NDR k1
NDR k1
NDR k1
I+ 'person (human being)' (lit. 'child ['vcI+] of the clan ['ccl-o-]) > OCS vaea1k+ clovcI+, Blg uo'nci, Slv
clovcI, Cz clovcI, P czlovicI, R ucno'nci id., SCr uonci " cov|cI, SCr K clovcI 'person, man (male person)', Uk
uono'n i id., 'husband' WP I 517, P 64O, M K I 263-4, F II 871-3, ESSJ IV 4O-2, 48-5O, Glh. 181 ll HS [1] C: Bj {R} 'Iilmo
'Gehft, Dorf' R WBd 142 Ch ( N 'gulA 'dwelling, house'?): ECh: Ke {Eb.} Iuli 'village, house', Kwn, Smr {J} Iulu, Ll
{ChC} Iul 'hut' || WCh: SBc: Bg I"al 'house, hut', Kir {ChL} I"al 'house', Buli {ChL} IIla, {IL} Iala id. ChC, ChL, Eb. 74
[2] ( N 'IalvV 'together, whole'): S 'Iull- 'all, every, the totality' > Hb l7 'Iol / -l`8 'Iull- 'all' (cs. l1 Iol), Ph, Mb, Amn,
Ug, OA, OSA Il, Pun Il, [Plt.] CHYL or CHIL, IA, Htr Il - Ivl, BA l7k` Iol, em. al1`7 Iol'l-a, JEA {Sl.} al`uk` Iul'l-a, BA, JA,
JEA cs. l1 Iol, Sr W Iul /Iull-, Sr E w. Iol, Md Iul, Ar wKu Iull- id., Gz I"oll- 'all', I"oll-u 'every-thing\body, all', Ak
Iull-atu 'all, totality'; S 'Iull-1B: Tmz Iul, Iu, Kb Iul, mIul, -mIull (followed by a noun in tat libre) 'every, all off' (the hyp. of
borrowing is confirmed by a phonetic argument: in Kb the cns. I has not undergone either lenition or palatalization 'I >
m (compulsory for intervoc. 'I in Kb); S 'I'al- ('-a- due to the merger with N 'IalvV): Amr {G} Iala 'all' and possibly SES: Mh
Ial-, Iali-, Hrs Ial, Ial, Iall-, Jb E Iol, Icl-, Jb C Iohl, Iol, 'Io, Sq {Jo.} Iol, Ial id. KB 451-2, 1724, HJ 5OO-7, A #132O,
OLS 213-5, Sl. 559-6O, DM 2O6, Nld. MG 226, Br. 126-7, BGMR 77, L G 281, Jo. M 2O7, Jo. H 67, CAD VIII 5O4-6, G A 22,
MT 329-3O, Dl. 4OO SC: Irq {E} Iila 'very much, completely' E SC 288 SOm {Tk.} 'I"ull- 'all' > {Bnd., Fl.}: Dm Iull,
Hm, Hm K vull 'all' Bnd. AL 144 ll U: FU 'Iulla 'dwelling, house, village' ( N 'gulA '') > F Iyla, Es Iula 'village', F ?
Iula 'dwelling, house' || pLp {Lr.} Islsy- v. 'visit, pay a visit' > Lp: L {LLO} Ial'|c, N {N} gal'li-, I {TI} Iolli-, Kld
Islliyco id. || Vg: T Iu, LK I"al, P I"al, Ial, Ss Iol 'house' Coll. 93, UEW 155-6, Lr. #3O3, Lgc. #2343b:2, TI 1O5 ll A:
NaT 'I`ul 'slave' ( N 'IulV 'to work', q.v. ffd. N 'qul'a 'child, boy') ll D: AdS of D 'Iuli 'working for wages' [< N 'IulV ''
'qul'a ''] ^ Not here Sv L qlav 'child, boy' ( S CNM 9), see N 'qul'a '' ^ IS I 362-3 [#239] ('Kula 'community,
clan').
1O32. ? 'KulV 'brown' > HS: B '-yval- 'be brown' > Ah, ETwl iyval 'be brown' Fc. 1746, GhA 74 ll A 'IUlV > NaT
'Kula > OT {Cl.} qula 'dun with black mane and tail', Chg, Osm, Alt qula 'light brown, brown', Tk 'Iula id., 'red, russet', 'a red
horse', Nog, Qzq qula, Nog, Qq, Qrg, Alt, Tb qula, Xk _ula 'light bay with black mane and tale (canpacin)', VTt, Bsh q+la id.,
'light dun, Isabel', QT qula 'light dun', Qmq qula 'brown', Ggz Iula, Tk ? qula 'blond' Cl. 617, Rs. W 298, ET Q 121-2 M: [1]
(A T?): WrM qula, HlM xyn 'fawn-coloured, tawny; bay, having a black stripe along the spine, with black tail and mane' (horse)', Kl
{Rm.} _ul+ 'light brown with a black mane and tail' (a horse) [2] ? 'Iuyilcn ({DQA}: dis from ''Iulilcn) 'gray, bluish' > WrM
Iuilcn MED 498, 963, KW 195 AmTg 'xol- > Ud xoligi, xolo 'yellow', Nn Nh _ogo 'gray, brown' STM I 469 DQA
#1158 (A 'I`uli 'yellow, brown, gray' > T, Tg, M 'Iuyilcn).
1O33. 'KuolV 'raven, crow' > U 'IulV > FU 'IulV(IV) 'raven' > ObU 'IulVIV 'raven' > pVg 'IulaI > OVg N BerG
chulach, OVg W Sol iy nax, Vg: T IolaI, LK xolox, MK I"olox, P/NV/SV/LL/ML Iulox, UL/Ss xolox id.; pOs 'IoloI >
Os: V/Vy IoloI, Ty IoloqI, Y IoloqI, D/K/Nz _ulo_, Kz _ulo_, O _olo_ id. pSm {Jn.} 'Iul+y+ id. > Ne T xyni, Ne T O
25
{Lh.} _ulI, Ne F {Lh.} Iui, Ng {Ter.} Iulo, {Cs.} Iula, En X {Cs.} IuluIc, En B {Cs.} IurcIc | Slq Tz {KKIH} Iula, Slq
Tm {KD} Iula | Kms {KD} I`uli - I`u':li, Koyb {Pls.} Iull, {Sp.} iync id. UEW 2OO, Coll. 15, MF 292-3, Ht. #259, Jn.
77, KKIH 122 ll A: Tg 'xoli 'raven, crow' > Ewk oli 'raven', Ewk Ag oli, Sln olc - oli 'crow', Lm oltn|a ' raven (nocau)', Neg
olt, Ud vali, Orc oli, Ul olt, Ork olt, Nn Nh _olt 'raven' STM II 13 ? S AJ 281 & DQA #1157 (semantically unj. comparison
of Tg 'xoli 'raven, crow' with T 'Iul 'bird' & Kl _uld+ 'duck-hawk') ll HS: ? ECh: Kbl {Cp.} gslsgs ' 'crow' ChC.
1O34. ? 'IULV (bA) 'dog\wolf, whelp' > IE: NaIE 'I"ol-/'Iul-, 'I"clb-/'I"olb- '(young?) dog' > Lt Ialc', Ialc' 'bitch'
|| Gmc 'x"clo-z, 'x"alo-z 'whelp, young dog' > ON hvclr, Dn hval, Sw val, AS, OSx hvcl, NE vhcl, MDt vcl, vul,
vol, OHG vclf " vclh, MHG vclf, NHG Wclf id. || ? Gk El [Hs.] kuo okuo ('young dog' or 'young animal') || Al
Iclysh 'young of animal, cub' Vr. 271, Ho. 181, Kb. 1168, OsS 438, Schz. 315, KM 851, Frn. 2O8, F II 47, O 176-7, EI 168 [??
'(s)Ioli 'young dog'] ll HS: S: [1] S ''Ialja,b- 'dog' > Hb bl3k`3 'Iclcb (pl. Mib5l1k`6 Iola'b-im), Ph, Ug, IA, Sb Ilb, Amr {G}
Ialbum, JA {Trg.], JEA aB1l6k`2 Ial'b-a, Sr Ial'b-a (abs., cs. Io'lcb with c [c] due to a late Aram distribution: the second vw. in
nomina segolata is always c unless preceding a lr. or r), Md Ialba, Ar Ialb-, Gz Ialb, Tgr Ivlb, Tgy Ivlbi, Ak Ialbu(m) 'dog', Sq
{L} Ialb 'dog, wolf', Mh {Jo.} Iavb (pl. Islob), Hrs {Jo.} Iavb - Iob (pl. Islob), Jb E/C {Jo.} Iob (pl. 'Io'lob) 'wolf, dog'
KB 453, A #1313, OLS 214-5, Dlm. 188, Sl. 58O, G A 22, L LS 218, L G 282, Jo. M 2O8, Jo. J 13O The SES cognates (Mh Iavb
etc.) point to S ''Ialb- rather than ''Ialab-, because the reg. Mh reflex of ''Ialab- would have been Iolcb [2] a variant without
deglottalization: S 'Ilb in OYmn Ilvb ({Slw.} qillavb-) 'Schakalwolf' Slw. 183-4 B: Ty {Fc.} aIulon 'wolf, lycaon'
Fc. 799 CCh 'dog': BM: BuP {ChL} Itla, Bu {ChL) Iila, Cb {ChL} Itya, WMrg {ChL} Itya, Iiya | Ktk: Bdm {Cfr.} Is`lc,
{Lk.} Ic_li, Lgn {Lk.} Islc, {Bou.} gslcv, Glf {Lk.} gslcu (pl. gsllc), {Lbf.} gclcv, Ktk Mk {Lbf.} Iclcu, Ktk Ks {Lbf.}
Iclc, Ktk Af {Lbf.} gslco ChC s.v. 'dog', ChL, Lk. ZSS 145, 147, Lk. B 112, Lbf. VC 162 OS #1521 ^ Cf. Trnt. NE2 2O (S,
IE: Gmc, Lt), BmK 474 s.v. 'I"|"|al`-/'I"|"|ol`- (S, IE: Gmc). The identification of the rounded vw. in pN is still a problem. The
Elean Gk and Tayert Tw cognates suggest 'u. Cp. N 'gUhLE(-bA) 'small carnivorous animal (jackal, [young] wolf, whelp)'.
1O35. 'KuHla 'KulHa 'lake, small body of water' > HS: C: Ag {AD} 'I"sl-/'I"sll- (= 'I"sll-), {Ap.}
'I"sl-/'I"sl- 'river, valley' > Bln {R} Iura, {Ap.} I"ora, Xm {R} aqual, Xm T {CR} q"ara, Km I"sra || EC: Sml N {Abr.}
Ial 'depression full of water' AD SF 198 (pC 'j?V,I"Vl-/'j?V,I"Vll-), Ap. AV 14 Ch: WCh: Su {J} I"al 'valley' ( *'river
valley') || CCh: Bdm {Lk.} IIlu 'lake', {Nc.} 'Iulu 'large body of water (the Chad lake, the Shari river)', Ngl {Lk.} Iula 'pond', Lgn
{Lk.} Iula 'lake, pond' J S 71, Lk. L 1O2, Lk. B 112, 115 B ?? Gh {Bs.} Iulama 'sea, river' ll U 'I'ula 'small lake, marsh,
bay' > pPrm 'Io'l (= {LG} 'Io'l) > Vt IalIm 'puddle (of stagnant water)', {Mu.} Ialcm 'inlet or bay in a river' (LG: 'o > Vt a due
to the infl. of l), Z riio'na tIIsla 'small lake' (ri tI means 'lake') || ObU 'IulyV 'marsh' > pOs 'Ioloy id. > Os: V/Vy Iolo,
Ty Iclo, D Ia'lo, Kz Ial; pVg Iilo (with unexplained delabialization ''I"i- > 'Ii-) id. > LK Icli (nom. pl. Iclot), MK/UK
Icli, P/UL/Ss Icli, NV/SV/LL Icli (nom. pl. Icllot) Sm: Slq: ? Tm {KD} Iol (inexact transcr. for qol?) 'Flubusen', Tz
{KKIH} qalsI 'bay in a river or in the riverbed of a tributary (filled with water in spring), ? Tz {KKIH} qoltI large river', {Cs.}
tagandcs-Iold 'the Yenisey' (lit. 'broad river'), Tz/Yel/B {Cs.} Iold, Kar {Cs.} Iuld 'the Yenisey', Nr {Cs} Iold, Ke {Cs.} Iolttc,
NP Iolttu 'the Ob' UEW 134-5 (U 'IalV) and Ht. 149 [#258] (ObU 'IilyV) - both recs. are based on the delabialized Vg cognate
without explainig Os 'o; Stn. OUV (pObU '-u-, which is preferable to Ht.s rec.), LG 14O, Coll. 21-2, Cs. 118, 238, KKIH 156,
161 ll A 'I`olV ({SDM95} 'I`olV, [DQA 'I`oli]) 'lake, basin' > T 'I`ol 'large body of water (natural or artificial), lake, pool'
> OT {Cl.} Iol id., Tk gol, Qrg Iol 'lake, pool', Tkm Iol, Az "' n gol, Ggz gol, Uz iyAn Iul, ET, Qmq, Qzq, Qq, Qrg
Iol, VTt, Bsh Iul, Alt, Xk Iol, Tv xol, Tf ho'l, Yk Iuol, Chv Iuli 'lake', OQp {TAG} vK Iol 'pool' ('Pftze') Cl. 715,
ET KQ 95-6, TL 91, Dr. TM III ##1682-3, Ra. 19O, TAG 1OO, Jeg. 123, Fed. I 321 The initial fortis 'I`- is reconstructed on the
ev. of Og (Tkm I-) and Tv-Tf lgs. (Tv x-, Tf h-) M 'Iol (A T??) > Brt xn xul 'lake' (used in names of lakes), WrO Iol
'bay', Kl {Rm.} Iol 'flood (of a river)' ('berschwemmung, Wasserflut'); IS I 3O6 mentions WrM Iol 'bay', but I could not detect
this word in any available dictionary of WrM (Kow., MED, Gl., Boberg). Acc. to IS, in most M lgs. this word disappeared because of
its homonymy with M 'Iol 'foot, leg' Krg. 739, KW 237, Chr. 617 Tg 'xulc- 'channel, (whirl)pool' > Lm ul 'deep place in a
river (oxyr)', ulgin '(a quiet and deep place in a river (:ano(")', Orc, Ud ulc 'channel (nporoia)', Ork xulu-ti 'whirlpool', WrMc
ulc-n 'canal around the ploughed field (for drainage of rain water), ditch (in ploughed fields)' STM I 477 & II 257, 264, Z 158
pKo 'Inrnm 'lake, big river' > MKo Inrnm id. S QK #226, Nam 11 SDM95 s.v. I`olV 'lake, basin', DQA #1129 (pA
'I`oli; incl. T, Tg, Ko] ^ IS I 3O5-6 [#177], Blz. C (suggested to tie in Gh Iulama), ? S NSShS #22 (A IE 'g"cl- 'spring'). IS
reconstructs here N 'I- on the apparent ev. of HS, but in HS the N emphatic cnss. may have de-emphatized reflexes, as in all
grammatical words and pronouns (see above Introduction, 2.2). The cognates providing ev. for an original 'K- are found both in
26
HS (Xm aqual) and A (Tkm Iol, Tv xol, Tf ho'l, the Tg v with 'x-). The connection with IE 'g"cl- v. 'drop, well out' (proposed
with a query by IS) is unlikely. Cp. N 'govlu 'deep; valley' (in some lgs. that do not distinguish between N 'K- and 'g-, there might
have been contamination of both roots).
1O36. 'Kc'huljy,E 'hear' > IE: NaIE {P} 'Ilcvo-/'Ilu(:)- 'hear' > OI sr'no-ti, Av surunaoiti 'hears' || Gk aor. ckuov
'I heard', prs. kc()-e, -ooi 'I hear' || L cluc- (cluco, -crc) v. 'be called (heien)' || OIr cluin- v. 'hear' (ro-cluincthar 'hears'),
cluas n. 'hearing, faculty of hearing, ear', cloth 'news, rumour, fame', W clyvcd 'hear (auditus, audire'), clod 'fame', Brtt {RE}
'Iluvami v. 'hear' > MW clyvaf 'I hear', W clyvcd 'hear', Crn clcvaf , Br Ilcvout 'to hear' || ON hl|o, OHG {OsS} hliuth
'Zuhren, Gehr, Laut', Gt hliuma n. act. 'hearing', OHG (h)liumunt id., 'call, rumour, fame'; (from 'Ilu-): OHG lut, NHG laut,
OSx, AS hlud 'loud', NE loud || Sl 'slI-ti (1s prs. 'sl+v-o) 'have the reputation\name\fame of' > OCS ta:u sluti (prs.
taeaa slovo) 'have the name, be called', Slv sluti (prs. slovcm, slu|cm) 'be known\famous as', OCz sluti (prs. slovu), Cz
slouti, Slk slut` id., 'be called', R cnir" (prs. cni'ny), Uk 'cnnrn 'have the reputation of' | Ltv ? {ME} slut {p. sluva), sluvct
{prs. sluv), 'spread' (of a rumour), 'become known' || pTv 'Ilav- > Tc: A, B Ilav-'be called \ named' NaIE imv. 'Ilu-d"i > OI
sru'dhi, Gk kui 'hear!' NaIE pp. 'Ilu(:)-'to-(s) '*heard' 'renowned, famous' > OI sru'ta-h, Av sruta-, Gk kuto), L
(with a px.) in-clutus id., OHG hlot-, hlud- id. (in proper names: Hlot-hari, Clothildc, Hludcrich = Clt Cluto-rigi), Arm lu lu
'kund, having heard of' (in lu anel lu arncl 'to make known, bring the news', lu linel lu lincl 'be heard of, be made known') NaIE
'Ilcvo(s) 'fame, announcement' ( 'speech, word') > OI sravah 'glory, praise, renown' || Gk kco), Gk Ph kco) || OIr clu
ntr. 'fame' || pAl 'Ilau_sna (d from IE 'Ilcvos) > Al: T qua|, G quc| v. 'call, give a name' || pTc {Ad.} 'Ialvc > Tc B
ncm-Ialyvc {Ad.} 'fame' || BSl (L-gr.}: Lt slovc' | Sl 'slava 'fame, glory' > OCS taoao slava, Blg, R, Uk 'cnana, SCr sla`va,
Slv slava, Cz, Slk slava, P slava other ds include: 'Ilou-so- > Av sraosa- 'hearing, obedience', Lt Ilausa 'hearing, ear,
musical ear', Sl 'slux+ - 'slux+ n. 'hearing, rumour' > OCS ta+ 'oko', Blg, R, Uk cnyx 'hearing, rumour', SCr slu`h, Slv
sluh, Cz, Slk sluch, P sluch 'hearing'; - 'Ilous- (+ sx.) > OI srosati 'hears' || Msp Ilaosi 'hear!' || Lt Ilausyti, Ltv Ilausit 'to
hear', Pru Ilausiton 'to hear, listen' | Sl 'slusati 'to listen' > OCS tamo:u slusati, SCr slu`sati, Slv po-slusati, Slk slusat`
'listen', Cz sluscti 'to suit, become (to so.)'; Sl 'slIsati 'to hear' > OCS tamo:u slIsati, R 'cnimar", P slyszcc id., Cz slysct
'hear (of, about), listen', SCr sli`sati 'listen to, hear out'; Sl 'slovo ('-cs-stem, cf. gen. 'slovcs-c) 'speech, word' > OCS taeae
slovo 'oo), o', R, Uk, Blg 'cnono, P slovo, Cz, Slk slovo 'word', slovcso 'verb', SCr slo`vo 'letter (Buchstabe)' || pTc
{Ad.} 'Ilcu_s- > Tc: A Ilyos-, B Ilyaus- {Ad.} 'hear', {Wn.} 'hear, listen', d : pTc {Ad.} 'Ilcu_ca(i_a)n > A Ilots (du.
Ilosam'), B Ilautso (du. Ilautsnc) n. 'ear' P 6O5-7, M K II 372-4, Thr. 338, SB 1O2, WH I 237-9, F I 869-7O, 877, Vn. C
124-8, RE 1O3, Vr. 238, Fs. 264, Ho. 164, Kl. 626, 643, OsS 47-8, Frn. 265-6, 1OO8-9, ME III 942-3, En. 194-5, Tp. P K-L 49-53,
Vs. III 664, 673, 678-8O, Glh. 558, 563-4, Chrn. II 173-8, ME III 942-3, Xud. I 476, Slt. 94-5, Wn. 218, 221-4, Wn. KTW 112-4, Ad.
222, 23O, 232-3, 27O, 363-4, Ad. H 16, 7O-1, 137, JGH 222, EI 262 ('Ilcu_- 'hear', 'Ilu'to-s 'known, renouned', 'Ilcu_s-
'hear'), 192 (''Ilcvcs 'fame'), 534 (''Ilcu_trom 'a sound') The IE form may be understood if we suppose a mt of the labial vw.
(> sonant) and of the lr.; the disappearance of the lr. in certain positions is a matter of further research ll HS: S '-Iu'hl- > Ak
-Iul- (inf. Ialu) 'heed, listen' Sd. 895-6, CAD XIII 72-5 C {AD} 'm-I"Vl-/'ma-II"Vl- 'ear' ( {E} mI"l 'to hear') >
Bj A {AD} ?an'g"il (pl. '?ang"il), Bj {Bnd.} ang"il, {R} an'g"il 'ear' || EC 'maIl- v. 'hear' > Sml maql-, Bs {HL} mal-, Dsn
{To.} mal- || Ag {AD} '?snI"- 'ear' > Bln {R} ?onI"a, Q {R} onx"o, Aw snIoyi 'ear', Aw snIoy-/onIoq v. 'hear' AD SF
183, E PC #14O, R WBd 24, R WB 4O, Ap. AV 4, Bl. 261. 265, To. DL 516 , HL 188 Ch: WCh {Stl.} I"al- 'hear' > AG
{AD} 'I'sl'sq-, {Stl.} ''Ial-mVI 'hear' > Gmy {Hf.} Iclcq, Su {J} Isliq, {Hf.} Isliq - Islsq, Ang {Flk.} Ialung, Cp IIliq,
Mnt {Hf.} Islsq, Ywm {IL} Is`l, {Stl.} Ial-moI, Tal {IL} I"s`l, Kfr {Nt.} Is`ls`q 'hear'; BT: Krkr {Kr.} Isla, {J, Lk.} Ial-, Grm
ip. Iula, Ngm I"sli, Krf {Sa.} I"alu-vo || CCh: Bt {Mch.} Ilo, Bcm {Sk.} Iulo` id. JI II 184-5, ChC, ChL, Stl. ZCh 213-
4 [#639], Hf. AG #2O2, Nt. 19 ll U 'Iulc- 'to hear', 'ear' > FU: F, Es Iuulc- v. 'hear' | pLp {Lr.} 'Iuls- id. > Lp: S {Hs.} guvlcdh,
L {LLO} Iullat, N {N} gullat, Kld Iullco | Er iyn - Iula-, Mk iync- Iulo- | Chr L/Uf/B/H Iola- | Prm 'Iu'l- > Vt, Z ? IIl-, Z
IIv- || ObU {Ht.} 'Iul- > pVg 'I"al- > Vg: T I"al " Ial-, LK/UL xol-, MK Iol-/Iol-, P/NV/LL Iol-, Ss xul-; pOs 'Iul- >
Os: V/Vy qul-, Ty/Y qu-, D/K/Nz qut-, Kz qu-, O _ol- || Hg hall- id. Sm: Ne T xa, Ne F Ia - Ia, En X {KD} Iu?, (Cs.}
Iu, En B {Cs.} Io, Ng {Hl., Cs.} Iou 'ear' ? pY {IN} 'qol- > Y K qol-il 'sound' ( N 'qUj?,lV 'to speak, call', q.v. ffd.)
