OSMB Technical Handbook Iss3
OSMB Technical Handbook Iss3
OSMB Technical Handbook Iss3
70.00
75.00
76.20 3
80.00
88.90 3
1
2
90.00
100.00
101.60 4
114.30
4
1
2
127.00 5
152.40 6
160.00*
165.10*
6
1
2
177.80* 7
190.50*
7
1
2
200.00*
203.20 8
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Technical Handbook issue 3
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TABLE 12: MARBRITE
BRIGHT STEEL
STANDARD SIZES HEXAGONS
TABLE13: MARBRITE
BRIGHT STEEL
STANDARD SIZES SQUARES
Hexagons 1214 12L14 Squares (mm) 1020 1214
11.11
7
16 6.35
1
4
12.70
1
2 7.94
5
/16
13.00 9.52
14.29
9
16 12.70
1
2
15.87
5
8 15.87
5
8
17.00 16.00
17.46
11
16 19.05
3
4
19.00 22.22
7
8
19.05
3
4 25.00
20.64
13
16 25.40 1
22.00 28.57 1
1
8
22.22
7
8 31.75 1
1
4
23.81
15
16 38.10 1
1
2
24.00 50.00
25.40 1 50.80 2
26.99 1
1
16 63.50 2
1
2
28.57 1
1
8 46.20 3
30.00 101.60 4
31.75 1
1
4
34.92 1
3
8
36.00
38.10 1
1
2
42.42
44.45 1
3
4
50.80 2
52.07
55.00
61.21
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TABLE 14: MARBRITE
3 +0, -0.010 +0, -0.014 +0, -0.025 +0, -0.040 +0, -0.060 +0, -0.100
>3
6 +0, -0.012 +0, -0.018 +0, -0.030 +0, -0.048 +0, -0.075 +0, -0.120
>6
10 +0, -0.015 +0, -0.022 +0, -0.036 +0, -0.058 +0, -0.090 +0, -0.150
>10
18 +0, -0.018 +0, -0.027 +0, -0.043 +0, -0.070 +0, -0.110 +0, -0.180
>18
30 +0, -0.021 +0, -0.033 +0, -0.052 +0, -0.084 +0, -0.130 +0, -0.210
>30
50 +0, -0.025 +0, -0.039 +0, -0.062 +0, -0.100 +0, -0.160 +0, -0.250
>50
80 +0, -0.030 +0, -0.046 +0, -0.074 +0, -0.120 +0, -0.190 +0, -0.300
>80
120 +0, -0.035 +0, -0.054 +0, -0.087 +0, -0.140 +0, -0.220 +0, -0.350
>120
180 +0, -0.040 +0, -0.063 +0, -0.100 +0, -0.160 +0, -0.250 +0, -0.400
>180
250 +0, -0.046 +0, -0.072 +0, -0.115 +0, -0.185 +0, -0.290 +0, -0.460
>250
315 +0, -0.052 +0, -0.081 +0, -0.130 +0, -0.210 +0, -0.320 +0, -0.520
* These tolerance values have been derived from AS 1654
Notes:
1. Out-of-round, out-of-hexagon and out-of-square bars have tolerances equal to one half of the tolerance
band.
2. The diameter should be measured at a distance of at least 150 mm from the end of the product (as per
AS 1443).
3. Cross-sectional dimensions may be checked using instruments such as limit gap gauges, micrometers,
callipers and three-point measuring devices. Measurement is carried out at room temperature.
4. Width tolerances are generally not applied to Bar Cold Rolled Flats up to 7 mm thick.
Indicative width variations for bar cold rolled flats are:
up to 25mm 0.4mm, over 25 to 50mm 0.8mm, over 50mm to 100mm + 1.6/ -0.8mm
5. For applications requiring greater precision, h7 may be specified for precision ground, h9 for cold
drawn and/or h10 for turned and polished, but this is subject to negotiation prior to order placement.
Technical Handbook issue 3
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5.5 Length Tolerances
Bars may be in the cropped, saw cut or chamfered form.
TABLE 18: LENGTH TOLERANCE
Length
Category
Length
Length Details
to be Specified
Nominal range (m) Tolerance (mm)
Mill length 3.5 or 6.0 250 nominal length
Set length 3.0 to 7.0 -0, +50 nominal length
Note: For mill length, bars having a total mass of up to 10% of the quantity supplied may be
shorter but no less that 3.0 metres.
5.6 Straightness Tolerances
TABLE 19: STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE FOR BARS FOR COMMERCIAL
APPLICATIONS
Section Steel Type
Maximum permissible deviation
from Straight Line (mm)
Rounds Grades with < 0.25% carbon
Grades with 0.25% carbon, alloys
and all heat treated grades
1 in 1000
1 in 500
Squares & Hexagons All grades 1 in 375
Flats All grades 1 in 375
Commercial straightness is satisfactory for common, automatic machining applications. Higher
levels of straightness usually involve extra operations and additional cost.
Straightness tolerances for critical applications
For round bars less than 25mm in diameter, the maximum deviation from straightness shall be
less than 0.1 mm in 300mm (1:3000).
For precision ground and hard chromed bar, the maximum straightness deviation shall be less
than 0.30mm over one (1) metre. Other tolerances may be agreed, subject to enquiry.
Notes:
1. Total indicator readings with T.I.R. Gauges are considered to measure twice the amount of
deviation from a straight line.
2. All straightness measurements should be taken at least 50mm from the end of the bar.
3. Cold drawn bar can exhibit "memory", particularly in harder grades, drawn from coiled feed.
It can tend to slowly curl up at the ends, in storage. In addition, machining operations
can upset the balance of residual stress in bright bar and cause distortion, particularly
machining processes which do not remove material evenly around the circumference eg.
Machining of key ways.
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Technical Handbook issue 3
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5.7 Surface Quality
5.7.1 Cold Drawn and Cold Rolled Bars
The maximum permissible depth of surface imperfections for these bars is shown under 'B'
condition in the following table. Due account should be taken of this in subsequent machining of
components. Where specific assurance of maximum surface defect levels and relative freedom
from defects is required, material can be supplied crack tested, subject to negotiation. Other
conditions may be available upon enquiry.
5.7.2 Turned and Polished or Precision Ground Bars
The metal removed from the surface during the manufacture of turned and polished or precision
ground bars should be sufficient to ensure freedom from surface defects of steel making or hot
rolling origin.
5.7.3 Surface Roughness
Australian Standards do not specify a surface roughness value.
The following figures are given as a guide only:
Cold drawn bars 0.10.8 microns Ra
Turned and polished bars 0.20.7 microns Ra
Precision ground bars 0.20.7 microns Ra
Hard chromed bars 0.10.3 microns Ra
5.8 Hard Chrome Marcrome
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5.12 Product Identification Grade Colour Codes
These are painted on the ends of bars.
TABLE 27 : MARBRITE
The responsibility for the selection of a suitable OSMB product remains with the purchaser.
However, this document contains some information which may assist this process.
In addition, our qualified technical staff are available to provide assistance.
6.1.1 Selection of Size and Shape
The specification of relatively common sizes and shapes facilitates continuity of supply and
low cost. "Marbrite
Advantages
Smooth, Clean, Scale Free Surface
This is important in machining operations because scale is hard and abrasive and blunts cutting
tools. Bright bar's smooth surface also makes it suitable for metal finishing processes with
minimal preparation. eg. painting, phosphating, electroplating.
Close Tolerance on Section
Compared with Hot Rolled Steel, the tolerance band is reduced by over 50%. This characteristic
is often advantageous in component manufacture where a portion of the original bright bar
surface may be an integral part of the component. In precision ground bright bar, bearings may
be fitted directly onto the bar.
Superior Straightness
Commercial quality bright bar is straight enough for use as feed for multi spindle and CNC
machines. In addition, bright bar can be produced for straightness critical applications such as
pump shafting and electric motor spindles.
Control of Surface Defects
Steel in the hot rolled condition is difficult to inspect for surface defects. When converted to
bright bar, inspection is facilitated. In addition to visual techniques, eddy current, ultrasonic and
magnetic particle methods are used.
Increased Hardness, Strength and Springiness (in cold drawn and cold rolled bar)
Work hardening, which occurs during cold drawing or cold rolling, improves mechanical
properties. This factor can be exploited to achieve economy in engineering design.
Improved Machinability (in cold drawn and cold rolled bar)
The work hardening of the matrix in low carbon, free machining grades improves machinability
because chip breakage is encouraged. This can have significant economic benefits, in terms of
reduced component production cycle times.
Wide Variety of Shapes
Bright bar, can be produced in a huge range of shapes from the common geometric shapes such
as circles, triangles, squares, hexagons and octagons to special variations such as rounds with
flats, D sections and fluted sections.
Removal of Surface Defects and Decarburisation (Turned Bar only)
In some components the absence of surface defects is absolutely critical. Because turning
removes the hot rolled skin, surface defects and decarburisation can be effectively eliminated.
Surface hardness can be adversely influenced by decarburisation.
8.0
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8.2 Marbrite
Plain Carbon Grades like U1004 and U1010 are eminently suitable for hot dip
galvanizing. M1020 may be suitable, provided the %Si is in the range 0.15 to 0.22%.
Re-phosphurised grades like S1214 and S12L14 are not considered suitable for galvanizing.
Because Hot Dip Galvanizing involves heating to approx. 460C it may affect the hardness and
ductility of cold worked bars.
8.4 Machining
Machinability can be measured by one or any combination of the following attributes:
Tool life
Tool wear (part growth)
Surface (roughness)
Feeds and speeds achievable
Swarf type
12L14 is OSMBs premium free machining steel. It is a resulphurised, rephosphorised, leaded
grade of low carbon steel. The reasons for its improved machinability over other low carbon
grades are:
1. Manganese sulphide inclusions. The increased sulphur levels promote the formation of
these inclusions. They improve machinability by acting as stress concentrators to initiate
chip fracture. In addition, they provide a lubricating effect on the tool surface.
2. Phosphorus. This is present in solid solution in the steel. It embrittles the ferrite matrix which
also assists in chip fracture.
3. Lead is present as discrete particles which attach themselves to the tails of the manganese
sulphides. It then acts as a lubricant to the cutting process.
In addition, the embrittlement induced by cold drawing can be beneficial to chip breakage.
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Although the higher phosphorus and sulphur levels are beneficial to machinability, they can
be detrimental to mechanical properties particularly ductility, impact toughness and fatigue
resistance.
The additions of sulphur, phosphorus and lead do not preclude free cutting steels from
the processes of case hardening and electroplating but welding of leaded steels is not
recommended because of health concerns relating to toxic lead fumes.
Carbon levels of approximately 0.30% are thought to provide the most optimum machinability in
plain carbon grades.
In plain low carbon steels the main factor influencing machinability is the reduced chip fracture.
These steels are said to be "gummy". As the carbon level increases machinability is adversely
affected by excessive abrasion in the harder steels.
Information on recommended machining parameters follows. This is derived from information
previously supplied by BHP, and OSMB acknowledge that many machinists see these guidelines
as being very conservative, because better tools and lubricants are available today.
OSMB have the resources of their metallurgical laboratory, should assistance be required in
resolving machining difficulties. Attention to the following checklist will assist.
1. Where possible obtain samples of both "good" and "bad" machining:
a) components
b) original bright bar ends
c) swarf.
2. Maintain traceability of "good" and "bad" material, preferably by OSMB bundle number, or else
by heat number.
