Business School Referencing Guide

Business Programs Unit Page 1
(6
th
edition, revised 23.10.2013)
University of Sydney Business School Referencing Guide
This referencing guide has been prepared by the Business Programs Unit for use in Units of Study within The
University of Sydney Business School. It is based on the Harvard referencing style.
Contents
1. How to use this guide ........................................................................................................................... 2
2. Some basic referencing terms and rules .............................................................................................. 2
3. Examples when and how to reference .............................................................................................. 3
3.1 Placement of in-text references.................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Summarising a source .................................................................................................................................. 3
3.3 Paraphrasing a source ................................................................................................................................. 3
3.4 Short quotation ............................................................................................................................................. 4
3.5 Long quotation .............................................................................................................................................. 4
3.6 Quoting reported speech .............................................................................................................................. 4
3.7 Modifying quotations .................................................................................................................................... 4
3.8 Corporate authors (when there is no named author) ................................................................................... 5
3.9 Use of & (ampersand) .................................................................................................................................. 5
3.10 Use of ibid..................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.11 Page numbers and ranges in in-text references .......................................................................................... 5
3.12 Page numbers and ranges in reference list entries...................................................................................... 5
3.13 URLs in reference list entries ....................................................................................................................... 5
3.14 Using more than one source within the same reference .............................................................................. 5
3.15 Using the same source more than once ...................................................................................................... 6
3.16 Sources with more than one author ............................................................................................................. 6
3.17 Sources with same author(s) and year ........................................................................................................ 6
3.18 Secondary sources (a source referenced within another source)................................................................ 6
3.19 Names with titles, honorifics or hyphens ...................................................................................................... 7
3.20 Names with particles (Dutch, Flemish, French, German); suffixes; St.; Irish & Scots names .................... 7
3.21 Acronyms and initialisms .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.22 Formatting your reference list....................................................................................................................... 9
4. Examples in-text and reference list entries ...................................................................................... 10
4.1 Books, ebooks, translated books and book reviews .................................................................................. 11
4.2 Company information, media (press) releases, standards, patents, brochures ........................................ 13
4.3 Internet: web pages, web sites, blogs, social media .................................................................................. 15
4.4 Journal articles ........................................................................................................................................... 17
4.5 Law: cases, acts, regulations, bills ............................................................................................................. 18
4.6 Lectures, tutorials, readings, speeches, interviews, personal communications ........................................ 19
4.7 Magazines .................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.8 Multimedia .................................................................................................................................................. 23
4.9 Newspapers, online news sources and wire feeds .................................................................................... 25
4.10 Reports, documents, statistics, government documents, graphs, tables and images ............................... 27
4.11 Theses, conference proceedings and papers, working papers ................................................................. 29
5. Referencing checklist ......................................................................................................................... 30
Business School Referencing Guide 6th Edition

1. How to use this guide
Once you are familiar with this guide and the basics of referencing, you will mainly refer to section 4 which
gives examples of how to reference a wide variety of sources. Use the table of contents on page 1 to quickly
locate the type of source you are referencing.

Section 2 introduces you to some common words and terms used in referencing and in this guide.

Section 3 shows you how to reference according to the way you are using source material, and the rules for
handling the most commonly encountered referencing tasks.

Finally, to help you successfully reference in all your assignments, section 5 (on the last page of this guide) is a
checklist. Please consult it before you submit each assignment.

2. Some basic referencing terms and rules
Harvard referencing style

The Harvard referencing style consists of two parts. First, an in-text reference giving the author, publication
date and in some cases a page number, of your source of information. This is enclosed in parentheses and
placed within a sentence, for example: (Thorpe 2011, p. 21). Second, a reference list at the end of your
assignment, sorted in alphabetical order and containing sufficient information to allow a reader to accurately
and quickly locate your sources.

There are many variations of the Harvard system. These differ in their precise specification of how in-text
references and reference list entries are to be formatted, and the information required to be shown in the
reference list for each of the many different types of sources.

All your assignments written for The University of Sydney Business School must use The University of Sydney
Business School Referencing Guide (BSRG).

A paraphrase means saying something in another way without changing its meaning, for example, using your
own words to express the ideas of an author. A paraphrase may or may not be shorter than the original.

A summary is similar to a paraphrase except it is always much shorter than the original. Summarising
involves compressing large amounts of information into usually no more than a few sentences. It involves
picking out the main ideas, leaving out the details, and putting the main ideas into your own words.

A quotation involves reproducing the exact words from a source. Quotations must be carefully selected and
copied from the original source material, and should be sparingly used to support your arguments or the key
points you wish to make.

If you wish to use a short quotation, you must put single quotation marks ( ) around the words of the
original author and integrate the quotation into your sentence.

For long quotations (over 30 words) single quotation marks are not used. Instead you must indent the quote
from the left and right margins.

You use double quotation marks ( ) only when referencing a quotation that is within a quotation.

Important: Make sure you include the authors family name (or the sources name) and year of publication
every time you paraphrase, summarise or quote.

Note: When using a quotation, you must also include the page number(s) from which the quotation was
taken (unless the source is a web page or from multimedia).
3. Examples when and how to reference
You must reference any material or ideas that you use in your assignments which are not your own.
3.1 Placement of in-text references
In-text references must be placed within a sentence. That is, they must be placed before the full stop.

There are two ways of formatting in-text references: Author (Date) and (Author Date).

The first format is used to emphasise the author. It is often used when comparing studies or information
from different sources. Usually, one authors name is near the beginning of a sentence. For example:

According to Jones (2007) ... . However, a more recent study by Henderson (2011) showed that ...

The second format is used only to indicate the source of the idea or information you are using. The
reference should be placed immediately after the idea or information that you have used. It is often placed
at the end of a sentence. When using more than one idea or source in a sentence, each reference should
be placed after the idea or information you have used. For example:

Mergers and acquisitions often fail to achieve expected synergies (Crannock 2008), but when their goals,
and the strategies to achieve them, are objectively assessed, they are much more likely to lead to growth
and increased shareholder value (Benson and Hodge 2010).
3.2 Summarising a source
When you summarise a source, the in-text reference should be placed near the beginning of the very first
sentence of the paragraph. The first and second sentences should very clearly indicate that you are writing
about the source. For example:

Lane (2008) does not agree with the critics of state-led capitalism in Russia. Instead he thinks that the
Putin model, while not perfect, is a realistic way to develop Russias resources for the following three
reasons. First, it is based on the strong and accepted influence of the state in the private sector. Second,
he believes that this form of state-led capitalism is a great improvement on the chaotic capitalism that
characterised the early period of transition. Finally, he concludes that there will not be any great re-
nationalisation of industry.
Reference list
Lane, D. 2008, From chaotic to state-led capitalism, New Political Economy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 177-184.
3.3 Paraphrasing a source
When you paraphrase a source, the in-text reference does not include a page number. For example:
The Allen Consulting Group (2006) presented a convincing argument that skills matter to employers.
Reference list
Allen Consulting Group 2006, World class skills for world class industries: employers perspectives on
skilling in Australia, Allen Consulting Group, Sydney.