UEW 197-8, Coll. 93, Sm. 544 (FU, FP 'Iuuli-, Ugr 'Iuli- 'hear'), Lr. #492, Lgc. #2781, Hs. 7O5-6, It. #233, Ker. II 7O, LG 149,
Ht. #246, MF 253-4, KP 93, Hl. US 119, IN 246, Rd. UJ 38 [#24] (Y A U) ll A 'I`uylV ({S} 'I`uylV) 'ear; to hear' > T
'Iul-IaI ({Md.} 'IulgaI) 'ear' > OT qulqaq - qul_aq - qulaq, Tk IulaI, Az gulag, Tkm gulaq, Uz quloq, Qzq nna qulaq,
VTt ionai q+laq, Bsh ona q+laq, Ggz IulaI, ET, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Qq, Qrg, Alt, Ln, Tv, Tf qulaq, CrTt, Slr qula_, Xlj
qulaq, Xk _ula_, Yk Iulya_ 'ear' || Chv _+l_a id. Cl. 62O, Rs. W 298, ET Q 124-7, TL 2O4-6, S AJ 177 [#22], Ra. 222, DT 179,
27
Jeg. 291, Fed. II 322-3 The lenis 'I (for the expected fortis 'I`-) is still to be explained M 'qul(a)-qV 'middle ear' ( 'earwax')
> WrM qulIi, qulaquu, HlM xynnx 'middle ear; earwax', Brt xonxn " xynxn, Klm xynx, {Rm.} _ul_+ 'earwax'; other ds of the v:
'qulmay- > WrM qulmai-, HlM xynxan- 'have the ears laid back, be crop-eared', Brt xynxan- 'have the ears laid back'; 'qulugur
> WrM qulugur, Hlm xyniap 'laid or pressed back' (of ears), 'crop-eared', Kl {KRS} xynlp 'crop-eared', {Rm.} _ul
u
y+r id.,
'having small ears', etc. MED 984, Chr. 581, 6OO, KRS 6O8, KW 196 The semantic prehistory of M 'qul(a)-qV 'middle ear' is
easy to understand on the analogy of Sp oido 'middle ear, organ of hearing' (< L auditus 'hearing, Gehr'): like Sp, M distinguishes
between the [external] ear (pM 'ciIin) and the real organ of hearing (middle ear) and derives the word for the latter from the verb 'to
hear' Tg 'xul- 'be heard, sound' (of a sound) > Nn Nh _olt-, Ul _oldt-, Lm tld+- id., Ork _tli 'echo', Ork _ulbun, Neg
olbtn-, Ewk ulta- " olta- 'be heard' (echo). STM II 263 pKo {S} 'Iui 'ear' ( N 'K'a?cvV to hear, notice' 'ear') > MKo
Iui, NKo Iu_i, Ko ds.: Ph Iu_i, Chs Iu`:, Ks Iu_i, PhN/Chj Iui, Sl Iqi, Kw Iu id. S AJ 252 [#22], S QK #22, Nam 64,
MLC 226-7 pJ 'Ii-I- 'to hear' (< ''Iil-I- < A 'I`uylV-IV) > OJ Ii_iI-, J: T IiI-, K/Kg IiI-, Ns IiIi_-, Sh ci_c-, Ht
sI_I-, Y I`- S QJ #37, TS 25, Mr. 7O8 DQA #1156 (A 'I`uyluo 'ear; to hear') ll D (in SD) {tr., GS} 'Icl- v. 'hear, listen' >
Tm, Kn Icl, Ml IclIIa id., Kt, Td Icl-, Kdg Inl- 'hear', Tu Icnuni 'listen, be attentive' D #2O17(a), GS 17O [#428a], 6O-1
[##174, 181] ^ Our hyp. of a three-syllabic N etymon opens the possibility of explaining the apparent discrepacy of vowels: after the
phonologicaly expected ("lautgesetzlich") loss of the lr. ('h?) the two vowels in hiatus position ('cu) contracted in S, U, T and M to
'u, and in D to 'c, while in some lgs. the resulting vw. influenced the preceding cns.: palatalization in IE ('I-), labialization in C
and Ch ('I"-). This hyp. is not sufficient to explain the discrepancy between U '-l- and D '-l-, therefore we have conjectured the
cluster '-ly-, which yields (as in some other roots) a U plain'-l- and a D postalveolar '-l- ^ IS MS 366 ('q'ivln). Not here ( IS)
K 'qur- 'ear', which is better explained otherwise ( N 'quRjv,V 'ear'). Therefore in the N etymon I reconstruct an unspecified
'K- rather than 'q-.
1O37. ? 'Kav'hElV 'outgrowh, inflation, abscess, hernia' > IE {EI} ''Icu_Hl / gen. 'IuH'l-os > NaIE d
'Icv'ala / 'Iavjojla / 'Iula 'inflation (in a body), hernia' > Gk I k, Gk A ko 'tumour', esp. 'rupture, hernia', 'bump (on
a buffalos back)' (< 'Iavjojla) || ON haull, AS hcala, OHG hola 'hernia' (< 'Iaov(o)la || BSl 'Iula (< NaIE 'Iula) > Sl
'Iila 'hernia, inflation' > ChS kao IIla, kuao Iila, Blg 'inna, Cz Iyla, Slk Iyla, P Iila, Uk 'inna, in'na 'hernia', SCr Ii`la
'hernia, swelling, outgrowth', Slv Iila, R in) na 'hernia, outgrowth' | Lt Iula 'outgrowth', Iulas 'hernia' || Oss: I
iyinnay Ivsllav, D Iullav 'hernia' (the glottalized I- needs explaination) WP I 333, P 536-7, EI 268 (''Icu_Hl / gen.
'IuH'l-os 'hernia'), F I 839-4O, Vr. 214, Ho. 15O, Kb. 476, OsS 414, Frn. 2O6, ESSJ XIII 262-3, Glh. 317, Ab. I 648 ll HS: S: Ar
qayl-at- - qil-at- 'hernia', qillit- id. (t on the analogy of qalt- 'deformation'?) Fr. III 489, 523 ? B 'glhz > Ah
a.gclhah (pl. igolhahon) 'hernia' Fc. 429 ll A: M 'qolqjuy,- > WrM qolqui-, HlM xonxon- 'be inflated, have a big belly', Kl
xonxa-x 'be inflated' MED 96O, KRS 594 ^ Qu., because the Ar words may be of Gk origin, and the M cognate has an
unexplained final '-qV (from a sx.?).
1O38. 'KUXla 'be dry' > HS: S 'Ihl > Ar qhl G (pf. qahila) 'become dry, dry up' Hv. 589 ll A {DQA} 'I`ola- v.
'dry, get stale' > Tg 'xolga 'get\make dry' > Nn Nh/B _olgo-, Ewk, Sln, Neg olgo-, Lm olg+- " olga-, Ud ogo-, Orc ogita-, WrMc
olgo- - ol_o- 'get dry', Ewk, Sln olgi-, Lm, Neg olgt-, Orc oggi-, oggii-, Ud vagisi-, Ul _olt-/t-, Ork _oldo-, Nn Nh/B _olgt-,
_olgtct-, WrMc valgiya- vt. 'dry' STM II 12-3 pKo {S} 'Iorh- 'get stale, go bad, rot' > NKo Iolh- Iol- S QK #168, MLC
16O pJ {S} 'Iara- 'dry out, become ripe' > OJ Iara-, J: T Iarc, K Iarc-, Kg Iarc- S QJ #493, Mr. 7O4 DQA #1114,
Rm. SKE 121-2 (Ko, Tg), S AJ 29O ^ ? S NSShS (equates A with K (GZ) 'gval- 'be (of drought)', see N 'gUlV 'season without
vegetation').
1O39. ? 'KayLa 'to shout, call' > HS: Sml qayl(i)- v. 'shout, call', Sml N {Abr.} qaylo a shout' Abr. S 2O2, DSI 496 ll A
M 'qayla- v. 'call, shout, weep' > MM [S, MA, IM] qayla- v. 'shout', WrM qayla-, HlM xanna- v. 'weep, cry' MED 912, H 57, Pp.
MA 287-7, 444 ? pKo {S} 'Inro- 'say' ( N 'Klya 'tongue', q.v. ffd.) ll D 'Icl- v. 'speak' [ N 'Klya ''. q.v. ffd.]
Gr. II #357 ('Icl 'speak') [qu. Y, Ko, Gil, CK, EA + err. IE (< N 'IaLjV,hV 'shout'), U, A - cp. N 'Klya 'tongue'].
1O4O. 'KEyja,la 'burn (vt., vi.), heat, be heated, roast' > A {DQA} 'I`i_ala 'hot, ashes', {IS} 'I`i_ala- 'be hot, be warmed' >
M 'qala- v. 'be (come)\feel warm\hot' > WrM qala-, HlM xana-, Kl _al
a
- id., M 'qala-yun 'hot, warm' > WrM qala-gun, MM
(ArSc) vv|Q qala-vun, (ChSc) _alavun, HlM, Kl _alun, Mgl {Rm.} qalun, qaloun, {Wr.} qn'lon, M 'qala-'ya- vt. 'heat,
burn' > WrM qalaga-, HlM _ala- MED 916-7, H 57, Ms. H 87, Pp. MA 288-9, KW 162-4, Rm. M 31, Wr. B 176 Tg
'xi_al-(ta) 'embers, charcoal' > Ewk clla " clda, Lm alr+ " yald+, Neg cla, Ud yala"a, Ul sclta " si_alta, Ork sclta id., Nn
st_al-ta " scl-ta " xcal-ta " |ala 'coal', Ud {Krm.} yalaha 'coals that have died out'; other ds : Ewk Np ilaIan id., Sln ilgs 'live
28
coals', Tg 'xialb'uj-, > Ewk clbiIan 'live coals (used to roast meat)', Neg clbt 'live coals', Nn Nh st_albt, Nn B salbt 'piece of
live coal', Ul scl-bt " si_albu, Ud {Krm.} yalaha 'coal', Orc (i_)al-u- v. 'get dirty with coal', Ewk cl-la- v. 'char, become charred',
Sln ilci 'embers, coal', Lm alr+ " all+ " clla " i_aldo " yald+, Neg cla 'coal', Mc yalmaqi 'soot' STM I 289-9O, Krm.
241 ? T 'Ij`,ala- 'burn' > Chg, Slr, ET ? qala- vt. 'burn', Az gala-, Tk ?, ET ?, Qrg qala- v. 'fire (a stove, hearth)', Tkm ? gala-,
Tk ? gala- " qala-, Qrg, ET ?, Ln qala- 'kindle (fire)', StAlt, Tlt {Rl.} qala- vi. 'burn, catch fire'; acc. to Cl. 617, these words are
loans from M 'qala- and 'qala-ya- (hence the root is absent in Turkic of the pre-Mongolian period) ET Q 228-9 (considers
'Kala- 'burn' and 'Kala- 'put' to be one word), Rl. II 226, IS I 333, Rs. W 294, ET KQ 228-9 IS I 333, DQA #1O4O ? pKo
{S} 'Iiri-m 'soot' > MKo Iirim, NKo Iirim (or J Iura 'dark') S AJ 257 [#186], but absent in S QK DQA #1O4O (A
'I`i_ala 'hot, ashes' > M, Tg)ll D {tr., GS} 'Ial- vi. 'burn' > Ml IaluIa id., Ialal 'flame', Tl Ialu vi. 'burn, be baked', Prj
Ial- v. 'smart' D #15OO ll HS: S 'Ily vt. 'roast, fry, burn' > Ak Ilvy (inf. Ialu) vt., vi. 'roast, burn', BHb Ilvy (pf. el1q!
Ia'la) v. 'roast', JA, Sr Ily (pf. al1q6, Sr \o Io'la), Md Ily (spelled Il) v. 'roast, parch, fry', JEA Ily G vt. 'burn, roast',
Ar qlyv (pf. laqa - <aQa qala), Gz, Tgy qlw Ilv v. 'roast, parch', Sb TlqT tIlt 'burning of limestone for plaster (?)', Sq {L}
IlV 'roast, fry', {Jo.} 'Ialo? v. 'roast (corn)', Mh IlV v. 'cook, fry', Jb IlV v. 'fry' GB 714, KB 1O29-3O, KBR 11O1, Lv. IV
31O, Sl. 1O17-8, JPS CSD 5O6, L G 431, L LS 375, BGMR 1O5, Jo. J 145, Jo. M 23O, CAD XIII 69-71 ? Eg NK
Irr ['IVli:l-] 'holocaust (Brandopfer)' > DEg gll, glyl > Cpt oata clil id., but not necessarily Eg fP Irr v. 'fire (pottery), broil' (that
may belong to N 'Iar 'U 'to burn (vt.), heat' [q.v.]) EG V 61, Fk. 281, Vc. 338 ll IE: NaIE 'Icl- 'warm, hot; warm weather' [
N 'KcizE 'warm, warm weather', q.v. ffd.] IS I 332-3 adduces here words meaning 'cold' as well (OI sisira-, Lt saltas id.,
OCS taouo 'hoar-frost', etc., Mn. 634), which is very doubtful: it is difficult to imagine functioning of a lge. which has the same
stem meaning both 'hot, warm' and 'cold'. In my opinion, these are rather two different roots which were somehow (at least
accentually or prosodically) distinguished and were etymologically different. IE 'Icl- 'cold' goes back to N 'KELjH,V 'cold' (q.v.
ffd.) and is not related to 'Icl- 'warm, hot' ^ Cp. IS I 332-3: S, IE, D, A (T, M, Tung.). Cf. AD AltAD #6.
1O41. 'Ko'yjV,lE 'testicles' > HS: S 'Ilv > Ar Mgr qolva 'testicle' C {AD} 'I"Vl(l)- 'testicle(s)' > Ag: Bln {R}
I"cla - I"ola '(pair of) testicles' (pl. I"olil) || Bj Am {AD} ?t 'vila (pl. '?c vila), Bj {R} ula, 'vula, 'vcla, {Rop.} vila
'testicle' || EC: Kns {BlSO} Iul-a 'testicles' AD SF 2OO, R WB 238, R WBd 237, Rop. 247, BlSO 86 ? NrOm: Bdt {Hw.}
Io'loo 'testicles' ( N 'qUljV,'V 'penis'?) ?? Ch: CCh: Bcm {Sk. in ChC} I"alc`y 'testicle(s)' | Gdr {Mch.} gclc id. |
Ms sb.: Zm {J} gcl, {Sa.} gc`l, LamP {ChL} gi` gc`l || ECh: Kwn {J} Inln`sn, Ke {Eb.} Islsq, Kbl {Cp.} gsli, EDng {Fd.}
gulla, Mgm {J} golilc, Brg {J} gulali, Mu {J} gurli id. ChC, ChL Coh. 127 [#243] ll IE: NaIE {Bern.}
'Icu_l-/Io(u_)l- 'testiculi, scrotum' > L colcus 'testicle', colci pl. 'scrotum' (> OIt coglia, Rum coiu, Prov colh-s 'scrotum',
OFr coil, Ft couillc 'testicle'), L colco, -on-is, () culio 'testicle' (> It coglionc, Sp co|on, Fr couillon, Prv colho, Ctl collo) ||
Sl 'sulc(t-) (< 'sul-|ct with the dim. sx. '-|ct) > R (, ?) nt. my'n , pl. my'n ra, Blr my'n ri'testicles' WH I 244, K. 286,
ML ##2O36, 2O38, Bern. IeuBS 155, Vs. IV 486 ll U: FP 'Iolc 'testicle(s)' > Es ? Ioli 'testicle', F Iolli 'dog\cat in heat; tom-cat',
Iolli-Iissa 'tom-cat, cat in heat' (Iissa means 'cat') | pLp {Lr.} 'Iols 'testicles' > Lp: N {N} guolla ~ guol'la, S {Hs.} guolc, L
{LLO} Iuolla, Kld Iull | pPrm 'Io'l 'testicle' > Z Lu Isl {UEW} id., Prmk {KPR} Isl 'scrotum', Vt S Io'lan, Vt Uf {Wc.}
Islan 'testicles' Set. FUS 55 and UEW 175 (both equate this FP v with one of the Sm words for 'penis' - s.v. N 'qUljV,'V
'penis'), SK 211-2, Lr. #51O, Hs. 688, KPR 192 FU '-l- may go back to N '-yl- ll D ? 'Ioy'il- 'pudendum muliebre' > Ka gulli,
Tu Ioyil, Tl golli id. D #2138 ^ D 'l points to N 'l (rather than 'l). FP '-l- < '-yl- ^ IS SS 335 [#7.3] and IS MS 373 s.v.
) nuio (testiculus) 'qoln (in both sources U, HS + unc. K 'qvcr- 'testicles').
1O42. 'Kala 'to throw, leave' - 'to remain, wait' > IE 'Ilcu- 'lay' ({EI} 'Ilch_- 'spread out flat') > NaIE Ila- 'lay, spread
out' > Lt prs. Ilo|u/ inf. Ilo-ti 'spread, make the bed', Ltv Ila|u / Ilat id., 'lay (the table)' | Sl 'Ilado/ 'Ilasti 'to lay' > OCS
kaoa Ilado / kaot:u Ilasti, McdS ina(c, Slv Iladcm / Ilasti, Cz Iladu / Ilasti, P Ilasc, OR Iladu / Ilasti, R ina'(y,
'inacr" id., SCr Iladcm (~ Ila`dcm) / Ila`sti id., 'put' || Gt af-hla|an 'beladen', ON hlaa, AS, OSx hladan, OHD hladan
" hlathan, NHG ladcn 'to put as a load, to load, put', NE load P 599, EI 539, Frn. 274-5, ESSJ IX 187-9, Glh. 32O, Fs. 6, Vr. 234,
Ho. 161, Ho. S 34, OsS 4O5, KM 418 ll HS: WS 'Il 'to leave, throw, sling' > Mh {Jo.} Il 'let, allow, leave; leave off', Hrs
Il 'let, leave', Jb E/C {Jo.} Il 'let, allow', Sq {Jo.} Il 'drop, let fall', Hb Il v. 'sling (stones)', JA/Sr Il D 'to sling', Gz
Il v. G 'throw from a sling, hit a ball', ? Ar ql v. G 'dismiss, discharge; take off (ones clothes)', 'arracher, ter', Hb ol2q#
'Icla, JA ao1l6q% Iil'-a, Sr '999999990le Icl'-a 'a sling' Ug Il {A} id., {OLS} 'sword'; Sr '0olowu muIla'-a,
Ar qula-at- 'glans fund, globulus e funda iactus', Sr maIloa'n-a 'ballista, catapulta, funda', Ar miqla-, Gz miIlo 'sling'
Jo. M 229, Jo. J 144, Jo. H 75, KB 1O33-4, KBR 11O6, PS 3638-9, L G 426, A #4213, OLS 366 Eg fMK I: {Fk.} 'vomit', {EG}
'ausspeien, ausbrechen' > Cpt Sd ko aea Ia bol id. (aea means 'auen, auerhalb') ( S '-Ii?- 'vomit', cf. GB 711-2, KB 1O24)
29
EG V 7, Fk. 275, Vc. 7O ? B 'vql (= 'vyl) - ? 'yl > Ah oqqol 'wait'; 'v- goes back to a px. of middle voice verbs' ? Zng
{TC} ayyih 'attendre' Fc. 1713, DCTC 288, TC FL 2 ll U 'Iaza- 'leave, let' (- 'remain') > pLp {Lr.} 'Iooc- 'leave' > Lp: L
{LLO} Iuotct, N {N} guoddct, Kld Iuddt co | Er Iado-, Mk Iado- 'leave, let' | Chr H/L/Uf/B Iooc- 'leave', Iooa- 'remain' | F
Iatoa- (inf. Iado-ta), Es Iadu- 'get lost, disappear, vanish' | Prm 'Iol- (?LG 'Iol-) 'leave, remain' > Z Iol-, Z US Iol-, Yz
'Iul- id., Vt IIl-, Vt B Iol- ({?Lt.} Iol-) 'remain without sth., be deprived of; fall behind, be late' || ObU {Ht.} 'Iuo- - 'IIo-
'leave' > pVg {Ht.} 'Iul- 'leave, abandon (verlassen)' > Vg: T Iol-, LL/ML Iul-, UL/Ss xul-; pVg 'Iul-t- 'remain (bleiben)'
> Vg: T Iolt-, LK xolt-, MK I"olt-, UK I"ult-, P/NV/SV/LL Iult-, UL/Ss xult-; pOs {Ht.} 'IIy- (? - 'Iay-) 'leave behind' >
Os: V/Vy qay-, Ty/Y qIy-, D/K/Kz/O _ay-, Nz _Iy-; pOs 'IIc- (? - 'Iac-) 'remain behind' > V/Vy/Ty/Y qIt-, D/K _ct-,
Nz _is-, Kz _Is - _as-, O _is-; pOs 'Iacoy- id. > Ty qatoy-, K _atyo-, Kz _osi- | Hg hagy- v. 'let, leave' Sm {Jn.}
'Iaya- 'leave, leave behind' > Ne T xac-c", Ne O {Lh.} _ayc, Ne F Iayyics, Ng (1s aor. sbcj.) {Cs.} Ioac?cma, En {Cs.}
Iac- (1s aor. Iaibo), Slq Tz {KKIH} qscI-, Mt {Hl.} 'Ioyo- 'bleiben, (?) lassen' (Mt: M {Sp.} ioc--xo 'ocrann) n'); Sm {Jn.}
'Iay+-, {Hl.} 'Ia|o- 'remain, remain behind (bleiben, zurckbleiben)' > Ne T xac--c", {Lh.} _ayo-, Ne F Iayyo-s, Ng
{Cs.} (1s aor.) Iou?am, En (1s aor.) {Cs.}: En X Iai|aro?, En B Iai|ado?, Kms (1s prs.) {KD} qoyola'm, Koyb {Sp.} ioc-iax
'ich bleibe', Mt M {Sp.} (1s aor.) ncxcn(a-xoc-iax 'I remain' Y: K {Jc.} Iudicl vt. 'leave (lassen)', ?? T {Krn.} Iudicl 'keep
(xpannr")', Iudcrcl id., 'put' Coll. 22-3, UEW 115-6, Sm. 537-8 (U, FU 'Iada-, FP 'Iada-, Ugr 'Iada-, Sm 'Ia|a- 'leave'),
Lr. #5O3, MRS 2O3, LG 131, It. #14, Ht. #227, MF 24O, Jn. 58, KKIH 16O, Hl. M #531, Ang. 128, Krn. JJ 273, Rd. UJ 36-7 [#15]
(Y A U) ll A 'I`ala- 'to remain, wait' > T {Md.} 'Ii_al- 'remain' ({tAD}: < ''I`Eal- < ''Ia:l-) > NaT 'Ial- id. > OT qal-
'remain, remain behind', MQp, XwT, Chg qal-, Tkm gal-, Xlj qal-, Yk _al-, Tk Ial-, Az gal-, Uz, Tf qol-, Ggz Ial-, Qmq, Blq,
VTt, Bsh, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, Alt, ET, Tv qal-, Xk _al- || Chv |ul- 'remain' Cl. 615-6, ET KQ 226-8, Ra. 217, Rs. W 224, DT 174,
Md. 11O-1, 169 The lax cns. 'I- (for the expected tense 'I`-) is not yet explained Tg 'xala- 'wait' > WrMc aliya-, Nn Nh
_alact-, Nn B _alct-, Ul _alact/t-, Ork _ala(t)t, Orc alaci-, Ud alasi-, Ewk, Neg alat- - ala-, Sln alas-, Lm alat- - ala-
'wait'; WrMc aliyaqa- 'to wait a little, go slowly', aliyan n. 'waiting', Nn Nh _alaqan- 'wait a little (with)' STM I 29-3O ? J
{S} 'Iara- > OJ Iara- 'stay away, get apart', J T Iara-rc-ru 'be driven by, carried away by' Kenk. 851 Not here ( SDM97) M
'qala > WrM qala, HlM xan 'hardship; injuriousness, harmfulness, detriment', Kl {Rm.} _al 'Mhe, Arbeit' (arbitrarily interpreted
by STM as 'bitter life experience') MED 916, KW 161-2 S VL 199, DQA #962 [A 'I`alau 'wait, be late'; incl. T, Tg] ll ??? K
{IS} 'Icl- > Zan {IS} 'Ial- > Lz go-nIal- 'go away', Mg gi-Il-i-u 'to remain with empty hands' Chik. 288 ^ U '-z- <
'-l- (reg.); IS reconstructed N 'I- (rather than 'q-) on the precarious ev. of the very doubtful K cognate ( Zan 'Ial-). If we do not
rely on the K ev., the N v is to be reconstructed with an unspecified 'K- (i.e. 'Iq-) ^ IS I 318 (IaIa 'go away, leave'), AD LZL
358 ('Iala) ^ The semantic history of the v may be represented as follows: [1] 'to throw' 'to leave' - 'be left 'remain'
'wait', [2] 'throw' 'put sth. somewhere'.