Cutting Speeds and Feed for Standard High Speed Steel Tools
These tables are based on the use of high speed steel and are intended as a general guide only.
When selecting speeds and feed the width and depth of cut, rigidity of machine, finish, tolerance
and final diameter must be taken into consideration. Percentage Mean Relative Machinability
Rating is based on AISI B 1112 as 100%.
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TABLE 29: CUTTING DATA FOR TURNING, FORMING, PARTING OFF, CHASING
AND THREADING
Grade
Mean
Relative
machina-
bility %
Cutting Speed Feed mm/rev.
Surface m/min
Forming
Parting Off
Centring
or
Chamfering
Turning
Turning
Forming
Part Off
Chasing
Threading
with Die
or Tap
With
Previous
Breaking
Down
Without
Previous
Breaking
Down
Rough Finish
Free Machining Steels
1214 136 6377 1820 .04.08 .08.13 .04.06 .20.25 .15.23 .08.15
12L14 158 7287 1820 .04.09 .08.14 .07.07 .23.28 .17.24 .08.15
1137 61 2736 315+ .02.05 .04.06 .02.03 .10.15 .08.13 .04.08
1146 70 2634 315+ .02.04 .04.06 .02.03 .10.15 .08.13 .04.08
Carbon Steels
1010 70 3040 15-17 .02.04 .05.08 .02.04 .10.15 .10.15 .08.12
1020 72 3142 10-13 .02.04 .05.08 .02.04 .10.15 .10.15 .08.12
1030 70 3040 314+ .01.03 .05.08 .02.04 .09.13 .10.15 .05.10
1035 70 3040 314+ .01.03 .05.08 .02.04 .09.13 .10.15 .05.10
1040 64 2737 314+ .01.03 .04.08 .02.04 .08.10 .09.14 .05.10
1045 57 2633 314+ .01.03 .04.06 .02.03 .08.10 .09.14 .03.08
Carbon Manganese Steels
X1320 54 2331 912 .01.03 .04.06 .02.03 .09.13 .08.13 .08.10
X1340 * 50 2130 39+ .01.02 .03.05 .01.02 .07.11 .08.10 .03.08
* Annealed
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TABLE 30: CUTTING DATA FOR DRILLING
Grade
Mean
Relative
Machinability
%
Cutting Speed
Surface
M/mm at Drill
Periphery
Feed - mm / rev.
Drill Diam
13mm
Drill Diam
36mm
Drill Diam
612mm
Drill Diam
1219mm
Drill Diam
1925mm
Free Machining Steels
1214 136 5262 .02.08 .08.13 .13-.15 .15.18 .18.20
12L14 158 5869 .03.09 .09.15 .15-.19 .20.22 .22.25
1137 61 2229 .02.04 .04.08 .10-.12 .10.13 .12.14
1146 58 2127 .02.04 .04.08 .08-.10 .09.11 .11.13
Carbon Steels
1010 70 2532 .03.06 .06.10 .10-.12 .12.14 .11.14
1020 72 2633 .03.06 .06.10 .10-.12 .12.14 .11.14
1030 70 2532 .03.05 .05.09 .09-.11 .11.13 .11.13
1035 70 2532 .02.04 .04.08 .08-.10 .11.13 .10.12
1040 64 2530 .02.04 .04.08 .08-.10 .11.13 .10.12
1045 57 2026 .02.04 .04.08 .07-.09 .10.12 .08.10
Carbon Manganese Steels
X1320 54 19-25 .02.04 .04.08 .08-.10 .10.13 .09.11
X1340* 50 18-23 .02.03 .03.06 .06-.08 .09.12 .08.10
* Annealed
Extracted from BHP Free Machining Steels Brochure May 1970.
8.5 Cold Forming
The degree to which bright bar can be cold formed by processes such as bending, flattening,
crimping or swaging is mainly determined by the ductility of the material. The higher the carbon
the less ductile. Cold drawn is generally less ductile than hot rolled.
Ductility is influenced by:
Chemical composition (grade).
Metallurgical history (steel mill finishing conditions, prior cold work, heat treatment, strain
aging).
Freedom from defects and imperfections (especially surface laps, scratches, burrs). These
can initiate cracks on the outside of bends.
If fracture is a problem in cold forming the checklist below provides some possible remedies.
Check tooling for unnecessary scoring, nicking, snagging, tearing and for lack of lubrication.
Decrease extension of material by increasing inside bend radius.
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Metallurgical investigation of material for possible cause of low ductility.
Change grade or condition of the material.
Hot or warm form.
For low carbon lightly drawn ductile materials with reduction of area greater than 50%
R
min
= 0.33T
For harder drawn material with reduction of area 40 to 50%
R
min
= 0.56T
Where
R = inside bend radius
T = thickness of material
*Dieter Mechanical Metallurgy 2nd edition 1981 McGraw Hill.
8.6 Thread Rolling
The success of thread rolling is dependent upon the thread rolling machinery and the ductility of
the bright bar. In general, all Marbrite
Grades Table 33, Page 47. These preheats are based on a welding heat input of 1.0 to 1.5 kJ/mm
of deposit (See Note Table 33, Page 47). With higher heat inputs the recommended preheat will
be reduced.
Information required to determine preheat temperature includes:
Material composition to determine weldability group.
Joint configuration to determine the combined joint thickness (CJT).
Joint weldability index (refer AS/NZS 1554.1 or WTIA TN 1).
Arc energy input calculated from welding procedure parameters (current, voltage and
travel speed).
Hydrogen control level achievable based on process, consumables and welding environment.
The above are used to determine preheat from charts in AS/NZS 1554.1 or WTIA TN 1.
Further information on the method for determination of preheat temperature can be referenced
in AS/NZS 1554.1 "Welding of steel structures", WTIA Technical Note 1 "The Weldability of Steels"
and WTIA Technical Note 11 "Commentary on the structural steel welding standard AS/NZS 1554.
Note: This heat input is achieved with MNAW using:
Non-iron powder 3.25 electrodes at 2mm to 3mm of electrode per mm of deposit, 4.0mm
electrodes at 1.3 mm to 2 mm of electrode per mm of deposit (EXX10, EXX11, EXX12, EXX13,
EXX15, EXX16 and EXX20).
Low iron powder 3.25 electrodes at 1.5mm to 2.4mm of electrode per mm of deposit, 4.0mm
electrodes at 1mm to 1.5mm of electrode per mm of deposit (EXX14, EXX18).
Medium iron powder 3.25 electrodes at 1.2mm to 1.9mm of electrode per mm of deposit,
4.0mm electrodes at 0.8 mm to 1.2mm of electrode per mm of deposit (EXX24, EXX27, EXX28).
8.7.4 Hydrogen Control
The term "low hydrogen" or more correctly "hydrogen controlled" is indicative of products or
processes that have controlled maximum limits on moisture content or hydrogen producing
materials. Achieving the level of hydrogen control required involves a combination of factors,
which may include:
Selection of a suitable low hydrogen welding process.
Selection of a suitable low hydrogen welding consumable.
Adequate preparation and cleanliness of the weld area.
Appropriate preheat and interpass temperature control.
Adequate welding heat input during welding.
Post weld heating (preheat level) or post weld heat treatment (stress relieving or tempering).
In certain situations there may be upper limits on preheat temperatures and welding heat inputs
to avoid having a detrimental effect on parent material properties, e.g. quenched and tempered
steels.
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8.7.5 Control of Hot Cracking
Free-cutting steels such as X1112, 1137, 1146 with high sulphur contents and 1214 with high
phosphorus content are prone to hot cracking and are unsuitable for welding except in very low
stress non-critical applications. Cracking may occur either in the weld deposit or in the heat
affected zone adjacent to the weld.
12L14 contains lead in addition to high sulphur and phosphorus and presents a health hazard. DO
NOT WELD.
Hot cracking may occur on other materials and may be prevented by:
Cleaning off all traces of cutting oils or other surface contaminants.
Avoiding parent steels containing more than 0.06% total of sulphur and phosphorus.
Planning welding parameters to reduce thermally induced strains.
Adjusting parameters to obtain weld width between 0.8 and 1.2 weld depth.
Controlling joint fit up to reduce excessive gaps.
Reducing parent metal dilution into weld metal.
8.7.6 Weldability of Marbrite
GRADES
Grade
Group
No.
Notes
(see
below)
Preheat C
Comments
CJT
20
CJT
2040
CJT
4080
CJT
80
1137 7 NR H F 25 75 125 150
Welding should only be considered in low
load non-critical applications.
1146 9 NR H F 75 125 175 200
1214 3 NR H F Nil Nil Nil Nil
12L14 * 3 NR H F Nil Nil Nil Nil DO NOT WELD *
M1020 2 O Nil Nil Nil Nil No special precautions
M1030 5 H/O Nil 25 75 100 Hydrogen control processes recommended
1004 1 O Nil Nil Nil Nil No special precautions
1010 1 O Nil Nil Nil Nil No special precautions
1020 2 O Nil Nil Nil Nil No special precautions
1022 3 O Nil Nil Nil Nil No special precautions
1030 5 H/O Nil 25 75 100 Hydrogen control processes recommended
1035 6 H Nil 50 100 150 Lightly alloyed consumable for matching strength
1040 8 H SC SR 50 100 150 200
Alloyed consumable for strength matching
maybe required in multiple layer welds. Butter
welding with an unalloyed consumable
1045 9 H SC SR 75 125 175 200
1050 10 H SC SR 100 150 200 250
X1320 5 H/O Nil 25 75 100 Hydrogen control processes recommended
X1340 10 H SC SR 100 150 200 250 As for 1050
4140 12 H SC SR 150 200 250 250 Closely controlled procedures necessary
8620 6 H/O Nil 50 100 150 Lightly alloyed consumable for matching strength
Notes: * The presence of lead in 12L14 causes a health hazard in arc welding.
Further information is available for Marcrome
in CD No. SP30.
O Any electrode type or welding process is satisfactory.
H/O Hydrogen controlled electrodes or semi-automatic processes are recommended, but rutile
or other electrodes may be used.
H Hydrogen controlled electrodes or semi-automatic or automatic processes are essential for
good welding.
SC Slow cooling from welding or preheat temperature is recommended.
SR Postweld heat treatment (stress relief) is suggested for high quality work, particularly where
severe service conditions apply to the component.
NR Welding is generally not recommended.
F If welding has to be carried out on free-cutting steels, basic coated MMAW or specially
formulated electrodes for welding sulphurised steels should be used. Butter layers on each
part to be joined are recommended before making a joining weld.
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8.8 Brazing
All Marbrite
carbon and bright bar is suitable for brazing. The elevated temperatures
associated with brazing will have an effect on the metallurgical properties of the bar. The work
hardening from cold drawing will be lost and the new properties will be dependent upon the
temperatures involved, the hardenability of the material and the cooling rate after brazing.
Leaded steels such as 12L14 are suitable for brazing. Some users have concerns about "lead
sweat" leaving voids in the product but considerable quantities have been successfully brazed.
In good quality leaded steel, the lead is very finely dispersed and not prone to "sweating out".
All known cases of "lead sweat" have been associated with steel rejectable on the basis of lead
segregation ie. lead colonies of excessive size. Appropriate precautions should be taken to
avoid exposure of personnel to any lead fumes generated during brazing.
8.9 Heat Treatment
8.9.1 Full Annealing
The heating of steel into the austenite range followed by a slow furnace cool. Not commonly
used for softening bright bar or relieving the stresses of cold working, as the process involves a
long furnace time and as such can be quite expensive.