3.4 Short quotation
Quotations of less than about 30 words are always integrated within your own sentence. Whenever you
quote, you must use your sources exact words, and include the page number where the quoted words
were found. For example:
Many questions have been raised about issues concerning skills and skill development (Fenwick and Hall
2006, p. 571).
Reference list
Fenwick, T. and Hall, R. 2006, 'Skills in the knowledge economy: changing meanings in changing
conditions', Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 575-592.
3.5 Long quotation
Long quotations, typically those longer than about 30 words, must be indented from both margins. Word
users can do this by applying the built-in style Block Text (but note you may have to modify the default
style to remove borders and italicisation).
There has been some debate within the academic community in recent decades about how to best define
the term globalisation. Given how contested this term has become, the following definition of globalisation
will be used in this assignment:
Globalisation involves the creation of linkages or interconnections between nations. It is
usually understood as a process in which barriers (physical, political, economic, cultural)
separating different regions of the world are reduced or removed, thereby stimulating
exchanges in goods, services, money, and people (Hamilton and Webster 2009, p. 5).
Reference list
Hamilton, L. and Webster, P. 2009, The international business environment, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
3.6 Quoting reported speech
Sometimes you may want to quote the words spoken by a person as reported in a newspaper or news
source.
To do this, give the title and name of the person, and reference the source as usual. For example:
Harvey Norman executive chairman Gerry Harvey recently stated that there are more retailers currently
under pressure than I've ever seen (Kruger 2012).
Reference list
Kruger, C. 2012, Harvey warns of more failures in store, Sydney Morning Herald, 28 November, viewed
29 November 2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/business/harvey-warns-of-more-failures-in-store-20121127-
2a5pg.html>
3.7 Modifying quotations
Sometimes you may need to modify a quotation by changing or inserting one or more words either to make
it grammatically correct within your own sentence, or to clarify an ambiguous place name, or to join two
quotations together.
To do this, place square brackets around the inserted text. For example: resided near Perth [Scotland].

3.8 Corporate authors (when there is no named author)
If your source is published either in print or on the Internet by a recognised organisation but has no
personal author, then it can be referenced by using the name of organisation that published the work. This
applies to publications by newspapers, associations, companies, organisations and government
departments.
Examples: Qantas 2010, Hewlett Packard 2011, United Nations 2007, New York Times 2012.
3.9 Use of & (ampersand)
Use and instead of &, except when & is used in the sources title, publisher or database name.
For example: Smith and Jones (2009); Journal of Banking & Finance.
3.10 Use of ibid.
Do not use ibid. when using any in-text referencing style, including Harvard.
3.11 Page numbers and ranges in in-text references
For in-text referencing use p. for page and pp. for page range. For example:
If the quotation was found on page 63: Jones (2010, p. 63) or (Jones 2010, p. 63).
If the quotation ran over the page break: Jones (2010, pp. 63-64) or (Jones 2010, pp. 63-64).
If the quotation is not from sequential pages: Jones (2010, pp. 42, 63-67) or (Jones 2010, pp. 42, 63-67).
Important: Page numbers are required for all in-text quotations, except when your source does not have
page numbers, such as a web page or multimedia or any other online source without pages.
3.12 Page numbers and ranges in reference list entries
Do not add the page numbers or ranges used in your in-text references to your reference list entries.
3.13 URLs in reference list entries
When the source is found online (on the Internet) you need to include the URL in its reference list entry.
For example: <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/opinion/01iht-edyan01.html>
Important: If when you paste a URL into your document it becomes an underlined hyperlink, you must
remove the hyperlink (which will remove the underlining). This is to ensure readability.
Most word processing programs, like Microsoft Word, have an option to turn off automatic generation of
hyperlinks when URLs are pasted. In Word 2007: select Word Options | Proofing | AutoCorrect Options |
AutoFormat As You Type and untick Internet and network paths with hyperlinks.
3.14 Using more than one source within the same reference
If you are using more than one source to support your argument, they must be listed alphabetically within
the in-text reference.

Mergers and acquisitions can benefit the organisation, but care must be taken assessing the synergy
between the companies before the deal is finalised (Needle 2010, Wiklund and Shepherd 2009).
Reference list
Needle, D. 2010, Business in context, 5
th
ed., Cengage Learning, Hampshire.
Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. 2009, The effectiveness of alliances and acquisitions: the role of resource
combination activities, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 193-212.
3.15 Using the same source more than once
When you use the same source more than once in your assignment, you must only list the source once in
your reference list.
3.16 Sources with more than one author
In both in-text references and the reference list the order of the authors should be exactly as shown on the
title page of the source.

Authors In-text reference Reference list
1
Shields (2007) proposes that
.... (Shields 2007).
Shields, J. 2007, ...
2
... high success rate (Jones and Spracher 2008).
According to Jones and Spracher (2008) ...
Jones, P. and Spracher, F. 2008, ...
3
... result (Hanson, Peters and OReilly 2010).
Hanson, Peters and OReilly (2010) report...
Hanson, J. F., Peters, O. and OReilly, M. 2010, ...
4
or more
... consolidation (Johnson et al. 2007).
Johnson et al. (2007) observe that when...
Johnson, M., Deudney, D., Leverett, G., and
Strange, P. 2007, ....

3.17 Sources with same author(s) and year
To distinguish each source, add a suffix (e.g. 2010a, 2010b) to both the in-text reference and the
corresponding reference list entry dates. Reference list items are in the same order as referenced in your
assignment, earliest first. You also use this method when different authors have the same family name.

Linklater (2002a) states that ... improvements of up to 80 percent have been observed (Linklater 2002b).
Reference list
Linklater, P. 2002a, Workflow analysis: an introduction, Faber, Sydney.
Linklater, P. 2002b, Enterprise content management and productivity, Journal of Process Management,
vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1023-1047.
3.18 Secondary sources (a source referenced within another source)
Referencing a source that is referenced within the source you are using is also referred to as referencing a
secondary source. In this example your source is Dwyer:

Employability skills are described as those skills essential for employment and for personal development
(Gibbs 2004 cited in Dwyer 2008, p. 61).
OR
Gibbs (2004) describes employability skills as those skills essential for employment and for personal
development (cited in Dwyer 2008, p. 61).
Reference list
Dwyer, J. 2008, The business communication handbook, 8
th
ed., Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs
Forest.

3.19 Names with titles, honorifics or hyphens
Names with titles and honorifics
Titles such as Sir, Lord, Dame, Princess, and honorifics such as AO, CBE etc. are not used in references.
For example, Susan Adele Greenfields full title is Baroness Professor Greenfield CBE, but she would be
referenced in-text as simply (Greenfield 2002) and in a reference list as: Greenfield, S. A. 2002, ...
Names with hyphens
Hyphenated family names are not changed: (Gough-Calthorpe 1876), Gough-Calthorpe, P. 1876,
3.20 Names with particles (Dutch, Flemish, French, German); suffixes; St.; Irish & Scots names
Dutch, Flemish, French and Germans names with particles
Often names of Dutch, Flemish and German origin have particles like von, van, van der and so on.
For example: Anne Sofie von Otter, Karl Klaus von der Decken, Ludwig van Beethoven,
Vincent van Gogh, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Names of French origin may use the particle de or du.
For example: Henri de Villiers, Anne du Bourg.
When referencing Dutch or Flemish names, the particle is always included in the in-text reference, and
put last (before the date) in the reference list entry unless, as is often the case, the person is referred to in-
text by the particle, which is always capitalised.
For example: Van Gogh, Van der Vaart.
When referencing German names the particle is dropped in the in-text reference, and put last in the
reference list entry.
When referencing French names the particle is retained in both in-text and reference list entries.
Full name In-text reference Reference list entry
Dutch Vincent van Gogh
(van Gogh 1885)
or
Van Gogh (1885)
Gogh, V. van 1885,
or
Van Gogh, V. 1885,
Flemish Henri Clemens van de Velde (van de Velde 1887) Velde, H. C. van de 1887,
French Henri Jacques de Villiers (de Villiers 2002) de Villiers, H. J. 2002, ...
German Ludwig van Beethoven (Beethoven 1813) Beethoven, L. van 1813,
German Karl Klaus von der Decken (Decken 1855) Decken, K. K. von der 1855,
Based on Teijlingen, E. van 2004, Referencing Flemish, Dutch and German authors in English, Medical
Sociology News, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42-44.
Names with generational suffixes (Jr., Sr., II, III etc.)
Some American names use the generational suffixes Jr. or Sr. to indicate son and father respectively,
and in some rare cases, mother and daughter. In British English Jnr. and Snr. are used instead.
Sometimes the Roman numeral I is used instead of Sr. and this may extend to further generations as II
and III. When referencing such names, the suffix should only be included if the author uses it for his or
her publications. For examples see the table below.