1O43. 'Iala 'to cut, hew, chop, stab' ( 'to slaughter') > IE: NaIE 'Iclo-/'Ila- v. 'hew, chop' (possibly 'qAllV 'to
break, tear, pluck' [q.v.]) > Gk oikco 'two-pronged hoe, mattock', koo) adj. 'docked', 'stump-horned' (of oxen and other horned
animals) || Lt Ial-ti 'to forge, mint, coin', Ialtas 'chisel', Iclmas 'tree-stump; sth. cut\split', Pru Ialo-cilis "Hackemesser"
'chopping-knife, chopper', rcicalis {Tp.} 'anvil' | Sl 'Iol-ti (prs. 'Iol-o) v. 'prick\stab, slaughter' > OCS kao:u 'pungere', Blg
'``ion v. 'prick\stab, slaughter', SCr Ilati / Io_l|cm , Slv Ilati / Iol|cm id., R io'nor" / io'nn 'to prick\stab, chop',
:a-io'nor" 'to slaughter', Uk io'norn / 'ionn id., Cz Ilati 'to prick\stab, kill', Cz ? Ilati 'to split', P Iloc / Iolc v. 'chop\split'
(see also N 'Kollqa 'to knock, strike, hit') Cz Ilat 'tree-stump, log of wood, club\cudgel' || ? (+ext.) Clt: OIr claidim 'dig', Brtt
{RE} 'Ila(:)d- id. > Crn clcdhya, cludhya, Br Ilazan 'dig', W claddu 'bury, dig' NaIE 'Ila-ro- 'piece of wood, board' > Gk
ko), Gk D koo) 'piece of wood used as a lot, piece of wood', OIr clar, OW claur (pl. cloriou 'tabellis') 'board', W clavr
'surface', Br Ilcur 'limon de charette', 'shaft of a forked thill (in a vehicle)' P 545-7, EI 431 ['IlH-ro-s 'plank' (unj. ) 'Icl-
'strike, hew'], F I 392-3, 872-3, 9O2-3, Vn. C 113-4, RE 88, YGM-1 87-8, Hm. 464, 466, Frn. 211-2, En. 235, Tp. P I-K 175-6, Bern.
551-2, ESSJ X 154-6, Glh. 32O Sl 'Iol-ti 'to slaughter' belongs here rather than to N 'qola 'to kill', which is proved by its acute
intonation indicating a IE v with a lr. ('Iclo- rather than 'I"cl- resulting from N 'qola-) ll K 'Ial- > G Il-/Ial-/Ivl- v.
'prick\stab, slaughter, kill' Chx. 597-8 The variant Ivl- is probably secondary ll HS: CS 'Il > Hb Il v. 'carve', Ar qil-at-
(pl. qila-) 'morceau coup ou fendu en long' KB 1O33, KBR 11O6, BK II 8O3 EC 'Ial- v. 'cut off' > Sa Ial- v. 'cut off',
Sml qal- v. 'carve up', ? Or {Th., Sr.} Ial- v. 'flay' ('scorticare una bestia uccisa'); EC 'Ial- v. 'slaughter' ( N 'qola 'kill') > Or
{Th., Sr.} Ial-, Kns qal-, Gdl Ial-, Dsn gal-, Rn _ala, Hd alalcs- vt. 'slaughter' AD SF 68, Ss. PEC 49, Bl. 197, Bl. G 64, BlSO
155, Th. 269, Sr. 351, BlSO 155, PG 187, To. DL 5O2 ? CCh: pBT 'Iul- v. 'shave' > Tng {J} Iulc id., Pr {Frz.} Iulu id.,
30
Iulc 'act of shaving' Stl. VZCh B #119, J T 1O4, Frz. P 38 ll A 'I`al- > Tg 'xaldi- v. 'hew, carve' > Ewk aldi-, Neg aldt-, Orc,
Ud agdi-, Ul _aldt- - _aldt, Ork, Nn _alt, Mc ani- v. 'hew, trim', Lm ald+- id., v. 'bark (a tree)' STM I 31 Rm. SKE 14
equates the Tg v with Ko aro-sagida 'to carve, cut' M v 'qul- (represented in WrM qulai-, HlM xynan-x v. 'have cropped ears'
and in Kl {KRS} _ul-yor 'having cropped ears') is not likely to belong here MED 984, KRS 6O8 ^ Because of the coalescence of
'q and 'I in some descendant lgs. (outside K) and the homonymic merger with N 'qAllV 'to break, tear' [q.v.] is possible.
1O44. 'Ial'E 'rock, hill, stone' > IE {EI} 'IolH-on- - 'IlH-'n-os 'hill' > Gk koev, koevo) 'hill' (e < 'ov?) || L
collis 'hill' || Gmc: AS hyll > NE hill (< Gmc 'xul-ni-z < IE 'Iolo-ni-s), MDt hill, hillc 'hill'; Gmc 'xulma(-z) > OSx holm id., ON
holmi, holmr 'island'; Gmc 'xulma- 1 Sl 'x+lm+ 'hill' > OCS a+m+ xl+m+, Blg xnx, Scr hum, Sln. holm, Cz chlm, P
choIm, R xonx|| Lt Ialnas, Ltv Ialns 'mountain' WP I 433-4, P 544, EI 27O, F I 9O6-7, WH I 245, Bc. 23-6, Frn. 2O9, Ho. S
35, Ho. 183, Skeat 271, Vr. 248, Glh. 271-2, Vs. IV 255 ll HS: S 'Il > Ar qulaat- & qullaat- {Fr. after [Jh.]} 'magnum
saxum in planitie extans', [Qam., Jh.] {Fr.} 'gleba, saxumve de solo avulsum ad iaciendum' Fr. III 49O B: Kb Z {Bs.} i-yil (pl.
i-yallon), Kb AX {Bs.} ti-yil-t 'hill' Ds. 19O, Bs. NLB I 158 ll K 'Ildc- 'rock' > OG, G Ildc-, Mg Isrdc-, Iirdc- id., Sv
{K} Ioldc, I(il)dc id. (A G?), Sv UB/Ln/L Io 'cliff, rock' K 113, K DE 359, K
2
97, GM S 95-6, GP 131, TJ 35O ll U
'IazV ({UEW} 'Iaza} 'mountain' > Hg hcgy 'tip, summit, mountain' ( FU 'Iaca - 'Icca < N 'Kcc`'a 'tip, end
[extremity]') Sm: Ne T {Ter.} xon 'mountain, mountain ridge, hill', Ne O {Lh.} xoy 'Landrcken (Wasserscheide), mountain
ridge', En X {Cs.} Iu?co, En B {Cs.} Iui|u 'Landrcken', Ng {Cs.} Ioa|a 'mountain ridge', Slq Tz {KKIH} qs ({KD} Icc) 'steep
bank' (') p', {KD} 'hoher Uferabhang'), 'mountain' UEW 115, Ter. 768, KKIH 16O, Cs. 48, 81, 116 Acc. to UEW, the front vw. in
Hg may be due to the palatalizing effect of '-z- [i.e. obstruent '-l-]. An alt. explanation is the infl. of a front stem-final vw. (vw.
harmony) ll D {tr., GS} 'Iall 'stone' > Tm Ial id., Ml Ial, Iallu 'stone, rock', Kt, Png Ial, Td Ias_, Ka Ial, Ialu, Iallu, Kdg Ialli,
Tu Iall, Tl Iallu, Prj Icl, Gnd Ial " Iall(i) " Ialu, Knd Ialu, Brh xal 'stone', Nkr I"albada 'stone slab for pounding' D #1298 ^
IS I 334-5 s.v. 'KaLi '(no(nnxar"(c) )' (does not distinguish 'Ial'E from 'Ial'hi 'high; be high'). U '-z- < N '-l- (reg.) (
AD LZL ).
1O45. 'IulyV (or 'IulV?) 'silt, dirt' > HS: CS 'Iula- 'silt, mud' > Sr '0olowu Iulaa {Br.} 'lutum, gleba', {JPS}
'lump of earth, earth', Ar qula- 'cracked dry mud\clay, silt' ({BK} 'boue\limon qui se crevasse pendant la scheresse') Br. 669, JPS
494, BK II 8O4 ? B 'nIl v. 'be/make dirty' > Ah onIol 'souiller, tre souill' Fc. 1374-5 ll K: Sv UB {GP}, Sv {Ni.} Iol
'excrement' (< ''IyUl-?) GP 131 ll U: FU 'I'ulV > ObU 'IulyV - (with delabialization) 'IilyV 'swamp' > pOs
'Ioloy > Os: V/Vy Iolo, Ty Iclo, D Ia'lo, Kz Ial id.; pVg 'Iilo- > Vg: LK Icli (pl. Iclot), MK/UK Icli, P/UL/Ss
Icli, NV/SV/LL Icli, Icllot id. ll A: T 'I`ul 'ashes, cinders' [ N 'IullV (or 'IavllV?) 'glowing coals; to roast\fry\cook',
q.v. ffd.] S AJ 281 [#146] ^ The lr. is to be reconstructed as 'y if N '-ly- yields U '-l- and if K 'I- goes back here to 'Iy-;
otherwise it must have been ' (FU '-V or ObU '-o being a sx.); Altaic vw. length is due to the loss of the lr.
1O46. 'Ial'hi 'high; be high' > IE 'IcljH,- > NaIE 'Iclj(o),- v. 'be high, rise (above)' > L antc-/cx-/rac-ccllo, -crc v. 'be
outstanding, excel', pp. cclsus 'high', columcn 'that which is raised on high, hight, summit' || Lt Iclti (1s prs. Icliu), Ltv cclt v.
'raise' WP I 433-4, P 544, WH I 197, 249-5O, Frn. 237-8, EI 27O [columcn < 'IclH-mcn 'IclH-'project, tower up',
whence 'IolH-on 'hill' (cf. N 'Ial'E 'rock, hill, stone')] The lr. is reconstructed on the ev. of the syllabic intonation in Lt and
Ltv (IS I 334); but one cannot rule out the possibility of a later morphological restructuring in Blt ll HS: S 'Ill v.
'lift\raise' - 'Ily 'high' > Ar qll G id., Sh
(pf. ?aqalla) 'rise high' (of the sun), Wlqu qulla (qly) 'peaks of mountains; tops of
heads' Fr. III 485, 494, Hv. 622, 626 B ''qly (> 'yly/'qly) v. 'rise' > Sll {Ds.} oyli (pret. iy"li) v. 'climb, rise' ('monter [un
escalier, sur un arbre\une table\etc.']), Tz {Stm.} yu'lii_, hab. aqqa'lay 'emporsteigen', ASgr {Bs.} cyli' v. 'rise' Stm. 182, Ds.
19O, Bs. NLB I 158 Eg fP I:y (< 'IVry-) 'be high; high', Eg fP I:: (later I:y) 'hill, high ground', Eg fP I:t id., Eg fXVIII
I:yt id., 'arable land' [ N 'IarjV?,V 'pointed, sharp; point, peak, rock', more plausibly than with N 'ga?i 'ga?yV 'high' [q.v.])]
EG V 5-6, Fk. 275 Ch: Hs Ioli, Hs Kc Ioli 'top', Hs Iolol(u)va id. || CCh {ChL}: WMrg Iuldi v. 'lift' | HgNg
Iulutc, Kps IIltc, HgG Iuludc id. Abr. H 534, ChL Cal. #322 (Eg, S), OS #16O4 (S, B, Ch), Tk. I 65 (Eg, S, B, Hs)
A possible semantically dubious cognate: NrBc {Tk.} 'Iul-Iul- 'deep' >> {Sk.}: My IulIul, Mbr IulIulo, Kry IulIulna, Cg
luIsluIs id. Sk. NB 18, Tk. NB 182 ll K: Sv: {Ni.} Iolt_-i, L {Dn.} Iolt_-i, UB {TK, GP}, L {TK} Iolt_i, LB Iolt_i, Ln
{TK} Ilat_i 'high', UB/LB/Ln {TK} na-Ilat_i, L na(n)Ilat_i 'height' GP 132, TK 355, 611, Ni. s.v. 'nicoi n' & 'nicora',
Dn. s.v. Iolt_-i The element -t_- may be an ext. (< the second component of a cd ?) ll A: NaT 'I`ali- v. 'rise in the air' ( v.
'jump up') > OT qali- v. 'rise in the air', Tkm gal- 'stand up, rise', Alt qali- 'jump over sth.', Tv _ali- v. 'jump, run', Tlt, QK, Qb, Sg
qali- 'to jump, jump up', SbTt Tb {Tm.} qali(y)- v. 'soar', Yk Iiliy- 'jump on one foot (a game)'; -: [1] 'Ij`jal-dir- 'raise' > Az
31
galdir-, T Ialdir-, Ggz Ialdir-; [2] 'KalI- 'rise' > Tk IalI-, Tkm galq-, Az gal_-, Gg, Uz, Qmq, Nog, VTt, Bsh qalq- id. ; [3] OT
{Cl.} qaliq 'air, atmosphre, (visible) sky', i.e. 'space above the earth'; in spite the English translation 'air', this word has nothing to do
with the meaning 'air, wind' and therefore cannot be equated with D 'Ial 'air, wind' or D 'Iali 'wind' ( Blz. DA 162 [#97]) [see
N 'gALV 'wind'] Cl. 617, , 62O ET KQ 224-6, Rl. II 239-4O, Rs. W 226, BT 7O, Tm. 117, ET KQ 224-6 M 'qali- > WrM
qali-, HlM xann-( x) v. 'fly\soar\skim (in flying); flow over the brim of, overflow' (of a vessel\river), Kl {Rm.} _ali-(_o) id.,
{KRS} xan"-x 'to soar', Brt xann-xa 'to flow over the brim of, overflow' MED 919, KRS 572, KW 163, Chr. 538-9 ^ IS I 334-5
s.v. 'KaLi '(no(nnxar"(c) )' (does not distinguish 'Ial'hi 'high' from 'Ial'E 'rock, hill, stone''). If there was a lr. in the IE
stem, it must have gone back to N 'h (the only lr. easily lost in HS and able to yield 'o in IE) Gr. II #3O9 ('Ial - 'Icl 'rise,
sky') [IE & A ( IS) + unc. : J, Gil, CK, EA].
1O47. 'I'al'hu 'stick, hook, bar' ( 'bar for locking') > HS: C 'Ial- - ?? 'Ial- 'stick' > EC: [1] Or {Tut.} Iala 'cudgel';
[2] {Ss.} 'Ial- 'stick' ( N 'I'olV 'bough, stick', q.v. ffd.) Ss. B 114, AD SF 68-9 NrOm ( N 'I'olV): Bdt/Zs {C} Iallo
'stick', Shn {CR} Iullo 'wood (Holz)', ? Kf {C SE III} Iallo 'stick (?)' (unless = Kf Iullo 'sphere', 'bastone di palla') C SE III
2O4, C SE IV 485 S 'Il(v) > Ar qul-at- (pl. quluvan-) {Hv.} 'pieces of wood with which children play' Fr. III 493, Hv.
626 ? Ch {Stl.} 'Iolu 'hoe' > WCh: Gera {ChC} I"alli, ? Krkr Iala 'hoe' (unless A Hs) | Jm {Gw.} Ivalo id. | ?? Hs Ialai_
'worn out long-handled hoe' (unless A Knr {Lk.} Iolc 'old iron-piece of a hoe') || CCh: Wmd {ChL} Iul, Hld {ChL} I"ulu` 'hoe'
Stl. IF 95, Ba. 537, Lk. KL 2O7 ll K: OG Ilitc {Abul.} 'bar (for locking), lock', {Ser.} 'key' (Luc. 11.52), G Ilitc 'lock' Abul.
2OO, Ser. 79, Chx. 6O2 ll IE 'IlcHv- > NaIE 'Ilav- - 'Ilcv- 'stick, hook, locking bar, lock' > Gk: D koi) / -ioo), I
ki) / -ioo), OA k)), A kci) 'bar\bolt (drawn or undrawn by a lath or thong)', 'key (a kind of catch\hook, by which the bar was
shot\unshot from the outside)' ( later 'key'), 'hook or tongue of a clasp' || L clavis 'key', clavus 'nail, spike', claud-o, -crc v. 'shut,
close' || OIr clo (pl. cloi) 'nail', MW clo 'bolt (Riegel, Verschlu)', pl. clocu 'clavi', OBr clou 'ac'utamenta' (misspelt
'acitamenta') = {Flr.} 'aiguillon, ferrement', MBr clou 'ferrement', claou 'pointe de fer', W clo 'lock', Br {Flr.} Ilao(u) 'verrou', {Hm.}
Ilaoucnn 'ferrement, bout de fer' || Lt Iliuti (prs. Iliuvu) vi. 'hook (on), 'be suspended', Ltv Ilaustitics 'to hang, be
suspended', caus. Lt Iliudyti vt. 'hang' || Sl 'Iluci 'hook, key' > OCS kavi Iluci 'key, hook (for torturing)', Blg, R innu, P
Ilucz, HLs Iluc 'key', Blg ? Iluc 'hook for hanging a kettle\saucepan over the fire', SCr Il|uc, Slv Il|uc, Cz Ilic, OP Ilucz,
LLs Iluc 'hook, key'; Sl 'IluIa 'hook, stick with a bent end' > R inn'ia 'stick with a bent end', SCr Il|u_Ia, Slv Il|uIa, Cz IliIa,
OP, HLs IluIa 'hook', Uk 'innia 'stick with a hook, hook'; ? Sl 'Iluna > SCr Il|u_na 'hook' P 6O5-6, EI 272 ['Ilch_vi-s 'bolt,
bar, (wooden) hook'], LS 957, F I 866-7, WH I 229-31, Vn. C 121, Flr. 1O9, Hm. 464, YGM-1 89, Frn. 274, ESSJ X 5O-6, SJSS XV
31-2, Glh. 323-4 ll ? U: FU (d ?) 'IaLta > ObU 'IaLtV ( N 'gElV 'stalk, twig') > Vg Ss {Ht.} Ialt 'pole, Stange' in
ats-Ialt 'a pole of the ncpcncc (a device for catching ducks)', Vg N {MK} atos-Ialt 'Stange des Vogelnetzes'; pOs 'Ialt >
Os: V/Vy Ialt, Ty/Ag Ia't, Y Ia'(t), Kr/K Ia't, O Ia'lt 'a long pole supporting the net for catching ducks' ['eine der beiden langen
Stangen, zwischen denen das Entennetz (ncpcncc) aufgehangt ist'], Nz qat, Kz qat id., 'poles on both sides of the opening of a bow-
net (Reuse)' Ht. #747, Trj. S 1O1, MK 188, BV 7O, Stn. D 622 FU 'l for the expected 'l or 'l is accounted for by its position:
since there are no ObU words with 'lt or 'lt (in contrast to the existing cluster 'lt, Ht. ##59O, 684-5), we may suggest that the
opposition 'l 'l 'l was neutralized before 't (a cluster 'Lt) ll D 'Iala-, {GS} 'gala- 'hook, fish-hook' > Kn gala,
gana id., Ml Ialam 'fishing hook to catch aligators', Tu gala, Nkr gal, Prj gclam, Gnd galam 'fish-hook', Tl gala(:)mu id., 'a
many-hooked instrument for taking out anything falled in a well'; D 1 OI, Prkr gala-, Pali gala- 'fish-hook' D #1495 ^ S
''IiljV,?- (> Hb al3k`3 'Iclc [- ail5k`6 Io'li] [+ppa. of 3m: &al6k`5 Iil'?o; pl. Mia5l1k`6 Iola'?im] 'imprisonment, prison', Ak
Iilu 'Festhalten. Haft', KB 453, KBR 475), which is d from the S verb 'Il? 'hold, hinder', but it still possible that 'I'al'hu
'bar' ( 'bar for locking') may have influenced this S noun. The N front vw. is qu., because it is reconstructed on the ev. of Os only (D
'a < both 'a and 'a regularly).
1O48. 'KELjH,V 'cold' > IE: NaIE 'Icl- 'cold' > OI sisira- 'cool season, cold', Av sarota- adj. 'cold', ZPhl sart, NPrs drS
sard, KhS sada 'cold', Oss D/I sald 'frozen', Oss I salsn, Oss D salun v. 'freeze' || ON hcla 'hoar-frost' (< rdp 'hc-hla), ? AS
hcolca 'hoar-frost', Dt hal 'frozen ground', ? NGr B hal 'slippery ice-covered ground' ( the Gmc root for 'smooth, slippery': ON
hall id., OHG hali 'smooth') || Lt salu / salti 'to freeze, congeal; be frozen\chilly, feel cold'; Lt saltas, Ltv salts id. (<
'Iolotos); Ltv salna 'light frost on the background of warm weather (:axopo:in)' (e.g. 'first autumn frosts, morning frost'), Lt
salna id., 'hoar-frost' | Sl 'solna ({Glh.} 'sol'na) 'hoar-frost' > RChS taouo, Blg cnana, SCr ? slana`, SCr (with transformed
accentuation) slana id.; IS reconstructs here a pSl oxytonic accentual paradigm (preserved in SCr ?: nom. sg. slana`, acc. sg.
slanu`, nom./acc. pl. slanc`, etc.) P 551, Mn. 634, M K III 345-6, Bai. 424, Vr. 221, Vr. N 232, Ho. 156, Vl. II 273, Ab. III 27,
32
64, Frn. 96O-1, LKV 6O9, IS IA 155 (on accentuation in Sl), Glh. 557-, EI 112 ('Iclto- 'cold') NaIE lost the root-final lr.
probably in forms like 'IclHV > 'IclV (the lr. in prevocalic position) which were later generalized ll HS: EC: Sa {R} qala'-o n.
'cold (Klte), qala-it- 'feel cold' R S II 232 ? Eg P s-:Ih 'erfrischen' EG IV 315-6 ECh: Kwn {J} Ial, Kbly {Cp.} Ials,
Dng {Lk.} Iulut 'cold' ( N 'IuulE 'cold; to freeze' [q.v. ffd.]) Ember ESS #3.b.27, Vrg. PhHE 129 #26 and Tk. AANM 1
suggest to equate the Eg word with S ''IarjV,_- 'ice' (see N 'Iirju,qa 'ice, hoar-frost'), which is qu. (because Eg h is not cognate
with S '_) ll ?? U: FP 'Iullma 'cold' ( N 'IuulE [q.v. ffd.]) ^ ? IS I 3O4-5 [#176] ['Iuln 'freeze, cold': U, D, A + K
(Zan 'Ir-) + IE 'g'gcl- 'cold'] and 332-3 [#2O8] ['Kayla 'hot; to burn' > IE 'Icl- 'warm, hot' and later 'freeze, cold'].
1O49. 'IaLjV,hV 'to shout, cry, weep, make noise' > HS: WS 'Ilh (- 'Il_?) v. 'shout, bellow' > Ar {Fr.} qlh v. 'low
repeatedly' (of camel), ql_ v. 'low' (of camel), ?? Gz Ilh (pf. Ialha) v. 'cry (out), shout, howl', Har Ilh (pf. Ivlaha - Ialha) v.
'call so. by shouting' Fr. III 486, L G 282-3 [the Eth word can be alternatively (and better) equated with IE 'gal- v. 'shout', N
'I'alX'o 'to call, shout'] Thr variant Ar root ql_ is likely to be secondary (due to the oomato[oeic factor or to contamination
with a different root) ? B 'vIll ( N 'I'alX'o) > Ah soIIolol 'pleurer bruyamment' Fc. 785 ll K: G -Icl-/-Il- (aor. 1s
a-v-i-Icli, 3s a-i-Ilo) 'ingendwo einen grossen Tumult machen, ein Geschrei erheben' Chx. 599 ll IE 'Iclh- {EI} 'call out to' >
[1] NaIE 'Icl-/'I,lc-/'I,la- (or 'Il-?) v. 'call, shout, make noise' > Gk koce (fut. Gk I koce, Gk A koe) 'I call', Gk Ae
koi id. || , L cala- v. 'call, summon', Um Iaritu, Iarctu, CARSITU 'calato, appellato' (< 'Ialctod) || OHG (h)luocn,
luogcn 'to roar', MHG luc|cn id., 'to bellow', AS hlovan 'brllen; OHG gi-hcl 'sounding', {OsS} hcl 'loud, sounding' ('laut,
tnend'), MHG hal, NHG Hall 'sound', ON h|ala 'to chatter' || OI usa-Iala 'cock' (lit. 'dawn-caller') || Clt: OIr cailcch, W cciliog
'cock' ( R ncryx 'cock' *'singer') || Ltv Ialot 'to chatter', Lt Ialba 'language', Pru Ialtza, Iclsai 'sie lauten' AnIE
{ABIv.} 'Ialla-, 'Ilc- > Ht Iallcs(s)-, Ial(l)is(s)- v. 'entice, lure, elicit, evoke, summon up, adduce', Lc Iilcima 'fame' P 548-9, F
I 762-3, WH I 141-2, Bc. G 33O, Frn. 2O7-8, En. 188-9, Vr. 23O, Kb. 347, 641, OsS 384, 4O7-8, Ho. 164, Lx. 79, ? KM 3O2, ABIv.
