MPLS22SG Vol.1 PDF
MPLS22SG Vol.1 PDF
MPLS22SG Vol.1 PDF
Implementing Cisco
MPLS
Volume 1
Version 2.2
Student Guide
Text Part Number: 97-2389-02
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Table of Contents
Volume 1
Course Introduction 1
Overview 1
Learner Skills and Knowledge 2
Course Goal and Objectives 3
Course Flow 4
Additional References 5
Cisco Glossary of Terms 5
Your Training Curriculum 6
MPLS Concepts 1-1
Overview 1-1
Module Objectives 1-1
Introducing Basic MPLS Concepts 1-3
Overview 1-3
Objectives 1-3
What Are the Foundations of Traditional IP Routing? 1-4
Example: Traditional IP Routing 1-5
Basic MPLS Features 1-6
Benefits of MPLS 1-7
What Are the MPLS Architecture Components? 1-8
MPLS Control Plane 1-8
MPLS Data Plane 1-9
MPLS LSRs 1-10
Example: LSR Architecture 1-12
Example: Basic MPLS 1-14
Summary 1-15
Introducing MPLS Labels and Label Stacks 1-17
Overview 1-17
Objectives 1-17
What Are MPLS Labels? 1-18
FEC and MPLS Forwarding 1-19
What Is the MPLS Label Format? 1-20
Where Are MPLS Labels Inserted? 1-21
Example: MPLS Label InsertionFrame-Mode MPLS 1-22
What Is an MPLS Label Stack? 1-23
Example: MPLS Label Stack 1-24
Example: MPLS Label Stack Format 1-25
What Are MPLS Label Operations? 1-26
Example: MPLS Label OperationsFrame-Mode MPLS 1-27
Summary 1-28
Identifying MPLS Applications 1-29
Overview 1-29
Objectives 1-29
Which Applications Are Used with MPLS? 1-30
What Is MPLS Unicast IP Routing? 1-31
What Is MPLS Multicast IP Routing? 1-32
What Are MPLS VPNs? 1-33
What Is MPLS TE? 1-35
What Is MPLS QoS? 1-36
What Is AToM? 1-37
AToM Examples 1-38
What Are the Interactions Between MPLS Applications? 1-39
Summary 1-40
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ii Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Module Summary 1-41
References 1-41
Module Self-Check 1-42
Module Self-Check Answer Key 1-46
Label Assignment and Distribution 2-1
Overview 2-1
Module Objectives 2-1
Discovering LDP Neighbors 2-3
Overview 2-3
Objectives 2-3
Establishing an Adjacent LDP Session 2-4
What Are LDP Hello Messages? 2-5
Example: Per-Platform Label Space 2-6
Negotiating Label Space 2-7
Discovering LDP Neighbors 2-8
Example: LDP Neighbor Discovery 2-8
Negotiating LDP Sessions 2-9
Discovering Nonadjacent Neighbors 2-10
Example: Applications Using Targeted LDP Sessions 2-11
Summary 2-12
Introducing Typical Label Distribution in Frame-Mode MPLS 2-13
Overview 2-13
Objectives 2-13
Propagating Labels Across a Network 2-14
Example: Building Blocks for IP Forwarding 2-15
Example: Using the FIB Table to Forward Packets 2-16
Example: Using LDP 2-17
What Are LSPs? 2-18
Example: IGP Propagates Routing Information 2-19
Example: LFIB and LIB Tables 2-20
Propagating Labels Using PHP 2-21
Example: PHPBefore 2-21
Example: PHPAfter 2-22
What Is the Impact of IP Aggregation on LSPs? 2-24
Example: MPLS IP Aggregation Problem 2-24
Allocating Labels in a Frame-Mode MPLS Network 2-26
Example: Building the FIB Table 2-27
Example: Label Allocation 2-28
Distributing and Advertising Labels 2-31
Example: Label Distribution and Advertisement 2-31
Example: Interim Packet Propagation Through an MPLS Network 2-33
Example: LDP Update Sent to All Adjacent Routers 2-34
Populating the LFIB 2-36
Example: LFIB Population 2-36
Propagating Packets Across an MPLS Network 2-37
Example: Packet Propagation Through an MPLS Network 2-37
Detecting Frame-Mode Loops 2-38
Example: Normal TTL Operation 2-39
Example: TTL and Loop Detection 2-40
Example: Traceroute with Disabled TTL Propagation 2-42
Allocating Per-Platform Labels 2-45
Example: Per-Platform Label Allocation 2-45
Summary 2-47
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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 iii
Introducing Convergence in Frame-Mode MPLS 2-49