8.9.2 Normalising
The heating of steel into the austenite range followed by cooling in still air. Removes the effects
of cold working and refines the grain structure, resulting in hardness and tensile properties
similar to hot rolled but more uniform and less directional in nature.
8.9.3 Sub-critical (or spherodised) Annealing
Annealing at temperatures, 650C to 700C, ie. into the recrystallisation range, but below the
lower critical temperature 723C, at which austenite begins to form.
8.9.4 Stress Relieving
Can result from any annealing or normalising heat treatment, but is usually carried out, at
temperatures below that necessary for full recrystallisation.
A typical stress relieving, process annealing is 4 hours at 650C. Process annealing results in
softening and complete relief of internal stresses. Often used to restore ductility between cold
drawing operations or to eliminate possible distortion on machining.
Typically, stress relieving at relatively low temperatures eg. 500C will partially relieve cold
drawing stresses, and thereby increase the hardness and tensile strength of cold drawn steels.
At higher temperatures the cold drawing stresses are completely removed such that hardness,
tensile strength and yield strength are reduced.
The choice of a specific stress relieving temperature and time is dependent on chemical
composition, amount of draft in cold drawing and final properties required in the bar.
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8.9.5 Strain Aging
A change in mechanical properties which occurs over time after cold working. The principal
changes are an increase in hardness and a reduction in ductility and impact toughness. It can
be accelerated by heating of steel to approx. 250C.
8.9.6 Quench and Tempering (also known as hardening and tempering)
This is applicable to those steels which have sufficient carbon and alloying elements to render
them hardenable. The process exploits the fact that when these steels are rapidly cooled the
usual phase transformation, which occurs at around 720C, is thwarted and hard, meta-stable
phases are formed instead, such as martensite or bainite. In most cases the material ''as
quenched" is too hard and brittle and a further heating (tempering) to a lower temperature must
be employed to achieve a better balance of mechanical properties.
8.9.7 Induction or Flame Hardening
By selectively heating the surface only, hardenable steels can be hardened on the outer skin
without significantly altering the properties of the core. 1040 and 1045 are grades often used for
this process. The same principles apply to this process as for "through hardening" by quench
and tempering.
8.9.8 Case Hardening
There are many case hardening processes available today. The traditional one is carburising
which can be achieved by heating to approx 900C in a carbon rich atmosphere or a fused
cyanide salt. Carbon diffuses into the steel raising the carbon content near the surface to approx
0.9%C.
Carburising involves growth and distortion. For good performance of the case it is critical that
it is under compression. Surface growth will achieve this objective unless the core also grows.
It is this problem with core growth that precludes material above 0.30%C from case hardening.
(At levels of over 0.30%C there is some growth in the core due to martensitic transformation). If
superior core properties are required then alloy steels such as 8620 are used rather than steels
of higher carbon.
For the case hardening of higher carbon steels (0.20.5%C), nitriding is an option. Steels suitable
for nitriding generally contain aluminium, chromium and molybdenum. Vanadium and tungsten
also assist in nitriding. Nitriding is performed by heating to approx. 500C in an atmosphere of
cracked ammonia.
Carbo-nitriding is a further variation, where ammonia is added to a carburising atmosphere.
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The diagram below depicts the temperature ranges for various heat treatment processes for
carbon steels.
Heat Treatment Ranges of Carbon Steels
(or subcritical anneal)
8.9.9 Heat Treatment Tips and Traps
The most frequent sources of trouble in heat treatment are:
Cooling rate too slow in quenching ie. "slack quenching"; or
Cooling rate too fast causing "quench cracks".
Decarburisation, the removal of carbon from the surface during heating for quenching, or prior
hot rolling can also be a problem in some cases. It can result in reduced surface hardenability.
Because turned bar has the hot rolled surface removed, it is less subject to decarburisation
concerns.
8.10 MARCROME
Marcrome
hard chrome bar is supplied in a cardboard tube with plastic end caps. The tube
is designed to provide maximum impact resistance protection for the bar during handling and
transportation. For ease of identification of steel grade used in the manufacture of Marcrome
,
the end plugs of the cardboard tube are colour coded.
For added protection during transport, Marcrome
The weldability of hard chrome bar is governed by the chemistry and heat treatment condition
of the base metal. Marcrome
1045
For manual metal-arc welding (MMAW) of 1045 use "hydrogen controlled" electrodes conforming
to AS 1553.1 E 4816-3 or E4818-3. Based on a welding heat input of 1.2 kJ/mm a minimum preheat
is recommended of 90C for combined joint thickness (CJT) of 20mm, 140C for CJTs of 40mm and
200C for CJTs of 80mm and greater.
For semi-automatic welding with solid wires (GMAW) an electrode conforming to AS/NZS 2717.1
ES6-GC-W503AH or ES6-GM-W503AH is recommended. Based on a welding heat input of 2.2KJ/
mm, a minimum preheat of 50C is recommended for CJTs of 20mm, 120C for CJTs of 40mm and
180C for CJTs of 80mm and greater.
For semiautomatic welding with flux-cored wires (FCAW) an electrode conforming to AS 2203.1
ETP-GMp-W503A.CM1 H5 is recommended. Based on a welding heat input of 2.2KJ/mm, a
minimum preheat of 50C is recommended for CJTs of 20mm, 120C for CJTs of 40mm and 180C
for CJTs of 80mm and greater.
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Marcrome
4140
For manual metal-arc welding (MMAW) of 4140 use "hydrogen controlled" electrodes conforming
to AS 1553.1 E 4816-3 or E4818-3. Based on a welding heat input of 1.2 kJ/mm a minimum preheat
is recommended of 150C for a combined joint thickness (CJT) of 20mm, 200C for CJTs of 40mm
and 200C for CJTs of 80mm and greater.
For semi-automatic welding with solid wires (GMAW) an electrode conforming to AS/NZS 2717.1
ES6-GC-W503AH or ES6-GM-W503AH is recommended. Based on a welding heat input of 2.2KJ/
mm, a minimum preheat of 150C is recommended for CJTs of 20mm, 190C for CJTs of 40mm and
200C for CJTs of 80mm and greater.
For semi-automatic welding with flux-cored wires (FCAW) an electrode conforming to AS 2203.1
ETP-GMp-W503A.CM1 H5 is recommended. Based on a welding heat input of 2.2KJ/mm, a
minimum preheat of 150C is recommended for CJTs of 20mm, 190C for CJTs of 40mm and 200C
for CJTs of 80mm and greater.
Post weld heat treatment (PWHT)
For optimum performance of welds in critical applications it is recommended that a post weld
heat treatment (PWHT) be carried out to reduce heat affected zone (HAZ) hardness, improve
HAZ toughness and reduce weld zone hydrogen levels. Maximum PWHT temperatures should be
50C below tempering temperatures for the base material.
It is recommended that the protective cardboard tube housing Marcrome
surface.
If further technical assistance is required please contact OSMB or the Welding Technology
Institute of Australia.
8.10.3 Machinability of Marcrome
Marcrome
can be machined in the same manner as the base metal. It is recommended that
machining begin under the chromium deposit or at a point without chrome, preferably starting at
the end of a bar.
Clamping materials should be of aluminium, copper or mild steel and care must be taken to
remove hard particles, such as chromium, away from the bright polished chrome surface,
particularly on rolling and conveying machinery.
The parting of Marcrome
and Marcrome
TABLE 34: TYPICAL APPLICATIONS AUTOMOTIVE
Grade Application
1137 Tow balls (high quality)
1214, 12L14
Brake hose ends , pulleys, disc brake pistons, wheel nuts and inserts,
control linkages, gear box components (case hardened)
M1020 Head rest struts, jack handle
U1010 Seat belt anchors
1022 Steering column
1045 Shock absorber struts
X1320 Carburised gears
X1340 Park brake pin
8620 Pitman arm stud
TABLE 35: TYPICAL APPLICATIONS WHITE GOODS
Grade Application
1214 Egg beater shafts
M1030, 1045 Motor shafts
1146, 1214 Washing machine spindles
TABLE 36: TYPICAL APPLICATIONS AGRICULTURAL
Grade Application
1214 Pulley inserts
M1030 Sugar mill roller shaft
1045 Power take off shaft, pump shafts
TABLE 37: TYPICAL APPLICATIONS GENERAL ENGINEERING
Grade Application
1214, 12L14
Domestic garage bin axles, concrete anchors, padlock shackles
(case hardened), hydraulic fittings, vice jaws (case hardened)
U1004 Roller door tracks, shop fittings, storage racks
M1020 Threaded bar
1022 Pressure vessel fittings
M1030 Gate hinges
1045 Medium/high tensile bolts or shafting
4140 Hydraulic rams, High tensile bolts
1340 High strength fasteners
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Quality Assurance
9.1 Accreditations
9.1.1 Quality Systems
OneSteel Martin Bright Quality System conforms to ISO 9001 2000. The system has been
accredited by an independent auditing authority, Standards Australia's SRI Global, Licence No
QEC530.
9.1.2 Laboratory Testing
The OneSteel Martin Bright Laboratory is accredited by the National Association of Testing
Authorities (NATA) for Mechanical Testing. Reg. No. 71.
9.2 Products Standards
OneSteel Martin Bright products are manufactured in accordance with the following standards
(as applicable).
AS 1443-2004 "Carbon Steels and Carbon-manganese Steels Cold Finished Bars".
AS 1444-1996 "Wrought Alloy Steels AISI-SAE Standard, Hardenability (H) and Hardened and
Tempered to Designated Mechanical Properties".
9.3 Traceability
It is in the interests of all parties involved in manufacture to maintain traceability. Should a
problem arise with the product, traceability makes it much easier to isolate the suspect material,
verify its origin, and diagnose the cause of the problem.
From a one tonne bundle's individual bundle number, the original heat number and all details
of manufacture can be traced, down to the machines and the operators involved. The bundle
number can be found on the plastic tag attached to every bundle or on the delivery documents.
9.4 Customer Complaints
OneSteel Martin Bright has a formal system for responding to customer complaints, as described
in the Standard Operating Procedure SYS-SOP-015 in the OneSteel Martin Bright Quality Manual.
It is OSMBs policy to respond promptly to customer complaints and to take all reasonable action
to quickly resolve the problem in a mutually satisfactory manner.
As a result of a customer complaint, a written explanation of the problem and details of any
appropriate corrective action will be supplied to the customer. Should material need to be
returned, a Goods Return Authority (GRA) will be raised to facilitate this.
Complaints should be raised and responded to through the appropriate Sales Account Manager.
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Below is a checklist which may help the customer complaint process.
1. Isolate and identify the suspect batch preferably by bundle number, if not, heat number.
2. Find out the "full story"
What is the problem?
When did it start?
How frequent is it and how much product is affected?
What performance is normally expected?
Who is involved?
Where is the affected product now?
Has there been any major financial loss?
3. Arrange samples of "good" and "bad" components, and bar ends (if possible).
4. All complaints are given a "CCA number". Please quote this in correspondence.
9.5 New Products
The OneSteel Martin Bright Quality (DMS) System incorporates a "step by step" approach for
the introduction of new products.
To gain maximum benefit from the planning process, close liaison with the customer is
necessary.