Names with the prefix St.
Some names have a prefix, such as St. the abbreviation for saint and often pronounced as sin.
The following table lists some examples.
Barack Hussein Obama II Obama (2012) Obama, B. H. 2012,
William James Buckley Jr. Buckley (1995) Buckley, W. J. Jr. 1995, ...
Peter Samuel St. John St. John (2001) St. John, P. S. 2001, ...
Irish and Scots names
Many Irish names begin with O, and this must be retained in referencing. Many Scots names begin with
Mac and sometimes Mc, and this must be retained in referencing. The letter immediately following O, Mac
or Mc must be capitalised. The following table lists some examples.
Phyllis McCaul McCaul (2012) McCaul, P. 2012,
William James MacDonald MacDonald (2011) MacDonald, J. W. 2011, ...
Peter OToole OToole (2000) OToole, P. 2000, ...
3.21 Acronyms and initialisms
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters (or groups of letters) of the words making up a
companys or organisations name. In speech an acronym replaces the full name. For example, we talk
about Qantas not Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services. When referencing a source
authored by an acronym, the acronym must be used in both in-text references and the reference list entry.
In-text reference: Qantas (n.d.).
Reference list
Qantas n.d., Qantas investors, Qantas Airlines Limited, Mascot NSW, viewed 16 January 2012,
<http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors/global/en>

Initialisms, unlike acronyms, are not spoken as words. Instead, all their letters are pronounced. For
example, IBM (International Business Machines), ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) and OECD.
Initialisms may not be unique. ABC is also an initialism for American Broadcasting Corporation. To use an
initialism, you must show its full name followed by the initialism itself in parentheses in the first sentence
where you use it. There are two ways you can do this:
Example 1: In 2007 the International Energy Agency (IEA) assessed all the worlds largest oil fields.
Production in 580 of these oil fields was declining on average by 5.1% per annum (IEA 2008, p. 221).
Example 2: A 2007 study by the International Energy Agency showed that production in 580 of the worlds
largest oil fields declined on average by 5.1% per annum (IEA 2008, p. 221).
Reference list
International Energy Agency (IEA) 2008, World energy outlook 2008, International Energy Agency, OECD
Publishing, Paris.

Note: You do not need to give the full names of very commonly known initialisms like CD or DVD.
3.22 Formatting your reference list
Your reference list must be in alphabetical order. It should also be easy to read. It is recommended that
you choose a paragraph spacing of 9pt so that there is a gap between each reference list entry. This
improves readability.
Important: Do not number or bullet a reference list.
Note carefully how items with the same author and the same date (Linklater), and items with the same
author but with different dates (Smil), are used in the following example:
Reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Labour statistics Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra,
Catalogue No. 6101.0.
Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm 2009, Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 596.
Datastream International 2011, In Constituents of the S&P ASX200, Daily index data 2005-2010, viewed
13 November 2011, Datastream International/Equity Lists/LS&PCOMP.
Dwyer, J. 2008, The business communication handbook, 8
th
ed., Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs
Forest.
International Energy Agency (IEA) 2008, World energy outlook 2008, International Energy Agency, OECD
Publishing, Paris.
Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory
failure, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011, Palgrave Connect Economics & Finance
Collection 2010, doi: 10.1057/9780230106185.
Kindleberger, C. 1999, Fools and their money whats left of it, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19
August, viewed 28 September 2004, ProQuest Central, 398688342.
Linklater, P. 2002a, Workflow analysis: an introduction, Faber, Sydney.
Linklater, P. 2002b, Enterprise content management and productivity, Journal of Process Management,
vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1023-1047.
Needle, D. 2010, Business in context, 5
th
ed., Cengage Learning, Hampshire.
One dead in multiple beach rescue 2011, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, p. 10.
Parched: the politics of water 2008, podcast, Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National, 21
November, viewed 28 September 2009,
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2008/2426405.htm>
Qantas n.d., Qantas investors, Qantas Airways Limited, Mascot NSW, viewed 16 January 2012,
<http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors/global/en>
Smil, V. 2006, Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and their consequences, Oxford
University Press, New York.
Smil, V. 2008, Global catastrophes and trends: the next 50 years, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Smil, V. 2010, Energy myths and realities: bringing science to the energy policy debate, American
Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C.
Teijlingen, E. van 2004, Referencing Flemish, Dutch and German authors in English, Medical Sociology
News, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42-44.
Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. 2009, The effectiveness of alliances and acquisitions: the role of resource
combination activities, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 193-212, viewed 20
November 2012, Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00286.x.

4. Examples in-text and reference list entries
In this section of the guide information has been organised into three columns:

Column 1. Type of source lists the different types of source materials that you may need to reference. It would
not be practical to list every type of source you may encounter in your studies; however, the
examples provided in this guide should be sufficient.

Column 2. In-text reference shows you how to make an in-text reference (sometimes called an in-text citation).
This is where you refer to your sources of information within your assignment whenever you
paraphrase, summarise, or use a direct quotation or other source material, such as a graph or table.

Formatting rules concerning punctuation and spacing must be followed exactly. For example:

(Jones, 2012) is incorrect, while (Jones 2012) is correct.

Column 3. Reference list entry shows you how to insert each type of reference in the reference list at the end
of your assignment. This list of references gives your reader all the information they need to easily
find the sources you have used. These entries must be listed in alphabetical order, and follow
exactly the rules for use of capitals, italics and punctuation. It may not always be possible for you to
obtain all of the information specified; however you must supply sufficient information for the source
to be easily located.