III 219, Ts. W 32, Ts. E I 465-6, Pv. IV 22-4, Tp. P I-K 182-4 [2] 'Ilau_- v. 'weep' > Gk I koie, Gk A koe v. 'weep' (<
*ko-je, cf. ft. kouoooi, aor. ckouoo, adj. kouto)) || 'Ilau_n-y- > pAl {O} 'Ilau_nya, {Huld} 'Ilan- 'cry, weep' >
Al: T qa|, G qan|, SG/D Iyay, P cay, Ilay, Sl Ila, V Ian WP I 49O, P 599, F I 865, O 353-4, Hamp AIEW 146, Huld 1O6,
EI 9O ('Iclh-) Gr. II #357 ('Icl 'speak') [IE + indiscriminate ple-mle of reflexes of 3 N roots: 'IaLjV,hV 'shout',
'KayLa 'to shout, call' and 'Klya 'tongue' in U, A, Y, Gil, etc.]. Without HS cognates and without serious historical phonology
nothing better can be achieved.
1O5O. 'Kollqa 'to knock, strike, hit' > IE 'Ij",olu-/'Ij",lcu- > NaIE 'Ij",olo-/'Ila- v. 'strike, beat' ( NaIE 'Ij",cl-
'strike' < N 'Kolla 'to beat, strike') > Lt Ial-u (inf. Ial-ti), Ltv Ialu - Ialu (inf. Ial-t) v. 'strike, to hammer, to forge', Lt
Ialtas 'chisel', Ialvis 'smith' | Sl 'Io'lo / inf. 'Iol-ti v. 'split, slaughter' > Blg 'ion , SCr Ila_ti, Slv Ilati, Slk Ilat`, R io'nn /
inf. io'nor" id. ( N 'Iala 'cut, hew, chop. stab, slaughter', q.v.), Cz Ilati, OR kao:u Ilati 'to kill'; but not here the homonymous
'Iol'yo / 'Iol-ti v. 'prick' that belongs to N 'Iala '' (and probably even to a different IE v 'Iolu-/'Ilcu-), though later in BSl
(and Gk?) they were reinterpreted as two semantic variants of one verb; the differentiation between Sl 'Iolti 'to slaughter' and 'Iolti
'to prick' was first proposed by A. Meillet in 19O7 [Me. MSL XIV 374]) || Gk koe v. 'break'; ?? kooo) 'a slap, buffet, a blow
with the fist', kooie v. 'slap, buffet' Hofm. 146, 152, Ch. 538-9, Dybo SA 2O3, 249-5O (accentual rec. of the pSl forms), ESSJ
X 154-6, Glh. 32O, Frn. 211-2, F I 866-7, 897; WP I 436-8, P 545-6 and EUC 549 ['Iclh- 'strike'] (all of them do not distinguish
this v from NaIE 'Iclo-/Ila- 'hew, chop, slaughter' [< N 'Iala ''] The accentuation inf. in BSl (Lt Ialti, Ltv Ialt, pSl
'Iol-ti), Lt Ialtas, Ialvis point to a lr. in the IE v ('Iolo- < 'Iolu-) ll HS: S 'Il_ > Ar ql_ G (qala_a / -qla_u) 'heurter,
frapper un corps sec contre un autre corps sec', D (pf. qalla_a) 'frapper qun fortement avec un fouet' Hardly here Ar qly (pf.
laQa qala, n. ag. qaly-) 'frapper qun la tte; abattre dun coup port la tte', because this Ar v has no lr. (expected in the light of
external comparison) BK II 798, 8O8 ll U: FP 'Io'lV- - 'IaLV- v. 'knock, strike': 'Io'lV > F Iolata, Iolahtaa v. 'knock,
strike', Iolhia v. 'batter (up), maul, pound (up)', Vp Iolsyta, Iolata v. 'knock, strike', Es Iolata-(ma) v. 'kock' | Z USs golsd v.
'clatter' 'IaLV > Mk 'Ialtado- v. 'knock, strike' | F Ialata, Ialahtaa v. 'knock, rattle' This is a v with onomatopoeic infl.
(where the meaning 'noise, rattle' is involved) SK 146, 21O, LG 77, 131, SZ 82ll D 'Iol- v. 'strike, hit' ( N 'Kolla '', q.v. ffd.)
^ The K v 'Ial-/Il- (represented in G Il-/Ial-/Ivl- v. 'prick\stab, slaughter, kill') is semantically and phonetically nearer to
'Iala 'cut, hew, chop, stab' ( 'slaughter'), q.v. In several descendant lgs. the v in question coalesced with or was influenced by N
'qola 'kill' (q.v.).
1O51. ? 'Kaljv,V 'thick' > HS: S: Ak Ialu {Sd.} 'thick', {CAD} 'solid (?)' Sd. 895, CAD XIII 72 ll A 'I`al'vi- > T {Md.}
'I`aliq > OT qalin 'massive, dense, thick', Tk Ialin, VTt, Bsh qal+n, Tv qilin, Tf hilin, Yk _aliq 'thick' (of flat objects), Az, Tkm
33
galiq, Uz qalin, ET qclin. ? {Jr.} qalin, CrTt, Qmq, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg qaliq, Xk _alin, Chv xynaAn xul+n " xol+n id., 'dense',
'thick' (as grass, wood) Cl. 622, Rs. W 226, ET KQ 238-9, Ra. 193, Md. 166, 1O3 (T M 'goliy- 'thick') M 'qalba- > WrM
qalbai-, HlM xan6an- 'be broad, wide, baggy' (esp. of garments), WrM qalbagar, HlM xan6aiap 'broad, wide, baggy', ? Brt
xanxaiap id., Brt xan6aiap 'flat and broad' MED 918, STM I 365 Tg 'jx,albi-n 'broad' > Ewk PT albin, Ewk Sm ilbun, ? Ewk
Chmk/Skh Ialbin, Neg albtn, Ud agbi 'broad'; other words of the same v (without '-n): Ewk albi-gu- v. 'broaden', Ud agbi-la-ni
'breadth' STM I 3O ll AdS of D 'Iol ({GS} 'I-) 'long, large' (< N'Kola 'long, far', q.v. ffd.) ll ? E: El Iu-li 'thick'
HK 51O-1 ^ Qu., because the Ak word is isolated within HS and both its meaning and reading (a = [a] or [c]?) are questionble.
1O52. 'KalyV '(lock of) hair, eyebrow, eyelash' > HS: C {AD} 'IV'lnVb- > Ag 'IVlnVb- > Xm {R}
(cl) qcr'nib 'eyelid(s); Ag1EthS: Gz Iornob - Iarnob - Iarnab 'eyelash, eyelid, top of an ear of corn', Tgy Isrnsb 'eyelid,
eyelash', Amh, Arg Isndsb, Grg Sl/Wl Isrb, Grg M/Ms/Go/So Isrrsb 'eyebrow, eyelash' R Ch II 381, L G 442, L EDG III 496
NrOm: Kf {C} Iilfo - Iillifo 'eyebrow(s)' C SE IV 285 ll U: FU 'IalIc 'hair' > F IalIi (gen. Ial|cn) 'hair, straw' | pLp
{Lr.} 'IolIs 'hair' > Lp: S {Hs.} guolgc 'hair', L {LLO} Iuol'Ia 'hair (but not the hair of the human head)', N {N} guol'ga 'hair (of
human head), coat', Kld Iulg 'old hair' | Er ianio Ialgo, Mk Ialga 'awn, chaff (of flax\hemp)' UEW 644, SK 149, Lr. #512, Lgc.
#2883, Hs. 688-9, Ps. M 72 ll A: T 'I`al 'eyebrow' > OT qas, Tk Ias, Az gas, Tkm gas, Ggz Ias, Uz, ET, Ln, Qmq, Blq, VTt,
Bsh, Qrg, Alt qas, Nog, Qzq, Qq qas, Uz qos, Xlj qas, Yk _as id., Xk _as 'edge, river-bank', Tf has 'hill-side, slope
(iocoiop)', d : Chg 'yL'Q qalyaq 'Haarschopf, die Stirnhaare der Pferde' ('l > l in precons. position) || Old Chv {Rs.} 'xuol
1 Chr xal, ol, ul 'eyebrow' Rs. W 24O, Cl. 669, ET KQ 34, DT 173, Ra. 186 ? pJ 'Iai_ 'hair' > OJ Ic, J: T Ic, K Ic, Kg
Ic, Ns II, Sh/Y Ii, Ht Ii S AJ 266 [#34] (believes that the word belongs to A 'I`ilV(-Ia) 'thick hair', N 'Kcila 'stalk, a hair'),
S QJ #34, Mr. 447 ll D (in SD) 'Ial- ({GS} 'I-) 'lock of hair in plaiting' > Tm Ial id., Kn Ial 'a strand or lock of hair in plaiting,
tie-rope (used in tethering cattle)' D #1482 ^ T '-l- and D '-l- point to a N '-ly-. The contraction of this ancient cluster is
responsible for the vowel lengthening in T and D.
1O53. 'Klya 'tongue' ( 'speak, say') > U 'Iclc 'tongue, language' > F Iicli, Es Iccl id. | pLp {Lr.} 'Icls 'tongue' > Lp: L
{LLO} Iiclla, N {N} giclla, Kld Iill id., S {Hs.} giclc 'voice, language' | Er Icl, Mk Ial 'tongue, language' | Prm 'Iu'l id.,
'word' > OPrm, Vt, Z ? IIl, Z IIv, IIvy, Yz Io'l id. || ObU: Os V Iol 'word, news, language', D Ict 'word', Kz Ic 'word, new'
Sm {Jn., Hl.} 'Ic+_y 'tongue' > Ne F {Lh.} stc; En d {Cs.}: En X siolo, En B sioro; Ng d {Mik.} scdo, {Cs.} sic|a; Slq Tz
{KKIH} sc; Kms d {KD} scIo, Koyb d {Sp.} ccia; Mt {Hl.} 'IEy (= 'Iaciy) id. (Mt: M {Mll.} Ii, K {Mll.} gci, M {Sp.}
iamrc, T {Mll.} Iaschta, {Pl.} i mr , K {Pl.} gystc 'his tongue') Coll. 25, UEW 144-5, Db. OS xxi, Sm. 538 (U 'Iaxli, FU,
FP 'Iccli, Sm 'Icoy), SK 188, Lr. #419, Lgc. #2412-3, Hs. 594, LG 149, W SDW 134-5, Jn. 66, Lh. 433, KKIH 174, Hl. M ##45O,
5O8 ll A: M 'Iclc(n) ({IS} 'Iclc(n)) 'tongue, language' > MM [IsV] Iclcn 'tongue', [MA] Iclcn 'narration', WrM Iclc(n), HlM
xyn( yn) , MMgl {Iw., Lg.} Icla, Mgl {Rm.} Icla'n, Mnr H {T} Iilic, {SM} I`ilic, Dx {T} Iiclicn, Dg Icli 'tongue'; - M
'Iclc- ({IS} 'Iclc-) v. 'speak' > MM [MA, IsV] Iclc-, WrM Iclc-, HlM xyny-, Mgl Icla'-, Dx Iiclic-, Ba Iclc-, Mnr H {T}
Iilic-, {SM} I`ilic- Lg. NVMI 113-5, 119, 121-4 and Lg. LML 136 (both on the M vw. c), Lg. VMI 49-5O, Pp. MA 213, MED
447, Iw. 111, SM 2O3, T 339, T DnJ 123, T DgJ 29, T BJ 141 T 'Kala- v. 'speak, say' ( 'ask') > Chv Iala- 'speak, say', Xk
Itlc-, VTt K Iclau 'to prey', VTt ? Iclau 'to wish'; d : NaT 'Kalau 'speech, word(s)' > OT {Cl., DTS} Iclacu, Chg
Ialaci, Ialacu, Tk ? Iclci " gclci, Tk EAn galai id., Blq Iclcci, Qmq gclcci Cl. 716, Rs. W 248, ET KQ 32-3,
DTS 296, TTDS, Jeg. 85-6, Fed. I 214-5 Tg 'xilqu 'tongue' > Nn siqmu " sirmu " ximmu, Ork sinu, Ul sinu, Ud iqi, Orc
iqi, iqqi, Ewk ilqi " inni " inqi, Neg inni - inqi, Sln iqi, Lm i_snq+, WrMc ilcqu, Mc Sb (y)ilsqu, Jrc {Kiy.} ilcqu STM I
318-7, Kiy. 125 [#499] ? pKo {S} 'Inro- 'say' ( N 'KayLa 'to shout, call' and possibly 'qUj?,lV 'to speak, call') > MKo
Inrodni_, NKo Ialodu_c S QK #91, Nam 11, MLC 12 S AJ 57-8, 292 [#422] (pA 'I`ali_V; adduced here pKo
'hyo 'tongue'), DQA #1O41 (A 'I`i_ali 'tongue') ll ? HS: ECh: Kbl {Cp.} Is`la , Ll {Smn.} Iila`- 'tongue' ChC s.v. 'tongue',
Blz. LECh #88 EC: Sa {R} -Ial- - -Ial- v. 'say, think (sagen, meinen)' (p. 'oIolo - 'oIclo, prs. 'aIalo - 'oIolo - 'oIclo)
( N 'qUj?,lV '') R S II 232 ll D 'Icl- ({GS} 'I'cl-) v. 'speak' ( N 'KayLa ''?) > Tm Iila- v. 'express clearly
mention\state specifically', Iilavu 'word, speach', Iilau 'speech, utterance', Gnd Icl(l)- v. 'tell' D #2O17b ^ The correlation of
U '-l- and D '-l- points to the N cluster '-ly-, which is supported by A {DQA} 'I`ali_V. The contraction '-ly- > '-l- is responsible
for the long vw. in U 'Iclc (either < ''Icylc < N 'Klya or directly: '-cl- < '-ly-) ^ IS I 346-7 [#221] ('Ka'lHa > U, A),
Mng. E-1 4-12 (A, D) Gr. II #357 ('Icl 'speak') [U, A, Ko + err. IE, Y, Gil, CK, EA - cp. N 'KayLa 'shout'].
1O54. 'IolyV 'round; to turn, turn around', vt. 'to roll' > IE: NaIE 'I"cl- 'round, circle, to turn around' > OI 'carati vi. 'moves,
walks, wanders' || Gk tc-ooi (3s prs. tcci) v. 'be in motion' (A Gk Ae, hence tc- for 'I"c-) || pAl {O} 'ccljn,a > Al s|cll 'I
34
turn' ('drehe'), s|cll rrotull 'drehe herum', s|cll 'I turn\direct to' ('lenke auf, richte auf'), () 'I bring' NaIE 'I"cIj",lo- ({EI}
'I"cI"'lo-m - ''I"oI"lo-s) 'circle, wheel' > OI ca'Ira- 'wheel', Av ca_ro, NPrs r* car_ id. || Gk kuko) 'circle' || Phr
kikv 'Ursa major' (lit. 'the chariot') || ON hvcl - h|ol, MHG vcl, AS hvcol - hvcohl - hvcool - hvcovol 'wheel', NE
vhccl || pTc {Ad.} 'IuI(a)lc > Tc: A IuIal, B IoIalc 'cart, wagon, chariot' 'I"olo- 'circle, wheel' > Gk too) 'axis of the
celestial sphere' || L colus, -us 'distaff' || OIr cul 'vehicle' (< du. 'I"olo 'two wheels') || Pru Iclan 'wheel' | Sl 'Iolo / gen.
'Iolcsc 'wheel, circle' (< 'I"cl-os ntr. / gen. 'I"cl-cs-cs) > OCS keae Iolo (gen. keactc Iolcsc) id., Blg ) iono - io) no, SCr
Io`lo, Slv Iolo id., Cz Iolo, P Iolo, OR keae Iolo 'wheel'; generalization of the stem of the obl. cases: SCr ?, Slk Iolcso, R
ionc) co 'wheel', Cz Iolcso 'big wheel' || Tc B Iclc 'navel, centre' ( *'nave of a wheel') P 639-4O, EI 64O, M K I 366, Vr. 232-3,
27O, Ho. 181, En. 191, Tp. P I-K 3O5-7, ESSJ X 141-4, Glh. 329, O 397, Wn. 239-4O, JGH 6O-1, 71, Ad. 197-8, 2OO ll K ?
'Ivcj:,l- / 'Ival- 'sth. round' > Lz IorIola 'curly hair; sheep-dung', Mg Ivar-Ival-ia 'round' (dis 'r...r > r...l), Sv: UB
Ivasi, L Ivasi, Ln Ivasi 'round flat cake of maize flour' ('uypci, madi') [Sv s < 'l, GM S 82] K 11O, K
2
93 (Lz,
Mg < GZ 'Ivcr-Ivcr-), FS K 181, TK 353, IS I 326 K 'Ivcr- (G Ivcr- 'a round flat cake', 'a round sugar-loaf, a round
cheese' and Lz, Mg Ivar- 'round flat cake, a round loaf [iono6oi]') is to be kept apart because of the cns. '-r- ll HS: WS 'Ilb
'turn over' > Ar qlb v. G 'turn around, turn over, turn upside down', Sb Ilb v. 'till, turn over (soil prior to cultivation)', Gz Ilb v.
'serve, turn over, overturn', Mh {Jo.} Ilb v. 'turn, return', Sq Ilb {Jo.} id., {L} 'tourner, rouler', Jb {Jo.} Ilb v. 'turn, return,
overturn' L G 426-7, L LS 374, Jo. M 229, Jo. J 144-5, BGMR 1O4 B [1] 'yly > Ah oyli 'tourner autour de, tre autour', Gh
oyli 'tourner autour de'; [2] 'vql (> 'vyl) 'return, become' > Ah {Fc.} oqqol (3m pf. iqqol) vi. 'return, become', ETwl/Ty
oqqol (3m pf.: ETwl iqq+l, Ty yoqq+l) 'retourner\revenir ', Gh oqqol 'revenir \chez', Kb qq"ol, uyal v. 'become', Izd uyul
'revenir', ? Shl {La.} ayul id., Tmz {MT} ayul 'devenir, revenir' Fc. 1713-8, 1723-7, 2OO2 (on Fcj. 27), La. S 289, MT 185, Dl.
6O7-8, Mrc. 224, Pr. M VI-VII 92 (on Pcj. I A 2), GhA 67, 246-7 (on Pcj. I A 2) B 'v- seems to go back to the px. of intransitivity
C: Bj B {Alm.} I"a'lal 'round' ('kugelrund'), Bj {R} I"alal 'round; ball' ('kugelrund, Kugel'), I"o'lcl (pl. I"o'lal) 'circle,
circumference; bracelet, anklet' ('Kreis, Umkreis; Armband, Furing') || EC: Sml N {Abr.} qol (pl. qolal) 'loop', Sml {ZMO} qol
'halter, collar, neck piece', Rn _alli 'strip of animal-hide (tied to people\animals in traditional ceremonies)' Alm. III 41, R WBd
141, Abr. S 2O3, ZMO 332, PG 188 Ch: Hs I"ala-I"ala 'large and round' Abr. H 579 ll ? U: FU 'IoLya 'circle' > F
Iol|a (pl. Iol|at) 'necklace (made of gold\silver)', Lv Iol: (pl. Iolod_) 'ring' ?? Sm: Slq Tz {KKIH} Iola 'wheel, circle',
IolaI '(go) round' F Iol|a < FU 'IoLya A Fr collicr, whence the F variant pl. form Iol|cct. The Slq cognate is highly
doubtful because the reg. reflex of U 'I- is q- rather than I- SK 21O, Kt. 144, KKIH 112 ll A 'I`UlV- v. 'roll, turn' ({SDM95}
'I`olV, {DQA} 'I`ulo id.) > NaT 'Kuj:,la- v. 'roll (down), fall down' > Qrg qula-, Qzq qula- v. 'fall down, crash down', Qq, Uz
qula- id., v. 'fall', Bsh q+la- v. 'fall, fall down', SbTt B/Tr q+la- v. 'fall', Nog qula- v. 'go straight forward (through water\silt
without choosing ones way)', ET yuli- 'fall down, crash', d yulat- 'overturn', Slr Iulcn- " Iulcn- v. 'roll' ET Q 122-3, Jud. 44O,
Tn. SJ 395, KrkR 4O8, MM 471, NogR 186, BR 337, Tm. 127, Rl. II 96, Nj. 565-6, UzR 629 Tg 'xuli- v. 'go round, be curve
(way)' > Ul, Ork _olt- - _olt-, Nn Nh _olt-, Neg oltstn- v. 'go round (um etw. herum-gehen\fahren)', Orc uli- v. 'go round, double
(a promontory in a river)', Ewk uli-s- v. 'twist\meander' (of a river), Ewk uliIa, ulisin 'a bend\curve (of a river)', Lm tltna id. STM
II 261 DQA #1141 pJ {S} 'Isrs-m- v. 'roll' > OJ Iju_,orju_,ob-, J T Iorob, K Iorob-, Kg Iorob- S AJ 271 [#19O],
S QJ #19O, Mr. 713 SDM95 s.v. 'I`olV 'roll, turn', DQA #1141 (A 'I`ulo 'to roll, turn'; incl. T, Tg, J), S AJ 288 [#281]. The J
root is ambiguous, because it may be alternatively equated with M Iorbc- v. 'turn over, turn from one side to another', Tg: Ewk
Iurbu-, Sln xubbu- - xurbs- and WrMc Iurbu- id. and WrM Iurdu- 'wheel' (as suggested in Rm. SKE 129) ^ The possible D
cognates are highly doubtful: [1] D 'Iol- 'bend, curve' > Tm Iulavu id., Kui Ilonga 'be contracted, bent up', Krx xolI"- 'cause one
to bend the head', xolI"r- - xolxr- 'bend the head, bow', Mlt Iolgc vt. 'curve, bend' (D #2136; the semantic connection with the N v
is not close enough) [2] IS I 327 (?) mentions D 'Iuj:,l- > Tm Iulal, Iulai 'turn round, ncprcr"c) ' and Mlt {Drs.} guli
'round'; I have not been able to find the above Tm root in the available Dravidian and Tamil dictionaries; IS probably meant Tm Iural
'to curl' [D #1818] (the mistake being caused by the notation l for r, that is current in literature) ^ IS I 326-7. IS reconstructs 'Ioln,
but the T cognate (with '-l-) rules out N '-l-, so that the only possible recs. are with '-ly- or '-ly- ^ Gr. II #4O2 ('Iul 'turn') [IE,
U, A, J, Gil, CK + qu. Ko].
1O55. ? 'IaLIa (- 'IaLIa?) 'to wind\twist' > IE: NaIE 'Iclg- vi. 'wind\twist', 'winding; crookedness, intrigue' > AS hylc n.
