MLA STYLE

Citing Sources in the Text

In MLA style, writers place references to sources in the paper to
briefly identify them and enable readers to find them in the
Works Cited list. These parenthetical references should be kept
as brief and as clear as possible.
Give only the information needed to identify a source.
Usually the author's last name and a page reference suffice.
Place the parenthetical reference as close as possible to its
source. Insert the parenthetical reference where a pause
would naturally occur, preferably at the end of a sentence.
Information in the parenthesis should complement, not
repeat, information given in the text. If you include an
author's name in a sentence, you do not need to repeat it in
your parenthetical statement.
The parenthetical reference should precede the punctuation
mark that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase that
contains the cited material.
Electronic and online sources are cited just like print
resources in parenthetical references. If an online source
lacks page numbers, omit numbers from the parenthetical
references. If an online source includes fixed page
numbers or section numbering, such as numbering of
paragraphs, cite the relevant numbers.



Examples:
Author's name in text
Dover has expressed
this concern (118-21).
Author's name in reference
This concern has been
expressed (Dover 118-
21).
Multiple authors of a work
This hypothesis
(Bradley and Rogers 7)
suggested this theory
(Sumner, Reichl, and
Waugh 23).
Two locations
Williams alludes to
this premise (136-39,
145).
Two works cited
(Burns 54; Thomas 327)
Multivolume works
References to volumes and pages
(Wilson 2:1-18)
References to an entire volume
(Henderson, vol. 3)
In text reference to an entire volume
In volume 3, Henderson
suggests
Corporate authors
(United Nations,
Economic Commission
for Africa 51-63)
Works with no author
When a work has no author, use the
work's title or a shortened version of
the title when citing it in text. (If
abbreviating a title, omit initial articles
and begin with the word by which it is
alphabetized in the Works Cited list.):
as stated by the
presidential
commission (Report 4).
Online source with numbered
paragraphs
(Fox, pars. 4-5)
Top
Works Cited List
References cited in the text of a research paper must appear at
the end of the paper in a Works Cited list or bibliography. This
list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve
each source that specifically supports your research.
Arrange entries in alphabetical order by authors' last names
(surnames), or by title for sources without authors.
Capitalize the first word and all other principal words of
the titles and subtitles of cited works listed. (Do not
capitalize articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions,
or the "to" in infinitives.)
Shorten the publisher's name; for example, omit articles,
business abbreviations (Co., Inc.), and descriptive words
(Press, Publisher).
When multiple publishers are listed, include all of them,
placing a semicolon between each.
When more than one city is listed for the same publisher,
use only the first city.
Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when
listing multiple authors of a single work.
Pagination: Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to
designate page numbers.
Indentation: Align the first line of the entry flush with the
left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces)
to form a "hanging indent."
Italics: Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts
clearly with the regular style.

Examples
Books:
References to an entire book should include the following
elements:
author(s) or editor(s)
the complete title
edition, if indicated
place of publication
the shortened name of the publisher
date of publication
medium of publication
Basic Format
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
One author:
Nabokov, Vladimir. Lolita. New York: Putnam, 1955. Print.
Another work, same author:
---. Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited. New York: Knopf, 1999.
Print.
Two authors:
Cross, Susan, and Christine Hoffman. Bruce Nauman: Theaters of Experience.
New York: Guggenheim Museum; London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. Print.


Three authors:
Lowi, Theodore, Benjamin Ginsberg, and Steve Jackson. Analyzing American
Government: American Government, Freedom and Power. 3rd ed. New York:
Norton, 1994. Print.
More than three authors:
Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P,
1993. Print.
Corporate author:
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art. A Guide to the Herbert F. Johnson Museum
of Art, Cornell University. Ithaca: Cornell U, 1973. Print.
Multivolume work:
Morison, Samuel Eliot, Henry Steele Commager, and William E.
Leuchtenburg. The Growth of the American Republic. 2 vols. New York:
Oxford UP, 1980. Print.