The following table shows how to interpret the formatting rules for titles in reference list entries.
Format rule How to apply the rule Example
Title of x
e.g.
Title of article
Title of report
Capitalise the first letter of the
title and the first letter of any
proper name(s) in the title
Business in context

Business management in
Australia
Title of X
e.g.
Government
Department or Body
Database Name
Capitalise the first letter of
each word in the title exactly as
it is capitalised in the source
Department of Foreign Affairs

Springer Link
Title of x
e.g.
Title of website
Title of book
Title of lecture
Capitalise the first letter of the
title and the first letter of any
proper name(s) in the title, and
apply italics
Gwynne Dyer author &
historian
Introduction to international
business
Politics in Cambodia
Title of X
e.g.
Title of Journal
Title of Newspaper
Title of Magazine
Capitalise the first letter of
each word in the title exactly as
it is capitalised in the source,
and apply italics
Journal of Marketing

New York Times
OECD Review

Note: initialisms are always capitalised, e.g. OECD, never Oecd; DVD not Dvd

4.1 Books, ebooks, translated books and book reviews
Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry
Book
(print)
Shields (2007) proposes that

Author(s) Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Shields, J. 2007, Managing employee performance and reward,
Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.
Book with no
author
(print)
It was affirmed in Bomber
Command: the Air Ministry
account of Bomber
Commands offensive
against the Axis Sept 1939-
July 1941 (1941) that . . .
Title of book Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Bomber Command: the Air Ministry account of Bomber
Commands offensive against the Axis Sept 1939-July 1941
1941, HMSO, London.
Book with no
publication date
(print)
The ancient scholar Aurelius
(n.d.) claimed that . . .
Author(s) n.d., Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Aurelius, M. n.d., Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, Library of
Classics, London.
Book with more
than one edition
(print)
Some characterise the
discipline of finance (Frino,
Hill and Chen 2009) as ...
Author(s) Year, Title of book, number of edition, Publisher,
Place of Publication.
Example:
Frino, A., Hill, A. and Chen, Z. 2009, Introduction to corporate
finance, 4
th
ed., Pearson Education Australia, Sydney.
Edited book
(print)
The foundations of industrial
justice are examined by
Patmore (2003) through ...

Some critics deny the fact
that (Jones and Hensher
2008).
Editor(s) (ed./eds.)* Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
*use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors
Examples:
Patmore, G. (ed.) 2003, Laying the foundations of industrial
justice: the presidents of the Industrial Relations Commission of
NSW 1902-1998, The Federation Press, Sydney.

Jones, S. and Hensher, D. (eds.) 2008, Advances in credit risk
modelling and bankruptcy prediction, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Chapter in an
edited book
(print)
One perspective on women
and work is offered by Baird
(2010) in her discussion of
Author(s) Year, Title of chapter in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of
book, Publisher, Place of Publication, page numbers.
Example:
Baird, M. 2010, Women and work in Australia: a theoretical and
historical overview in P. A. Murray, R. Kramar and P. McGraw
(eds.), Women at work: research, policy and practice, Tilde
University Press, Melbourne, pp. 1-23.
Translated book
(print)
Dreams and nightmares
frequently function as
allegories in
(Krzhizhanovsky 2006).
Author(s) Year, Title of book, translated from Language by
Translator(s), Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Krzhizhanovsky, S. 2006, Memories of the future, translated
from Russian by Turnbull, J., New York Review Books Classics,
New York.
Electronic book
(eBook)
(database)
Jarsulic (2010) suggests that

Author(s) Year, Title of book, (edition number if available),
Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year, doi: or item number
or ISBN (if available).
Example with DOI:
Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate
bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory failure, Palgrave
Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011, Palgrave
Connect Economics & Finance Collection 2010,
doi: 10.1057/9780230106185.
Electronic book
(eBook)
(online)
Locke (1821) argued that Author(s) Year, Title of book, (edition number if available),
Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Locke, J. 1821, Two treatises of government, Whitmore and
Fenn, and C. Brown, London, viewed 9 July 2012,
<http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K5UIAAAAQAAJ>
Chapter in an
edited electronic
book (eBook)
(database)
Kepes and Delery (2007)
have outlined ...
Author(s) Year, Title of chapter in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of
book, (edition number if available), Publisher, Place, viewed
Day Month Year, Database Name, doi: or item number or ISBN
(if available).
Example with ISBN:
Kepes, S. and Delery, J. 2007, HRM systems and the problem
of the internal fit in P. Boxall, J. Purcell, and P. Wright (eds.),
The Oxford handbook of human resource management, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, viewed 24 February 2008, Informit
Business Collection, ISBN 019928251X.
Book review
(print)
Henry Ford wanted to
remake the world by
integrating factory life and
farming in a modern Arcadia
(Scott 2009, p. 32).
Review Author(s) Year, Title of review review of Title of book
reviewed by Author(s), Journal Title, volume number, issue
number, page numbers.
Example:
Scott, J. C. 2009, Duas cervejas review of Fordlandia: the rise
and fall of Henry Fords forgotten jungle city by Grandin, G.,
London Review of Books, vol. 31, no. 19, pp. 31-33.
Book review
(online)
Henry Ford wanted to
remake the world by
integrating factory life and
farming in a modern Arcadia
(Scott 2009).
Review Author(s) Year, Title of review review of Title of book
reviewed by Author(s), Journal Title, volume number (if
available), issue number (if available), viewed Day Month Year,
<URL>
Example:
Scott, J. C. 2009, Duas cervejas review of Fordlandia: the rise
and fall of Henry Fords forgotten jungle city by Grandin, G.,
London Review of Books, vol. 31, no. 19, viewed 20 January
2012, <http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n19/james-c-scott/duas-
cervejas>

4.2 Company information, media (press) releases, standards, patents, brochures
Annual company
report (print)

Note: for the
annual reports
published by a
company,
including
financial reports
profits fell 2.5 percent
(Monax 2009).
Company Name Year, Title of report, Place of Publication.
Example:
Monax Mining Limited 2009, Annual financial report, Unley SA.

Note: Place of publication is usually the location of the
companys head office.
Annual company
report (online)

Note: for the
annual reports
published by a
company,
including
financial reports
profits fell 2.5 percent
(Monax 2009).
Company Name Year, Title of report, Place of Publication,
viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Monax Mining Limited 2009, Annual financial report, Unley SA,
viewed 13 June 2012,
<http://www.monaxmining.com.au/site/investors/corporate-
reports/annual-reports/doc_view/217-2009-annual-financial-
report.html>
Brochure or
pamphlet
Further information is
described in Austudy (2010)

Title of brochure Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Austudy 2010, Centrelink, Canberra, ACT.
Company profile
(commercial
database)
(Datamonitor 2010) Database Name Year, Company Name company profile,
viewed Day Month Year, Database Provider.
Example:
Datamonitor 2007, Monax Mining Limited company profile,
viewed 7 October 2011, Business Source Premier (EBSCO).
Company report
(commercial
database)

Note: this a
report on a
company, not an
annual financial
report
(Morningstar 2011)

(Aspect Huntley 2008)
Database Name Year, Report title, viewed Day Month Year,
Database Provider.
Example:
Morningstar 2010, Macquarie Generation company report,
viewed 18 July 2011, Morningstar DatAnalysis.

Aspect Huntley 2008, MHM Metals company report, viewed 18
June 2010, Aspect Huntley Annual Reports Online.
Financial data
(from Thomson
Reuters
Datastream)
(Datastream International
2011)
Datastream International Year, Search Code Name, Data
description, viewed Day Month Year, Datastream
International/Database Segment searched/SEARCH CODE.
Example:
Datastream International 2011, In Constituents of the S&P
ASX200, Daily index data 2005-2010, viewed 13 November
2011, Datastream International/Equity Lists/LS&PCOMP.
GMID (Global
Market
Information
Database)
.... (GMID 2012).

Note: GMID has been
renamed Passport GMID.