'bend, turn', 'Wendung, Drehung; Hcker', NE hulch || Sl 'cilga-ti - 'cilIa-ti, {SPS} 'clga-ti 'to creep' > OP czolIac sic, P
czolgac sic, Slvnz {Lrn.} co'u_Iac id., Uk 'uoniarn 'to shuffle ones feet, walk slowly' || OIr cclg 'ruse, tratrise' (1 W cclg
'deceit') || ? Arm kec Iclc-I" 'hypocrisy, falsification', kec- Iclc- v. 'feign, pretend' NaIE 'Ilcng- - 'IlcnI- v. 'bend, wind,
35
twist together': 'Ilcng- > L [Fest.] cling-o, -crc 'cingo' or 'cludo' || ON hlyIIr 'Schlinge, Bucht', hlcIIr 'ring, chain', AS hlcncc
{Vr.} 'a ring (a link) in a chain', {Sw.} 'link', pl. {Sw., Ho.} 'armour, Panzer', MHG gclcnIc 'Biegung', NHG GclcnI 'link (in a
chain), articulation', gclcnI 'flexible, pliable' 'IlcnI- > BSl 'IlcnIi_o 'I hobble' > Ltv Ilcncct 'to hobble', Lt IlcnIti 'to walk
quickly', Sl 'Ilcciti 'to bend' > Pol Ilcczyc 'to bend into an arc', OR, RChS kaiovu:u Il|aciti 'to bend down, hink', R ?
'incunr" 'to twist tight, tighten, tie up'; ?? Sl 'Ilccati 'to kneel, squat' > OCS Ilccati, Slv Ilccati, Cz Ilcccti, P Ilcczcc, Uk
in 'uarn 'to kneel', SCr Ilccati 'to kneel, squat, hink'; ?? Sl 'IlcIati 'to squat, kneel' > Blg 'in iax'to squat', Cz IlcIati, Slk
Il`aIat`, P IlcIac, Uk in 'iarn, Blr 'in ian" 'to kneel'; ?? Sl 'IlcI-no-ti 'to squat\kneel down' > SCr Ilc_Inuti id., Blg
'incina, Slk Il`aInut` 'to squat down', Cz IlcInouti, P IlcInac, Uk 'in inyrn 'to kneel down' WP I 447, 498-9, P 554, 6O3,
WH I 233-4, Vr. 237, 24O, Ho. 183, Sw. 9O, 98, KM 244-5, Vn. C 6O, YGM-1 82, Frn. 289, ESSJ IV 141 & X 28-9, 32-4, Bern. I
166, Sls. I 124, Lrn. I 147, SPS II 21, EI 62 ('Ilcng- 'bend, turn') ll K 'IlaI-vn- > G IlaIn- - IlaIvn- 'sich krmmen,
winden' Chx. 599.
1O56. ''IaoLPV 'middle; 'inside, lap, sth. within an angle' > IE: NaIE 'Ilc- 'lap', v. 'embrace' > OHG 'hlaftara > MHG
laftcr 'fathom' || Ltv Ilcis 'lap, a lapful', Lt Ilc'bys 'length of an arm, fathom, armful', Ilc'bti 'in die ausgebreitete Arme
nehmen, umarmen' (b due to the infl. of glc'bys 'ausgebreitete Arme', 'armful'?) || ? Clt: Brtt {RE} 'Ialona 'heart, (?) intestines' >
W calon, OCrn, Crn colon f. 'heart', Crn colon m. 'guts', OBr calon(n), Br Ialon 'heart' The variant with an initial 'g- (Lt glc'bys
'', MHG Ilaftcr, NHG Klaftcr 'fathom') is likely to result from a merger with 'glcb- v. 'embrace' (> Lt glc'bti, OFrs Ilca id.);
the infl. of 'glcb- may be responsible for the meaning 'to embrace, armful, length of an arm\arms' in IE 'Ilc- P 6O4, Frn. 156,
267, RE 1O3, Lx. 1O8, 12O ll HS: S: [1] S ''IaljV,b- - ''Iabal- 'middle' ( 'heart') > Ak Iabl-u, Iabaltu- 'middle, center', Ar
qalb- 'heart' (1Mh Iab, Jb Iclb id., Hrs Ialb 'sense, mind, heart', Gz Ialb 'thought, wish') [2] S mt ''Iaja,l- 'middle' > Sr
\opo Iao'la 'armful, sheaf' ({PS} 'brachii complexus, manipulus inter brachia comprehensus'), \fe Ic'l-a {JPS} 'an
inmost recess, inner chamber', {Br.} \opa Ia'la 'sinus, interiora', ? Ak Iaaltu 'groin, the area between the thighs' Br. 683,
PS 3692-3, JPS 514, Fr. III 482, Sd. 444, 887, CAD VIII 184-5 & XIII 1-12, Jo. H 75, L G 427, MiK I #161 ll ? K: G Ialta (<
''Ialta?) 'lap' Chx. 545 ll A: T 'Kolbi > OT qolbic 'armpit' (a cd ?) Cl. 617, DTS 454 ^ If the G word belongs here, the N
etymon must have an initial 'I-.
1O57. 'Kal'u 'skin, film, bark' > IE: NaIE 'Ilno- 'callosity, hard skin' > L callum, callus 'hardened thick skin, callosity' ||
OI 'Iina 'callosity' (A MI < 'Irna) The stem may have been semantically influenced by IE 'IIal- 'hard' (> OIr calad 'hard')
WP I 357 & P 523-4 ('Ialno-, 'Ilno- 'Ial- 'hard'), EI 523 ('Ilno-s 'callosity' 'Ial- 'hard'), M K I 2O8, WH I 14O-1, EM
87, Vn. C 25-6 ll U: FU {UEW} 'IalvV (< pre-U 'IalU-?) ({Db.} 'Ialc) 'film, thin skin' > F Ialvo 'film, membrane', Es ? Ialc,
Ialu, Lv Ialg_ 'cataract' | Prm 'Iil > Z Iil 'seed-coat, surface film, outer [scaling off] layer of birch bark, dandruff' ( FU 'Iczc <
N 'Icz?E 'skin; to skin'), Vt Iil 'scales that come off from the bark, dandruff' || Hg halyog, ? ha|ag, halyag, halog 'cataract'
| ObU: pOs {Ht.} 'Ial'I 'crust, scab' > Os {KrT}: V/Vy IalI, Nz _ato, Kz _ai 'scab, crust' Coll. 85, Coll. CG 4O5, UEW
121, LG 124, Db. OS xxxi, MF 256-7, KrT 382, Ht. #265 pVg 'Ialo 'outer layer of birch bark' and pOs {Ht.} 'Ialo id.,
'dandruff' (Ht. 15O [#265]), which belong (together with S 'Il 'bark') to N 'qal'uPV 'to bark (a tree), cut off; bark, peel' [q.v.].
The Prm v is ambiguous: it belongs here only if its 'i is accounted for by ass. infl. of cnss.; otherwise it belongs unambiguously to FU
'Iczc < N 'Icz?E ''. If we take into account the traces of a front root-final vw. ( Dybo l.c.), the pre-U v may be reconstructed as
'Ialu ll A: M 'qali-sun 'the outer layers of sth.; peel, rind, bark, skin' > WrM qalisun, HlM xan"c, Kl xan"cn _alson, Brt
_alha(n) id., Mnr H {SM} _ali_s 'pellicule, membrane, cale, piderme' MED 92O, SM 151, T 372, KRS 572 Tg 'xalu-
'pellicle' > Ud B alu 'dandruff', WrMc al_uva 'outer pellicle (of brain\kidneys\heart), skin of fruit'; Tg 'xalu-Ita 'film, inner side of
hide (xc:(pa)' > Lm alt+ id., Ork _altqta, Nn Nh/B _aloqta, Nn KU aloqta, Ewk, Orc, Ud aluIta, Neg alta 'the inner side of
hide'; Tg 'xalu- > Nn KU alu- v. 'remove the inner side of hide', Lm al+v- id., v. 'remove a film' STM I 33-4 T 'Ij`,cal >
Tv Ics 'skin, hide'; possibly also sd T 'I`cl 'belt, quiver' > OT, XwT XIV Ics ({Cl.} Ics), Kr {Rl.} Ias, Tv NE xcs, Tf
hcs, Yk Iasa_ (with dim. -a_) 'quiver'; T 1(?) Psh Ics 'cotton blanket, shawl; silk cloth (iaxia)' ET KQ 6O-1, TvR 239,
Cl. 752, Ra. 188, Mal JPT 1O, Shch. SF 195 ('Ics), Asl. 713 DQA #963 (A 'I`ali 'napless skin, membrane',
'miypa 6c: nopca, xc:(pa') ll Gil: Gil ES {Krn.} hal 'human skin', Gil A hal id., 'human body' ST 422, ST RN 182, Krn. N 398,
49O ll ? HS: EC 'I'ol- > Bn B {Hn.} Iols (pl.} 'bark', Gdl {Bl.} Iolc 'skin', Or {Grg.} Iola 'peel, pod, shell, husk', {Brl.}
Iola 'membrana; scorza; pellicola', Or B/O/Wt {Sr.} Iola 'bark', Sd {Gs.} Iola 'husk, peel, bark' (A Or?), Hr {AMS} qolo
'skin', Arr Iil 'leather', as well as ? Gdl {Blz. ?} Ioalla 'bark' (though in Bl.s description of Gdl there is no phoneme ) and Or
{Tut.} Ialo 'tanned skin' Brl. 344, Grg. 326, Bl. G 69, Gs. 266, Hw. A 379, Blz. CWL, AMS 182, Hn. BD 93. Sr. 354 ll ??? K: G
Irol-i 'outer shell of a nut\chestnut' ^ If the K root belongs here, the initial N cns. is to reconstruct as 'I-. N 'Kal'u is to be
36
disinguished from paronymous roots, such as N 'KozV 'to skin, bark', N 'qal'uPV '' and N 'IallV 'to bark, remove
vegetation' [q.v.]. This latter v (rather than 'Kal'u) is the source of D 'Ial- 'to weed' ( S, S CNM 5) ^ AD NM #94, Vv.
AEN 6, S CNM 5 ( NrCs, ST) Gr. II #341 ('Ial 'skin') [U, A, Gil, CK, EA].
1O58. ''Ia'lV '(to be) few, too small\thin\light' > HS: S 'Iall- adj. 'light, few' > BHb Ial 'light (levis)' (f. Ial'la), Sq {L}
qal 'young', Akk Iallum 'light, scanty'; this adjective in its predicative form was reinterpreted as a verb (WS verbal form of the "New
Perfect" and Akk stative), so that a verb Ill came into being: Hb 'Ial (3p Ial'lu, 2m Ial'lota) 'is small\insignificant, is fast',
Ug Il {OLS} 'ir ligero, correr', Ar qll (pf. qalla) v. 'be few in number, small in quantity, rare', Gz qll v. 'be light\easy\slight\swift',
Jb C {Jo.} Icll, Sq {Jo.} Icl 'was little', Sq {L} qcl(l) 'tre petit', Ak Ill (inf. Ialalu) v. 'be light'; d Iajl,'lil- adj. 'light, quick'
> JA, Sr Ial'lil, Md Ialil 'light of weight', Ar qalil- 'few, small, rare', Sb Ill 'little, scanty, Gz Ialil 'not numerous, small' KB
1O28-31, KBR 11OO-3, OLS 365, A #24O9, Js. 1376, Sl. 1O19, Sd. 894, Hv. 621-2, L G 428, L LS 374, Jo. J 144, Jo. M 228,
BGMR DS 1O5 C {AD} 'Iall- > EC 'Iall- (or 'Ial?-) 'thin, insignificant' > Or Ialla 'subtle, thin, meagre', Or B {Sr.}
Ialla (f. Iallo) 'narrow, thin, slender', Kns qalla?- 'thin', Gdl Ialla?- 'narrow', Rn _alma 'become thin' (ipv. _alam), Brj
Iall- - Ial?- v. 'be thin\narrow', Iall-anc- 'thin' Ss. PEC 22, Ss. B 124, Sr. 351, AD SF 196, PG 187-8 NrOm: Kf {C} Iall-
v. 'be cheap', Mch {L} Iall-i- v. 'despise', ? Dwr {L} gcla 'cheap', ? Bsk {Bnd.} gslla 'small' C SE IV 484, L M 47 AD SF 196
ll A ''Ij`,al- or 'Ij`,aLc- > M 'qalci- > WrM qalcii-, HlM xanunn- v. 'be(come) too thin or light' (of garment), WrM qalcigar,
HlM xanuiap 'light and thin' (of garments) MED 918 T 'Kal- or 'KaL- > OT qasaq 'lazy, underdevelopped, lean', Az {Rl.}
qasaq 'dnn, fein, zart, schn (von Frauen)', Chg {Rl.} qasaq 'unansehnlig, mager, abgezehrt', Chg XV {Cl.} qasaq 'lazy,
unpleasant', ET qasaq {BN} 'lazy, obstinate, blunt', {Nj.} 'lazy, blunt', ET Tr {Rl.} qasaq 'stumpf; langsam', Qrg {Jud.} qasaq
'lazy, sluggish', Alt qazaq, Chv (A a Qp lge) _az_an 'lazy', ET {Jr., Nj.} qasar- v. 'become blunt', {Nj.} qasat- 'to make blunt',
Qrg {Jud.} qasar- v. 'be lifeless' (e.g., of a country), Qq qasaq, Qrg qasaq 'lazy', Uz qassoq 'poor, beggar', ? Az Sl iamn qasi
'of poor quality' Cl. 673, ET KQ 348-5O, BN 119, Jr. 241, Rl. II 39O-1, Nj. 585-6, Jud. 363, KrkR 383, AzDDL 253 ll K {K}
'Icl-/'Ial- v. 'lacking, be short of' ( N 'IclV or 'IclV 'to lack, be insufficient' [q.v. ffd.]).
1O59. 'I'ullV 'short, (?) low' > K: GZ '-Il- (*'shorten') - {GM} 'm-Il-c 'short' > OG moIlc 'short, short-armed', G
moIlc, G X mIlc, Lz mIulc 'short', Mg Iulc id., _c-Iulc 'without an arm' (_c 'arm') FS K 219-22O, FS K 241-2, Chx. 797-8,
Chik. 229-3O, GM 1O6-7 ll D (in SD) 'Iull- ({GS} 'I-) 'short (of stature)' > Tm Iullam, Iullal, Kn Iullu 'shortness in
stature', Kt Iul 'shortness & broadness of figure', Ml Iulan 'young, short, stunted', Tm Iullan, Ml Iullan, Kt Iul(n`), Kn
Iulla, Kdg Iulln 'short man' D # 2137 ll ? HS: WS 'Ily (- 'Ilv?) 'deep', 'light [levis]' ( *'low') > Gz Ily (js.
yo-Ili) 'be deep', Ioluy 'deep (like an abyss)', Ialay 'depth (of river\sea)', Ar qilv- 'light (of weight)' L G 431, BK II 8O8.
1O6O. ?? 'Kohlu 'to hide, deceive, tell a lie' > IE: NaIE 'IIcl-/'IIol-/'IIol(v)- v. 'deceive' > Gk A kce (with an
original --) v. 'charm, bewitch', koo 'flatterer' || L calvor, -i v. 'form intrigues, deceive', calumnia 'false accusation, calumny' || Gt
holon 'oukoovtciv, to clumniate, slander', ON hol 'praise, boasting', hola 'to praise, boast', AS hol 'slander', holian 'to
slander', OHG huolcn 'to deceive' WP I 446, P 551, EI 154 ('Icl- 'deceive'), WH I 143, F I 839, Fs. 267, Vr. 247, Ho. 168, Schz.
17, Kb. 49O The loss of the lr. still needs explanation ll HS: S 'Ihl > Ar qhl (qahala / -qhalu) v. 'slander' ({Fr.} 'res turpas
memorans vituperavit [aliquem]', {BK} 'mdire de qn.' Fr. III 511, BK II 828-9 Ch: WCh 'I"l- ({Stl.} 'I"al/r-) v. 'lie
(lgen)' > Ang {Flk.} I"olin, {ChL} I"olsm, Su {J} I"ula, P {MSk.} I"ali v. 'lie', {Sk.} I"ali 'a lie', Hs Iarya 'a lie' (Hs r <
WCh 'l) || ECh: Smr {J} Iulags 'a lie' Stl. ZCh 213 [#637], ChC s.v. v. 'lie', Ba. 574, Sk. NB 29, MSk. 169, ? Sk. HCD 168
The rec. of a variant with '-r- is unjustified, because Hs r is a reg. reflex of WCh 'l ll A: M 'qulag(u)- v. 'steal' > MM [MA]
qulaq-ba, [IM] qulagu-ba p. 'stole', WrM qulagu-, HlM xyniyy- id., Mnr H _ulag_a- id., 'do sth. by stealth', MM [HI, MA, S]
qulayai_, WrM qulagai, HlM xynian 'thief' MED 983-4, SM 18O, Ms. H 91, Pp. 3O9, 445, H 71 T 'Ij`,oj:,li- 'hide' > OT
{Cl.} Iosi- id., rf. Iosin- 'shade oneself, be hidden' Cl. 753-4 Tg 'xol- - xul- 'to deceive', jx,ul'cI 'a lie, deceit' > Nn B
_olto-, _oloqta-, Nn Sn xolo- v. 'deceive', Ewk ulsI, Sln olox - slox, Lm o'lsI, Neg o'lo'x " o'lo'I 'a lie, deceit', Orc oloIi-
v. 'lie, deceive', oloIo 'a lier, deceiver', WrMc uluIcn 'falsely' ({Z} 'nono, 6onrnnno') DQA #873 (A 'Ii_ola 'steal, deceive')
STM I 4O7 & II 265-6 ll D 'Iol 'slandertale-bearing, abuse' [ N 'I'alX'o 'to call (appeler), shout'?] > Tm Iol 'calumny,
aspersion, tale-bearing, falsehood', Ioluttu v. 'slander, calumniate', Kt Iol 'laying information about sth. heard', Kn Iol 'calumny,
false imputation', Gdb golcr- v. 'abuse', golc n. 'abuse' D #2251 ^ The absence of labialization in IE 'I- may be explained in the
framework of ADs hypothetical prehistory of IE vowels (AD NGIE, AD NVIE) if we suppose a stem-final sonant 'v which
remained in L calvor, calumnia, but was lost in the Gk and Gmc. In this case the prehistory may be hypothesized as 'Kohlu >
37
pre-IE 'Iuhlu > (diphthongization) 'Iou_hl(u)- (where 'o symbolized the vw. underlying the apophony 'c/'o/zero) > 'Iohl(u)
(loss of pre-sonantic 'v) > 'Icul-/'Ioul-/'Iul(u)- > 'Icl-/'Iol-/'Iol(v)-.
1O61. 'KiylVi 'to bend, bow' > IE: NaIE 'Ilci_- v. 'bow, incline', {EI} 'lean' > OI 'srayatc 'clings to, leans upon',
'srayati {MW} 'causes to lean\rest on, lays on\in, fixes on', Av srita- 'gelehnt', sray- 'lean' || Gk kive v. 'make bend\slope\slant' ||
L clina- v. 'incline, bend, lean', clinatus 'inclined, bent, leaned', in-clina- v. 'bend, incline', clivus 'a slope, rise' || OIr clcn
'tendance, inclination, dsir' || MIr clc 'left; defective, bad', W clcdd 'left' || OHG (h)lincn 'to lean', AS hlinian vi. (> NHG lchncn,
NE lcan vi.), OHG lcincn, NHG lchncn, AS hlnan vt. 'lean' (> NE lcan vt.), Gt hlcidumci 'left' || Lt slic|u (Lt Zh slc|u), inf.
slicti 'lean against', a-slitas 'windschief, seitwrts geneigt'. {PiesS} a-slyti 'lean on one side' || ? Tc: A Ila(v)-, B Ilay-
'fall'; Tc B IlasI- 'set' (of the sun) WP I 49O-2, P 6OO-2, EI 348, M K III 388-9, WH I 234-5, Vn. C 116, F I 873-5, OsS 4O5-6,
Kb. 6O1, 619, KM 431, AS 161, 164, Frn. 549, 1OO4, 1OO6, PiesS 518, Wn. 218-21, Ad. 22O-3 ll HS: C 'Il > EC: pSam {Hn.}
'qallo- v. 'bend' > Sml qalloi, Rn {Hn.} '_olo_c - '_olohc id. Hn. S 71 ?? S: Gz Ialdad 'arch, circle' Ls CDG 427ll A
'I`iyl'u- > T 'Kiyl- > OT qis- v. 'deviate', MT XIII qis- v. 'turn away', Osm {Zn.} qis- 'sich krmmen, sich neigen', Tk gis
'deception, swindle, perfidy', Tkm gisiq, Qmq, Nog qiysiq 'crooked, slanting', Nog, Qrg qiysay-, Qq qiysay-, ET qiysay- vi.
'bow\bend to the side, get crooked', Qzq qiysaqta- vi. 'bow, bend, sway' Rs. W 268, Cl. 67O, Rl. II 835, Dr. TM III 571-3, Jud. 481,
Sht. 272, KumRS 211-2, Nj. 631-2, DQA #11O7 M 'Iilu- > WrM {MED} Iilui- - Iilai-, HlM x nan- v. 'look askance at, squint',
Kl {Rm.} Iuli- 'schielen, schief auf etwas sehen'; WrM Iilagar, HlM x niap 'cross-eyed, squint-eyed; askew, slanting', WrM Iilab
qulub 'looking askance, giving a squinting\mean look'; M 'Iilu-r 'squint-eyed' > WrM Iilu-r, Kl Iulr id.; WrM 1Tkm {Rs.} qiliy,
VTt q+l+y 'squint, crooked'; ? ext. : M 'Icltc- > WrM Icltci-, HlM xynrnn- v. 'incline from the perpendicular, lean, be crooked',
Kl {Rm.} Icltc-_o 'auf der einer Seite, seitwrts gebogen liegen', M 'Iclbc- > WrM Iclbci-, HlM xyn6nn- v. 'lean or to be inclined
to one side' [ N 'KEbLV or '-Lb- 'to support, lean', q.v. ffd.] MED 45O, 467, Kow. 2531-2, TatR 31O, KW 224, 244, Rs. W 263,
Dr. TM I 472-3 ? Tg 'xil- v. 'pass by (vorbeigehen)' > Ewk, Neg iltsn-, Lm i_clton- " ilton-, Lm Ar yclton-, ? Ul/Ork/Nn si-
id. STM I 31O-1 ? pJ {S} 'Iu`su` 'strange ( *'deviating') > OJ Iusu, Iusi S QJ #1232, Mr. 833 KW 244 (M, T), DQA
#11O7 (A 'I`iylu 'to deviate, slant') ^ The K verb 'IlaI-vn- (> G IlaI(v)n- v. 'bend, swaddle' = 'krmmen, winden',
Chx. 599) is better explained as going back to N 'IaLIa (- 'IaLIa?) 'to wind\twist' (q.v.).
1O62. 'Kalu (or 'Kalyu?) 'bare, naked' > IE 'IlHvo- > ({WH} NaIE 'I,lovo-) 'bald' > L calvus 'bald, without hair' ||
OI 'ati-Iurva-h - 'ati-Iulva-h 'entirely bald', NPrs Ka Ial 'bald' P 554 ('I,lovo-), EI 45 (adduces Av Iauvra-), WH I
144, M K I 243, Sg. 1O39, Vl. II 8O2, 858 (NPrs Ial = Iacal 'bald') ll HS: S Il > Ar ql (pf. qalaa) 'take off (ones
clothes)', Gz Il G 'uncover, bare, open, strip, unveil', Tgy Il (pf. Ivlc) 'disclose, uncover' Hv. 624, L G 426 ll A
'Ij`,alj,V > T 'I`al > Tf has 'bare, without hair' (of a fell/hide), ? Tv _as 'thin dressed leather', d : 'Kal-ga 'bald; having a
white head or a white blaze' [ N 'KalV(-mV) 'spot, stain; be spotty'] > OT qasya 'having a white head and darker body', 'having a
white blase on the forehead' (on animals), Chg qasqa id., Qzq qasqa id., 'bald' (of a person)', Nog qasqa, Shor {Rl.} qasqa 'bald
spot, white blaze', SbTt B {Rl.} qasqa id., 'bald' (of a person)', Qrg qasqa 'having a white blaze', 'clean, transparent', Bsh, Ln
qasya 'white blaze; bald' ET KQ 35O-1, Ra. 186, TvR 471, Cl. 671, Rl. II 394-5, Rs. W 241 M 'qalca- 'bald' > MM [MA]
qalcayai_ 'bald', WrM qalcagai, HlM xannian 'bald, bare, hairless, grassless, featherless (spot)', Kl {KRS} xannxa 'grassless
(ground)', {Rm.} _alc
+
ya 'bar, nicht bewachsen; haarlos, graslos' 1 Chg [MA] qalcIyay 'bald'; MM [MA] qalcaq 'having a
white blaze'; M 'qal:a-n 'bald-headed, blaze on the forehead' > WrM qalan, HlM xan:an id., MM [MA] qalan 'having a white
blaze', M 1Tv ianuan 'bald, bald spot, grassless'; WrM qalai-, HlM xan:an- v. 'grow bald', 1Tv ianuan- id.; ? M 'qalci- >
WrM qalci-, HlM xanun- 'remove unevenness, level off' Pp. MA 289, MED 918, 922, KW 163, KRS 571-2, TvR 222-3 ?
