1

Ionizing radiation can be used in industrial radiography because

the health hazards:



Have been eliminated with controls and procedures
Are minimized through controls and procedures
Are worth the risk
Are being ignored






2

Unexposed X-ray film is comprised of a plastic, transparent
base coated with an emulsion containing radiation-sensitive
particle known as:



Metalic silver crystals
Silver halide grains
Both A and B
Neither A or B






3

Image quality indicators are usually placed:



Anywhere on the back side of the film
On the front side of the film near the primary area of interest
On the front side of the test component in an area of similar
thickness to the primary area of interest
On the back side of the test component in the area of interest






4

X-ray generators produce radiation through:



Bremsstrahlung processes
K-shell emmission processes
Radioactive decay
Both A and B






5

Radiographic inspection should be used for crack detection
only when:



The crack is large
The test componet is a casting
The test component is a weldment

The orientation of the crack is known





6

When penetrating radiation is directed at a material, the
radiation intensity decreases:



Decreases exponentially with increasing material thickness
Increase linearly with increasing material thickness
Decrease linearly with increasing material thickness
None of the above






7

Which of the following is not a strength of radiographic
inspection?



It is not limited to material type
It can be used to inspect assembled components
It can detect surface and subsurface features
Access to both side of the test sample is required






8

The number of X-ray or Gamma photons that are transmitted
through a material depends on the:



Energy of the photons
Thickness of the material
Atomic number of the material
All of the above






9

The drive cable of a gamma ray exposure device (camera)
allows the radiographer to:



Turn on and shut off the gamma rays from a safe distance
Adjust the position of the camera from a safe distance
Move the source in and out of the camera while maintaining a
safe distance
None of the above






10

Thin sheets of lead foil in contact with the film during
exposure increase the film density because:



They act as a filter to harden the radiation beam
They reduce the amount of scatter radiation
Incident radiation liberates electrons which help to expose the
film
None of the above






11

When using geometric magnefication to produce a
radiograph, the penumbra will be reduced by:



A longer exposure
A faster film speed
A smaller source spot size
More X-ray energy






12

Collimators are used to:



Reduce the radiation beam spread
Filter the radiation beam
Increase film latitude
Decrease film latitude






13

Exposure to ionizing radiation can be limited:



With the use of shielding
By increasing distance form the source
By limiting the time exposed to the radiaiton
All of the above






14

Computed tomography X-ray techniques allow the test
component to be:



Viewed in various cross-sectional slices
Viewed from different angles
Analyzed for chemical composition
None of the above







Higher energy radiation will have more:



15
Speed
Incident Intensity
Penetrating power
Both B and C






16

The target of an X-ray tube is often made out of tungsten
becuase:



It has a high atomic mass which will result in more X-rays
being generated due to atomic particle interactions
It is an inexpensive material that is easy to machine
It have very high thermal conductivity which makes it easy to
cool
None of the above






17

Who is given credit for the discovery of X-ray?



Henri Becquerel
Wilhelm Roentgen
Marie Curie
Pierre Curie






18

When flaws are in unknown locations, radiography is best
suited for the detection of:



Volumetric defects such as porosity
Tight linear defects such as cracks
Material delaminations
The flaw type does not matter






19

Which two types of radiation-matter interactions account for
the majority of attenuation in typical industrial radiography?



Compton Scattering and photoelectric absorption
Compton Scattering and pair production
Pair production and photoelectric absorption
None of the above






20

In comparison with lower-voltage radiographs, high voltage
radiographic images have:



Less contrast sensitivity
Greater contrast sensitivity
Greater amounts of scatter radiation relative to primary beam
intensity
Less latitude






21

Film contrast is determined by:



The type of film used
The process by which the film was developed
The radiation energy used
Both A and B






22

Stationary lab or shop X-ray systems usually rely on what to
limit exposure to the radiation?



Distance controls
Time limits
Shielding
All of the above






23

The rate at which a radioactive isotope changes to a more
stable atom is know as the:



Isotope decay rate
Half-life
Activity
Attenuation






24

Who is given credit for the discovery of radioactive materials?