Global Market Information Database (GMID) Year of Data, Data
report title, Data Report Type, Data Report Date or Date Range,
viewed Day Month Year, Euromonitor International Passport
GMID.
Examples:
Global Market Information Database (GMID) 2005, Fast food in
the USA, Major Market Profiles Report, September 2005,
viewed 6 January 2012, Euromonitor International Passport
GMID.
Note: If the data does not apply to a specific year then use n.d.
for the date:
Global Market Information Database (GMID) n.d., Fast food in
the USA, Major Market Profiles Report, viewed 6 January
2012, Euromonitor International Passport GMID.
Media (press)
release
to be based on the most
rigorous scientific evidence
available (Office of the Prime
Minister 2011).
Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of release, media release,
release Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Office of the Prime Minister 2011, New focus on scientific
evidence to build confidence in coal seam gas and coal mining,
media release, 21 November, viewed 17 January 2012,
<http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/new-focus-scientific-
evidence-build-confidence-coal-seam-gas-and-coal-mining>
Patent A patent was taken out
(Pettigrew 2007) following
Author(s) Year, Title of patent, Country Patent No.
Example:
Pettigrew, J. 2007, New system of teaching accounting,
Australia Patent 2007101217.
Standard
(database)
(Standards Australia/New
Zealand 2004)
Standards Country Year, Standard title, Standard Code
Number, viewed Day Month Year, Database Name.
Example:
Standards Australia/New Zealand 2004, Information technology
- process assessment - guidance on performing an
assessment, AS/NZS ISO/IEC 15504.3:2004, viewed 4 April
2011, Standards Australia Online.
Standard
(print)
(Standards Australia 1987) Standards Country Year, Standard title, Standard Code
Number, Standards Organisation, Place of Publication.
Example:
Standards Australia 1987, Data processing - vocabulary -
computer graphics, AS1189.13-1987, Standards Australia,
NSW.

4.3 Internet: web pages, web sites, blogs, social media
Web page titles: most browsers show web site and web page titles in a title bar at the top of the window. It is
acceptable to truncate the title providing the information removed is shown elsewhere in the reference list entry.
Note: this section applies only to web pages, not to downloaded documents (usually in PDF format) such as
reports, journal articles, conference papers and so on. Refer to the relevant section to reference these items.
Web page with
author(s)

Note: for online
magazines and,
newspapers see
sections 4.7 and
4.9.
Cagliarini and McKibbin
(2009) discuss
Author(s) Year, Title of web page, Name of Organisation, Place
of Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Cagliarini, A. and McKibbin, W. 2009, Global relative price
shocks: the role of macroeconomic policies, Reserve Bank of
Australia, Sydney, viewed 24 October 2010,
<http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2009/2009-10.html>
Web page, no
author

Note: for online
magazines and,
newspapers see
sections 4.7 and
4.9.
The level of fiscal stimulus is
summarised in the
Department of Treasury
annual report 2009-2010
(2010)
Title of web page Year, Name of Organisation, Place of
Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Department of Treasury annual report 2009-2010 2010,
Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 28 October 2010,
<http://www.treasury.gov.au/contentitem.asp?NavId=036&Cont
entID=1893>
Web page, no
publication date
According to the Department
of Energy (n.d.), the bombing
of Germanys synthetic fuel
plants crippled its military
capability.

Author(s) n.d., Title of web page, Name of Organisation, Place
of Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Department of Energy n.d., The early days of coal research, US
Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., viewed 10 January
2012,
<http://fossil.energy.gov/aboutus/history/syntheticfuels_history.h
tml>
Web site

Note: reference
a web site only
when using
multiple web
pages from it
inflationary pressures
(Reserve Bank of Australia
2007).
Publisher or Company Name Year (of last update if available),
Title of web site, Place of Organisation (if available), viewed
Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Reserve Bank of Australia 2007, Reserve Bank of Australia,
Sydney, viewed 23 March 2007, <www.rba.gov.au>
Web blog In his blog, Quiggin (2011)
criticises
Author(s) Year of Posting, Title of web blog, web blog, viewed
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, John Quiggin: commentary on Australian &
world events from a social-democratic perspective, web blog,
viewed 14 January 2011, <http://johnquiggin.com>
Web blog post Following the crisis, Quiggin
(2011) speculated that
Author(s) Year of Posting, Title of web blog post, Title of web
blog, web blog post, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year,
<URL>
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, Total core meltdown, John Quiggin:
commentary on Australian & world events from a social-
democratic perspective, web blog post, 20 December, viewed
31 December 2011, <http://johnquiggin.com>
Social media
(Facebook, My
Space, renren,
Sina Weibo)
Save the Children UK (2012)
reports that 1.2 million East
African children ..

Caution: Social media are
generally not reliable sources
of information.
Author(s) Year of Posting, Title of post, Title of Service, posted
Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Save the Children UK 2012, Morning! How is everyone today?
Feel like helping end the kind extreme hunger [sic]?, Facebook,
posted 12 January, viewed 17 January 2012, <http://en-
gb.facebook.com/savethechildrenuk>

4.4 Journal articles
Journal article
(print)
According to Carlin (2007) ... Author(s) Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume number,
issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Carlin, T. 2007, 'Some reflections on research', Compliance and
Regulatory Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9-13.
Journal article,
no author (print)
The problems facing baby
boomers have been carefully
investigated (Cancer
generation: baby boomers
facing a perfect storm 2009)

Title of article Year, Title of Journal, volume number, issue
number, page numbers.
Example:
Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm 2009,
Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 596.
Journal article
(online)
Energy policy was skewed
towards security of supply
and climate change (Helm
2005, p. 1).
Author(s) Year, Title of article, Title of Journal, volume number,
issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year, Web
Site Name, doi: (if available).
Or
issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Note: When a DOI (digital object identifier) is available, always
use the first format.
Example:
Helm, D. 2005, 'The assessment: the new energy paradigm',
Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-18,
viewed 13 February 2008, Oxford Journals, doi:
10.1093/oxrep/gri001.
Journal article
(database)
The question of what will
happen to banks is
introduced by Bossone
(2001)
issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year,
Database Name, doi: or item number (if available).
Example with DOI (digital object identifier):
Bossone, B. 2001, Do banks have a future? A study on
banking and finance as we move into the third millennium,
Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276,
viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect, doi: 10.1016/S0378-
4266(01)00196-0.
Example with item number:
Note: the item number may be called the accession number or
document number or document id.
Bossone, B. 2001, Do banks have a future? A study on
banking and finance as we move into the third millennium,
Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276,
viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect, 97753458.

4.5 Law: cases, acts, regulations, bills
Note that Cth is an abbreviation for Commonwealth, which is the term used to identify Australian Federal
Government legislation. For state or territory legislation use Vic, NSW, NT, Qld, Tas, WA etc.
Note that pinpoint can be the starting page, page number, paragraph number, clause, footnote or section number.
Cases According to (R v Song
(2005) 125 CLR 1) a
business may
Case Name (Year), Volume Law Report Series start page,
pinpoint (if any).
Examples:
R v Song (2005), 125 CLR 1.
Funwick v Creasel (1932), 47 CLR 2, 3.3.
QPB Enterprises Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1995), 117 CLR 13.
Acts of
Parliament
(statutes)
is allowed in such
circumstances (Corporations
Act 2001 (Cth) s 3)
Title of Act Year, (Jurisdiction).
Example:
Corporations Act 2001, (Cth).
Social Welfare Ordnance 1964, (NT).
Delegated
legislation
(regulations)
in accordance with the law
(Police Regulations 2003
(Vic) reg 9.2).
Title of Legislation Year, (Jurisdiction) pinpoint.
Note: Pinpoint may be an order (O), regulation (reg), rule (r),
sub-regulation (sub-reg) or sub-rule sub-r, and if plural: OO,
regs,rr, sub-regs, sub-rr.
Example:
Police Regulations 2003, (Vic) reg 9.2.
Migration Regulations 1996, (Cth) regs 12-14.
Bills a clear requirement
(Corporations Amendment
Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth) cl 13).
Title of Bill (No X) Year, (Jurisdiction).
Example:
Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005, (Cth).
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009, (Cth).