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10.0
Appendices
APPENDIX 1 GRADE DATA SHEETS
Carbon Steels
U1004
U1010
M1020
M1030
1045
1214
12L14
1137
1146
X1320
X1340
AS 1444-4140-T
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet U1004
Grade
AS 1443 / U1004 Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1005;
UNS G10050; BS970 040A04; En2A
Steel Type:
Plain Low Carbon
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.06 max 0.35 max 0.250.50 0.04 max 0.04 max
Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Not covered by mechanical properties tables in AS1443
Turned & Polished
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.87 12.6 x 10
-6
200,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1300C 910950C 900930C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
45 Not hardenable Not hardenable Yes
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Readily weldable
with Low carbon
Consumables
Yes Yes
Summary
A very soft grade with excellent cold forming properties provided adequate internal bending
radius is used. Tends to be gummy in machining. Suitable for general purpose low strength
applications, eg. roller door tracks, shop fittings, storage racks and pressings, racking,
pressings.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet U1010 (formerly S1010)
Grade
AS 1443 / U1010 Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1010;UNS
UNS G10100; BS970 045M10; En32A;
Werkstoff No. 1.0301, 1.1121; DIN C10,
Ck10; JIS S10C
Steel Type:
Plain Low Carbon
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.080.13 0.35 max 0.300.60 0.04 max 0.04 max
Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Not covered by mechanical properties tables in AS1443
Turned & Polished
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.87 12.2 x 10
-6
200,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1300C 910950C 900930C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
55 Not hardenable Not hardenable Yes
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Readily weldable
with Low carbon
Consumables
Yes Yes
Summary
A soft, ductile material with reasonably good cold bending properties. Suitable for general purpose
mild steel applications, eg. automotive seat belt anchors etc.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet M1020 (formerly CS1020)
Grade
AS 1443 / U1020
AS 1443 / D3*
AS 1443 / T3*
*Mechanical Test
Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1020;
UNS G10200; BS970 070M20; En38;
Werkstoff No. 1.0402; DIN C22; JIS 20C
Steel Type:
Plain Carbon Mild Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0150.25 0.35 max 0.300.90 0.05 max 0.05 max
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
< 16 380 480 12 142
> 16 < 38 370 460 12 135
> 38 < 63 340 430 13 126
Turned & Polished
Size mm
< 50 250 410 22 119
> 50 <250 230 410 22 119
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.86 11.7 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1280C 890940C 870910C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
65 Not hardenable Not hardenable Yes
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Readily weldable with
low carbon consumables.
Preheat heavy sections
Yes
Yes, provided %Si is
below 0.05%
Summary
A frequently used, economical grade for general purpose mild steel applications. Good balance of
strength, ductility, toughness and weldability. Examples of applications: jack handles, threaded bar,
shafts.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet M1030 (formerly CS1030)
Grade
AS 1443 / U1030
AS 1443 / D4*
AS 1443 / T4*
*Mechanical Test
Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1030;
UNS G10300; BS970 080M30; En5,6,6A;
Werkstoff No. 1.0528, 1:1178; DIN C30,
Ck30; JIS S30C
Steel Type:
Plain Carbon Mild Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.250.35 0.35 max 0.300.90 0.05 max 0.05 max
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
< 16 440 560 10 164
> 16 < 38 430 540 11 160
> 38 < 63 410 520 12 154
Turned & Polished
Size mm
All sizes to 260mm 250 500 20 147
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.86 11.5 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Quench Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1250C
870710C
Water or Brine
870920C 850920C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
70 Low hardenable Low hardenable Not recommended
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Readily weldable with
low carbon consumables.
Preheat heavy sections
Limited ductility
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
Slightly higher strength and lower ductility than mild steel. Provides more strength than M1020
while remaining reasonably ductile and weldable. Typical applications: Architectural fittings, shafts.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet 1045 (formerly K1045)
Grade
AS 1443 / 1045
AS 1443 / D6*
AS 1443 / T6*
*Mechanical Test
Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1045;
UNS G10450; BS70 080A47; En43B;
Werkstoff No. 1.0503, 1:1191; DIN C45,
Ck45; JIS S45C
Steel Type:
Plain Medium Carbon Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.430.50 0.100.35 0.600.90 0.04 max 0.04 max
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
< 16 540 690 8 207
> 16 < 38 510 650 8 195
> 38 < 63 500 640 9 190
Turned & Polished
Size mm
All sizes to 260mm 300 600 14 179
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.84 11.5 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Quench Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1250C
810850C
Water or Brine
870920C 800850C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
55 Yes Yes No
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Yes, with appropriate
procedures
No
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
The base metal grade for hard chrome plated bar used for hydraulic and pneumatic rams. High
strength with reasonable ductility and weldability. Examples of applications: hard chromed bar,
shafting.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet 1214 (formerly S1214)
Grade
AS 1443 / 1214
AS 1443 / D12*
AS 1443 / T12*
*Mechanical Test
Approx. Equivalents: SAE J403,
AISI/SAE 1213, 1215; UNS G12130;
BS970 230M07 En1a; Werkstoff no. 1.0715;
DIN 95Mn28; JIS SUM22
Steel Type:
Re-Sulphurised and
Re-Phosphorised Free
Machining Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.15 max 0.10 max 0.801.20 0.040.09 0.250.35
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
< 16 350 480 7 142
> 16 < 38 330 430 8 126
> 38 < 63 290 400 9 115
Turned & Polished
Size mm
All sizes to 260mm 230 370 17 105
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.87 12.2 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1300C 900940C 890920C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
136 Not hardenable Not hardenable Yes
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Yes, precautions required
because of sulphur content
Limited ductility
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
A widely used free machining steel which has reasonable ductility and weldability; less expensive than
12L14. Examples of applications: shafts which require considerable machining, concrete ferrules (case
hardened).
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet 12L14 (formerly S12L14)
Grade
AS 1443 / 12L14
AS 1443 / D13*
AS 1443 / T13*
*Mechanical Test
Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 12L14;
UNS G12144; SAE J403; BS970 230M07
leaded En1A leaded; Werkstoff No. 1.07185;
DIN 95MnPb28; JIS SUM22L
Steel Type:
Re-Sulphurised and
Re-Phosphorised Free
Machining Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S Pb
0.15 max 0.10 max 0.801.20 0.040.09 0.250.35 0.150.35
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
< 16 350 480 7 142
> 16 < 38 330 430 8 126
> 38 < 63 290 400 9 115
Turned & Polished
Size mm
All sizes to 260mm 230 370 17 105
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.87 12.2 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1300C 900940C 890920C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
158 Not hardenable Not hardenable Yes
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
No. Lead fumes are a health
hazard
Limited ductility
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
The premium grade of free cutting steel used by repetition engineers for a wide variety of
applications. Excellent machinability and suitable for case hardening and electroplating. Examples
of applications: brake components, gear box components, hydraulic fittings.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet 1137 (formerly K1137)
Grade
AS 1443 / 1137
AS 1443 / D14*
AS 1443 / T14*
*Mechanical Test
Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1137;
UNS G11370; BS970 216M36;
Werkstoff No. 1.0726; DIN 35S20;
JIS SUM41
Steel Type:
Medium Carbon
Re-Sulphurised Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.320.39 0.100.35 1.351.65 0.04 max 0.080.13
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
< 16 510 660 7 197
> 16 < 38 480 640 7 190
> 38 < 63 460 620 8 185
Turned & Polished
Size mm
All sizes to 260mm 300 600 14 179
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.84 11.3 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Quench Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1250C
830860C
Water or Brine
870920C 790830C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
70 Yes Yes No
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Yes, with appropriate procedures.
Precautions required because of
sulphur content
No
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
A tough high strength free machining steel. It is used where other free machining steels have
insufficient tensile / impact strength. Examples of applications: tow balls, automotive clutch boss.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet 1146 (formerly K1146)
Grade
AS 1443 / 1146 Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1146;
UNS G11460; BS970 212A42;
Werkstoff No. 1.0727; DIN 45S20; JIS SUM42
Steel Type:
Medium Carbon
Re-Sulphurised Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.420.49 0.100.35 0.701.00 0.04 max 0.080.13
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
Turned & Polished
Size mm
Not covered by mechanical properties table in AS1443.
Expected results similar to 1045 but with lower elongation figures.
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.84 11.2 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Quench Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1250C
800840C
Water or Brine
850930C 790830C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
70 Yes Yes No
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Yes, with appropriate procedures.
Precautions required because of
sulphur content
No
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
A high strength heat treatable steel with improved machinability. It is used where other free
machining steels have insufficient strength. Examples of applications: ball joint housings.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet X1320 (formerly XK1320)
Grade
AS 1443 / 1320 Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1320;
BS970 150M19; En1A; Werkstoff no. 1.0499;
DIN 21Mn6A1; JIS SMn420
Steel Type:
Low Carbon
Manganese Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.180.23 0.100.35 1.401.70 0.04 max 0.04 max
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
Turned & Polished
Size mm
Not covered by mechanical properties table in AS1443.
Expected elongation results similar to M1020.
Yield and tensile results approximately 90 MPa higher.
Note: More precise information is available from OSMB.
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.86 11.7 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Quench Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1280C 850890C 850930C 840880C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
54 Low hardenability Low hardenability Yes
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Yes, with appropriate
procedures.
Yes, Tough material
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
A very tough steel which offers a good combination of strength and ductility, and is well suited
to case hardening. Examples of applications: convertible roof frame, gears and splined shafts in
carburised condition.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet X1340 (formerly XK1340)
Grade
AS 1443 / 1340 Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 1340;
UNS G13400; BS970 150M36; EN15B;
JIS SMn438; SMn443
Steel Type:
Medium Carbon
Manganese Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn P S
0.380.43 0.100.35 1.401.70 0.04 max 0.04 max
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Cold Drawn
Size mm
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
Turned & Polished
Size mm
Not covered by mechanical properties table in AS1443.
Expected yield, tensile and elongation results to be superior to M1045.
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.84 11.7 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Quench Normalise Full Anneal Sub-critical Anneal
1250C 820850C 870920C 800850C 500700C
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
Case Hardening
(Carburise)
50 Yes Yes No
Electroplate Welding Cold Forming Hot Dip Galvanising
Yes
Yes, with appropriate
procedures.
No
Not generally
recommended.
Refer to Section 8.3.3
Summary
A high strength, tough, heat treatable grade used for more critical engineering applications.
Examples of applications: park brake pin, gear box components, high strength bolts and fasteners.
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Carbon Steels Data Sheet AS 1444-4140-T
Grade
AS 1444-4140-T Approx. Equivalents: AISI / SAE 4140;
BS970; Part 1 708M40 (En19A); ASTM A434;
42CrM04; Wnr 1.7225; JISG4105; SCM440
Steel Type:
Hardened and
Tempered Alloy Steel
Chemical Composition (% by weight)
C Si Mn Cr Mo P&S
0.370.44 0.100.35 0.651.10 0.751.20 0.150.30 0.040 max
Indicative Mechanical Properties
Yield Strength
(MPa) min
Tensile Strength
(MPa) min
Elong (5d)
% min
Hardness
HB Min
Cold Drawn
Condition T
680 8501000 9 248302
Turned & Polished
Condition T
665 8501000 13 248302
Note: Cold drawn generally higher in strength and less ductile than Turned and Polished.
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
(SG)
Thermal Expansion
cm / cm / C
100C
Modulus of Elasticity
In Tension (MPa 20C)
Magnetic Permeability
7.8 12.3 x 10
-6
200,000 Ferromagnetic
Heat Treatment
Forging Quench Temper (Stress Relieve) Full Anneal
9801205C
820880C
Oil and Water
500680C
815870C
Slow furnace cool
Applications
Machinability
Rating %
Through
Hardening
Induction /
Flame Hardening
< 50 Yes, depends on ruling section Yes
Welding Cold Forming
With caution pre and post heat required.
