his mother long
after it stopped being humorous."
2. A foolish person: "He is a twit who always wants to tweet on Twitter."
782)

UDDER, UTTER

Udder (UHD uhr)

The bag-shaped part of a cow, goat, etc., that hangs below the belly and produces milk: "You can milk a cow when the
udder is full."
Utter (UHT uhr)
1. To make a particular sound: "Did she really utter a cry of pleasure when you told her the good news?"
2. To say something: "Don't utter a word or say anything about our upcoming marriage."
783)

UMBRELLA, PARASOL, SOMBRERO

Umbrella (uhm BREL uh)

1. A device that is used for protection from the rain and sun consisting of a circle of fabric attached to a folding frame.
2. A group or organization that includes many smaller groups: "Several stores spread throughout the country are part of
this umbrella corporation."
Parasol (PAR uh sawhl", PAR uh sahl")

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A light umbrella which can be used to protect oneself from the sun: "My mother gave me her parasol when I went on the
summer picnic."
Sombrero (sahm BRAIR oh, suhm BRAIR oh)
A type of hat with a very wide brim that is often worn in Mexico and in the southwestern United States to protect the
user from the sun: "He always wears his sombrero when he goes out during the hot summer weather."
784)

UNEXCEPTIONABLE, UNEXCEPTIONAL

Unexceptionable (uhn" ik SEP shuh nuh buhl)

Not likely to cause an objection or offense, but it is usually used to describe something that is good but not outstanding or
excellent.
Unexceptional (uhn" ik SEP shuh nuhl)
Usually not good, interesting, etc.: "As an actress she was unexceptional, but as a singer, she had an exceptional voice."
785)

UNINHABITED, UNINHIBITED

Uninhabited (uhn" in HAB i tid)

Not lived in by people.
Uninhibited (uhn" in HIB i tid)
Able to express thoughts and feelings freely: "He is often the center of attention because he is so very uninhibited while
talking quite openly about his feelings."
786)

UNWANTED, UNWONTED

Unwanted (un WAHNT id, un WAWNT id)

Not desired; not wished for: "She tried to give the unwanted magazines away."
Unwonted (un WAWN tid, un WOHN tid, un WUHN tid)
1. Not habitual or ordinary; unusual: "She had an unwonted softness in her face."
2. Not normal, usual, or expected: "He was surprised by her unwonted cheerfulness."
787)

URBAN, URBANE

Urban (UHR buhn)

Of or relating to cities and the people who live in them.
Urbane (uhr BAYN)
1. Polite and confident; courteous and refined, as opposed to crude or coarse: "A diplomat must be urbane in order to
do his job successfully."
2. Fashionable and somewhat formal: "During our vacation, we really enjoyed the urbane sophistication of the
people.

List of Homophones
This is a list of British-English homophones. See the explanation page for details of the inclusion criteria.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

accessary, accessory
ad, add
ail, ale
air, heir
aisle, I'll, isle

111. dew, due

112. die, dye
113. discreet, discrete
114. doe, doh, dough
115. done, dun

221. leach, leech

222. lead, led
223. leak, leek
224. lean, lien
225. lessen, lesson

331. rouse, rows

332. rung, wrung
333. rye, wry
334. saver, savour
335. spade, spayed

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6.
7.
8.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
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55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.

all, awl
allowed, aloud
alms, arms
altar, alter
arc, ark
aren't, aunt
ate, eight
auger, augur
auk, orc
aural, oral
away, aweigh
awe, oar, or, ore
axel, axle
aye, eye, I
bail, bale
bait, bate
baize, bays
bald, bawled
ball, bawl
band, banned
bard, barred
bare, bear
bark, barque
baron, barren
base, bass
bay, bey
bazaar, bizarre
be, bee
beach, beech
bean, been
beat, beet
beau, bow
beer, bier
bel, bell, belle
berry, bury
berth, birth
bight, bite, byte
billed, build
bitten, bittern
blew, blue
bloc, block
boar, bore
board, bored
boarder, border
bold, bowled
boos, booze
born, borne
bough, bow
boy, buoy
brae, bray
braid, brayed
braise, brays, braze
brake, break
bread, bred
brews, bruise
bridal, bridle
broach, brooch
bur, burr
but, butt