4.6 Lectures, tutorials, readings, speeches, interviews, personal communications
Lecture materials
from Blackboard
(slides, recording
of lecture)
According to Piggott (2011)
business refers to
Author(s) Year, Title of lecture (Unit Code), Teaching
Organisation, Place of Publication, Lecture Date, viewed Day
Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to business (BUSS1002), The
University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March, viewed 14 March
2011, <http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>
Unit of study
readings from
Blackboard
Fisher (2004) demonstrates
the important role that self
reflection plays in the
development of critical
thinking.
Author(s) Year, Title of reading in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of
course (Unit Code), Teaching Organisation, Place of
Publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Note: Only reference course readings by this method if they
cannot be found elsewhere. You should always reference the
original source (book, journal article) where possible.
Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do
you do it? in L. Piggott (ed.), Introduction to business
(BUSS1001), The University of Sydney, Sydney, viewed 14
January 2011, <http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>
Material from unit
of study reader
(print)
Critical self-reflection is
defined as . . . (Fisher
2004).
Author(s) Year, Title of document in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title
of course reader, Teaching Organisation, Place of Publication.
Note: Only reference course readings by this method if they
cannot be found elsewhere. You should always reference
the original source (book, journal article) where possible.
Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do
you do it? in L. Piggott (ed.), BUSS1002 reader, The University
of Sydney, Sydney.
Lecture or
tutorial notes
(your notes from
lecture/tutorial or
words spoken by
lecturer/tutor)
Piggott (2011) defined ... Author(s) Year, Lecture/Tutorial title (Unit Code), at Teaching
Organisation, Place of Publication, Day Month.
Example:
Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to business (BUSS1002), at The
University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March.
Speech
(at a conference)
Rudd (2011) argued that the
G20 was the only
organisation capable of ...
Speaker Year, Title of speech, Title of Conference, at Place of
Speech, Day Month.
Example:
Rudd, K. 2011, University of Queensland annual lecture in
politics and international affairs, ISA Asia-Pacific Regional
Section Inaugural Conference, at Brisbane, 30 September.
Speech
(other than a unit
of study lecture,
such as a public
lecture, address,
or statement)
According to Bell (2011), the
Chinese government has
utilised three sources ...
Speaker Year, Title of lecture or speech, Name of Organisation
(if any), at Place of Speech, Day Month.
Example:
Bell, D. 2011, Political legitimacy in China: a Confucian
perspective, Sydney Ideas, at The University of Sydney, 5
October.
Interview In an interview, the former
Microsoft CEO said ...
(Gates 2012).
Note: If you provide a
transcription of the interview
in an appendix, insert a
footnote to refer the reader to
that appendix.
Interviewee(s) Year, author interview, Day Month, Location (if
available).
Example:
Gates, B. 2012, author interview, 3 July, Seattle.
Note:
The interviewee is the person interviewed, not the person
conducting the interview.
Personal
communication
(verbal, written
hard copy or
email)
Source (Year, pers. comm.
Day Month)

F. J. Hodgson (2004, pers.
comm. 27 October)
confirmed
No entry is required in the reference list.

4.7 Magazines
Magazine article
with author
(print)
Hudson (2006) observed the
tax burden had steadily
shifted from property to
labour
Author(s) Year, Title of article, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or)
Month (if available), volume number (if available), issue number
(if available), page number(s).
Example:
Hudson, M. 2006, The new road to serfdom: an illustrated
guide to the coming real estate collapse, Harpers, May, vol.
312, no. 1872, pp. 39-46.
Magazine article,
no author
(print)
influence (Danger of
academics growing
dependence on private
sector 2001).

OR
influence (Getting
Together: Social Justice
Monitor 2001).

Title of article Year, Title of Magazine, Month, volume number
(if available), issue number (if available), page number(s).
OR
Title of Magazine Year, Title of article, Title of Magazine,
Month, volume number (if available), issue number (if
available), page number(s).
Example:
Danger of academics growing dependence on private sector
2001, Getting Together: Social Justice Monitor, April, p. 13.
OR
Getting Together: Social Justice Monitor 2001, Danger of
academics growing dependence on private sector, Getting
Together: Social Justice Monitor, April, p. 13.
Magazine article
with author
(online)
Gettler (2011) notes that
business are being forced to
adapt to increasing usage of
smartphone and tablet
technology.
(if available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>
Example:
Gettler, L. 2011, Mobile commerce on fast track, Management
Today, October, viewed 7 November 2011,
<http://www.aim.com.au/DisplayStory.asp?ID=808>
Magazine article,
no author
(online)
In the long term, US gas
exports may not be as large
as some commentators have
predicted (Rice study
questions volume of future
US natural gas exports
2012).

OR
commentators have
predicted (Oil & Gas Journal
2012).

Title of article Year, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or) Month (if
available), volume number (if available), issue number (if
available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>
OR
Title of Magazine Year, Title of article, Title of Magazine, Day
(and/or) Month (if available), volume number (if available),
issue number (if available), page number(s) (if available),
Example:
Rice study questions volume of future US natural gas exports
2012, Oil & Gas Journal, 15 August, viewed 17 August 2012,
<http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/08/rice-study-questions-
volume-of-future-us-natural-gas-exports.html>
OR
Oil & Gas Journal 2012, Rice study questions volume of future
US natural gas exports, 2012, Oil & Gas Journal, 15 August,
viewed 17 August 2012,
<http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/08/rice-study-questions-
volume-of-future-us-natural-gas-exports.html>
Magazine article
with author
(database)
the first privately owned
company based in China to
list on the New York Stock
Exchange (Knight 2011).
(if available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
Year, Database Name, item number (if available).
Example:
Knight, E. 2011, The sun king: Shi Zhengrong, The Monthly,
June 2011, viewed 9 December 2011, Informit Humanities &
Social Sciences Collection, 201107386.
Magazine article
with no author
(database)
The City of Snoqualmie
Headquarters Fire Station is
the first naturally ventilated
fire facility in the country
(Combined use 2005).

OR
facility in the country (Fire
Chief 2005).

Title of article Year, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or) Month (if
available), volume number (if available), issue number (if
available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
OR
Title of Magazine Year, Title of article, Title of Magazine, Day
(and/or) Month (if available), volume number (if available),
issue number (if available), page number(s) (if available),
viewed Day Month Year, Database Name, item number (if
available).
Example:
Combined use 2005, Fire Chief, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 100-110,
viewed 17 August 2012, Business Source Premier,
EBSCOhost, 18993353.
OR
Fire Chief 2005, Combined use, Fire Chief, vol. 49, no. 11, pp.
100-110, viewed 17 August 2012, Business Source Premier,
EBSCOhost, 18993353.