Refer WTIA Technical Note No.1. Group No. 12
No, low ductility
Summary
A medium carbon chromium molybdenum high tensile steel supplied in the hardened and tempered
condition. Suitable for high tensile bolts and shafts.
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APPENDIX 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
SG
Thermal
Expansion
cm/cm/C
0100C
Modules of
Elasticity in
Tension +
MPa (20C)
Magnetic*
Permeability
(Annealed)
20C
Pure Iron 7.87 11.75 x 10
-6
200,000 Ferromagnetic
1020 7.86 11.70 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
1040 7.84 11.30 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
1080 7.84 10.80 x 10
-6
207,000 Ferromagnetic
* Also known as Youngs Modules
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APPENDIX 3 CONVERSION FACTORS
Imperial Metric
Multiplication Factor
Imperial (UK/USA)
to Metric
Imperial (UK/USA) Metric
Multiplication Factor
Metric to
Imperial (UK/USA)
Length
25.400 Inches Millimetres 0.03937
0.3048 Feet Metres 3.2808
0.9144 Yards Metres 1.0936
1.6093 Miles Kilometres 0.6214
0.0254 Micro inches (0.000001) Microns (0.001mm) 39.37
Area
645.16 Square inches Square millimetres 0.00155
0.0929 Square feet Square metres 10.7639
0.8361 Square yards Square metres 1.960
Volume
16.387 Cubic inches Cubic centimetres 0.06102
0.02832 Cubic feet Cubic metres 35.3147
0.7645 Cubic yards Cubic metres 1.3080
4.546 Gallons (UK) Litre 0.2200
Mass
0.4536 Pounds (avoirdupois) Kilogram 2.2046
1016.0475 Ton (UK 2,240 lbs) Kilogram 0.00009842
1.01605 Ton (UK 2,240 lbs) Tonne 0.9842
0.9072
Ton (USA net or
Short 2,000 lbs)
Tonne 1,1023
Stress
15.4443 UK tons force per sq inch
Megapascal (Mpa)
or N/mm
2*
0.064749
0.006895 Pounds per sq inch
Megapascal (Mpa)
or N/mm
2*
145.04
Miscellaneous
1.35582 Foot pound Joule (Newton metre) 0.73756
4.44822 Pound force Newton 0.224809
0.7457 Horsepower Kilowatt 1.34102
1.488 Pounds per foot Kilogram per metre 0.6720
0.3048 Feet per minute Metres per minute 3.2808
* 1 kilogram force = 9.807 Newton 1kgf/mm
2
= 9.807 Mpa (N/mm
2
)
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APPENDIX 4 METRIC EQUIVALENTS
mm Inches mm Inches mm Inches
0.794 1/32 .0313 15.081 19/32 .5938 45 1.7717
1 .0394 15.875 5/8 .625 47.625 1 7/8 1.875
1.588 1/16 .0625 16 .6299 50 1.9685
2 0.787 16.669 21/32 .6563 50.8 2 2
2.381 3/32 0.938 17 .6693 55 2.1654
3 .1181 17.463 11/16 .6875 57.15 2 1/4 2.5
3.175 1/8 .125 18 .7087 60 2.3622
3.969 5/32 .1563 18.256 23/32 .7188 63.5 2 1/2 2.5
4 .1575 19 .748 65 2.5591
4.763 3/16 .1875 19.05 3/4 .75 69.85 2 3/4 2.75
5 .1969 19.844 25/32 .7813 70 2.7559
5.556 7/32 .2188 20 .7874 76.2 3 3
6 .2362 20.638 13/16 .8125 80 3.1496
6.35 1/4 .25 21 .8268 82.55 3 1/4 3.25
7 .2756 21.431 27/32 .8438 88.9 3 1/2 3.5
7.144 9/32 .2813 22 .8661 90 3.5433
7.938 5/16 .3125 22.225 7/8 .875 95.25 3 3/4 3.75
8 .315 23 .9055 100 3.937
8.731 11/32 .3438 23.019 29/32 .9063 101.6 4 4
9 .354 23.813 15/16 .9375 110 4.3307
9.525 3/8 .375 24 .9449 114.3 4 1/2 4.5
10 .3937 24.606 31/32 .9688 120 4.7244
10.319 13/32 .4063 25 .9843 127 5 5
11 .4331 25.4 1 1 130 5.1181
11.113 7/16 .4375 28.575 1 1/8 1.125 139.7 5 1/2 5.5
11.906 15/32 .4688 30 1.1811 140 5.5118
12 .4724 31.75 1 1/4 1.25 150 5.9055
12.7 1/2 .5 34.925 1 3/8 1.375 152.4 6 6
13 .5118 35 1.378 165.1 6 1/2 6.5
13.494 17/32 .5313 38.1 1 1/2 1.5 1.778 7 7
14 .5512 40 1.5748 203.2 8 8
14.288 9/16 .5625 41.275 1 5/8 1.625 228.6 9 9
15 .5906 44.45 1 3/4 1.75 254 10 10
(Rounded off to mm to 3 decimal places, Inches to 4 decimal places)
CONVERSION FACTORS: mm = Inches x 25.4 Inches = mm x .03937
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APPENDIX 5 TABLE OF MASS IN KILOGRAMS PER METRE
OF MARBRITE
STEEL
ROUND
Approx. No. of
bars per tonne
Mass Metres
Size kg per per 3.5 6.0
mm metre 1 tonne metres metres
70 30.210 33.1 9.5 5.5
75 34.680 28.8 8.2 4.8
80 39.458 25.3 7.2 4.2
85 44.545 22.4 6.4 3.7
90 49.939 20.0 5.7 3.3
95 55.642 17.9 5.1 3.0
100 61.654 16.2 4.6 2.7
110 74.601 13.4 3.8 2.2
120 88.781 11.3 3.2 1.9
130 104.19 9.6 2.7 1.6
140 120.84 8.3 2.3 1.3
150 138.72 7.2 2.1 1.2
HEXAGON
Size Mass Approx. No. of:
mm kg per Metres per Bars 3.5m
a/f metre 1 tonne per 1 tonne
3.2 0.069 14492 4140
4.0 0.109 9174 2621
5.0 0.170 5882 1680
5.5 0.206 4854 1386
6.0 0.245 4061 1166
7.0 0.333 3003 858
8.0 0.435 2299 657
10.0 0.680 1470 420
11.0 0.823 1215 347
13.0 1.149 870 248
14.0 1.332 750 214
15.0 1.530 653 187
16.0 1.740 575 164
17.0 1.965 509 145
19.0 2.454 407 116
21.0 2.998 333 95
22.0 3.290 304 87
24.0 3.916 255 73
25.0 4.249 235 67
27.0 4.956 202 58
30.0 6.118 163 46.7
32.0 6.961 144 41.0
36.0 8.811 113 32.4
38.0 9.817 102 29.1
46.0 14.385 69 19.8
55.0 20.565 48.6 13.9
ROUND
Approx. No. of
bars per tonne
Mass Metres
Size kg per per 3.5 6.0
mm metre 1 tonne metres metres
3 0.056 17857 5102 2976
4 0.099 10101 2886 1683
5 0.154 6494 1855 1082
6 0.222 4504 1287 751
7 0.302 3311 946 552
8 0.395 2532 723 422
9 0.499 2204 573 334
10 0.617 1621 463 270
11 0.746 1340 383 223
12 0.888 1126 322 188
13 1.042 960 274 160
14 1.209 827 236 137
15 1.387 721 206 120
16 1.578 634 181 107
17 1.782 561 160 93
18 1.998 500 143 83
19 2.226 450 128 75
20 2.466 406 116 67
21 2.719 368 105 61
22 2.984 335 96 56
23 3.262 307 87 51
24 3.551 282 80 47
25 3.853 260 74 43
26 4.168 240 68 40
27 4.495 223 63 37
28 4.834 207 59 34
30 5.549 180 51 30
32 6.312 159 45 26
33 6.714 149 42.5 24.8
35 7.553 132 37.8 22.0
36 7.990 125 35.7 20.8
38 8.903 112 32.1 18.7
39 9.378 107 30.4 17.8
40 9.865 101 29.0 16.9
42 10.876 92 26.3 15.3
45 12.485 80 22.9 13.3
46 13.046 77 21.9 12.8
48 14.205 70 20.1 11.7
50 15.413 65 18.5 10.8
52 16.671 60 17.1 10.0
55 18.650 53.6 15.3 8.9
56 19.335 51.7 14.8 8.6
60 22.195 45.0 12.8 7.5
65 26.049 38.4 10.9 6.4
SQUARE
Size Mass Approx. No. of:
mm kg per Metres per Bars 3.5m
a/f metre 1 tonne per 1 tonne
3 0.071 14084 4024
4 0.126 7936 2267
5 0.196 5102 1458
6 0.283 3533 1009
8 0.502 1992 569
10 0.785 1274 364
12 1.130 885 253
13 1.327 753 215
14 1.539 650 185
16 2.010 497 142
18 2.543 393 112
20 3.140 318 91
25 4.906 204 58
28 6.154 162 46
32 8.038 124 35.5
35 9.616 104 29.7
CONVERSION FACTORS
To calculate the mass of steel bars:
ROUND - dia. mm
2
x .006165
= Mass in kilograms per metre
ROUND - dia. mm
2
x .004143
= Mass in lbs per foot
HEXAGON - size mm
2
x .006798
= Mass in kilograms per metre
HEXAGON - size mm
2
x .00457
= Mass in lbs per foot
SQUARE - section mm
2
x .00785
= Mass in kilograms per metre
SQUARE - section mm
2
x .00527
= Mass in lbs per foot
FLAT - width in mm x Thickness in mm x
.00785 = Mass in kilograms per metre
FLAT - Width in mm x Thickness in mm x
.00527 = Mass in lbs per foot
Lbs per foot x 1.4880 = kilograms per metre
Kilograms per metre x 0.6720 = lbs per foot
Feet to metres x 0.3048
Metres to feet x 3.2809
UK tons per sq inch (tons f/in
2
) x 15.4443
= Mega Pascals (MPa)
Mega Pascals (MPa) x .064749
= UK tons f per square inch
Newton per sq millimetre (N/mm
2
) x
0.064749 = UK tons f per square inch
MASS IN KILOGRAMS PER METRE OF BRIGHT STEEL SQUARE EDGE FLAT BARS, METRIC SIZES
Width Thickness mm
mm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30
6 0.094 0.141 0.188 0.235
7 0.110 0.165 0.220 0.275 0.330
8 0.125 0.188 0.251 0.314 0.377 0.440
9 0.141 0.212 0.283 0.353 0.424 0.495 0.565
10 0.157 0.236 0.314 0.393 0.471 0.550 0.628 0.707
12 0.188 0.283 0.377 0.471 0.565 0.659 0.754 0.848 0.942
16 0.251 0.377 0.502 0.628 0.754 0.879 1.005 1.130 1.256 1.507 1.884
20 0.314 0.471 0.628 0.785 0.942 1.099 1.256 1.413 1.570 1.884 2.355
25 0.393 0.589 0.785 0.981 1.178 1.374 1.570 1.766 1.963 2.355 2.944 3.925
32 0.502 0.754 1.005 1.256 1.507 1.758 2.010 2.261 2.512 3.014 3.768 5.024 6.280 7.536
40 0.628 0.942 1.256 1.570 1.884 2.198 2.512 2.826 3.140 3.768 4.710 6.280 7.850 9.420
45 0.707 1.060 1.413 1.766 2.120 2.473 2.826 3.179 3.533 4.239 5.299 7.065 8.831 10.60
50 0.785 1.178 1.570 1.963 2.355 2.748 3.140 3.533 3.925 4.710 5.888 7.850 9.813 11.77
55 0.864 1.295 1.727 2.159 2.591 3.022 3.454 3.886 4.318 5.181 6.476 8.635 10.79 12.95
65 1.021 1.531 2.041 2.551 3.062 3.572 4.082 4.592 5.103 6.123 7.654 10.20 12.76 15.31
75 1.178 1.766 2.355 2.944 3.533 4.121 4.710 5.299 5.888 7.065 8.831 11.77 14.72 17.66
90 1.413 2.120 2.826 3.533 4.239 4.946 5.652 6.359 7.065 8.478 10.60 14.13 17.66 21.19
100 1.570 2.355 3.140 3.925 4.710 5.495 6.280 7.065 7.850 9.420 11.77 15.70 19.62 23.55
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Brinell Rockwell Hardness No.