SDM97 (A 'Iclo id.), DQA #756 (A 'Iclo; incl. T 'Ialga, M) ^ It is tempting to adduce here U {UEW} 'IalvV 'film, thin
skin' and thus find a parallel to IE '-v-, but for semantic considerations it is better to refer the U root to N 'Kal'u 'skin, film,
bark'.
1O63. 'IUl'uu 'track(s), way; to go, travel' > IE: [1] NaIE 'Iclv-/'Ilcu_- v. 'travel' > Lt Icliauti, Ltv cclot id.; Lt
Iclias 'way, road', Ltv ccls id. (acc. to P, a bf from the verb) || Gk kccuo) 'way, path' [{Brgm.}: < *kcuo) on the analogy of
ccuoooi 'I shall come\go'] (a problematic word: an irreg. succession of two 'c-grade syllables, unexplained --; for discussion F
I 815-6) [2] NaIE 'Ial-nV- 'path' > L callis 'narrow track, footpath, cattle track' || Sl {Glh.} 'Iol'nici > SCr Ilanac 'narrow
path', Slv ? Ilancc Ilanoc 'gorge, narrow pass (Hohlweg)' Frn. 236, F I 815-6, P 554, WP I 356, WH I 14O, Frn. 236, Bern. I 547,
ESSJ X 14O-1 (against the comparison of Sl with L), Glh. 319 ll HS: S 'Il > Ar qulat- 'way' ({Fr.} 'iter, eiusque mobilitas, iter
maritimum navi') Fr. III 49O B 'vIl > Ah s-uIcl 'to travel, step (marcher au pas)', tcIlc n. 'marche au pas (marche sans
38
courir)', Tz, Ntf aIol, Zww aIul 'pitiner, appuyer avec le pied', BMn Icl v. 'step', Kb {Dl.} am"ol 'fouler', timli n. 'marche,
allure; action de marcher', Si {La.} uIcl 'walk', Skn {La.} uIol 'cheminer' B 'vIl - 'Ivl 'track, foorprint' ( N 'Ial'hV 'to
walk, make ones way') > Ah to-IIil-t (-II- < '-vI-) 'track, footprint (empreinte de pied)', a-IuIol 'trace', BSn tisol id., Kb
timmol-t (pl. ti-Ival - ti-mmal) 'fois, moment' Fc. 781-3, Dl. 4O1-3, La. S 257, La. MChB 259-6O SC: [1] ({E} SC
'I"as-) v. 'go, travel' ( N 'Ial'hV '') > Kz I"as v. 'go away, depart', (C1) Mb I"a, I"asu (E SC 265); cf. also Mb I"a,
I"asi 'path' (E SC 43) [2] Rft 'I"al- ( N 'Ial'?V 'to approach, come') > Irq {MQK} q"alaq imv. 'come!', Brn {Dempw.}
Ivalc id. MQK 89, Blz. SCL s.v. 'come' ll K: GZ 'Ival-/'Ivl- 'track, footprint' > OG Iual-i, G Ival-i 'track, trace', G d
Ivlc-/Ivli-: (ga-)Ivlc/i v. 'find the way', mi-Ivlc/i- 'auf die Spur kommen, auf-\aus-spren', Mg d u-Iul-i 'after, then', Lz i-Iul-c
'after', -Iulc - -Iulc 'after' K
2
9O-1, Ser. 8O, Chx. 572, 583-4 ll U: FU (in ObU only) 'IXlV (= 'IolV?) > ObU 'IXlV
'track(s), sign' > pOs 'Ial > Os Kz _o 'Anzeichen'; pVg 'IIl > Vg: LK xal, MK/UK IIl, P Iil, UL/Ss xil 'track, sign'. The
pOs vw. 'a is a reg. reflex of pFU 'o and 'o, but the origin of the pVg vw. 'I is not yet clear. If the Vg vw. results from a
conditioned change, the pFU form will be 'IolV. Much less probable as a cognate is FU 'IulIc- v. 'walk\travel\run' (> F IulIc- v.
'walk, go, travel', Es Iulgc- v. 'proceed, take ones course, run' | pLp {Lr.} 'IolIs- v. 'run' (of water), v. 'float (with the current)' > Lp
N {N} gol'ga- /-lg-, Lp S {Hs.} galgcdh, Lp L {LLO} Ial'Ia-, Lp Kld Iolgc- id. | pMr {Ker.} 'Iulgo- > Er Iolgc-, Mk
Iolgo- v. 'leak' | Prm: Z IIvt-, Z ? IIlt-, IIlal-, Yx Io'lt- v. 'float' || pOs 'Ioyol- > Os: V qoyol- v. 'step', D _o_ot-, Kz _u_o- v.
'run' | Hg halad- v. 'go, advance, proceed, travel') ? Sm {Jn.} 'Iu- v. 'drift\float' > Ne T xy' na-c", xy' n[-c" id., Ne T BZ xyn,
Ne T Y xy, Ne F Iu| 'vom Wasse an das Ufer getriebener Baum', Slq Tz {Prk.} qurI- - qurI- 'tragen\treiben [der Strom]'). FU
'IulIc may be accepted as a cognate (d ) only if we find the factor responsable for the depalatalization 'l > 'l and for the
discrepance between the vowels of 'IulIc and 'IXlV (where 'X cannot be interpreted as 'u because of the Os reflex) Ht. 2OO
[#748], UEW 198, Lr. #442, Hs. 552, LG 149, Jn. 76, Erl. 82, Ker. II 64 ^ The non-labialized IE 'I- may be explained in the
framework of ADs hypothetical prehistory of IE vowels (AD NGIE, AD NVIE): if the original vw. was 'u, then N 'IUluu >
pre-IE 'Icvl(v)- > 'Icl(v)- (loss of the 'u-glide before a sonorant); but even if the N vw. was 'o, it changed into 'u due to the infl.
of 'u of the following syll. ^ M 'Iolgcn '(means of) transportation' > MM [HI] Iolgcn {Lew.} 'char, vhicule', WrM
Iolgc(n), HlM x' n' i, Kl {Rm.} Iolgn 'mount or other means of transportation'; M 1 Qzq i' n i IoliI 'horse and cart; means
of conveyance', Qrg IoluI 'beasts of burden', Nog IoliI id. ('r) ino, r) inona) cnna'). It is more plausible to suppose that this a
d from M 'Iol- v. 'harness, hitch (a draft animal) to a vehicle' (> MM [S] Iol-, WrM Iol-, HlM x' n( -' x) id.), though a
contamination is also possible MED 484-5, Lew. II 57, H 1O3, Ms. H 72, KW 238, Jud. 421, Sht. 133, NogR 178, Rs. W 288 ^ Cp.
Cop IU IV 159 (IE, FU) Gr. II #71 ('Icl 'come') [IE + err. U 'Iala 'wade' (< N 'Ial'hV 'to walk, make ones way with
an effort, wade') + err. A 'Icl- and Yk Icl- 'come, go' (< N 'Ial'?V 'to approach, come'), as well as Gil., CK, ? Ai [Gr.s
neglectinon of sound laws does not allow him to distinguish between three N roots, which proves that his method of comparison is
wrong].
1O64. ? ''IamX 'to cover' > HS: B 'yms > Izn, SrSn yms, imv. oymos v. 'cover oneself with clothes or a blanket', ETwl,
Ty oymos v. 'wrap\cover' Rn. 364, GhA 69 ll ? K: Sv: {Ni.} -Ivcm v. 'cover', UB/LB/Ln {TK} -Ivcm 'put on (clothes)', UB {GP}
li-Ivcm msd. 'put on (dress) from above' Ni. s.v. 'noipir"', TK 453, GP 173 ll IE: NaIE 'Icm- v. 'cover\veil' > Gmc 'xamiO|a-
> OHG hcmidi 'shirt, garment' (> NHG Hcmd 'shirt'), OSx hc'mithi, AS hcmcc 'shirt'; Gmc 'xamiO|a- 1 Gl 1 L camisia 'shirt';
Gmc: ON {EI} hamr 'skin, slough', {Vr.} 'Hlle, Gestalt', Sw, Dn, NNr ham 'skin, husk', AS hama 'garment, dress; skin', NE hamc
'undergarment' || ? OI samulya- 'garment (of a bride)', samula- ' garment' ({EI} 'thick woolen shirt') WP I 386, P 556-7, EI
134, WH I 147-8, M K III 325, M E II 6, Ho. 148, 154, Ho. S 32, Kb. 455, OsS 388, KM 3O3, Vr. 2O8 ll A: M 'qamIi- v. 'shut,
close, draw together in order to close' > WrM qamIi-, HlM xaxxn- id. ({Kow.} 'fermer, serrer, joindre'); see also WrMc qamni- v.
'unite, close'; the word may be a loan from M, which will explain the initial unexpected q- MED 924, Kow. 813, STM I 37O ^ The
apparent reflex of deglottalization 'I- > 'I- in Sv still defies explanation. The rec. of the initial 'I- (rather than an unspecified
'K-) depends on the validity of the Sv cognate. The vw. 'a in M is due to vw. harmony: 'a...X > 'a...X. This and the palatal IE
'I presuppose a N 'a. The labial element in of Sv 'Iv- is due to regr. as (infl. of a lost labial vw. of the second syll.) within Sv (
Test. S) ? Gr. II #68 ('Ium 'cloud') [IE 'Icm- 'hide, cover' FU 'IumV 'cloud', etc.], Gr. II #82 ['Iom 'cover' > A (M, Tg, err.
T 'Kunda-, in fact < N 'IomjV,tV 'to cover'?), Ko, J, Ai, Gil, CK]
1O65. ?? 'K'cmV 'to bite' > A 'Ij`,camV 'gnaw, bite' > NaT 'Ij`,cmir- v. 'gnaw' > OT {Cl.} Iamur-, Chg Icmur-, Tk
gcmir-, Tkm, Qmq gcmir-, Az gamir-, VTt, Bsh Iimir-, Qzq icx p- Icmir-, Uz Icmir-, ET Icmi(r)-, Ggz, Kr, Blq, Nog,
Qq, Qrg, Alt Icmir-, Xk Iimtr-, Tv xcmir-, Tf {?Cs.} hcmir- id. Rs. W 251, ET VGD 18-9, Pp. MA 215 Tv x- provides ev. for
39
pT I`-, while the Og data seem to point to a pT 'I- M: [1] 'IcmIi- 'bite, gnaw, crack with teeth' > WrM IcmIi-, HlM xyxxy-
'bite, snap the jaw'., Kl icxi- 'bite' (of dogs), {Rm.} IcmI
i
- 'nagen, fressen, kauen, Knochen zerhauen'; M 1 WrMc IcmIi- 'bite,
grasp my teeth'; [2] 'Icmiclc- 'gnaw, nibble, chew' > MM [MA} Icmilc-, WrM Icmcli-, HlM xyxny-, Kl Icml-, Ba Iamol-; M
1 Yk Iomulla- id. Pp. MA 215, MED 451-2, KRS 2O3, KW 225 pJ {S} Iam- 'bite' > OJ Iam-, [RJ] Iam-u, J: T
Iamu-, K IamicuIu, Ns Iami_-, Sh Ianas, Ian-, Ht Ia_m_-, Y Iam- S AJ 264 [#7], S QJ #7, Mr. 7O3 S AJ 112, 274
[#6], DQA #759 (A 'Icmao 'to gnaw, bite') ll HS: C: EC {Ss.} pcv. '-Iom/'-Im- (> 'Iom-) 'chew, bite, eat' ( N 'KomhV or
'Kom_V 'to eat, swallow'??) > Sa pcv. -qom-, Af pcv. -oIm- id., Rn {Ss.} -aham-/-uhum- 'chew', {PG} -aham- 'eat (st.)', scv.:
Dsn Iom- 'eat' (I- is due to the former clustering of 'I and m), Or Iam- 'chew ', Kns qom- 'chew', Brj Iam- 'eat, chew', ?
Sd {Gs.} Iama 'to eat\drink sth. mixed with sth. else' (unless the Bj & Sd words are borrowed from EthS?), ? Arr {Hw.}
-ohom-/-aham- (= [-ohom-]/[-aham-]) pcv. 'eat' Ss. PEC 25, Ss. B 121-2, 124, PG 62, Gs. 255, Hw. A 263-5, To. DL 512
ECh: Smr {J} I"nm 'eat', Kwn {J, Sa.} Iam 'eat (hard food)' Smr I"- is due to contamination with N 'Komh_V ''? JI II 121,
ChC ll IE: The N v in question may have influenced NaIE 'gcmb"-/'gmb"- v. 'bite' and 'gomb"o-s 'tooth' ( s.v. N
'Iab?X 'to bite') Gr. II #59 ('Icm 'chew') [A, CK, EA + err. IE 'Icmo- 'hum'].
1O66. 'KomV(-bA) 'forehead, front part' > U: FU 'IumV 'forehead, front side' > Prm 'Iu'm-cs 'forehead, face' (LG: '-cs is a
derivational sx.) > Z iixo-c IImss, Vt iixcc IImcs 'forehead, face'; Prm 'Iu'm > Z sin-IIm 'eyebrow' (sin is 'eye') || Hg
hom-l-oI 'forehead, front side' LG 151-2, MF 296-8, ? Rd. rLG 424, UEW 2O1-2 (unc. hyp.: the Prm and Hg words < U 'Iuma
'gebeugte, umgestrzte Lage; sich beugen'), Sm. 537 (U 'Iuma 'face down' > FU 'Iuma, FP 'Iuma-, Ugr 'Iuma-, Sm
'Iomo) ll A: Tg 'jx,omIatV 'forehead' > Ewk, Neg omIoto, Lm omq+t STM II 17 lll A variant with ''KomV-bA 'that of
the front part' [see N bA (pc. of names of quality bearers) ffd.]: HS: B 'ynb 'face', 'yonbujb, 'beak' [ N 'qUqa(-V) 'nose', q.v.
ffd.] ll ? D 'Iom-ay ({GS} 'I-) ' protecting wall' > Tm Iommay 'rampart, bulwark', Kn Iumbc 'wall on a flat roof that serves
for a balustrade', Tl Iomma 'the upper part or coping of a fort-wall' D #2118.
1O66a. ?? 'KumV 'sand' > HS: CCh {ChL}: Bnn IunIuma`, Ms gumgumma, BnnM gumguma, LmP hum 'sand' | HgNg
I"smmc, FlG I"oItma 'earth (substance)' ChL ll U 'IumV 'thin snow' > Vt G IIm id., Vt M IIm 'hoar-frost' || Hg ho (acc.
havat) 'snow' Sm: Ne _av? 'thin hard snow that is over soft snow', Kms {KD} I`amo 'snow crust' UEW 2O4, Jn. 64 ll A
'IumV 'sand, (?) dust' > T 'I`um 'sand' > OT, MQp, Chg qum, Tkm, Az gum, Tk Ium, Qzq, Nog, Qrq, Qrg, Uz, ET, Tv qum, VTt,
Bsh q+m, Tf hum; - pT Ium-aq 'grain of sand' 1 M: WrM qumag, HlM xyxai 'fine sand' Cl. 625, Ra. 191, ET Q 133-4,
MED 985 Tg 'ximana- v. 'snow' > Ewk, Sln, Orc imana-, Lm tm+n-, Neg tmana-, Ul, Ork, Nn stmana-, WrMc nimara- id.
STM I 312-3 Tf h- and Tg 'x- suggest pA 'I`- and hence pN 'K- Lm Iimsvun 'sea shore' and Orc Iima " Iimma 'beach'
hardly belong here ( Gr.) ^ Gr. II #323 ('Ium 'sand') [U, A, Gil + qu. Y].
1O66b. 'KUmV 'black, dark' > HS: Eg fP Im 'be black; black' (Imm): [1] v. n. {Vc.} 'Iamam > Cpt: Sd kmem Imom,
B mem I"mom, [2] adj. (qualificatif) {Vc.} 'Iuommcy > Cpt: Sd kum Icm, B um I"cm EG V 122-4, Vc. 81-2 C: EC:
Hr/Dbs/Gln {AMS} Iumma, Gwd {AMS} Iumma 'black', Hr/Dbs {AMS} Iumm- 'become black' || ? Ag: Aw {CR} Icmana
'evening', Icm- 'get dark, decline towards evening (ncucpcr")' AMS 267, AD SF 86 ? NrOm: Wl {LmS} Iamma, Dwr
{Bnd.} Iamma, Bdt {C} Iama, {Bnd.} Iamma, Oyda {Bnd.} Iama, Bsk {Bnd.} Iamma 'night', Gm {LmS} Iamma 'day (of
24 hours)', Gdc {Bnd.} Iamani_ 'night', Dc {LmS} Iamma 'yesterday', Kcm {LmS} Iamma-na 'evening' AD SF 86, LmS 432-
3 S: JA [Trg.] Mk`1ua ?uI'Iam, em. am1k`1ua ?uIIa'm-a 'black, dark-complected', MHb ?Im G (pf. Mk2a1 ?a'Iam)
'be sun-burnt \ black' (< caus. 's-Im) Js. 25, 64 Cal. #449 (Aram, Eg) ll U 'IumV 'dark' ( N 'IumV(-Ta) 'fog, mist',
q.v.) > Hg himaly 'obscurity, darkness'; twilight, dusk' || Z ? IImsd- vt. 'shade, screen from light' (':arcn) r", :acnon) r" cncr')
Sm: Mt {Hl.} 'Iundoha 'black' (Mt: M/T {Mll.} Iuntuha, K {Mll.} gundcha) UEW 2O4-5, LG 151, Hl. M ##592-3
ll A {DQA} 'I`umc (or 'I`i_umc) 'black, charcoal' > T 'I`omur 'charcoal' > OT, Cmn XIV, XwT XIV Iomur, MQp XIII
Iamur, Chg XV Icmur - Iomur, Xk Iomir, Tlt Iomur, Yk Iomor 'charcoal', Tk Iomur, Tkm, Ggz, Az, Qmq, Qrg
Iomur, ET Iomu(r), Ln Iomuy, Kr Cr Iomur - Iomir, Nog, Qq Iomir, VTt, Bsh Iumir, Uz Iumir, Tv xomur,
Chv I+mr+I 'charcoal' (today also 'mineral coal') Cl. 723, ET KQ 1O2-3, TL 365 pKo {S} 'Iom- 'black' > MKo
Iom-, Iom-, NKo Iom-/Iom-/Iam-/Iam- id. QK #8, Yu 48, MLC 1O1 ^ Blz. LB #14: Om, C, Ch, A + unc. D 'Iam- 'be
singed', Ch and IE roots for 'cloud' - see N 'IumV(-Ta) 'fog, mist'), Blz. LNA #3O (suggested to add Aram' unc. : D
'Iam- 'be singed' and FV 'Iuma 'hei').
1O67. 'IumV(-Ta) / (-RV) 'fog, mist ; cloud' > IE: Ht Iammara- 'mist, fog, vapour; shade, dimness (of sight')'
NaIE: Gk [Hs.] kcco) o_u), oi_ 'mist, fog' Pv. IV 35-7, Ivn. SA 154 , C op IU I-1974 99 ll HS: Ch: CCh:
40
Mdr {ChC} Iummba, Glv {Rp.} aIumba, {ChL} ?aIumba , Hrz {Ro.} Iumba 'cloud' || ECh: Ke {Eb.} Iamra 'clouds' coll.
Eb. 62, RpB 4, ChC, ChL, Ro. 227 [#142] B: Ah Iumb-ot 'brouillard humide' Fc. 8O7 ll K {K} 'Ivam-/'Ivm-, {FS}
'Ivam- v. 'smoke, emit smoke' > OG Ium- v. 'emit smoke' (qovcli igi mtay Iumoda 'all mountains emited smoke'), OG
Ium-, G Im- 'burn incense', Mg Ium- v. 'smoke', d o-Ium-au 'censer, thurible', Lz mIom- v. 'emit smoke', Sv {K, FS}
Ivam- id. (msd. li-Ivamc, 3s prs. Ivam-c) - K 'Ivaml- n. 'smoke' > OG, G Ivaml-i, Sv: UB/Ln {TK, GP}
Ivam, L {TK} Ivam, {Dn.} Ivam id. K 1O8-9, K
2
91 ('Ivam-/'Ivm- v., 'Ivaml- n.), FS K 177, FS E 193-4,
Chik. 161, 168, TK 352, GP 13O, Dn. s.v. Ivam IS I 312 tentatively adduces (to N {?IS} 'KumTa) Sv UB mu-tIvin 'fog,
dark' (but GP SED: Sv UB mutIvin 'dark [colour]' without mentioning 'fog' or 'mist'); IS sugests that Sv -tIvin- may go back to
''-Ivint- [mt ], which is hardly convincing ll U [1] 'IumtX- 'fog, haze' > F Ionto 'fog' (the back vw. o under the regr. ass.
infl. of the final back vw.) | Prm 'I'o'd > StVt u-iniir cIn-IIt 'haze ((ixia, xapcno)', Vt Sr {Wc.} cyqIId 'mist', Vt Kz {Wc.}
csqIsd 'schwacher Nebel, Dunst' (IIt, IId, Isd means 'smoke') || Hg Iod 'fog, mist, haze' Sm 'Iumt+ 'smoke' > Ne T cnn,
{Lh.} su'n, Ne F {Lh.} su'n 'smoke, steam', Ng {Mik.} Iinto, En {Cs.} suddo, Slq NP {Cs.} sumdc 'smoke', Kms d {Adl.}
schun|u id., Koyb d {Sp.} cnnc-, cnnc- 'smoke ((ix, ua()', Mt {Hl.} 'Iundu 'smoke' (Mt M/T {Mll.} Iundo, Mt M
{Sp.} inn(y, Mt T {Adl.} Iundo, Mt K {Mll.} gundu 'smoke', {Pl.} gundu`chanu 'mist' [chanu means 'dew, moisture in the
air']) - Mt {Hl.} 'Iundoha 'black' (Mt: M/T {Mll.} Iuntuha, K {Mll.} gundcha) [ N 'KUmV 'black, dark', q.v.] U
'-mt- is reconstructed on the ev. of Slq UEW 158 ('IintV 'IuntV; rejects the F cognate because of its back vowels), IS I 312
('Iumta; does not mention the F word), MF 37O, Jn. 79 (Sm 'Iunt+), Hl. MTKV 1O, 36, Hl. M ##592-3 (Sm 'Iunt+), Cs.
162, Sm. 537 (U, FU, FP 'Iunti 'smoke', Ugr 'Iunti, Sm 'Iunto; does not take into account the F and Slq cognates)
[2] ? 'IumV 'cloud' ( N 'KUmV '', q.v.] > F Iumuri 'small cloud' | Er Iovol 'cloud' | Prm: Z iixop 'cloud' || Vg Ss
scnIiy _om_atas 'es wurde nebelig', _om_atas 'es enstand ein dichtes Schneegestber, das die Luft ganz verdunkelt' UEW 2O4-
5, LG 151 ll A: M 'Iudcq 'fog, mist' [ N 'KUtV(-RV) 'smoke', q.v. ffd.] ? pKo 'Iim 'steam, vapour, breath, smell' > MKo,
NKo Iim S QK #748, MLC 281 pJ {S} Iumu_a-N 'cloud' > OJ Iumu_o, J: T, K Iumo, Kg Iumo S AJ 264-5 [#11]
DQA #795 ll D: Gnd Ium 'smoke' " Iumod 'smoke' D #1752 ^ IS I 312 [#187] (*KumTa in U, M (+ unc. T), [?] K:
Sv mu-tIvin) , C op l.c. (IE, U), ? Blz. KM 135-6 [#14] [unc. equation of the K root with the S, Bln, FV and D reflexes of N
'Kum?V '(be) hot, smoulder', q.v.], Blz. LNA #35 [CCh, IE, U, Ko, J; unc. adduction of Awn Icmana 'evening' and NrOm
'Iam- 'night' (see N 'KUmV 'black, dark')] ? Gr. II #68 ('Ium 'cloud') [FU 'IumV 'cloud' IE 'Icm- 'hide, cover', etc.].
