Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering EE3 Power Systems
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering EE3 Power Systems
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering EE3 Power Systems
) (
+ ,B2
! 8
! ?
8
2 2
8
#
= = =
= =
O = = =
O = = =
= = =
phase x $ $ $
phase
total MVA
kV
$
phase A
x x
x
V
MVA
I
base pu pri!ar%
base
line
base
line
total
line
*l +u
(emember
2.8 Per 1nit (eactances of Transformers
0alculate actual an% pu ;uantities in secon%ary
!) . !
8 + 88!!
?)
(phase) *base
volts -ctual
%rop Pu volts
?)* !.!#!) )B)3 (actual) %rop *olta$e
+ !#!) . ! 2 . !) . !
+ 2 .
?
8 . 8
) (
+ )B)
! 8 . 8 8
! ?
8
2 2
8
#
= = =
= =
O = = =
O = = =
= = =
phase x $ $ $
phase
total MVA
kV
$
phase A
x x
x
V
MVA
I
base pu pri!ar%
base
line
base
line
total
line
*l +u
P1 volta$e %rop across transformer
= Ipu.Apu = .! . Apu Apu
irrespective of %istribution of leaka$e reactance
Same as
primary
2., P1 (eactances of Synchronous Cenerators
0onsi%er 8!="& #.#k*& !.Dpf
la$$in$ $enerator with A
s
= .2,pu
5t
V+
*s
/+
2, .
8 + ##!!
,B2,
(phase) *base
volts -ctual
%rop Pu volts
,B2,* .,, 82D!3 (actual) %rop *olta$e
+ ,, . #2 . 2, . ) (
+ #2 .
D . ! + 8!
# . #
) (
+ 82D!
! # . # 8
D . ! + ! 8!
8
2 2
8
#
= = =
= =
O = = = O
O = = =
= = =
phase x $ $ $
phase
total MVA
kV
$
phase A
x x
x
V
MVA
I
base pu s
base
line
base
line
total
line
9ote that =*-
base
= P(elec)+power factor = 8!="+!.D
2.) P1 (eactances of Synchronous =otors
5t
V+
*s
/+
0alculation of Apu for synchronous
motor is follows same process as
$enerator >>> but>>>
4utput power of a motor is always
;uote% as shaft mechanical power
an% P1 calculations use =*-
base
(elec)
=*-
base
= Pout(mech)
q . power factor
2.# 0onversions /etween /ases
In power systems analysis nee% to assert a common
=*-
base
an% convert all ohmic values into per unit
base% on operatin$ volta$e an% this =*-
base
If reactances or impe%ances are alrea%y in per-unit
to the base of the component (trans+$en+motor)
nee% to convert to same =*-
base
Since
2 2
). (
) ( ) (
line
base
base
line base
pu
kV
MVA
$
MVA
kV
$
$
$
$ O =
O
=
O
=
)
`
=
) (
) (
) ( ) (
ol" MVA
new MVA
ol" $ new $
base
base
pu pu
2.B 0onversions /etween off 9ominal *olta$es
In power systems analysis pu values of %evices
(trans+$en+motor) are ;uote% after calculation from
=*-
base
an% *
line
>> where *
line
is usually .!pu
4ccasionally transformers+motors+$enerators are
operate% at a volta$e off-nominal an% per-unit
calculations must allow for this.
Since
2 2
). (
) ( ) (
line
base
base
line base
pu
kV
MVA
$
MVA
kV
$
$
$
$ O =
O
=
O
=
)
`
=
) (
) (
) ( ) (
2
2
new kV
ol" kV
ol" $ new $
line
line
pu pu