Hardness
Brinell Number Diamond B-Scale C-Scale Shore Tensile
Identification 10mm Ball Pyramid 100 kg Load 150g Load Scleroscope Strength
Dia. 3000kg hardness
1
16 Dia. Brale Hardness in
mm Load No. Ball Penetrator No. MPa
940 68.0 97
840 65.3 91
780 63.3 87
2.35 682 737 61.7 84
2.40 653 697 60.0 81
2.45 627 667 58.7 79 2392
2.50 601 640 57.3 77 2261
2.55 578 615 56.0 75 2158
2.60 555 591 54.7 73 2058
2.65 534 569 53.5 71 1962
2.70 514 547 52.1 70 1893
2.75 495 528 51.0 68 1817
2.80 477 508 49.6 66 1738
2.85 461 491 48.5 65 1665
2.90 444 472 47.1 63 1586
2.95 429 455 45.7 61 1513
3.00 415 440 44.5 59 1461
3.05 401 424 43.1 58 1391
3.10 388 410 41.8 56 1330
3.15 375 396 40.4 54 1271
3.20 363 383 39.1 52 1220
3.25 352 372 (110.0) 37.9 51 1175
3.30 341 360 (109.0) 36.6 50 1133
3.35 331 349 (108.5) 35.5 48 1097
3.40 321 339 (108.0) 34.3 47 1062
3.45 311 328 (107.5) 33.1 46 1029
3.50 302 319 (107.0) 32.1 45 1001
3.55 293 309 (106.0) 30.9 43 975
3.60 285 301 (105.5) 29.9 42 949
3.65 277 292 (104.5) 28.8 41 923
3.70 269 284 (104.0) 27.6 40 896
3.75 262 276 (103.0) 26.6 39 873
3.80 255 269 (102.0) 25.4 38 849
3.85 248 261 (101.0) 24.2 37 826
3.90 241 253 100.0 22.8 36 803
3.95 235 247 99.0 21.7 35 783
4.00 229 241 98.2 20.5 34 764
4.05 223 234 97.3 (18.8) 742
4.10 217 228 96.4 (17.5) 33 722
4.15 212 222 95.5 (16.0) 706
4.20 207 218 94.6 (15.2) 32 691
4.25 201 212 93.8 (13.8) 31 672
4.30 197 207 92.9 (12.7) 30 658
4.35 192 202 91.8 (11.5) 29 642
Cautions
1. Conversions must only be made from hardness values measured in accordance with the relevant standards and all the precautions observed therein.
2. Indentation hardness is not a single fundamental property but is an empirical measure dependent upon a combination of properties and the contribution of
each to the hardness number varies with the type of test. No single conversion relationship can thus fit all metals or even a single metal in all its various
structural conditions.
Below 240 HB the effects of strain hardening characteristics of the material on the test results increase significantly depending on preliminary and test loads
applied as well as the type of indentor, making the conversion numbers subject to increasing unreliability as the hardness decreases. While the values from
A.S.T.M. E140-88 have been found reliable for steel following a wide range of heat treatments, the remainder of the values should be treated with particular
caution.
Values in parentheses are beyond the standard range and are given for information only.
APPENDIX 6 APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT HARDNESS NUMBERS AND
TENSILE STRENGTH FOR BRINELL HARDNESS
NUMBERS FOR CARBON STEEL
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Brinell Rockwell Hardness No.
Hardness
Brinell Number Diamond B-Scale C-Scale Shore Tensile
Identification 10mm Ball Pyramid 100 kg Load 150g Load Scleroscope Strength
Dia. 3000kg hardness
1
16 Dia. Brale Hardness in
mm Load No. Ball Penetrator No. MPa
4.40 187 196 90.7 (10.0) 625
4.45 183 192 90.0 (9.0) 28 612
4.50 179 188 89.1 (8.0) 27 599
4.55 174 182 87.8 (6.4) 583
4.60 170 178 86.8 (5.4) 26 570
4.65 167 175 86.0 (4.4) 560
4.70 163 171 85.0 (3.3) 25 546
4.75 159 167 83.8 (2.1) 535
4.80 156 163 82.9 (0.9) 24 526
4.85 152 159 81.7 514
4.90 149 156 80.8 23 504
4.95 146 153 79.8 495
5.00 143 150 78.7 22 485
5.05 140 146 77.6 475
5.10 137 143 76.4 21 464
5.15 134 140 75.2 455
5.20 131 137 74.0 446
5.25 128 134 72.7 437
5.30 126 132 72.0 20 431
5.35 123 129 70.6 422
5.40 121 127 69.8 19 416
5.45 118 124 68.5 407
5.50 116 122 67.6 18 401
5.55 114 120 66.8 395
5.60 111 117 65.7 15 386
5.65 109 115 64.6 380
5.70 107 112 63.5 374
5.75 105 110 62.3 368
5.80 103 108 61.1 362
5.85 101 106 59.9 356
5.90 99.2 104 58.8 350
5.95 97.3 102 57.7 344
6.00 95.5 100 56.5 339
6.05 93.7 98.6 55.4 334
6.10 92.0 96.8 53.5 328
6.15 90.3 95.0 52.2 323
6.20 88.7 93.3 50.9 318
6.25 87.1 91.7 49.2 314
6.30 85.5 90.0 47.4 309
6.35 84.0 88.4 45.5 304
6.40 82.5 86.9 43.3 300
6.45 81.0 85.3 41.0 295
6.50 79.6 83.8 38.6 291
6.55 78.2 82.4 36.1 287
Cautions
1. Conversions must only be made from hardness values measured in accordance with the relevant standards and all the precautions observed therein.
2. Indentation hardness is not a single fundamental property but is an empirical measure dependent upon a combination of properties and the contribution of
each to the hardness number varies with the type of test. No single conversion relationship can thus fit all metals or even a single metal in all its various
structural conditions.
Below 240 HB the effects of strain hardening characteristics of the material on the test results increase significantly depending on preliminary and test loads
applied as well as the type of indentor, making the conversion numbers subject to increasing unreliability as the hardness decreases. While the values from
A.S.T.M. E140-88 have been found reliable for steel following a wide range of heat treatments, the remainder of the values should be treated with particular
caution.
Values in parentheses are beyond the standard range and are given for information only.
APPENDIX 6 APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT HARDNESS NUMBERS AND
TENSILE STRENGTH FOR BRINELL HARDNESS
NUMBERS FOR CARBON STEEL (CONTD)
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APPENDIX 7 STRESS CONVERSION TABLE
1 ton f/in
2
= 15.444 MPa
1 psi lbf/in
2
= 0.006895 MPa
1 kg/mm
2
= 9.807 MPa
MPa
(N/mm
2
)
Imperial (UK)
ton f/in
2
Pound f/in
2
psi
MPa
(N/mm
2
)
Imperial (UK)
ton f/in
2
Pound f/in
2
psi
200 12.95 29000 820 53.09 118930
220 14.24 31900 840 54.39 121830
240 15.54 34810 860 55.68 124730
260 16.83 37710 880 56.98 127630
280 18.13 40610 900 58.27 130530
300 19.42 43510 920 59.57 133430
320 20.72 46410 940 60.86 136340
340 22.01 49310 960 62.16 139240
360 23.31 52210 980 63.45 142140
380 24.60 55110 1000 64.75 145040
400 25.90 58020 1020 66.04 147940
420 27.19 60920 1040 67.34 150840
440 28.49 63820 1060 68.63 153740
460 29.78 66720 1080 69.93 156640
480 31.08 69620 1100 71.22 159540
500 32.37 72520 1120 72.52 162440
520 33.67 75420 1140 73.81 165340
540 34.96 78320 1160 75.11 168240
560 36.26 81220 1180 76.40 171140
580 37.55 84120 1200 77.70 174050
600 38.85 87020 1220 78.99 176950
620 40.14 89920 1240 80.29 179850
640 41.43 92820 1260 81.58 182750
660 42.73 95720 1280 82.88 185650
680 44.03 98630 1300 84.17 188550
700 45.32 101530 1320 85.47 191450
720 46.62 104430 1340 86.76 194350
740 47.91 107330 1360 88.06 197250
760 49.21 110230 1380 89.35 200150
780 50.50 113130 1400 90.65 203050
800 51.80 116030
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APPENDIX 8 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE
(
o
C X 1.8) + 32 =
o
F
o
F - 32 =
o
C
1.8
o
C
o
F
o
C
o
F
o
C
o
F
o
C
o
F
0 32 310 590 610 1130 910 1670
10 50 320 608 620 1148 920 1688
20 68 330 626 630 1166 930 1706
30 86 340 644 640 1184 940 1724
40 104 350 662 650 1202 950 1742
50 122 360 680 660 1220 960 1760
60 140 370 698 670 1238 970 1778
70 158 380 716 680 1256 980 1796
80 176 390 734 690 1274 990 1814
90 194 400 752 700 1292 1000 1832
100 212 410 770 710 1310 1010 1850
110 230 420 788 720 1328 1020 1868
120 248 430 806 730 1346 1030 1886
130 266 440 824 740 1364 1040 1904
140 284 450 842 750 1382 1050 1922
150 302 460 860 760 1400 1060 1940
160 320 470 878 770 1418 1070 1958
170 338 480 896 780 1436 1080 1976
180 356 490 914 790 1454 1090 1994
190 374 500 932 800 1472 1100 2012
200 392 510 950 810 1490 1110 2030
210 410 520 968 820 1508 1120 2048
220 428 530 986 830 1526 1130 2066
230 446 540 1004 840 1544 1140 2084
240 464 550 1022 850 1562 1150 2102
250 482 560 1040 860 1580 1160 2120
260 500 570 1058 870 1598 1170 2138
270 518 580 1076 880 1616 1180 2156
280 536 590 1094 890 1634 1190 2174
290 554 600 1112 900 1652 1200 2192
300 572
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D d E D = 1.1547 d
E = 1.4142 d
METRIC SIZES
d D E d D E d D E
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
3 3.464 4.243 34 39.260 48.083 68 78.520 96.166
3.5 4.041 4.950 35 40.415 49.497 69 79.674 97.580
4 4.619 5.657 36 41.569 50.911 70 80.829 98.994
4.5 5.196 6.364 37 42.724 52.325 71 81.984 100.408
5 5.774 7.071 38 43.879 53.740 72 83.138 101.822
5.5 6.351 7.778 39 45.033 55.154 73 84.293 103.237
6 6.928 8.485 40 46.188 56.568 74 85.448 104.651
7 8.083 9.899 41 47.343 57.982 75 86.603 106.065
8 9.238 11.314 42 48.497 59.396 76 87.757 107.479
9 10.392 12.728 43 49.652 60.811 77 88.912 108.893
10 11.547 14.142 44 50.807 62.225 78 90.067 110.308
11 12.702 15.556 45 51.962 63.639 79 91.221 111.722
12 13.856 16.970 46 53.116 65.053 80 92.376 113.136
13 15.011 18.385 47 54.271 66.467 81 93.531 114.550
14 16.166 19.799 48 55.426 67.882 82 94.685 115.964
15 17.321 21.213 49 56.580 69.296 83 95.840 117.379
16 18.475 22.627 50 57.735 70.710 84 96.995 118.793
17 19.630 24.041 51 58.890 72.124 85 98.150 120.207
18 20.785 25.456 52 60.044 73.538 86 99.304 121.621
19 21.939 26.870 53 61.199 74.953 87 100.459 123.035
20 23.094 28.284 54 62.354 76.367 88 101.614 124.450
21 24.249 29.698 55 63.509 77.781 89 102.768 125.864
22 25.403 31.112 56 64.663 79.195 90 103.923 127.278
23 26.558 32.527 57 65.818 80.609 91 105.078 128.692
24 27.713 33.941 58 66.973 82.024 92 106.232 130.106
25 28.868 35.355 59 68.127 83.438 93 107.387 131.521
26 30.022 36.769 60 69.282 84.852 94 108.542 132.935
27 31.177 38.183 61 70.437 86.266 95 109.697 134.349
28 32.332 39.598 62 71.591 87.680 96 110.851 135.763
29 33.486 41.012 63 72.746 89.095 97 112.006 137.177
30 34.641 42.426 64 73.901 90.509 98 113.161 138.592
31 35.796 43.840 65 75.056 91.923 99 114.315 140.006
32 36.950 45.254 66 76.210 93.337 100 115.470 141.420
33 38.105 46.669 67 77.365 94.751
I.S.O METRIC BOLTS & NUTS
Diameter of Width across flats Diameter of Width across flats Diameter of Width across flats
bolt mm of hexagon mm bolt mm of hexagon mm bolt mm of hexagon mm
3.0 5.5 8.0 13.0 20.0 30.0
4.0 7.0 10.0 17.0 24.0 36.0
5.0 8.0 12.0 19.0 30.0 46.0
6.0 10.0 16.0 24.0 36.0 55.0
APPENDIX 9 DISTANCE ACROSS CORNERS OF
HEXAGONS AND SQUARES
D
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Glossary
A
accreditation: Certification by a duly recognised body of the suitability of
a group or an individual to provide the specific service or
operation needed.