1O68. ?? 'KU?amV(-nV) 'a hand with [five] fingers' > IE 'dc-Imt 'ten' ({Szem., Erh.}: < 'djv,c- 'two' + ''Iomt 'hand
with fingers') > OI 'dasa, Av dasa, OPrs 'daOa, Phl dah, NPrs da da, Oss das, Psh las id. || Arm tasn tasn id. || Gk ocko id.
|| pre-Al {Hamp} 'di_cOatjV, > Al dh|ctc id. || L dcccm id., Um 'dcscn 'ten' in DESENDUF 'twelve' || OIr dcich n-, OW dcc, W
dcg, Crn, Br dcI 'ten' || Gmc 'tcxun 'ten' > Gt taihun, ON tiu, NNr tic, Sw tio, Dn ti, OSx tchan, tian, OHG zchan, NHG zchn,
AS ticn, NE tcn || BSl (< d 'dcImti- 'decade'): Lt dcsimtis, Ltv dcsmit, Pru dcsscmts 'ten', dcssimts 'tenth' | Sl 'dcscti
'ten' > OCS cta:i dcscti, Blg '(cccr, SCr dc`sct, Slv dcsct, Cz dcsct, Slk dcsat`, P dzicsicc, R, Uk '(cc r" | pTc 'saI
> Tc: A saI, B saI id. (its prehistory is not yet clear) AnIE {Blz.} 'dcyanta- (< 'dcgnto- < 'dcImto-) > HrLw tinata-
'tithe', Lc snta 'ten' (< d 'dImt-a) - NaIE 'Im'tom 'hundred' [< 'dIm'tom {EI} 'tenth decade', {P}
'(Zehner)dekade'] > OI sa'tam, Av satom 'hundred'; Irn - Sl 's+to id.; Ary 1 FU 'satam id. || Gk ckotov (<
'scm Imtom 'one hundred') || L ccntum || OIr cct, W cant, Br Iant, Crn cans || Gt, OSx, AS, OHG (in cds ) hund id.; cd
('Hundertschaft' 'hundred'): ON hundra, OSx hundcrod, MHG hundcrit, hundcrt, NHG hundcrt, AS, NE hundrcd || Lt
simtas, Ltv simts 'hundred' || pTc 'Iantc > Tc: A Iantc, B Iantc id. Szem. N 69, Bks. 213-6, EI 4O3-5
(''dcIm - ''dcImj-t- - 'dcIu- 'ten'), EI 4O5 ('Im'tom 'unit, large unit, hundred'), Erh. SIM 93, Blz. N I 29O-312, P
191-2, M K II 26, F I 359-4O, WH I 327-9, Bc. G 332, LP 8.1, Frn. 91, En. 159, Tp. P A-D 332-4, Hamp AN 916-9, O 84, Fs. 471,
Vr. 59O, Ho. 347, Ho. S 74, Kb. 1242, Schz. 333, KM 877, Glh. 191-2, Wn. 475-6, Ad. 139, 619 ll HS: Ch {JS, JI} 'Imn 'hand' >
WCh: P {IL} Ismaq, ? {MSk.} daIsq, Sir {Sk., IL} Iami, Kry {Sk.} Ism, Jm {Sk.} Iama 'hand', My {Sk.} Ism 'arm' || ?
Hs Iamu 'arm length' || ? ECh: Tmk {Cp.} gc`n 'hand' JI I 86-7 & II 178-9, ChC, ChL C 'IU?Vn 'five' > SC {E}
'Io?an id. > Irq {Wh., E}, Brn/Alg {E} Io?an, Irq {MQM} Io?an, Kz {E} Io?ana || EC: [1] Sa {R} Iavan - Ion, {Bl.} Iaun,
Af {PH} Ionoy (gen. Iona) 'five'; [2] 'Icn- 'five' > Bs Icni, Dsn ccn, Elm Icn, Arr {Hw.} ccnn, Or {Grg.} san, Or H {Ow.}
sani, Or B {Sr.} sani, Or Wt {Sr.} scni, Kns Icn, Msl xcnc, Gdl hcnc, pSam {Hn.} can > Rn can, Sml san, Sml J saq, Bn
saq E SC 245, MQK 61, PH 149, Bl. 11O, 147, 19O, 296, Ss. PEC 12-3, Hn. S 77, PG 83, Sr. 1O4, Ow. 9O, Hw. A 35O, Grg.
368, AD SF 29-3O, To. DL 489 ll U: FU 'Iamc(nc) 'palm of hand' > F Iammcn, Es Iammal, Iammcl 'flat of the hand, palm'
41
| Lp: N {Fri.} Iicm (gen. Iicmman) 'palm of hand', Nt {TI} Iqama 'Handteller, Hand' || Os V Iomon-Iayor 'hollow of the
hand, fist, handful' (Iayor 'fist, handful') l U 'Iumc(nc) 'ten' > F Iymmcncn, Iymmcn, Es Iummc (gen. Iumnc) | Er, Mk
icxcn" Icmcn id. pY {IN} 'Iumnc- 'ten' > OY O {Mat.} inxncn" 'ten', Y K/T {IN} Iuncl id. UEW 137, 679, TI 1O1, KrT
292, Ang. UJ 72, Krn. JJ 182, 191, 282, Krn. IMJJ 115, Ku. 1O2, IN 229 ll A: Tg 'xumnu 'back side of the hand, upper side of the
foot (metatarsus)' > Ork _umnu, Lm tnm+, Neg onmt id., Orc umnu, WrMc umu_un metatarsus' STM II 274 ^ The internal
'? in SC and Sa-Af, as well as the labial vw. in these lgs., in Tg and in U 'Iumcnc suggest a tentative rec. 'KU?amV(-nV); the
cognates without labial vw. or its traces [in IE, Ch, part of EC, FU 'Iamc(nc)] are accounted by the loss of '-?- and a subsequent
crasis ('Ua > front vw.). The final '-nV may be identical with the genitive prtc. 'nu (turned to a marker of obl. cases and later
generalized in the paradigm of cases).
1O68a. 'Kum?V '(be) hot, smoulder' > HS: Ch: WCh: Bl Iumcni 'hot, hotness' (regular shift: Bl I- < WCh 'I-, cf. Stl.
ZCh 53-6) G. Nachtigal mentions Bdm {Nc.} Iomogc_ - Iomcgc 'Hitze' and Iomogua 'very hot', but these words are likely to
be loans from Kanuri (Knr {Nc.} Ic_mc_gc_ 'heat') ChC, ChL, Lk. B 114 S 'Imh? > Ak fOB & MA Iamu inf. (pf.
iImi - iImu, imv. Iimi - Iumu) vt. 'burn' CAD XIII 76-8 ? Eg Im hier. 'heap of burning charcoal' EG V 122 ll U: FV
'Iuma 'hot, glowing' > F Iuuma 'hot, burning', Es Iuum 'hot; heat', {W} glhend, hei, Glut', {W} Iuuma- 'glhen', Lv {Kt.}
Iumi 'glhend hei' | Er iyxyxa Iumuxa, {W} IumoIa 'fever' UEW 675-6, SSA I 457, W ESS 424, Kt. 171, ERV 313 ll D
'Ium- 'be hot, smoulder' > Tm Iumai_ 'be hot\sultry', Iumi 'hot ashes', Ml IumuruIa, IumiruIa 'be hot', Kn Iomc 'begin to
burn', Tu gumulu- 'be hot', Tl Iummu 'smouldering ashes', Iumulu v. 'smoulder, burn without flame' D #1752 ^ If Ak belongs
here (in spite of the semantic distance), the N rec. is to be 'Kum?V, otherwise 'IuHmV 'IumHV are possible as well ^ Blz.
KM 135-6 [#14] (incl. Ak, Bl, FV and D) .
1O69. ? 'KomhV (or 'Kom_V?) 'to eat, swallow' > HS: S Imh 'eat' > Ar G qmh (pf. qamiha) 'take into the mouth, eat',
Gz Imh (pf. qM1 Iamha) 'eat (grain or othe fodder), graze', Amh Iamv 'swallow without chewing', Har Imh (pf. Ivmaha)
'take a mouthful'; - S ''Iamja,h- 'cereals, flour' > Hb hm2q# 'Icmah, Ug Imh, JA [Trg.] {Dlm.}, Sr Iam'h-a, JA {Js.}
Iim'ha, JEA {Sl.} Iam'h-a - Iim'ha, Ak Icmu(m) 'flour', Ar qamh- 'wheat, corn', Gz Iamh 'produce, yield, fruit,
leguminous plant' Lb. 2527, L G 471-2, L EDH 125, KB 1O35, KBR 11O7-8, A #2419, OLS 367-8, HJ 1O13, Dlm. 364, Js. 1384,
Sl. 1O23 ? C: EC {Ss.} pcv. '-Iom/'-Im- (> 'Iom-) 'chew, bite, eat' ( N 'K'cmV 'to bite', q.v. ffd.) ll IE: NaIE 'I"cm-
'swallow' > OI 'camati - 'camati '(he) sips, drinks, eats' | pIrn 'ci_am- > Av a-sam- 'sip', sama- 'gulp', KhS tsam- 'sip'; NPrs
*a cam 'food (cibus potusque)', Oss I nixin csmsn, Oss D cumun 'to sup, sip' || Arm im- I"im-I" 'palate' || Gmc: Ic hvoma
[_oma] 'to swallow' (< 'hvama < NaIE 'I"cmo) WP I 514, P 64O-1, EI 175, M K I 382-3, Vl. I 589, Horn 99, Ab. I 321-2, Bv.
323, Slt. 343-4 ^ The exstant ev. does not allow to distinguish between 'h and '_, but 'h seems more probable, because a cluster
'm_ usually tends to change to 'q_ (or 'n_) by as , and as long as traces of such as are not detected, 'h is preferable.
1O7O. ? 'IamcE 'to bend; bend, corner' > U: FP 'I'ann`cV 'a bend, curve' > Er Ianamo 'popliteal space (lozenge-
shaped space behind the knee-joint)' | pPrm 'Io' (= {Lt.} 'Io) > Z Is 'bend of a river', Yz Iu' 'large bend of a river', Vt
Ioz 'quiet backwater in a bend of a river' (':ano(", oxyr', {LG} 'bay') LG 138, U3S 2O3 ll HS: ? S 'InOss or 'ImOss>
Ak Ins vi. 'bend', Ims v. 'bend, kneel' Sd. 431-2, 435-6 The causes of deglottalization are not yet clear ll K: G Iunc- 'j-n
in eine Ecke drngen'
Chx. 643 ll IE: NaIE 'Iant"o- 'edge, bend' > Gk kovo) 'angle of the eye' || Clt: W cant 'rim, tyre', Br Iant
'circle', Gl 'Iantos 'iron tire; rim, edge (Rand, Ecke)' (in glosses and inscriptions: kovtc, kovtcvo, kovtcv) 1 L canthus 'tire of
a wheel; rim, edge' [Quintilianus: from lgs. of Africa or Spain (i.e. CltI?)] 1 Rom 'Iantus > Sp, Port, It canto, Prv can 'edge, rim,
corner, side', OFr chant id. [- chantcl id.] > Fr chant 'face troite dun objet', chantcau 'hunk of bread') || Sl 'Iot+ 'corner' >
ChS ka:+ Iot+, Blg ir, SCr Iut, Slv Iot, OCz, Cz Iout, Slk Iut, HLs/LLs Iut, P Iat 'corner', OR k:+ Iut+ 'corner in a
house', Uk, Blr, R ? iyr 'corner' P 326-7, F I 777-8, K. #1851, Krger GS 219, ML #1616, Vn. C 84-5 (shows that OIr cctas
'sige' does not belong here [ P a. o.]), Hm. 42O, YGM-1 74, GH DAF 99, Dauz. 16O, Dtn. 241, Thr. KR 53, ESSJ XII 75-8, Glh.
363, EI 143 ['Ian-t(")o 'corner, a bending'] ll A: pJ {S} 'Iantu_a 'angle, corner' > OJ 'Iadu_o, J: T Iado, K Iado, Kg
Iado S QJ #856, Mr. 432 ^ N 'm is reconstructed on the ev. of Ak Ims, in the rest of the cognates 'm > 'nn` by as to the
adjacent affricate.
1O71. 'IUjy,mVcV (or '-c-?) '( ) shin, thigh' > HS: S 'I'uymV's- '() part of leg' > Gz I"oyc - I"oc 'leg, shin,
shinbone, thigh' (a late spelling for 'I"oyc, 'I"oc?), Ak Iimcu, Iincu, Iiccu 'Unterschenkel' (in Gz 'I"> I" by as to c or
'c) L G 458, Sd. 478 C 'I"anc-/'Iunc- 'buttocks' ( E: 'I"andl/'Iundl) 'buttocks' or 'muscle' > Bj {Rop.} I"andid
'buttocks of an ape' || SC: Irq {E} Iuc?ama 'buttocks', ? Kz {E} Iu?uIo 'muscle, tendon, sinew'; ?? Irq {MQK} Iucuumo
'hip, broad backside' ( Iucu- v. 'bulge, bent, not straight') E CR #354, E SC 367 (reconstructs pRt 'Iuc- 'large muscle'),
42
MQK 63, Rop. 2O8 ll K 'IvVnc`V_q- > Mg Ivinci_c 'thigh, haunch (6c(po, n) ia) ' Q 256 ll ? A: NaT 'KouI
'buttocks' > OT {Cl} IocuI id. (unvocalized), IocuIlc- v. 'beat on the buttocks', Sg/Shor {Rl.} IocuI 'buttocks'; this T
cognate is valid unless it goes back to ''Iot-cuI T 'Iot 'backside, buttocks' (Cl. 7OO) Cl. 697, Rl. II 1289^ If Irq {E}
Iuc?ama is not valid (derived from the v. Iucu-), the N sibilant is 'cc.
1O72. ?'Kmju,rV 'shoulder, shoulder-blade' (> 'nape, upper arm') > HS: B '-Irum- 'back (dorsum), nape of the neck, neck'
( N 'IUri'hV 'throat, neck'?) > Skn {La.} ta-Irum-t (pl. ta-Iorm-in), Nf {La.} tuIrimt 'neck', Shl {La.} aIrum, Nf aIrum
'back (dos)', Wrg {Dlh.} aIrum (pl. i-Irum-on), taIrumt (pl. tiIrumin) 'neck, nape of the neck', Mtm ta-Irum-t (pl.
ti-Iorm-in) 'neck, nape', tiIormin 'back, spine', Mz acrum 'nape' ('nuque, haut du cou derrire la tte'), Gd {CM} taIurumt 'neck'
Ds. 98, Dlh. M 24, La. S 218, Dlh. Ou 153 ? S: Ak fMB Iumar- {Sd.} 'shoulder and upper part of the arm (?)', {CAD} ' part
of the arm' Sd. 824, CAD XIII 3O4 ll A: NaT 'I`abrc 'shoulder-blade' > Chg Icbzc [San.] 'shoulder', {PC} id., 'shoulder-blade',
Osm {Rh.} zbK Iabza, Tk Icbzc, Ggz Icbzc, Tkm Icbo, Qzq Icbzc, ? {Rl.} Iou_zo 'shoulder-blade', Az gabza
'handle, grip', Qq Icbzc 'breast', VTt Iau_sa 'trunk of a tree', Bsh Iau_oa 'trunk (of body)' TL 242-3, ADb. SR 141, 188-9,
Rl. II 1198, TrR 528, TkR 386, Rl. II 1218, San. 323, PC 455 ADb. SR 47, 3O6 equates this T v with Tg 'Icndc 'shoulder-blade'
(which is hardly convincing) and reconstructs A 'Icmrc (for Tg 'Icndc cp. N 'IcnjV,c`VdV 'joint [articulation], shoulder joint')
^ ADb. SR 3O6 (A 'IcmrE IE 'g"crva / 'g"riva 'nape, back, arm', D 'Icntc 'carry under the arm'; cp. N 'gubjV,RE 'nape'
and 'IcnjV,c`VdV).
1O73. ?? 'Iam'tV 'to burn (vi.), shine' > IE: NaIE 'Icnd- v. 'shine' > OI [Dhat.] candati 'shines, is bright' || L
candco / candcrc / candui 'be of a shining white, shine, glitter', candidus 'shining white' || W can 'white', cannaid 'white,
luminous', OBr cann 'shining, white' (in cds ), Br Iann 'dun blanc brillant' In the OI intensive caniscadat 'shining billiantly' (RV
5.43.4) and in pAl 'Isanda we can discern a "movable 's-, but its origin is obscure P 526, M K I 372-3, WH I 151-2, Frl. 95 (OBr
cant 'frey-haired, shining' [quoted in P] does not exist), EI 514 ['(s)Iand- 'shine, glitter']; for an alt. et. of the Al word cf. above
s.v. N 'c`c`aqnV 'one of a shining white; moon' ll HS: B 'Imd vi. 'burn' > Rf, Izn, Shl Imd In B we may see a mte
''Imt > ''Imt (> 'Imd) ll D 'Ian_r_- ({GS} 'Iand_-) 'be scorched (by sun or fire), fade' > Tm Ianru 'be
scorched\sunburnt, fade', Ml IannuIa 'be scorche', Kn Iandu 'be scorched by the sun or by fire, be harred', Tu Ianduni 'be fade,
wither', Tl Iandu 'blackness\discoloration caused by scorching', Iandu 'be scorched' D 141O ll K: G IamIam- 'to shine, glitter'
Chx. 546-7 ^ If the K cognate is valid, the N etymon has 'I-, otherwise it must be denoted as 'K- (= 'Iq-).
1O74. ''Ian'E 'young, child' > HS: S 'Inn > Mh Isn'navn (f. Isn'nst) 'child; little, young', Hrs Isnnon (f.
Isn'nst) 'little, small', 'small' (= 'young, of a child'): syorbsh m-hss Isnnon 'I have known him since he was small', Sq {Jo.}
'Ianhoh 'baby animal', Mh, Hrs msI'nayv, Jb E msI'ni 'baby, baby boy', Mh msI'navt, Hrs mIsnot, Jb E msI'nit 'baby
girl', Hrs msIni 'grandson', msInit 'granddaughter' Jo. M 232, Jo. H 76 ? Eg XXII Iny 'child on his mothers lap (?)' (unless
from Eg fMK Iny v., n. 'embrace') EG V 51, Fk. 28O EC: Sml {DSI} qan 'camel-foal, calf', Sml N qan 'camel-foal'; Or
Iondala {Hd.} 'young man', {Grg.} 'young soldier; young man of "draft age"' Abr. S 2OO, DSI 477, Grg. 327 ll IE: NaIE 'Icn-
'young; child, young of an animal' > OI Vd Ia'nina- 'young', OI Ian'ya, Av Iainc / Iaini- 'girl, virgin', YAv gen. sg. Iainin- id.,
NPrs ?ynK Ianiz 'maiden, girl; female slave, maid-servant', ? Iina 'daughter', Krd Iani, Icni 'bride', (pIrn 'Ian-ti- >) Oss I csn,
Oss D Iina 'bride, sons wife' || OIr cano, cana 'whelp (of a wolf), puppy', MW ccncu, W ccnau (pl. ccnavon) id. || Sl 'ccdo
'child' (unless a loan from Gmc, cp. OHG Iind id.) > OCS vae ccdo, Blg 'uc(o, Cz cado 'child', R, Uk 'ua(o id. Not here
( EI) words for 'begin, new' (OCS za-ccti 'begin', L rc-ccns 'new, fresh, recent', Gk koivo), etc.) [see N 'KanV 'to begin,
originate, be new'] WP I 397-8, P 563-4, ESSJ IV 1O2-4, SPS II 191, M K I 151, 153-4, M E I 297-8, Vl. II 9O2-3, Sg. 1O57, Horn
194, Mrg. 19, Ab. I 6O7-8, SB 76-7, Vn. C 31-2, ESSJ IV 1O2-4, EI 213-4 ('Icn- 'fresh') ll ?? A: NaT ''Iaj:,nc 'child, young
of an animal' > OT Ianc id. ({Cl.} Ianc) id., OT U VIII Icnc uri Icnc Iizlar 'young boys and young girls', Osm {Bu.} ?nK
gcn, Tk gcnc, Ggz gcnc, Az gan 'young' Cl. 727, ET VGD 2O-1, TL 657-8, GRMS 11O, Rs. W 252, Sht. 124, NogR 16O,
KrkR 313, Bu. II 139, Rl. II 1O82 M (A T?): WrM Icnc, HlM xyn: 'child born of old parents, late-grown crop', Kl {Rm.}
Icnzo 'late-born (child, young of animals)'; M 1Chg jnK Icnc {Rl., Rs.} 'youngest daughter', {Cl.} 'a child born to elderly
parents', Qzq, Nog, Qq Icnzc 'the youngest child; last-born young (of domestic animals)', ET Iani 'last-born (child), late (crops)',
Uz ? gcna " gana, Qmq , Qrg Icnc 'young' MED 454, KW 226, BN 83-4, ET VGD 2O-1 ll D 'Ian_r_- ({GS}
'Iand_-) 'child, young of animals' (= {Pf.} 'Iant_-) ( N 'IanhV 'to give birth') > Tm Ianru 'calf, colt, young (of various
animals), young tree', Ml Iannu (obl. Iarru) 'young of cattle, young plaintain tree', Iannu / (obl. c.) Iarru- 'calf' (esp. 'buffalo
calf'), Td Ior_ 'female buffalo calf below one year', Kn Ianda 'young child', Iaru, Iara, Iaruvu 'calf', Iandu 'calf, young
43
plaintain trees, foetus of beasts', Tu Iani 'calf', Tl Iandu 'infant', Gnd Iar`ani 'half-grown young pig', Krx xadd 'child, young
animal or plant', Mlt qadc 'son' Km. 324, D #1411, Pf. 9O ll ?? K: OG Inin-aI-i 'very small', MG, G Inin- 'small, little, tiny,
insignificant', G Inin- 'diminish, make smaller' (if the semantic connection is sufficient and unless the G word is an Iranism [from
unspecified source]) Srj. 1OO, DCh. 62O, Chx. 6O5 ^ If the A cognate is valid, the vw. ('a in T, c in M) is due to vw. harmony:
'a...E > 'a...V ^ This N v may be identical with N 'KanV 'to begin, originate, be new' [q.v.] ^ If the K word belongs here, the N
rec. must be 'Ian'E, otherwise it is 'Kan'E with an unspecified 'K- ^ IS I 335-6 [#211] ('Kann 'give birth, be born'; IE, S, B,
C, Om, D).
1O75. 'KanV 'to sing, to sound' > IE: NaIE 'Ian- id. > L cano / cancrc 'sing', Um Ianctu 'canito', ar-Iani 'accinium,
priests chant' || Gk i-kovo) 'cock' ('morning-singer'), aor. kovooi 'poured with a gurgling sound', kovo_ 'sharp sound', esp.
'ring, clang (of metal)' || OIr can- v. 'sing', Brtt {RE} 'Ianimi 'sing' > OW cana, MW, W canu, Crn canc, MBr canaff, Br Ianan
'to sing', Br Ian 'singing (chant)' || Gt, AS hana, ON hani, OSx, OHG hano, NHG Hahn 'cock'; - Gt Cr ano, AS hcnn, NE hcn,
OHG hcnna, hanin, NHG Hcnnc 'hen', with ablaut OSx hon, OHG huon, NHG Huhn 'hen' But
Tc A Iam' (gen. Ianis), B Icnc
'melody, tune' do not belong here because IE 'a does not yield pTc {Ad.} 'c (> Tc A a, Tc B c), but goes back to NaIE 'g"vonos
'sound', as suggested in Wn. 186, Ad. 193 & Ad. H 27 P 525-6, EI 519, Dv. #368, F I 776, WH I 154-5, Bc. G 329-3O, Fs. 243-4,
Vr. 2O8, Kb. 431, 456, Schz. 164, OsS 37O, 432, Ho. 149, 155, Vn. C 3O-1, RE 128, Ern. 94, Hm. 418 ll HS: S: [1] SS
'Iny - 'Inv 'raise a sound of music, sing' > Gz Iny L (pf. Ianaya) 'raise a sound of music', Tgy Iny (pf. Ianvyv), Tgr
pf. Iana 'sing'; 1 Sa Iana 'song'; [2] CS 'Iyn 'sing' > BHb en!iq% Ii'na 'funeral song, dirge', A, Sr Ii'n-a 'song, chant', Md
Iinta 'song', Ar {Dz.} (?a)qyana v. 'sing', Ar nay0Qa qayn-at- 'song-stress' KB 1O25, KBR 1O97, L G 437, Br. 664, LH 253 ll
A: ? Tg 'Icnnc- 'sing, produce a sound' > Orc Isnsxi 'voice (of a person capable to sing)', Ewk Isno- v. 'praise, thank', Sln
xsni- v. 'praise', Neg Isns- id., 'be proud of', Ud Isni- v. 'scold', Ork Isns- v. 'boast' STM I 449 ll D 'Ian_- ({GS} 'I-) v.