Henri Becquerel
Wilhelm Roentgen
Marie Curie

Pierre Curie





25

X-rays and Gamma rays:



Always travel in a straight line
Can be influenced by an electrical field
Can be influenced by a magnetic field
None of the above






26

Undercut is the loss of resolution at a sharp, thickness
transition area due to:



Scattering within the part
Backscatter
Sidescatter
Scattering within the film






27

After traveling through two half-value layers, the incident
radiation has been reduced to:



50%
35%
20%
None of the above






28

X-rays and Gamma rays have significant penetrating power
due to their:



Short wavelength
Medium wavelength
Long wavelength
Wide range of wavelengths






29

Manmade sources of radioactive sources are produced by:



By splitting the nucleus of atoms in the source material
Adding electrons to the source material
Introducing an extra neutron to the atoms of the source

material
None of the above





30

Two of the more common industrial Gamma-ray sources are:



Cobalt-60 and iridium-192
Cobalt-60 and plutonium-240
Plutonium-240 and uranium-222
Iridium-192 and Lead-102






31

Which of the following does not affect radiographic contrast?



Attenuation differences in the component being inspected
The wavelength of the radiaiton used
The amount of scattered radiation
The level of current used for the exposure






32

Lowering the energy of the radiation used to produce a
radiograph will generally result in:



Less latitude
Higher contrast sensitivity
A Longer exposure time
All of the above






33

Image quality indicators (IQIs) provide information about the
level of:



Resolution and contrast sensitivity
Resolution and film latitude
Contrast sensitivity and latitude
Contrast sensitivity only






34

The factor that indicates how much attenuation will take place
per centimeter is known as the:



Mass attenuation coefficient
Linear attenuation coefficient

Decay rate
Atomic number





35

Radiation beam filters are sometime used in X-ray
radiography to:



Remove some of the low energy radiation to increase
definition
To remove some of the low energy radiation to increase
contrast sensitivity
Remove some of the low energy radiation to reduce definition
Both A and B






36

The amount of geometric unsharpness in a radiograph is
affected by:



The source to film distance
The source to object distance
The size of the source
All of the above






37

Attenuation of radiation is due to:



Absorption
Scattering
Radioactive decay
Both A and B






38

X-rays and Gamma rays:



Are both affected by radioactive decay
Are both produced by a radioactive atom
Have completely different properties
Differ only in their source






39

Newtons Inverse Square Law is useful in radiography because
it indicates how the radiation intensity is affected by:



Radioactive decay
Distance from the source
The size of the source
None of the above






40

X-rays and Gamma rays are a form of:



Light
Particle radiation
Electromagnetic radiation
Both B and C






41

A specific radioactive source will always produce gamma rays
at the same:



Intensity
Activity
Energy levels
None of the above






42

X-rays and Gamma rays are often referred to as photons
because:



They possess a charge
They have mass
They occur as small packets of energy
None of the above






43

The main advantage of real-time radiography over film is:



Higher image contrast sensitivity
Inspection can be performed more rapidly
Higher image definition
Lower equipment costs






44

Bremsstrahlung production of X-rays produces radiation that
is composed of:



A small number of very defined energies
A continuous spectrum of energies over some range
Radiation of only one energy
None of the above






45

The thickness of any given material where 50% of the incident
energy has been attenuated is known as the:



Half-value layer
Linear attenuation coefficient
Decay rate
Mass attenuation coefficient






46

X-rays and Gamma rays present a health risk because they
are a form of ionizing radiation, which means that the
radiation has enough energy to:



Vibrate water molecules and generate heat
Break chemical bonds
Break physical bonds
None of the above






47

On a film radiograph, an area of high density in the test
component will appear:



Lighter than the surrounding area
Darker than the surrounding area
More defined than the surrounding area
Less defined than the sorrounding area






48

There are four types of radiation-matter interactions that can
contribute to the total attenuation. These are:



Compton scattering, pair production, photoelectric absorption,
rayleigh scattering
Compton scattering, electron exchange, photoelectric
absorption, rayleigh scattering

Electron exchange, pair production, photoelectric absorption,

rayleigh scattering

None of the above





49

Radiographic contrast describe:



The sharpness of lines in a radiograph
The differences in photographic density in a radiograph
The average photographic density in a radiograph
The difference in density between two different radiographs






50

A radiograph made with an exposure of 8 mAm produces a
density of 1.8. The sensitometric curve shows a difference in
relative exposure between a density of 1.8 and the target
density of 2.5 is 4. What must the new exposure time be to
produce a radiograph with a density of 2.5?



4 mAminutes
2 mAminutes
32 mAminutes
None of the above