air hardening steel: Steels which will harden by air cooling rather than quenching.
Al: Chemical symbol for aluminium.
alloy steel: All steels which contain specified minimum contents of alloying
elements (other than carbon, manganese up to 1.65%, and
silicon up to 0.6%); eg. 4140 is an alloy steel because of its
specified minimum levels of chromium and molybdenum.
anisotropic: Of different properties in different directions eg. in direction of
rolling compared with across direction of rolling.
annealing (full): The heating of a steel into the austenitic range followed by
slow (furnace) cooling. This heat treatment may be for the
purpose of softening, relief of internal stresses or grain refining.
austenite: Steel with the iron atoms arranged in a face centred cubic
pattern. (Found at high temperature in carbon steels but at
room temperature in some alloy steels eg. austenitic stainless
steel.)
austenite grain size: The grain size of steel when heated to the austenitic region.
This is generally measured by a standardised testing
procedure; eg McQuaid-Ehn test.
B
B: Chemical symbol for boron.
bainite: Microstructure of carbide dispersed in ferrite, usually obtained
by interrupted quenching of steel.
banding: (banded structure). A segregated structure of parallel layers,
usually in the direction of rolling.
Bi: Chemical symbol for bismuth.
billet: A semi-finished forged, rolled or continuously cast product,
usually rectangular, intended for further processing by rolling
or forging. Cross-section generally less than 165mm square and
width to thickness ratio less than 4:1.
black bar: Steel in the hot rolled condition with its characteristic grey to
black surface scale.
bloom: Same definition as billet except that cross-section is generally
greater than 165mm square. (Blooms are usually rolled into
billets.)
brazing: Joining of metals above 425C but below the melting point of
the joined metals, by the fusion of a "filler metal".
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bright bars: Bars produced by cold drawing, cold rolling, turning and
polishing, precision grinding, or a combination of these
processes and which have a smooth surface free of scale and
harmful imperfections.
Brinell hardness: A specific type of hardness test which determines hardness by
the diameter of the impression left by ball indentor to which a
controlled load is applied, eg. "HBW 10/3000" signifies Brinell
hardness, 10mm tungsten carbide ball indentor, 3000kg load.
C
C: Chemical symbol for carbon.
camber: Bend or curve when a section is laid flat and viewed from
above.
capability: (production). The product range and speed of production of a
particular machine or process.
capability: (statistical). The ability of a process within statistical control to
conform to specification. (Usually expressed as values of Cp or
Cpk.)
carbo-nitriding: Case hardening of a steel object by heating in a gaseous
atmosphere rich in both carbon and nitrogen. The hardening is
through the diffusion of both carbon and nitrogen to the steel
surface.
carbon steel: Steels in which carbon is the chief alloying element and the
specified minimum of other elements does not exceed 1.65%
manganese, 0.6% silicon and 0.4% for all other elements.
carburising: The raising of the carbon content of the surface of a steel
object (usually by heating in the presence of a source of
carbon). Traditional method of case hardening.
case hardening: The use of metallurgical processes (carburising, cyaniding,
nitriding or other heat treatment) to harden the surface of a
metal object leaving the core relatively soft.
cast analysis: See heat analysis.
cast certificate: See heat certificate.
Cd: Chemical symbol for cadmium.
certificate of compliance: A certificate signed by an authorised party affirming that the
supplier of a product or service has met the requirements of
the relevant specifications, contract or regulation.
certificate of conformance: A certificate signed by an authorised party affirming that a
product or service has met the requirements of the relevant
specifications, contract or regulation.
Charpy: See impact test.
C.L.A.: Centre line Average. See Ra
Co: Chemical symbol for cobalt.
coarse grained (austenite): A steel prone to grain growth at elevated temperatures. This
is usually measured by a standardised testing procedure; eg.
McQuaid-Ehn test.
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cold draw: Drawing below the re-crystallisation temperature through a
die. (Usually results in work hardening of the material.) This is a
method of producing "bright bar".
cold roll: Rolling below the re-crystallisation temperature. (Usually
results in work hardening of the material.) This is a method of
producing "bright bar".
cold sized bars: Bars which are sized by cold drawing or cold rolling to provide
closer dimensional tolerances than occur for hot rolled bars,
but which may contain some surface imperfections. (Not
classified as "bright bar".)
cold work: Deformation below the re-crystallisation temperature. (Usually
results in hardening of the material, ie. Work hardening.)
Continuous casting: A technique of casting molten metal into blooms, slabs and
billets which continually solidify while being poured, thus by-
passing the ingot stage.
Cr: Chemical symbol for chromium.
Cu: Chemical symbol for copper.
cyaniding: Case hardening of a steel object by immersion in a molten
cyanide salt bath followed by quenching. The hardening is
through the diffusion of both carbon and nitrogen to the steel
surface.
D
decarburisation: Removal of carbon from the surface of steel. (Usually by
heating in a oxidising environment.)
die: A block or plate with a conical hole through which the bar is
drawn.
diffusion: The gradual permeation of atoms or molecules through a
material, caused by thermal agitation.
dislocation: A fault in the regular stacking pattern of atoms in a crystal or
grain.
draft: The reduction of cross-section area which occurs when a bar
is drawn through a die.
ductility: A measure of the amount of deformation a metal can withstand
before fracture.
dunnage: Loose material laid between or wedged amongst cargo for
protection from transit damage.
E
electrolyte: A liquid which conducts electricity through the movement of
salts in solution.
elongation: The increase in length of a tensile test piece when stressed.
(Elongation at fracture is usually expressed as a percentage of
the original length.)
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etching: Controlled application of aggressive chemicals to the surface
of a sample, usually for the purpose of revealing its structure.
eutectic: An alloy whose melting point is lower than any other mixture
of its constituents and which solidifies as a dispersion of
two distinct solids. Eutectic dispersions usually have a
characteristic pattern.
eutectoid: A solid alloy analogous to a eutectic which on cooling
decomposes to form a dispersion of two new and distinct
solids.
F
Fe: Chemical symbol for iron.
ferrite: Iron with atoms arranged in a body centred cubic pattern
(found in carbon steels at room temperature).
ferromagnetic: A substance which possesses magnetic properties in the
absence of an external field (eg. iron and steel).
fine grained (austenite): A steel whose tendency to grain growth at elevated
temperatures has been reduced (eg. by addition of aluminium).
This is usually measured by a standardised testing procedure:
eg. McQuaid-Ehn test.
flame hardening: A surface hardening process which uses a gas flame to heat
the surface prior to quenching. Similar to induction hardening
with a different heat source.
fracture toughness: See impact test.
free cutting steel: Steel which has been metallurgically altered to improve
machinability (eg. by addition of S,P,Pb).
fretting corrosion: Damage caused by a combination of mutual abrasion and
corrosion between two contacting metal surfaces subject to
vibration.
G
galling: Damage caused by the chafing of metal surfaces in contact.
galvanic cell (corrosion): Two dissimilar metals in the presence of an electrolyte causing
corrosion of one (the anode) through the passage of a self
generated electric current.
grain: Individual crystals in a metal.
gummy: Where the chip formation is poor, and the metal is torn from
the surface like chewing gum.
H
H: Chemical symbol for hydrogen.
hardenability: The depth and level of hardness which can be achieved in
a metal under a standard heat treatment test, ie. A metal's
potential ability to be hardened. Not to be confused with
hardness, eg. an annealed material may be low in hardness
but it may have a high potential to be further hardened
(hardenability).
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hard drawn: Cold drawing with a relatively high draft resulting in a high
degree of work hardening.
hard metric: Full and complete metrication without cognisance of other
measurement systems.
hardness: Resistance to penetration.
heat affected zone (HAZ): In a process involving localised heating (eg. welding), that area
of the surrounding metal which has not been melted but is
nevertheless metallurgically affected by the heat.
heat analysis: The chemical analysis of a sample usually taken from the
molten steel before casting. Refer to AS 1213.
heat certificate: A certificate signed by an authorised party which demonstrates
that the heat or cast conforms to the chemical specification.
heat treatment: A controlled cycle of heating and cooling of solid metals for the
purpose of obtaining the desired properties.
hot roll: Rolling above the re-crystallisation temperature. (This does not
result in work hardening.)
hot work: Deformation above the re-crystallisation temperature. (This
does not result in work hardening.)
I
impact test: A test of toughness which measures the energy absorbed
when a specimen is struck with a controlled blow. Common
types of test are Izod and Charpy.
inclusions: Particles of impurities contained in a material.
Induction hardening: A surface hardening process which uses an electromagnetic
field to heat the steel prior to quenching.
ingotism: Grain structure characteristic of a cast ingot with pronounced
variation from the surface to the core and with inherent planes
of weakness.
internal stress: Stresses which are retained within a metal following thermal or
mechanical straining.
Izod: See impact test.