4.8 Multimedia
Motion picture
(for a movie that
you watched in a
cinema)
In the 1930s it was Australian
Government policy to take
half-caste children from their
Aboriginal mothers (Rabbit-
proof fence 2002).
Title of film Year of release, motion picture, Country of origin:
Film studio or maker, director Name.
Example:
Rabbit-proof fence 2002, motion picture, Australia: Miramax
Home Entertainment, director P. Noyce.
Podcast
(audio file online)
Parched: the politics of water
(2008) identifies
Title of podcast Year, podcast, Name of Organisation, Place of
Organisation (if available), Day Month of Publication (if
available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Parched: the politics of water 2008, podcast, Australian
Broadcasting Corporation Radio National, 21 November,
viewed 28 September 2009,
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2008/242640
5.htm>
Note: Give either the URL for the page from which the podcast
can be downloaded or the download URL (usually ending in
.mp3)
Radio program
(for a broadcast
you listened to)
... and the two leaders
seemingly close friendship
(Bushs brain and Howards
election 2003).
Note: it is preferable to
obtain the transcript of the
program especially if you
wish to use a quotation
Title of episode Year of broadcast, Title of series (where
applicable), radio program, Day Month Time of transmission,
Broadcasting Organisation and Channel, presenter/journalist
Name.
Example:
Bushs brain and Howards election 2003, Background briefing,
radio program, 12 October 2pm, Australian Broadcasting
Corporation Radio National, presenter S. Correy.
Television
program (for a
broadcast you
watched)
Mark Twain, Buster Keaton,
and Henry Ford were all
bankrupt at some stage in
their careers (Dreams of
avarice 2009).
Note: it is preferable to
obtain the transcript of the
program especially if you
wish to use a quotation
Title of episode Year of broadcast, Title of series (where
applicable), television program, Day Month Time of
transmission, Broadcasting Organisation and Channel,
presenter/journalist Name.
Example:
Dreams of avarice 2009, The ascent of money, television
program, 28 May 8:30pm, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
ABC1, presenter N. Ferguson.
Video
(watched on
DVD,VHS etc)
Inside job (2010) illustrates
how unethical behaviour was
a contributing cause of the
2008 global financial crisis.
Title of video Year of release, video recording, Country of origin:
Film studio or maker, director Name.
Example:
Inside job 2010, video recording, United States: Sony Pictures
Classics and Representational Pictures, director C. Ferguson.
Video blog post
(online blog with
video postings)
Risk analyst Satyajit Das
notes the role of debt in
accelerating growth
(PressTVGlobalNews 2011).
Screen name of contributor Year, Title of video, Series Title (if
applicable), video online, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
PressTVGlobalNews 2011,Global economic chaos-on the edge
with Max Keiser-11-04-2011, video online, viewed 9 December
2011, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iXhAPTGyfQ>
Vodcast
(online video file)
Paul Ormerod highlights the
role networks play in our
thinking (Networks: how they
change our thinking 2011)
Title of vodcast Year, video file, Name of Organisation, Place of
Organisation (if available), Day Month of Publication (if
available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Networks: how they change our thinking 2011, video file,
SlowTV, October, viewed 26 November 2011,
<http://blip.tv/file/get/Slowtv-
NetworksHowTheyChangeOurThinkingPaulOrmerod295.m4v>
Note: Give either the URL for the page from which the vodcast
can be viewed or downloaded.

4.9 Newspapers, online news sources and wire feeds
Online news sources such as Reuters or Bloomberg or the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) should be
referenced as online newspapers. Wire feeds are also online news sources, referenced as online newspapers.
Note: Omit a, an or the from the start of a newspaper title: Wall Street Journal, not The Wall Street Journal.
Note: Newspaper section numbers or letters are treated as part of the page number.
Note: Newspaper editions are treated as part of the title but in parentheses. See the first example below.

Newspaper
article with
author
(print)

Newspaper
article with
edition and
section
Different methods of retaining
nurses have been challenged
by Brown (1987)
Author(s) Year, Title of article, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,
page number(s).
Example:
Brown, D. 1987, Hospitals try tea, raises, status to refill
thinning ranks of nurses, Los Angeles Times, 6 August, p. 1.
Example with edition and section:
Heslop, D. 1957, New farm technology on display at Wistlow
Park, Houndsborough Gazette (Late Edition), 4 May, p. A.1.
Weiner, T. 2004, James Chace, foreign policy thinker, is dead
at 72, New York Times (Late East Coast Edition), 11 October,
p. B.7.
Newspaper
article, no author
(print)
infrequent (One dead in
multiple beach rescue 2011).

OR
infrequent (Sydney
Morning Herald 2011).

Title of article Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page
number(s).
OR
Title of Newspaper Year, Title of article, Title of Newspaper,
Day Month, page number(s).
Example:
One dead in multiple beach rescue 2011, Sydney Morning
Herald, 11 January, p. 10.
OR
Sydney Morning Herald 2011, One dead in multiple beach
rescue, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, p. 10.
Newspaper
article with
author
(online)
Martin (2011) asserts that Author(s) Year, Title of article, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,
Example:
Martin, P. 2011, Fraud is a cinch just ask your bank, Sydney
Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 13 January 2011,
<http://www.smh.com.au/business/fraud-is-a-cinch--just-ask-
your-bank-20110110-19l77.html>
Newspaper
article from news
source or wire
feed
(online)
in every month since
February 2012 (AAP 2013).
News Source Name (initials) Year, Title of article, Title of
Newspaper, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
AAP 2013, Manufacturing shrinks again, but slower, Sydney
Morning Herald, 1 March 2013, viewed 22 September 2013,
<http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-
economy/manufacturing-shrinks-again-but-slower-20130301-
2f9zt.html>
Newspaper
article, no author
(online)
infrequent (One dead in
multiple beach rescue 2011).

OR
infrequent (Sydney
Morning Herald 2011)

Title of article Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, viewed
OR
Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
One dead in multiple beach rescue 2011, Sydney Morning
Herald, 11 January, viewed 16 August 2012,
<http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/one-dead-in-multiple-beach-
rescue-20110121-19zp5.html>
OR
Sydney Morning Herald 2011, One dead in multiple beach
rescue, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 16 August
2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/one-dead-in-multiple-
beach-rescue-20110121-19zp5.html>
Newspaper
article with
author
(database)
The problems faced by Wall
Street in the past have been
denied by Kindleberger
(1999) who maintains that ...
Author(s) Year, Title of article, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,
page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month Year,
Database Name, item number (if available).
document id.
Example:
Kindleberger, C. 1999, Fools and their money whats left of
it, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19 August, viewed 28
September 2004, ProQuest Central, 398688342.
Newspaper
article, no author
(database)
According to Government
witnesses, Standard Oil
salesman tampered with oil
lamps such that Standard Oil
appeared to burn brighter
and cleaner than
independent oil companies
products (Standard Oil Co.
denies trickery 1908).

OR
products (New York Times
1908).
Title of article Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page
number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month Year, Database
Name, item number (if available).
OR
Day Month, page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
document id.
Example:
Standard Oil Co. denies trickery 1908, New York Times, 10
September, viewed 14 July 2012, Proquest Historical
Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2008), 96807821.
OR
New York Times 1908, Standard Oil Co. denies trickery, New
York Times, 10 September, viewed 14 July 2012, Proquest
Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2008),
96807821.

