ONLINE ASSIGNMENT

Submitted by :

By
RESHMA B
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Reg. No. 13982016







INTRODUCTION
Science is a practical subject, teaching of which cannot be done properly only in theory
form. For proper education of science, it is necessary to conduct various kinds of experimental
works which are practical in nature. These practical functions cannot be carried out in the
absence of apparatus and equipments. The place where various kinds of scientific apparatus
and equipments are arranged in a systematic manner is called a Science laboratory.



Science laboratory is central to scientific instructions and it forms essential component
of science education. It is the place where various kinds of practical works are carried out by
the students. Without proper and well equipped science laboratory, it is not possible to carry
out the science teaching process effectively in any schools or educational institutions. Students
learn to handle various apparatus and to think independently in the laboratory because of
which it is considered to be one of important places. When students carry out various kinds of
experiments, they draw conclusions from their studies which raise their level of self confidence
and develop scientific attitudes among them.



NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF LABORATORY

i. In laboratory, it is possible to keep various scientific instruments and chemicals in safe
and secure conditions as without them, it is not possible to carry out any kind of
experiment in any way.
ii. If there is proper well equipped and arranged laboratory in the school, then the student
will get encouraged by it to take active part in the experimental process as in such kind
of laboratory, a congenial kind of atmosphere exists which promote the interest of the
students in practical works
iii. With the help of well equipped and organized laboratory, Science teacher will get help
in developing the scientific attitudes among the students to considerable extent.
iv. All the students have to carry out experiments collectively in the laboratory as often
there is shortage of such facilities in schools. With such functions, spirit of co-operation
and team work get developed among the students and they begin to appreciate the
views and ideas of others which help them in becoming successful in their future life.
v. When students themselves get the opportunity to take part in experimental processes,
their area of experiences get widen and their level of initiatives also get developed as a
result of which they become people with wide mentality and open mindness.

ORGANISATION OF SCIENCE LABORATORY
General principle of laboratory construction :

1. The laboratory should be compact in arrangement but at the same time capable of
expansion to meet the growing needs of the school.
2. Fittings and furniture should be planned to be convenient for use as well as economical
in the long run.
3. The arrangement of furniture should ensure ease of supervision and proper lightings.
4. There should be enough storage accommodation and sufficient wall space should be
provided for additional fixtures.
LABORATORY ROOMS


i. It may be a combined class-room and laboratory for both Physics and Chemistry. The
science room should preferably be in the East-West direction to avoid direct sunlight getting
into the rooms. Sufficient clear space in the South to reflect sunlight for experiments in light.
The laboratory room should be well lightened and ventilated so that light should enter from the
left side. This may be supplemented by light from above or behind. The total wall space taken
up by doors and windows should be above th of the floor space. The ventilators should be
one foot below the ceiling. Physics laboratory should preferably be on the ground floor where
there would be least vibrations. Chemical laboratory is to be so situated that gases and vapors
do not affect the rest of the building. Rooms to have high wall [ about 15 feet ], large sized,
windows in pairs opposite to each other. Floor to be perfectly smooth in cement without dirt
lodging corners with a slight slope to help cleaning. Doors and windows should open outwards.
1. Furniture and fittings
Working benches where students have to work should be placed in parallel rows to the
demonstration table, preferably between windows. They should be provided with
shelves without drawers.


2. Demonstration Table dimension
The table can be used for demonstration as well as for placing common articles to be
used by all students during practical experiments. The top plane may be given a
paraffin coating.
3. Sink - to be fitted in the walls
4. Black Board - 7 x 4. It might be cemented area of wall treated with black paint.
5. Almirah
6. Bottle shelves
7. Book shelves
8. Blow pipes
9. Waste boxes
10. A fume cupboard
11. Wall shelves for reagent bottles
12. Drawing racks near the sinks
iv. Planning Laboratory Work
It very often happens that laboratory work is not properly correlated with class
Teachings or everyday experiences of the pupils. So the pupils may go through the
experiments according to the laboratory directions quite mechanically. Very few pupils
want to know the facts and principles to be made clear from experiments.
v. Laboratory Rules
Rules are important because the laboratory happens to be a place of potential
dangers.
1. No pupil should be allowed to enter the laboratory in the absence of the teacher or
laboratory assistant.
2. Every pupil may have a seat assigned to him.
3. The arrangement in the laboratory should be such that there is no need to move pupil
from his seat.
4. Everyone should pick up the practice of putting up his hand to call the attention of
the teacher.
5. When the pupils are working in groups, they may be allowed to discuss in a low tone.
6. Unnecessary talking should strictly be forbidden.
7. While doing experiments, the pupils must examine the apparatus given and report
defects, if any.
8. Reagent bottles should be returned to the shelves immediately after use.
9. Stoppers should also be replaced on the bottles.
10. Waste papers, burnt match sticks, etc., should not be thrown into the sink. Waste
boxes should be used.
11. Bottles must be labeled clearly.
12. The wall of the laboratory may be decorated with pictures of scientists, diagrams of
apparatus, etc.
13. The useless substances, broken glass, chemicals, solid waste, etc., must be deposited
in a separate basket.