J
Jominy
(end quench): A test for determining hardenability.
K
killed: A steel which is fully deoxidised before casting. This has the
effect of eliminating lively gas evolution from the molten steel
hence the name "killed". Killed steels are known for their high
degree of chemical homegeneity (lack of segregation).
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L
lay: The direction of the predominant pattern on a machined
surface.
longitudinal: In the direction of rolling or metal flow.
low alloy steel: Steel containing up to 10% of alloying elements.
M
machinability: The ease with which a material can be machined can be
measured in terms of eg. tool life, tool wear (part growth),
surface finish, surface type.
Macroscopic examination: Visual examination at magnification of less than X 10.
macrostructure: The structure of a material under macroscopic examination.
Magnetic permeability: The ability of a material to become magnetised. High
permeability materials are easily magnetised.
martensite: Steel with the atoms arranged in a body centred tetragonal
pattern and supersaturated with carbon. (Produced by rapid
quenching of austenite).
mass effect: The variation in mechanical properties caused by the influence
of the size of the material.
matrix: The enveloping phase (background) in which another phase is
embedded.
mean: Arithmetic average.
Mechanical properties: Those properties associated with stress and strain; eg. yield
stress, tensile stress, elongation, hardness.
Merchant bar: A finished product of solid section which may have rectangular,
square, round or hexagonal cross-section. Used as raw
material for bright bar production. Fully described in AS 1442.
Mg: Chemical symbol for magnesium.
Microcracked (chrome plating): Containing microscopic cracks which do not provide a
continuous path through the plating.
micrometre: See micron (not to be confused with the common measuring
instrument called "micrometer").
micron: 0.001 mm or 0.00004".
microstructure: The structure of a material as viewed by the microscope
(magnification above l0 X).
mid radial: A point equidistant from the centre and the circumference of a
circular section.
Mn: Chemical symbol for manganese.
Mo: Chemical symbol for molybdenum.
modulus of elasticity: Elastic stress per unit of elastic strain. 207,000 MPa for carbon
steels.
morphology: The form, structure and distribution of a phase.
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N
N: Chemical symbol for nitrogen.
Nb: Chemical symbol for niobium. Also known as Columbium (USA).
Ni: Chemical symbol for nickel.
nitriding: A steel case hardening process in which nitrogen is introduced
to the steel surface by means of heating in a nitrogen rich
environment, eg. Ammonia. The nitrogen forms hard nitrides
particularly in steels containing Al, Cr, V, Wand Mo.
normalising: The heating of a steel into the austenitic range followed by
cooling in still air. This heat treatment may be for the purpose
of softening, relief of internal stresses or grain refining.
Normalised steel is harder than annealed steel.
nucleation: The start of growth of a new phase.
O
O: Chemical symbol for oxygen.
oxide inclusions: Particles of oxide impurities within a material. Usually regarded
as undesirable.
P
P: Chemical symbol for phosphorus.
Pb: Chemical symbol for lead.
pearlite: An iron/iron carbide eutectoid of approx. 0.8%C which
is characterised by a lamellar structure (similar to the
appearance of a fingerprint).
peeled bar: Bars which are finished by rough machining. (Not classified as
"bright bar".)
phase: A physically distinct, homogenous component of a
microstructure eg. ferrite, cementite.
phase diagram: A graph of phase relationships with chemical composition and
other factors, eg. temperature.
pickle: Removal of scale by immersion in a dilute acid bath.
Powder metallurgy: The production of metal components by compacting powder in
a die followed by sintering (bonding).
Precision ground bar: Bright bar which has been subsequently ground to improve
dimensional tolerances and surface finish.
process anneal: See sub-critical anneal.
product analysis: Chemical analysis of the finished product from the steel mill
(not analysis of the molten steel).
product audit: An additional inspection of the product over and above routine
inspection in order to assess the effectiveness of routine
inspection.
proof stress: Used as a substitute for yield point in materials which show no
well defined yield. It is generally the stress which corresponds
to 0.2% permanent extension of the sample under tensile test.
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proportional limit: The stress at which a tensile sample ceases to behave as an
ideal spring according to Hooke's Law, ie. Extension ceases to
be proportional to load. This is usually close to the yield point in
carbon steels.
Q
quality assurance: Planned and systematic actions to provide confidence that
goods or services will satisfy the requirements.
quality audit: A systematic and independent examination of the Quality
System to determine whether it is suitable and effective.
quality control: The operational techniques and activities that are used to
ensure that quality requirements will be fulfilled, eg. inspection.
quality management: That aspect of management activity that determines and
implements Quality Policy.
quality plan: A document setting out quality practices, records and activities
specific to a particular job. Eg. A Route Sheet.
quality policy: A statement made by management of the overall quality
intentions and directions of an organisation.
quality systems: The entire organisation, procedures and resources for
implementation of quality management.
quench: Rapid cooling from an elevated temperature, eg. by immersion
of red hot steel in water.
R
Ra: A measurement of surface roughness which is calculated by
taking the arithmetic mean of the deviations from the centre
line. This is also known as "Centre Line Average" or "C.L.A."
radial: Arranged like radii, eg. spokes of a wheel.
recovery: See Stress Relieve.
recrystallisation: The formation of new, annealed grains from previously work
hardened grains.
reduction of area (R of A): In drawing see "draft".
In tensile testing. The decrease in area at the point of fracture,
usually expressed as a percentage of the original area.
reeling: The straightening and smoothing of a round bar by feeding
through a set of skewed, contoured rolls.
residual stress: See "internal stress".
Rockwell hardness: A method of hardness testing which utilises an indentor under
a fixed load. The depth of indentation is a measure of the
hardness, eg. "HRB" signifies Rockwell Hardness, "B" scale.
rod: A semi finished or finished product of approximately circular
cross-section produced in coils. It may be used as feed for
bright bar manufacture. Fully described in AS 1442. (Rod
generally has wider tolerances than the equivalent merchant
bar.)
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S
S: Chemical symbol for sulphur.
scale: An oxide layer on metals formed during exposure to high
temperature. Also known as "mill scale".
Se: Chemical symbol for selenium.
segregation: lack of uniformity in composition within an object.
semi-killed: A steel which is partially deoxidised (killed) before casting so
that shrinkage during solidification is approximately balanced
by expansion due to gas evolution. These steels are more prone
to segregation than fully killed steels. They are also referred to
as "balanced steels".
sensitisation: Heat induced (550C850C) precipitation of chromium carbides
at grain boundaries in austenitic stainless steels. This leaves
the steel prone to corrosion because of depletion of chromium
in the surrounding matrix.
shear strength: A property analogous to tensile strength but measured with the
specimen in shear loading rather than stretching. As a "rule of
thumb" shear strength = 0.75 tensile strength.
shot blasting: Blasting with metal shot, usually to remove "mill scale".
Si: Chemical symbol for silicon.
six sigma: A statistical measure of the extent of variation of a process.
The range is generally regarded as encompassing the full
extent of variation of a process.
Sn: Chemical symbol for tin.
soft metric: Partial metrication in which old imperial sizes are converted to
their direct equivalents in the metric system. c.f. hard metric,
eg. ]" = 25.4mm soft metric, 25mm hard metric.
soldering: Joining of metals with a liquid filler metal at temperatures
below 425
o
C. The joined metals are not melted themselves.
solid solution: A solid phase which contains foreign (different) atoms as an
integral part of the phase, eg. carbon in ferrite (iron).
spark test: A quick method for the approximate determination of
the chemical composition of carbon steels. It utilises the
appearance of sparks from a grinding wheel as compared with
reference samples.
specification: The document which describes the requirements with which
the product or service has to conform.
spectrometer: (vacuum emission or atomic absorption). Instruments which
provide a quantitative determination of analysis by utilising the
characteristic emission or absorption of light by each element.
Spheroidise (anneal): An extended heat treatment process which results in steel with
iron carbide in spheroidal form. This is the softest condition
obtainable by annealing.
stainless steel: A family of alloy steels containing chromium approx. 825%.
They are characterised by their resistance to corrosion.
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Standard deviation: A statistical measure of the variation of a set of data.
statistical process control: The application of statistical techniques to the control of
(SPC) processes. This traditionally involves the use of control charts
where data is assessed against the known inherent variation of
the process.
strain: Change in length under load (usually expressed as a fraction or
percentage of the original length).
strain aging: A change in mechanical properties which occurs over time
after cold working. The principal changes are an increase in
hardness and a reduction in ductility and impact toughness. It
can be accelerated by heating of steel to approx. 250
o
C.
strain-harden: See cold work.
stress: Force (load) per unit of cross-sectional area. Unit MPa.
stress relieve: Removal of residual stresses by heating below the
recrystallisation temperature (typical stress relief 500
o
C).
stress-strain curve: A graphical representation of the results of tensile testing with
strain (extension) shown on the horizontal axis and stress (load)
shown on the vertical axis.
sub-critical anneal: Annealing above the recrystallisation temperature but below
(process anneal) the temperature required to form austenite (typical sub-critical
anneal 650
o
C). This results in softening and relief of internal
stresses.
sulphur print test: A spot test which reveals the presence of sulphides in steel.
(Used to detect re-sulphurised free machining steels.)
sweep: Bend or curve when a section is laid on edge and viewed from
above.
T
Te: Chemical symbol for tellurium.
temper: Reheating after quenching to reduce hardness and brittleness.
temper brittleness: Brittleness in some alloys, associated with tempering in a
particular temperature range.
tensile strength: The maximum stress achieved in a tensile test (based on
original cross-section area).
tensile test: The controlled stretching of a specimen until fracture occurs.
A stress-strain curve is usually produced. Properties such
as proof stress, yield and tensile strength, elongation and
reduction of area are determined by this test.
Ti: Chemical symbol for titanium.
tolerance: The permitted variation in a process or characteristic of an
item.
total quality management: (Also known as total quality control, TQM or TQC). The
application of statistical principles and techniques in all stages
of design, production, service, marketing and administration to
achieve the desired result.
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toughness: The property of absorbing energy before fracture. (Not to be
confused with hardness or strength, eg. glass is hard and
strong but not tough.) See "Impact Test".
traceability: The ability to trace the history of an item by means of recorded
identification. This may be either upstream or downstream, ie.
to go backwards in time from a point or to go forwards from a
previous point.
transverse: Perpendicular to the direction of rolling or metal flow.
turned and polished: A bright bar produced by removal of the hot rolled surface by
a cutting (turning) operation followed by polishing. This should
not be confused with a peeled bar which is not bright bar.
U
ultimate tensile strength (UTS): See tensile strength.
ultrasonic testing: A non-destructive testing method which utilises sound waves,
of higher than audible frequency, to detect the presence of
internal discontinuities (defects).
V
V: Chemical symbol for vanadium.
variance: A statistical measure of a variation of a set of data. The square
root of variance equals standard deviation.
Vickers hardness: A method of hardness testing which utilises pyramid shaped
indentation under a fixed load. The point to point width of the
indentation is a measure of hardness, eg. "HV30" signifies
Vickers Hardness, 30kg load.
W
W: Chemical symbol for tungsten. Also known as Wolfram.
weld: A joining operation involving melting of the joined metals.
work hardening: See cold work.
Y
yield point: A property usually measured in a tensile test. It is the stress
(based on original area) at which there is a marked increase
in extension of the sample (strain) without an increase in load.
(Cold worked material generally does not exhibit a well defined
yield point and 0.2% proof stress is used as a substitute for
yield.)
Young's Modulus: See modulus of elasticity.
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