No author or editor:
Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study. 33rd ed. Princeton, NJ:
Peterson's, 1999. Print.
Editor (anthology or collection of essays):
Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining
Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, 2004. Print.
Essay or Chapter in Edited Books or
Anthologies: References to an essay or chapter in an edited
book or compilation must include the following elements:
essay or chapter author(s)
essay or chapter title
book title
book editor(s) or compilers
place of publication
the shortened name of the publisher
date of publication
inclusive page numbers of the cited piece
medium of publication
Article in a book:
Ahmedi, Fauzia Erfan. "Welcoming Courtyards: Hospitality, Spirituality, and
Gender."Feminism and Hospitality: Gender in the Host/Guest
Relationship. Ed. Maurice Hamington. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010.
109-24. Print.
Reprinted article:
Hunt, Tim. "The Misreading of Kerouac." Review of Contemporary Fiction 3.2
(1983): 29-33. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carl
Riley. Vol. 61. Detroit: Gale, 1990. 308-10. Print.
Articles or entries from reference books:
If the article or entry is signed, place the author's name first; if it is unsigned, give the title first. For
well-known reference works, it is not necessary to include full publication information. Include only
the title of the reference source, edition, and date of publication.
Dictionary entry:
"Hospitality." Def. 1a. Websters Third New World Dictionary. 1993. Print.
Encyclopedia entry:
Mercuri, Becky. "Cookies." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in
America. Ed. Andrew F. Smith. Vol. 1. 2004. Print.

Article from a less familiar reference book:
For articles from less familiar reference sources, include the full publication information.
Bernheisel, J. Frank. "Setting Recycling Goals and Priorities." McGraw-Hill
Recycling Handbook. Ed. Herbert F. Lund. 2
nd
ed. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2001. Print.
Article in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers:
References to periodical articles must include the following elements:
author(s)
article title
publication title (journal, magazine, etc.)
volume number
publication date (abbreviate months, if used)
the inclusive page numbers
medium of publication
Issue numbers should be stated as decimals to a given volume number. In the example below, the
number
25.4 reads as Volume 25, issue 4. When citing newspapers, it is important to specify the edition used
(e.g. late ed.) because different editions of a newspaper may contain different material.
Journal article, one author:
Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reaching Tourism-Led
Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37.4 (2010): 1141-63. Print.
Journal article, two authors:
Laing, Jennifer, and Warwick Frost. "How Green Was My Festival: Exploring
Challenges and Opportunities Associated With Staging Green
Events." International Journal of Hospitality Management 29.2 (2010):
261-7. Print.
Magazine article:
Kaplan, David A. "Corporate Americas No. 1 Gun For Hire." Fortune 1 Nov.
2010: 81-95. Print.
Newspaper article, no author:
"Africa Day Celebrated in Havana." Granma International 31 May 2009,
English ed.: 16. Print.
Newspaper article, one author, discontinuous pages:
Bajaj, Vikas. "The Double-Edged Rupee." New York Times 27 Oct. 2010: B1+.
Print.














APA STYLE
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume)
Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of
Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776
New DOI format is: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881105058776

Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume), more than seven
authors
Caselli, D., Carraro, F., Castagnola, E., Ziino, O., Frenos, S., Milano, G. M., . . . Aric,
M. (2010). Morbidity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in children with cancer. Pediatric
Blood & Cancer, 55, 226-228. doi:10.1002/pbc.22619
New DOI format is: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pbc.22619

Journal Article (paginated by issue)
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
New DOI format is: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10

Cochrane Database Report retrieved from Cochrane Library
Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological
interventions for overweight or obesity. The Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, (2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2
New DOI format is: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2

Advance online article (published online before print; may or may not include
pagination; indicate initial page number or range if available).
Jung, T. I., Hoffmann, F., Glaeske, G., & Felsenberg, D. (2009). Disease-specific risk
for an osteonecrosis of the jaw under bisphosphonate therapy. Journal of Cancer
Research and Clinical Oncology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s00432-
009-0662-9
New DOI format is: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00432-009-0662-9
Articles, not assigned a DOI, retrieved online
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume)
Arakji, R. Y., & Lang, K. R. (2008). Avatar business value analysis: A method for the
evaluation of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic
Commerce Research, 9, 207-218. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/journals/jecr
Journal Article (paginated by issue)
Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. Retrieved
from http://www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm
Journal Article (paginated by issue), more than seven authors
Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Al Otaiba, S., Thompson, A., Yen, L., McMaster, K. N., . . .
Yang, N. J. (2001). K-PALS: Helping kindergartners with reading readiness:
Teachers and researchers in partnerships. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33(4), 76-
80. Retrieved from
http://www.cec.sped.org/content/navigationmenu/publications2/teachingexceptionalc
hildren
Magazine Article (page numbers appear on article)
Bower, B. (2008, Feb. 9). Dawn of the city: Excavations prompt a revolution in
thinking about the earliest cities. Science News, 173(6), 90-92. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencenewsmagazine.org
Newspaper Article (no page number provided)
Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News.
Retrieved from http://www.detnews.com
Newsletter article, retrieved from publisher web site
Unless newsletter article is paginated, exclude pages numbers.
Dowd, N., O'Donnell, P., & Snoek-Brown, J. (2007, Winter). WeLead and academic
libraries: A bright future. Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians WAAL
Newsletter, 24(1). Retrieved from
http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/newsletter/241.html#welead