Take care while handling

Glasses, Acids, Strong Alkalies
Gases like H
2
O, SO
2
, Cl
2
and CO
Salts of Lead, Mercury and Zinc
Inflammables materials like, Petrol, Alcohol, CS2
Explosive Materials





Accidents in the Laboratory and First Aid



Accidents may happen in the laboratory. So it is necessary to keep First-Aid Kit.

This kit should contain gelatin acid, bandages, carbolic acid, cotton, dressing gauze, eye
dropper, forceps, glycerin, milk of magnesia, plaster, pluckier, scissors, NaCO3, Tincture
Iodine, Vaseline
It would be better to display a chart depicting the accidents that are usual in the
laboratory and their remedies. :-


1. Wounds. Apply cotton dipped in tincture iodine .
2. Burns from fire. Cover the portion with linen dipped in Vaseline.
3. Burns from Acids. Wash with plenty of water and then with 1 % Sodium bicarbonate
solution
4. Burns from Alkalies. Wash with plenty of water, and then with weak vinegar or lime
juice.
5. Burns from Phosphorous. Wash with plenty of water, and then, and cover with
cotton dipped in Silver Nitrate.
6. Injuries to Eye. It should be dealt with a doctor.
7. Acids in the Eye. The eyes should be opened and closed under water. It should be
washed with 1 % solution of Sodium Bicarbonate.
8. Alakli in the Eye. The eye should be thoroughly washed with water, and then, with
a solution of 1 % Boric acid.
9. Electric Shock. Switch off the electrical supply. Remove / separate him with a dry
wooden stick. Admit to the nearest hospital.





vi. Precautions while doing Laboratory works.
1. Laboratory glass ware must never be used as drinking vessel.
2. Solution split on the bench or the floor should be cleaned up immediately.
3. Concentrated solution should be diluted before they are poured down to the
sink.
4. Do not point to the other pupil with a test tube.
5. Do not look into the mouth of the test tube while heating its contents.
6. Do not sniff at tonic materials.
7. Always use test tube holders while heating materials in the test tube.
vii. Registers in the Laboratory

Once the apparatus is received, the articles should be properly checked and
entered in the stock register immediately. The type of registers in each educational
institutions are :

1. Permanent stock Register.
It contains details of articles which are not liable to be consumed or broken like
magnets, iron stands, wooden blocks, newtons colour disc, etc,. Some articles like
Ammeter, Stop watches, Thermometer, Voltmeter, etc., are also entered in the
register as they are considered non-consumable. Working and non-working models,
charts, telescope, microscopes, etc., can also be entered in this register.
2. Breakable Stock Register.
It includes the articles like glass ware, flasks, test tubes, pipettes, burettes,
funnels, etc.,.

3. Consumable Stock Register.
It includes chemicals and other fluids liable to be consumed such as acids,
alcohol, distilled water, potassium permanganate, and the like.
4. Order Register.
It includes the records of the orders sent for purchase of new apparatus.
5. Requirement Register.
The most appropriate method of collecting suggestions for new resources for the
science staff is to note the ideas in a requirement register. The suggestion should be
arranged according to priorities.




CONCLUSION

Science laboratory is central to scientific instructions and it forms an essential
component of science education. It is the place where various kinds of practical works are
carried out by the students. Without proper and well equipped, it is not possible to carry out
the science teaching process effectively in any school or educational institutions.


REFERENCE

1. Science Education by Dr. T K Mathew
Dr. T M Mollykutty
2. Wikipedia

3. www.google.com Images of School Laboratories