Overview 2-49
Objectives 2-49
What Is the MPLS Steady-State Operation? 2-50
What Happens in a Link Failure? 2-51
Example: Link Failure Actions 2-51
What Is the Routing Protocol Convergence After a Link Failure? 2-52
Example: Routing Protocol Convergence 2-52
What Is the MPLS Convergence After a Link Failure? 2-53
What Actions Occur in Link Recovery? 2-55
Example: Link Recovery Actions 2-55
Summary 2-58
Introducing MPLS Label Allocation, Distribution, and Retention Modes 2-59
Overview 2-59
Objectives 2-59
Label Distribution Parameters 2-60
Distributing Labels 2-61
Example: Unsolicited Downstream 2-61
Allocating Labels 2-62
Retaining Labels 2-63
Example: Liberal Retention Mode 2-63
Summary 2-64
Module Summary 2-65
References 2-65
Module Self-Check 2-66
Module Self-Check Answer Key 2-71
Frame-Mode MPLS Implementation on Cisco IOS Platforms 3-1
Overview 3-1
Module Objectives 3-1
Introducing CEF Switching 3-3
Overview 3-3
Objectives 3-3
What Are Cisco IOS Platform-Switching Mechanisms? 3-4
Using Standard IP Switching 3-5
Example: Standard IP Switching 3-5
What Is the CEF Switching Architecture? 3-6
Configuring IP CEF 3-7
ip cef 3-7
Syntax Description 3-7
ip route-cache cef 3-8
Syntax Description 3-8
Defaults 3-8
Monitoring IP CEF 3-9
show ip cef 3-9
Summary 3-11
Configuring Frame-Mode MPLS on Cisco IOS Platforms 3-13
Overview 3-13
Objectives 3-13
What Are MPLS Configuration Tasks? 3-14
Configuring the MPLS ID on a Router 3-15
mpls ldp router-id 3-15
Configuring MPLS on a Frame-Mode Interface 3-16
mpls ip 3-16
mpls label protocol [tdp | ldp | both] 3-17
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iv Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Example: Configuring MPLS on a Frame-Mode Interface 3-18
Example: Verifying MPLS on a Frame-Mode Interface 3-20
Configuring a Label-Switching MTU 3-21
mpls mtu 3-21
Configuring IP TTL Propagation 3-23
mpls ip propagate-ttl 3-23
Example: Configuring IP TTL Propagation 3-24
Example: Disabling IP TTL Propagation 3-25
mpls ip propagate-ttl 3-26
Configuring Conditional Label Distribution 3-29
mpls ldp advertise-labels 3-29
Example: Conditional Label Distribution Configuration 3-30
Example: Enabling Conditional Label Advertisement 3-32
Configuring Frame-Mode MPLS on Switched WAN Media 3-33
Summary 3-37
Monitoring Frame-Mode MPLS on Cisco IOS Platforms 3-39
Overview 3-39
Objectives 3-39
Monitoring MPLS 3-40
show mpls ldp parameters 3-40
show mpls interfaces 3-40
show mpls ldp discovery 3-41
show mpls ldp discovery 3-45
Monitoring LDP 3-47
show mpls ldp neighbor 3-47
show mpls ldp bindings 3-48
show mpls ldp neighbor 3-49
show mpls ldp bindings 3-51
Examples 3-52
Monitoring Label Switching 3-53
show mpls forwarding-table 3-53
show ip cef 3-53
show mpls forwarding-table 3-54
Examples: show mpls forwarding table Command Output 3-55
show ip cef detail 3-58
Debugging MPLS and LDP 3-59
debug mpls packets 3-60
Summary 3-61
Troubleshooting Frame-Mode MPLS on Cisco IOS Platforms 3-63
Overview 3-63
Objectives 3-63
What Are Common Frame-Mode MPLS Issues? 3-64
Solving LDP Session Startup Issues 3-65
Solving Label Allocation Issues 3-69
Solving Label Distribution Issues 3-70
Solving Packet-Labeling Issues 3-71
show cef interface 3-72
Usage Guidelines 3-72
Solving Intermittent MPLS Failures 3-74
Solving Packet Propagation Issues 3-75
Summary 3-76
Module Summary 3-77
References 3-77
Module Self-Check 3-78
Module Self-Check Answer Key 3-81
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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 v
MPLS VPN Technology 4-1
Overview 4-1
Module Objectives 4-1
Introducing VPNs 4-3
Overview 4-3
Objectives 4-3
Traditional Router-Based Network Connectivity 4-4
Advantages of VPNs 4-5
Example: VPNs 4-5