116. douse, dowse

117. draft, draught
118. dual, duel
119. earn, urn
120. eery, eyrie
121. ewe, yew, you
122. faint, feint
123. fah, far
124. fair, fare
125. farther, father
126. fate, fte
127. faun, fawn
128. fay, fey
129. faze, phase
130. feat, feet
131. ferrule, ferule
132. few, phew
133. fie, phi
134. file, phial
135. find, fined
136. fir, fur
137. fizz, phiz
138. flair, flare
139. flaw, floor
140. flea, flee
141. flex, flecks
142. flew, flu, flue
143. floe, flow
144. flour, flower
145. foaled, fold
146. for, fore, four
147. foreword, forward
148. fort, fought
149. forth, fourth
150. foul, fowl
151. franc, frank
152. freeze, frieze
153. friar, fryer
154. furs, furze
155. gait, gate
156. galipot, gallipot
157. gallop, galop
158. gamble, gambol
159. gays, gaze
160. genes, jeans
161. gild, guild
162. gilt, guilt
163. giro, gyro
164. gnaw, nor
165. gneiss, nice
166. gorilla, guerilla
167. grate, great
168. greave, grieve
169. greys, graze
170. grisly, grizzly
171. groan, grown
172. guessed, guest
173. hail, hale
174. hair, hare

226. levee, levy

227. liar, lyre
228. licence, license
229. licker, liquor
230. lie, lye
231. lieu, loo
232. links, lynx
233. lo, low
234. load, lode
235. loan, lone
236. locks, lox
237. loop, loupe
238. loot, lute
239. made, maid
240. mail, male
241. main, mane
242. maize, maze
243. mall, maul
244. manna, manner
245. mantel, mantle
246. mare, mayor
247. mark, marque
248. marshal, martial
249. marten, martin
250. mask, masque
251. maw, more
252. me, mi
253. mean, mien
254. meat, meet, mete
255. medal, meddle
256. metal, mettle
257. meter, metre
258. might, mite
259. miner, minor, mynah
260. mind, mined
261. missed, mist
262. moat, mote
263. mode, mowed
264. moor, more
265. moose, mousse
266. morning, mourning
267. muscle, mussel
268. naval, navel
269. nay, neigh
270. nigh, nye
271. none, nun
272. od, odd
273. ode, owed
274. oh, owe
275. one, won
276. packed, pact
277. packs, pax
278. pail, pale
279. pain, pane
280. pair, pare, pear
281. palate, palette, pallet
282. pascal, paschal
283. paten, patten, pattern
284. pause, paws, pores,

336. sale, sail

337. sane, seine
338. satire, satyr
339. sauce, source
340. saw, soar, sore
341. scene, seen
342. scull, skull
343. sea, see
344. seam, seem
345. sear, seer, sere
346. seas, sees, seize
347. sew, so, sow
348. shake, sheikh
349. shear, sheer
350. shoe, shoo
351. sic, sick
352. side, sighed
353. sign, sine
354. sink, synch
355. slay, sleigh
356. sloe, slow
357. sole, soul
358. some, sum
359. son, sun
360. sort, sought
361. spa, spar
362. staid, stayed
363. stair, stare
364. stake, steak
365. stalk, stork
366. stationary, stationery
367. steal, steel
368. stile, style
369. storey, story
370. straight, strait
371. sweet, suite
372. swat, swot
373. tacks, tax
374. tale, tail
375. talk, torque
376. tare, tear
377. taught, taut, tort
378. te, tea, tee
379. team, teem
380. tear, tier
381. teas, tease
382. terce, terse
383. tern, turn
384. there, their, they're
385. threw, through
386. throes, throws
387. throne, thrown
388. thyme, time
389. tic, tick
390. tide, tied
391. tire, tyre
392. to, too, two
393. toad, toed, towed
394. told, tolled