4.10 Reports, documents, statistics, government documents, graphs, tables and images
Report or
document
(printed)
The Allen Consulting Group
(2006) presented a
convincing argument that
skills matter to employers.
Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of report, Report number
(if available), Publisher or Institution, Place of Publication.
Example:
Allen Consulting Group 2006, World class skills for world class
industries: employers perspectives on skilling in Australia, Allen
Consulting Group, Sydney.
Report or
document
(online, usually
pdf)
Fatih Birol, Chief Economist
for the International Energy
Agency, stated that current
high oil prices have the
potential to strangle the
economic recovery in many
countries (Johnson et al.
2012, p. 2).

Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of report, Report number
(if available), Publisher or Institution, Place of Publication (if
available), ISBN (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Johnson, V., Simms, A., Skrebowski, C. and Greenham, T.
2012, The economics of oil dependence: a glass ceiling to
recovery, New Economics Foundation, London, ISBN 978-1-
908506-27-6, viewed 27 November 2012,
<http://www.neweconomics.org/publications/the-economics-of-
oil-dependence-a-glass-ceiling-to-recovery>
Statistics
(print)

Note: use for
statistics from
official sources
e.g. government,
OECD
Unemployment increased
substantially following the
financial crisis (Australian
Bureau of Statistics 2010).
Organisation Year, Title of document, catalogue no. (if
available), Publisher (Department), Place of Publication (if
available).
Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Labour statistics Australia,
catalogue no. 6101.0, ABS, Canberra.
Statistics
(online, web
page, pdf, excel,
zip etc.)

Note: use for
statistics from
official sources
e.g. government,
OECD

Note: see 3.21
for how to use
initialisms

had increased by only 2.1
percent (Australian Bureau of
Statistics 2013).

... rapid increase (OECD
2013).
Organisation Year Accessed, Title of statistics including year(s)
if relevant (dataset name if applicable), catalogue no. (if
available), Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Note: the URL is to the web page where the data or the data
download link was found. Give the full title of the data.
Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013, Labour mobility, Australia,
February 2013 (persons who were working at February
2013,changes in employer/business or work by selected
employment characteristics), catalogue no. 6209.0, ABS,
viewed 3 October 2013,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/620
9.0February%202013?OpenDocument>
Example:
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) 2013, Population (Australia 1990 2010), viewed 6
October 2013, OECD.Stat, <http://stats.oecd.org>
Government
document
(print)
The Human Rights and
Equal Opportunity
Commission (1997) noted
that
Government (Department or Body) Year, Title of document,
Government Department, Place of Publication (if available),
catalogue no. (if available).
Example:
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997,
Bringing them home: report of the national inquiry into the
separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from
their families, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, Sydney.
Government
document
(online, usually
pdf)
$1.8 billion could be
gained annually (Uranium
Mining, Processing and
Nuclear Energy Review
Taskforce 2006).
Government Department or Body Year, Title of document,
Government Department, Place of Publication (if available),
catalogue no. (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Uranium Mining, Processing and Nuclear Energy Review
Taskforce 2006, Uranium mining, processing and nuclear
energy - opportunities for Australia?, Department of Prime
Minister and Cabinet, Barton, viewed 11 December 2011,
<http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38975/U
mpner_report_2006.pdf>
Figure, graph,
table or image
Figure 3 (Australian Bureau
of Statistics 2010) shows a
sustained downward trend in
private sector house
approvals

Note: if you have changed
the data in any way, add
adapted from to the
reference:

Figure 3 (adapted from
Australian Bureau of
Statistics 2010) shows a
sustained downward trend in
private sector house
approvals
Reference according to the publication type (e.g. book, journal
article, web document).

Important: Every figure, graph or table you use must have a
title, and it must be referenced and explained within your text.

Example of a title for a figure, graph, image or diagram:

Figure 2 Private sector house approvals 2010 - 2011.

Example of a title for a table:

Table 6 Oil production in OECD states 2000 - 2011.

Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Building approvals,
Australia, November 2011, viewed 23 January 2012,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8731.0>

4.11 Theses, conference proceedings and papers, working papers
Thesis
(online)
Guikema (2004) argues that
...
Author(s) Year, Title of thesis, Type of thesis, Department,
University, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Guikema, J. W. 2004, Scanning Hall probe microscopy of
magnetic vortices in very underdoped yttrium-barium-copper-
oxide, PhD thesis, Department of Physics, Stanford University,
viewed 22 January 2012,
<http://www.stanford.edu/group/moler/theses/JWGThesis.pdf>
Thesis
(database)
The role of distance in retail
gasoline market competition
is analysed by Brewer (2007)
who concludes that
Author(s) Year, Title of thesis, Type of thesis, Department,
University, viewed Day Month Year, Database Name, item
number (if available)
Example:
Brewer, J. 2007, Competition in the retail gasoline industry,
PhD thesis, Department of Economics, University of Arizona,
viewed 29 October 2008, ProQuest, 304894280.
Published
conference paper
or conference
proceeding
(online)
Ballsun-Stanton and Bunker
(2009) express the view that

Author(s) Year, Title of conference paper, Proceedings of the
Title of Conference, Conference Location, Conference Day(s)
Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Ballsun-Stanton, B. and Bunker, D. 2009, Philosophy of data
(PoD) and its importance to the discipline of information
systems, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on
Information Systems, San Francisco, 6 9 August, viewed 12
July 2010,
<http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443>
Unpublished
conference paper
Mitchell and McKenzie
(2004) express the view that

Author(s) Year, Title of conference paper, paper presented at
Title of Conference, Conference Location, Conference Day(s)
Month.
Example:
Mitchell, H. and McKenzie, M. 2004, The use of forecasting
accuracy as an ARCH model selection tool, paper presented at
Fourth International Scientific School MASR, St. Petersburg,
Russia (Russian Federation), 22-25 June 2004.
Working paper Instances of corporate social
responsibility occurred in the
late 19
th
century (Smith
2003).
Author(s) Year, Title of paper, Series Title, number, Institution.
Example:
Smith, N. C. 2003, Corporate social responsibility: not whether,
but how?, Centre for Marketing Working Paper, no. 03-701,
London Business School.
Note: If working paper is not in the series title, place it before
the paper no., for example:
Jones, M. 2010, Motion effects, Current Issues in Marketing,
working paper no. 769, Victoria University of Wellington.

5. Referencing checklist
Before you submit, check the following: Yes No
1. In-text references
Quotations

Did you put single inverted commas ... around the authors or sources original words in
each short quotation?

Did you integrate each short quotation into a sentence?
If you used a long quotation (more than 30 words), did you indent the quotation from the
left and right margins (without using single inverted commas)?

Did you include the following information near each quotation:
authors family name or source?
year of publication?
page number(s) where you found the quotation (unless a web page)?

Paraphrases and summaries

Did you put the original authors or sources words into your own?
Did you include the following information near each paraphrase and summary:
authors family name or source?
year of publication?
If you used more than one reference for your paraphrase or summary, did you list the
authors/sources alphabetically?

2. Reference list (at the end of your assignment)
Have you included the heading Reference list immediately before your list of references at
the end of your assignment?

Have you arranged all your references alphabetically?
If you used multiple references by the same author/source, have you listed them
chronologically (for example: Lee 2009 ... Lee 2010)?

If an author (or source) has more than one publication in the same year, did you use
suffixes a, b, c to distinguish them (for example: Smith 2010a ... Smith 2010b ... Smith
2010c)?

Did you check each comma, full stop, bracket and your use of italics and
capitalisation?

Did you check that all URLs are not underlined (hyperlinks removed)?

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Business Programs Unit Page 1

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