VPN Terminology 4-6
What Are the VPN Implementation Models? 4-8
What Are Overlay VPN Technologies? 4-9
What Are Peer-to-Peer VPN Technologies? 4-15
Example: Controlled Route Distribution 4-17
What Are the Benefits of VPNs? 4-18
What Are the Drawbacks of VPNs? 4-19
Summary 4-20
Categorizing VPNs 4-21
Overview 4-21
Objectives 4-21
What Are the Business Categories for VPNs? 4-22
What Are Extranet VPNs? 4-23
Example: Overlay VPNExtranet VPNs 4-23
Example: Peer-to-Peer VPNExtranet VPNs 4-24
What Are the Connectivity Categories for VPNs? 4-25
What Is the Central Services Extranet? 4-26
Example: Central Services Extranet 4-26
What Is a Managed Network Implementation? 4-27
Example: Hybrid Implementation 4-28
Summary 4-29
Introducing MPLS VPN Architecture 4-31
Overview 4-31
Objectives 4-31
What Are the Drawbacks of Traditional Peer-to-Peer VPNs? 4-32
What Is the MPLS VPN Architecture? 4-33
What Is the Architecture of a PE Router in an MPLS VPN? 4-35
What Are the Methods of Propagating Routing Information Across the P-Network? 4-36
What Are RDs? 4-41
Is the RD Enough? 4-45
Example: VoIP Service Sample 4-45
Example: Connectivity Requirements 4-46
What Are RTs? 4-47
How Have Complex VPNs Redefined the Meaning of VPNs? 4-50
What Is the Impact of Complex VPN Topologies on Virtual Routing Tables? 4-51
Example: Impact of Complex VPN Topologies on Virtual Routing Tables 4-52
Summary 4-53
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vi Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Introducing the MPLS VPN Routing Model 4-55
Overview 4-55
Objectives 4-55
MPLS VPN Routing Requirements and Model 4-56
What Is the MPLS VPN Routing Model? 4-57
Existing Internet Routing Support 4-61
Routing Tables on PE Routers 4-62
Identifying End-to-End Routing Update Flow 4-63
Example: End-to-End Routing Update Flow 4-63
Route Distribution to CE Routers 4-67
Example: Extending MPLS VPNs with VRF-Lite 4-68
Summary 4-69
Forwarding MPLS VPN Packets 4-71
Overview 4-71
Objectives 4-71
What Are the End-to-End VPN Forwarding Mechanisms? 4-72
What Is VPN PHP? 4-74
Propagating VPN Labels Between PE Routers 4-75
Example: VPN Label Propagation Between PE Routers 4-76
What Are the Effects of MPLS VPNs on Label Propagation? 4-78
What Are the Effects of MPLS VPNs on Packet Forwarding? 4-79
Example: Summarization in the Core 4-80
Summary 4-81
Module Summary 4-82
References 4-82
Module Self-Check 4-83
Module Self-Check Answer Key 4-92
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MPLS
Course Introduction
Overview
Service providers (and enterprises acting as service providers) are faced with many challenges
in terms of customer demand, including an ongoing need for value-added services.
Conventional IP packet forwarding has several limitations, and more and more service
providers realize that something else is needed. Not only must service providers be concerned
with protecting their existing infrastructure, but they must also find ways to generate new
services that are not currently supportable using existing technologies.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a high-performance method for forwarding packets
through a network. MPLS enables routers at the edge of a network to apply simple labels to
packets. This practice allows the edge devicesATM switches or existing routers in the center
of the service provider coreto switch packets according to labels, with minimal lookup
overhead. MPLS integrates the performance and traffic-management capabilities of data link
Layer 2 with the scalability and flexibility of network Layer 3 routing. When used in
conjunction with other standard technologies, MPLS allows service providers the ability to
support value-added features that are critical for their networks.
Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 is recommended training for individuals seeking
certification as a Cisco CCIP
certification
Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI)
Configuring BGP on Cisco Routers (BGP)
Note: Practical experience with deploying and operating networks based on
Cisco network devices and Cisco IOS software is strongly recommended.
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for the sole use by Cisco employees for personal study. The files or printed representations may not be
used in commercial training, and may not be distributed for purposes other than individual study.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. Course Introduction 3
Course Goal and Objectives
This topic describes the course goal and objectives.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. MPLS v2.24
To design, implement, and verify an
MPLS VPN domain capable of multiple
customer sites with managed central
services and Internet access
Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS)
Course Goal
Upon completing this course, you will be able to meet these objectives:
Describe the features of MPLS
Describe how MPLS labels are assigned and distributed
Configure and troubleshoot MPLS on frame-mode Cisco IOS platforms
Describe the MPLS peer-to-peer architecture and explain the routing and packet-
forwarding model in this architecture
Configure, monitor, and troubleshoot VPN operations
Describe how the overlapping model can be used to implement managed services and
Internet access
Describe the various Internet access implementations that are available and the benefits and
drawbacks of each model; configure, monitor, and troubleshoot basic Internet access
Configure, monitor, and troubleshoot basic MPLS TE functions
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for the sole use by Cisco employees for personal study. The files or printed representations may not be
used in commercial training, and may not be distributed for purposes other than individual study.
4 Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Course Flow
This topic presents the suggested flow of the course materials.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. MPLS v2.25
Wrap-up
Lab Lab
Complex MPLS
VPNs
Lab
MPLS VPN
Implementation
Lab
Lab
Complex MPLS
VPNs
Lab Lab
Lab
Frame-Mode MPLS
Implementation
Lab
Internet Access
and
MPLS VPNs
Lab
MPLS VPN
Implementation
Label Assignment
and Distribution
Lunch
Lab
Lab
MPLS VPN
Implementation
Label Assignment
and Distribution
Lab MPLS Concepts
MPLS Traffic
Engineering
Overview
Complex MPLS
VPNs
MPLS VPN
Implementation
MPLS VPN
Technology
Course
Introduction
Course Flow Diagram
A
M
P
M
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
The schedule reflects the recommended structure for this course. This structure allows enough
time for the instructor to present the course information and for you to work through the lab
activities. The exact timing of the subject materials and labs depends on the pace of your
specific class.
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for the sole use by Cisco employees for personal study. The files or printed representations may not be
used in commercial training, and may not be distributed for purposes other than individual study.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. Course Introduction 5
Additional References
This topic presents the Cisco icons and symbols that are used in this course, as well as
information on where to find additional technical references.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. MPLS v2.26
Cisco Icons and Symbols
Router
Workgroup Switch
ATM
Switch
Edge Label
Switch
Router
Line: Serial
Line: Ethernet
Network
Cloud,
White
Cisco Glossary of Terms
For additional information on Cisco terminology, refer to the Cisco Internetworking Terms and
Acronyms glossary of terms at http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ita/index.htm.
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for the sole use by Cisco employees for personal study. The files or printed representations may not be
used in commercial training, and may not be distributed for purposes other than individual study.
6 Implementing Cisco MPLS (MPLS) v2.2 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Your Training Curriculum
This topic presents the training curriculum for this course.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. MPLS v2.27
Cisco Career Certifications
Expand Your Professional Options
and Advance Your Career
Cisco CCIP
Professional
CCIE
CCSP
CCIP CCIP
CCNA CCNA Associate
http://www.cisco.com/go/certifications
Expert
Recommended Training Through
Cisco Learning Partners
Required
Exam
BSCI
QOS
Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks
Implementing Quality of Service
MPLS Implementing Cisco MPLS
BGP Configuring BGP on Cisco Routers
You are encouraged to join the Cisco Certification Community, a discussion forum open to
anyone holding a valid Cisco Career Certification (such as Cisco CCIE
, CCNA
, CCDA
,
CCNP
, CCDP
, CCIP
, or CCSP