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65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.

buy, by, bye

buyer, byre
calendar, calender
call, caul
canvas, canvass
cast, caste
caster, castor
caught, court
caw, core, corps
cede, seed
ceiling, sealing
cell, sell
censer, censor, sensor
cent, scent, sent
cereal, serial
cheap, cheep
check, cheque
choir, quire
chord, cord
cite, sight, site
clack, claque
clew, clue
climb, clime
close, cloze
coal, kohl
coarse, course
coign, coin
colonel, kernel
complacent, complaisant
complement,
compliment
95. coo, coup
96. cops, copse
97. council, counsel
98. cousin, cozen
99. creak, creek
100. crews, cruise
101. cue, kyu, queue
102. curb, kerb
103. currant, current
104. cymbol, symbol
105. dam, damn
106. days, daze
107. dear, deer
108. descent, dissent
109. desert, dessert
110. deviser, divisor

175. hall, haul

176. hangar, hanger
177. hart, heart
178. haw, hoar, whore
179. hay, hey
180. heal, heel, he'll
181. hear, here
182. heard, herd
183. he'd, heed
184. heroin, heroine
185. hew, hue
186. hi, high
187. higher, hire
188. him, hymn
189. ho, hoe
190. hoard, horde
191. hoarse, horse
192. holey, holy, wholly
193. hour, our
194. idle, idol
195. in, inn
196. indict, indite
197. it's, its
198. jewel, joule
199. key, quay
200. knave, nave
201. knead, need
202. knew, new
203. knight, night
204. knit, nit
205. knob, nob
206. knock, nock
207. knot, not
208. know, no
209. knows, nose
210. laager, lager
211. lac, lack
212. lade, laid
213. lain, lane
214. lam, lamb
215. laps, lapse
216. larva, lava
217. lase, laze
218. law, lore
219. lay, ley
220. lea, lee

pours
285. pawn, porn
286. pea, pee
287. peace, piece
288. peak, peek, peke, pique
289. peal, peel
290. pearl, purl
291. pedal, peddle
292. peer, pier
293. pi, pie
294. pica, pika
295. place, plaice
296. plain, plane
297. pleas, please
298. plum, plumb
299. pole, poll
300. poof, pouffe
301. practice, practise
302. praise, prays, preys
303. principal, principle
304. profit, prophet
305. quarts, quartz
306. quean, queen
307. rain, reign, rein
308. raise, rays, raze
309. rap, wrap
310. raw, roar
311. read, reed
312. read, red
313. real, reel
314. reek, wreak
315. rest, wrest
316. retch, wretch
317. review, revue
318. rheum, room
319. right, rite, wright, write
320. ring, wring
321. road, rode
322. roe, row
323. role, roll
324. roo, roux, rue
325. rood, rude
326. root, route
327. rose, rows
328. rota, rotor
329. rote, wrote
330. rough, ruff

395. tole, toll

396. ton, tun
397. tor, tore
398. tough, tuff
399. troop, troupe
400. tuba, tuber
401. vain, vane, vein
402. vale, veil
403. vial, vile
404. wail, wale, whale
405. wain, wane
406. waist, waste
407. wait, weight
408. waive, wave
409. wall, waul
410. war, wore
411. ware, wear, where
412. warn, worn
413. wart, wort
414. watt, what
415. wax, whacks
416. way, weigh, whey
417. we, wee, whee
418. weak, week
419. we'd, weed
420. weal, we'll, wheel
421. wean, ween
422. weather, whether
423. weaver, weever
424. weir, we're
425. were, whirr
426. wet, whet
427. wheald, wheeled
428. which, witch
429. whig, wig
430. while, wile
431. whine, wine
432. whirl, whorl
433. whirled, world
434. whit, wit
435. white, wight
436. who's, whose
437. woe, whoa
438. wood, would
439. yaw, yore, your,
you're
440. yoke, yolk
441. you'll, yule

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