'sound' > Tm Ianay v. 'sound (as a drum), bellow, neigh', Ml IancIIa v. 'sound, low (as oxen)', Kt Ianv- '(cow\buffalo) bellows for
calf', Td Icnf- (p. Icnt-) v. 'roar' (of wild animals, children), Kn Icnc v. 'neigh', Kdg Icnc '(act of) bellowing', Kui Ianar`i 'sound,
noise' D #14O9 ^ The Tg cognate is doubtful because of its 'I- (for the expected 'x-) and its palatal '-n-.
1O76. 'KanV 'to begin, originate, be new' > IE: NaIE 'Icn- 'begin, originate, be born, be recent\young' > Gk koivo) 'new' || L
rc-ccns / rc-ccnt-is 'new, fresh, young, recent' || OIr cinid 'il sort de, descend de, est mis au monde', ccncl 'race, peuple, espce,
genre', ciniud, OW ccnctl 'gens, genus, natio', W ccncdl 'nation, race', Crn Iincthcl 'generatio'; Gl Cintus,
Cintugnatus ('Primigenitus'), OIr cctnc, cct- 'first', W cyn(t) 'erst, vor, eher' || ? Gmc: Brgn HENDINOS 'king' || Sl
'cin-o / 'cc-ti 'begin' > OCz cnu / cncs / cicti; usually used with pxs.: 'na-cin-o / 'na-cc-ti v. 'begin' (> OCS uoviua
na-cin-o / uova:u na-cc-ti, Blg na'ucna, SCr naccti, Slv naccti, OCz nacicti, OP, P ? naczac, R
nau'ny / na'uar" id.), 'o-cin-o / 'o-cc-ti v. 'begin' (> SCr ocncm / occti, Cz ocnu / ociti, P oczac),
'za-cin-o / 'za-cc-ti v. 'begin, conceive (of a woman)' (> OCS ova:u za-cc-ti, R :a'uar" id., P zaczac 'to begin'); Sl
'Ion+ 'start, beginning' ( 'end'; the semantic change is understandable in the light of SCr od Iona do Iona 'from the beginning to
the end') > OCS Ion- in utkeuu is-Ion-i 'ot o_), from the beginning [of times]', R ncio) nn 'from time immemorial', SCr Ion
'', OR keu+ Ion+ 'end', Cz Ion (in doIona 'up to the end', doIonati 'end ones life'), Uk i n; - Sl 'Ion-ici 'end' (> OCS
keuii Ionici, Blg, R io'ncn, Uk i ) ncn", SCr Ionac, Slv Ioncc, Cz Ioncc, Slk, P Ionicc) P 563-4, M K I 151, 153-4, M E
I 297-8, F I 754, WH II 423-4, Vn. C 64, 1O3, Mrg. 19, Ab. I 6O7-8, SB 76-7, ESSJ IV 1O9, X 195-6, XI 5-6 & XXI 226-7, Vs. II
14O, 3O7, 31O & III 51, Ma. CS 217, Br. 423-4, Glh. 49O-1, StSS 234, 265, 289-9O, 357, EI 213-4 ('Icn- 'fresh'; no distinction
between reflexes of 'KanV 'begin, be new' and ''Ian'E 'young, child') ll HS: S 'Inyv > BHb Inyv v. 'create, acquire,
buy', Ph, Pun, SmA Inyv 'create', Ug Iny 'create, acquire', Amr {G} Iny, Ar qny - qnv G id., IA Inyv 'acquire, buy',
JA {Js.} Iny - Inv 'acquire, obtain', JEA {Sl.} Iny 'acquire possession', Gz Iny 'acquire', Ak OB Iny (p. iIni) 'keep for
oneself', Ak NA Inv (p. iInu) 'acquire' KB 1O38-9, KBR 1111-2, A #2426, OLS 369-7O, Js. 1391, Sl. 1O27-8, Tal 785, G A
29, Sd. 898, Fr. III 5O8-9 B 'yn'? > ETwl, Ty +ynu 'tre commenc, tre cr', Ah oynu (pf. -yni - -yna) id., 'avoir son origine'
Fc. 1739, GhA 69 EC: Dsn {To.} Iana 'new' To. DL 5O9 NrOm: Ym {Wdk.} Ionu` / Ionu 'generate, give birth',
{Lm.} Ion- 'gebren', {C} Ion- v. 'generate (generare)', {Wdk.} Ionto` / Ionto, {Lm.} Ion-t-, {C} Ion-t- 'be born' C SE
III 82, Wdk. BY 129, Lm. Y 353-4 WCh: NrBc {Sk.} 'Isn--'Ian- 'buy' > {Sk.}: Wrj, Mbr, My Isn-, P I"an-, Jmb gsn-,
Kry Isn-, Cg Ian - Ian id. Sk. NB 14, Tk. NB 182 (NB 'I"an- > 'Ian--'Isn-) ll D: 'Ian_- 'bear, bring forth',
'Ian_r_- 'child, young of animals' [ N 'IanhV 'to give birth', q.v. ffd.] ^ If the K word belong here, the N rec. must be 'IanV,
otherwise it is 'KanV with an unspecified 'K- ^ This N v may be identical with N ''Ian'E 'young, child' [q.v.] ^ IS I 335-6
[#211] ('Kann 'give birth, be born'; IE, S, B, C, Om, D).
44
1O77. 'I'aNV 'to tie' > K 'Ion- v. 'tie together' > OG Iona 'bundle', MG [SSO] Ion- v. 'tie together (flowers, twigs, etc.)',
G Ion- v. 'tie' (sc-Ion-va 'to tie together', Ion-a 'bundle, sheaf'), Sv cvcn-/con-: UB li-cvcn-i {K
2
} 'to tie together', Sv
{K
2
} li-con-c 'be wrapped', Sv UB {GP} li-con-c 'to tie round, wrap up', a-con-c 'wraps up', z-an-con-c '(he) wrapped
up', lo-conc prtc. 'wrapped up' K 114, K
2
98, FS E 2O6, Abul. 2O1, TK 483 ll HS 'In - 'In v. 'tie, plait' > B
'-yan- - '-yun- 'rope, band' > Ah, Gh a-yan 'corde', Ah ta-yan-t 'rne', Tmz ta-yuni 'footwear'; 'vyn (< 'v-yn) v. 'tie' > Ah,
Gh, BSn, Si oqqon v. 'tie' ('lier'), Gd cqqon, Nf {La.} aqqon, Mz, Kb oqqon, Tmz qqon 'lier, attacher', uqun 'lien, attache' Fc.
1733-4O, Dlh. M 162, La. S 197, MT 192-4, Dl. 667, Lnf. II #1283 Eg: G In v. 'weave', MK In n. 'mat', MKL Iny.v 'weavers'
EG V 48, 5O, Fk. 279 S 'Iann- > Ak Iann- 'fetter, band, rope, belt, wisp of straw to bind a sheaf' ( Inn [inf. Iananu] v.
'twist'?) CAD VIII 142-3, 156-7 Ch {JS} 'In 'to tie' (?? - 'In id.), {Stl.} 'IVn- 'tie to (attacher)' > WCh: SBc: Bg {Sh.}
Ian, Buli {ChL} IInnu, {Csp.} Iinnu, Tala {Csp.} Ianu | ?? NrBc: Cg {Sk.} Iun- 'tie', unless from pNrBc 'dIn (> Wrj {Sk.}
diIsn- id.) || CCh: Hw Isnaq, Gnd {ChL} IInsnci, Gbn {ChL} Itnsnci, Bk {ChL} Itnada, Tr {Nw.} gsni, Pdl gsna v.
'tie' | Msy {MCh} Ion id. | Lame {ChL} Isnva 'plait (mat\hair)', ZmB {ChC, ChL} Ian, ZmD Ia`n v. 'plait (hair)' || ECh: Mkl sbjn.
Iini, pf. gini, ip. Ioniyo 'plait (mat\hair)' JS 269, Stl. IF 1O4, ChC, ChL, J LM 122, KNC 11 OS #1546 ('Ian- 'plait' in Ch,
B, Eg) ll IE: NaIE {P} 'IcnI- v. 'gird, tie\bind around, tie on' > OI A 'Iancatc 'binds', OI 'Ianci 'girdle, belt' || Gk kikioc) pl.
'lattice gates' || L cing(crc) / cinxi / cinctus 'gird' 'surround, encircle' || Lt IinIau/-yti v. 'harness (horses)' P 565, EI 224
('IcnI- 'gird, wrap around'), M K I 139-4O, F I 849, WH I 216-7, Frn. 255 IE '-I- is an extension (originally a sx.?) ll ??? (qu.
for phonetic reasons): A: Tg 'jx,un- 'to tie, tie together' > Ewk una- v. 'tie\fasten to, bandage', Lm o':ns- 'tie to\together', Orc
una- 'tie together', Orc una, ? Ud unu 'bundle', WrMc uncri 'cord, bow-string' STM II 277.
1O78. 'KEnq'u 'empty' > IE: NaIE 'Icnjv,- 'empty' > Arm sin sin (gen. snoj snoy) 'empty, vain' || Gk Hm kcvcj,o), Gk
Cp kcvcuo), Gk I kcivo) (< 'kcvo)), Gk A kcvo) id. WP I 39O, P 564, Bc. #13.22, Bois. 434, F I 189, Slt. 441, EI 179 (?
'Ic'no-s) ll ? HS: ? S: Gz Iantu (acc. Ianto) 'nothingness, empty thing, emptiness', in cs. 'vain, empty' L G 288 C: Ag: Xm
{R} gin- 'be empty, without (sth. expected)' ('leer, bar, ohne sein'), gi'na 'emptiness' R Ch II 47 ll A: M 'Ioqdcy 'hollow, empty'
> MM [IM] Ioqdcy 'hollow', WrM Iondci - Iondui, HlM x' n(nn, WrO Iondoi, Kl i' n(o Ionda 'hollow, empty' pM
'-dci (> WrM -dci) is a sx. of nominal derivation Pp. MA 44O, MED 487, Krg. 734, KRS 316 Tg: [1] ''xcqtu- 'empty' > Orc
Isntu, IsntuIu, Lm sntoIs, sntorsn, Neg sntuIin 'empty', sntus- vt. 'empty', Ewk sqtuIin 'not full' (a vessel), sqtu- vt.
'diminish the amount (of liquid in a vessel)' [2] NrTg 'IcqI- > Ewk IsqIutsI 'emptiness', Lm Io'qIi- vt. 'empty' Tg 'I- (for
the expected 'x-) in 'IcqI- may be due to as ('K...I > 'I...I) STM I 45O & II 458 DQA #765 (A 'Icqi 'hollow, empty';
incl. M, Tg 'IcqI-] ^ IS I 349-5O [#226] ('Kcnu = 'Kcn`u; IE U 'IcnV ad A 'I`anu 'light, levis').
1O78a. 'Kun`V 'belly, chest' > HS: NrOm: Sz {Fl.} Iani 'belly'; ?? Wl Ianca, Dwr {Bk.} Ianca 'stomach', Gf {Fl.}
Ianca, Dc Iancc 'belly' & Gm {Hw.} Iancc 'belly, abdomen' (unless from NrOm 'ganC- > Oyda gancc, Zl {C}, Hrr {CR}
gani 'stomaco', Shk {AY} gInsa, Na {AY} gInsu, Mj {AY} ganzu 'belly') Blz. OLBP #13, Fl. OWL s.v. 'belly', Hw. EG s.v.
'abdomen' & 'belly' Ch: WCh: Hs Iundu 'gizzard of chicken or ostrich', ta yi Iundu 'she is pregnant', Jmb {Sk.} I'an 'heart,
liver', Ngz {Sch.} Iunu 'stomach (Magen), Bd {IL} Iunu 'belly' || ECh: Tmk {Cp.} gcgs`n 'ventre' Abr. H 554, Ba. 641, Sch. ND
98, JI II 2O-1, ChC, ChL, Cp. 61 Blz. OLBP #13 ? Eg fMK Iny 'Umarmung, Scho' > DEg In 'sein', Cpt keu- Iun- 'sein,
giron, parties sexuelles', Eg fMK Iny v. 'embrace' EG V 5O-1, Er. 538, Vc. 82, Crn. 59 ll U: FU 'Iun`a 'belly' > Z IInsm, Prmk
II'nsm, Yz In'nnm 'belly' || Os: V Ion`, D/O _on | OHg XIV iunhum, yonhan- 'heart, liver', Hg ? yoh " yuh " ch " ih 'das
Innere, Bauch, Magen' UEW 2O8, LG 152, Lt. KY 132 ll D [1] 'Iun`t- (GS} 'g-) 'chest, heart, internal organ' > Tm Iunti
'heart, kidney', Ml Iuti-IIayi 'cashew fruit with the nut' (analogy of kidneys), Kn gundigc 'heart', Tu gundig id., 'breast',
gundc 'courage', Tl gundc 'chest, heart', Nkr gundur-Iaya 'kidney', Gnd B gundur-Iaya 'kidney', Gnd ? gundc 'chest',
gundcr Iaya 'heart', Knd gun`da 'chest', Mlt Ionda 'heart' [2] ? 'IumV > Kdg Iummc, Gnd Iummi 'stomach', Kui
Iumba 'lower part of the abdomen' Valid if '-V is a sx. (ext. ?); otherwise related to A {DQA} 'I`cmi 'intestines, liver' (> M
'Iim, Tg 'xcmu-gdc, pJ 'Iimu_a) D #* 1693,1757, DQA #1OO2 ^ Suggested by Blz. in 1989 (Blz. LB #1Oa); Blz. LNA #33
(Eg, Om, WCh, U, D 'Iun`t-).
1O78b. 'K'Un`V 'back, rear' > HS: S 'Iinn- (- 'Iayn-?) > Ak fOB/OA Iinnatu 'anus, buttocks; rear', Tgr Ion
'lower\back part; vulva', Ar qayn-at- 'derrire, le bas du dos' ( d with the dim. infix -ay-?) CAD XIII 254-6, LH 252, BK II 848
EC: Or {Grg.} Iinti 'spine (esp. at the waste line)', {Brl.} Iinti 'lombi, natiche' Grg. 322, Brl. 341 Ch: WCh: Su {J}
IsnoI, Mnt Ioq 'back (dos)' || CCh: Glv {Rp.} Iunya, Dgh {Frk., ChL} I"inda, {IL} I"indo, Gv {IL} I"inda, {ChL}
I"inda, Nkc {ChL} I"inda` 'neck' But hardly here Hs Ianiya` because of the vw. a in the first syll. and its meaning (not
45
'anus', as in Blz. LNA, but 'perineum, female pudenda, anus', where 'anus' is hardly the primary meaning) JI II 6, ChC, ChL, RpB
55, Ba. 552 ll U: FU 'Ion`nV (+ oblique case endings) 'rcklings, auf den Rcken' > Er iyncr Iunst 'backward, upon\on the back'
(npaxc iyncr 'to fall backwards', amrcxc iyncr 'to lie on ones back'), Mk ? {Ahl.} Iunc 'rcklings' || ObU {Hl.}
'IVn`(c)Vv [{Ht.} 'IVn(c)Vy] 'auf den Rcken' > pVg 'Ianoy id. > Vg: T Ianav, LK _oni, MK/UK Ioni, P Ionoy,
NV/SV Ioni, LL Iona, UL _oni, Ss. _oni; pOs 'Ion`cay id. > Os: V/Vy Ion`cay, Ty Ion`yI, Y IonyI, K _onca',
Nz/Kz _onsa, O _onsa UEW 179, ERV 315, Ht. #288 Os 'n` may be postalveolar due to as ('Nc > 'n`c) and therefore
provides no ev. for a pFU 'n` ll A {SDM} 'Iuoqt`V 'rump, anus' > T 'Ij`,oq 'buttocks, rump, thick part of the thigh' > OT [MKs.]
qoq at 'muscle' (at 'meat, flesh'), Qrg T, ET qoq 'buttocks, posteriors', Qq, Qrg qoq 'meat of the thick part of the thigh', Qzq qoq
id., rump', Tv qoq 't 'meat without bones; carcass (of an animal), ryma' ('t 'meat'); T 1 WrM {Rm.?} qoq, Klm {Rm.} _oq
'Stei, das dicke Fleisch am Rckenende' Cl. 632, MKD 142, ET Q 58-9, Rl. II 899, KW 185 M 'qoqdV- ({DQA} 'qondu-)
'rump, hind part' [ possible infl. of N 'IcnjV,c`VdV 'joint (articulation), shoulder joint'??] > Klm {Rm.} _ond
a
sn 'die Stelle
unten zwischen den Schenkeln' [{Rm.}: WrM qondasun 1 WrMc {Rm.} _onsun (= WrMc {Ha.} _onsun
'Hmorrhoidengeschwr'?]; WrM qondulai, HlM xon(non {MED} 'rump, hip', {Kow.} 'cuisse, partie suprieure dune cuisse', Klm
{Rm.} _ond
a
la 'das dicke Fleisch, Stei, Schenkel', Brt xon(onon 'buttocks, posteriors (of humans), rump (of an animal), Ord
_ond_olo 'croupe', _ond_oc`oq 'croupe, partie du dos situe sous la rgion lombaire', Klm {Rm.} _oqga - _oqga 'der Stei
(der Kinder)' (in the lge. of children) ( WrM {Rm.} qoqgai_); Klm {KRS} xon(cx _ond+s_+ 'rump, hind part (of an animal)',
{Rm.} _ond
a
s_a 'Schenkelfleisch, Stei, Sitz; Schenkel'; M 'qon:iya-sun 'crotch, anus' > MM [S] {H} qoniyasun
'Ausscheidungsorgane', WrM qoqusu {MED} 'the junction of the two thighs, crotch', {Kow.} 'coc(nncn c o6nx n) (n n,
:a(nnna', 'lextrmit des organes extrtoires, lorgan de lexcrtion', Brt {Chr.} xon:oolo( n) 'anus' Kow. 869, 874, MED 962,
963, H 66, Ms. O 352, KRS 596, KW 185, Chr. 583-4, Ha. 595 Tg 'Iuqdu > Ewk IunquIi " IunduIi "IuqnuIi 'rump (of an
animal); sacrum' pKo 'Iuqtuq- 'croup. buttocks' > MKo Iuntuq`i, NKo Iuqduqi S QK #76O, Nam 91, MCL 222ll D
'Iun`(t)- 'buttocks, posteriors, rump' > Tm Iunti 'buttocks, rump', Ml Iunti 'posteriors, anus', Kn Iundc id., 'buttocks', Tl
Iuttc, Gdb Iund 'anus', Ku Iuna 'buttock' D #1693A ^ CCh, M, Tg, Ko suggest a N phrase 'K'Un`V jKQV,TV ^ The HS-
U-D equation was proposed by Blz. in 1989 (Blz. LB #6g); Blz. LNA #34
1O79. 'IunV(rV) 'small carnivore (marten, polecat, wild cat, or sim.)' > K (GZ?) 'Ivcnr- 'marten' > OG Iucrna-, G
Ivcrna-, Mg Ivinor-i, Lz Ivcnur-i id.; Sv: UB/Ch/Ln Ivcn, Lx Icn, L Ivcn - rIvcn id. ({K
2
}: Sv A G Lc 'rIvcn-?) K
11O, K
2
92, FS K 18O-1, FS E 19, TK 353 ll IE: NaIE (att. in BSl) 'Icu_n-/'Iou_n- 'marten' > Lt Iiaunc', Iiaunc, Ltv cauna,
-c, Pru caunc id. | Sl 'Iuna 'marten' > ChS {Mikl.} kuo Iuna 'oioo), felis', Blg 'iyna, McdS iyna, SCr, Slv Iuna, Cz, Slk,
HLs, LLs, P Iuna, OR kuo Iuna, R ? 'iyna " iy'na, Uk iy'na 'marten'.; Sl d 'Iunica id. > ChS {Mikl.}
kuuo Iunica 'oioo), felis', Blg ? 'iynnna 'Mustela foina', SCr Iunica, Slv Iunica, P Iunica, OR kuuo Iunica, R
iy'nnna, Uk iy'nnn 'marten' Frn. 249, En. 191, Tp. P I-K 279-83, ESSJ XIII 1O2-6, Glh. 358-9, Tr. 122 ll HS: SC: Irq {Wh.}
qaina?i/a, {MQK, E} qayna?i 'civet cat'; ?? SC 1Mb Icnda 'zorilla' Wh. SI, MQK 86, E SC 252 #24 (SC Ij",ayina
'Ij",nna) ? Ch: WCh: Hs I'aqva, Pr {Frz.} Ianda 'cat', Bl {Kr.} ssnva 'wild cat' || ECh: Smr {Nacht.} Io|na 'cat'
Abr. H 6O1, Ba. 7O2 (I'anva), Frz. P 34, ChC, Lk. ZSS 79, Sk. HCD 163-4 ? S 'IVndVr- (< ''IVnr-?) > Ar rdnQ qndr
(with unknown vowels) 'beaver' ({Fr.} 'animal ad ripam magnorum fluviorum vivens. Exstruit sibi domum duabus portis praeditam.
Piscibus alitur') Fr. III 5O3 ll A 'Kurana [= 'I`urana?] (mt < ''Kunara) 'marten, polecat' > T ''Iuran > OT
{Cl.} Iuzan 'polecat', XwT, MQp Iuzcn, [CC] qara Iuzcn id., Iuzcn 'Mustela', Tkm {Shch.} goocn ({?Shch.} io-:y-n),
Uz caccn iyA:an sassiq Iuzan, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Alt, Xk Iuzcn, ET Iuzan, VTt i' :on Iizan, Bsh Iioan 'polecat',
Qmq gozcn, Qrg Iuzon 'marten', Tf Iuzcn 'Siberian weasel', Tv Iuzcn id., 'marten' | Blgh 1Hg gorcny 'polecat' Cl. 761,
Shch. Zh 146, TL 163, RUzS 537, TvR 269, Gomb. BTL 72-3 M 'Iurcnc > WrM Iurcnc, HlM xpny 'skunk, polecat, weasel',
Kl ipn Iurno, Iurn 'polecat', {Rm.} Iurn 'iltis', Ord {Ms.} I`u'rcnc - I`u'rinc 'espce de putois' ({Pot.} 'Mustela putorius')
MED 5O4, Kow. 2636, KRS 328, KW 248, Ms. O 439 ? Tg 'jx,uriIc > Ewk uriIs 'marmot, souslik (Citellus)', ? Orc (?)
uriIs - urIs 'black seal (ncpna) with white stripes' STM II 285 If the Tg cognate is valid, the initial pA cns. must have been
'I`- (the reg. reflex of N 'K-) TL 162-3 (T, M, Tg) ^ The word may have denoted some small carnivore (marten, polecat, wild
cat; they are found in different parts of Eurasia, including Southwestern Asia; in modern Israel the marten is well known as eI!m5n^
ncmi'ya`) ^ IS MS 346 (K, IE, A), Blz. C ( SC, WCh and Somray); AD NM #91; S CNM 3 ( NrCs, Yn), Vv. AEN 1O (the
supposed mt in A makes the comparison less reliable).
46
1O8O. ?? 'KunV 'KunE 'sun, day' > A: T 'I`un ({Md.} 'I`un) 'sun, day' > OT Iun, Tk gun, Az "n gun,
MQp, OOsm, Chg, Tkm, Ggz, ET, Ln, Qmq gun, XT gin " gin, Blq, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, Alt, Xk, Yk Iun, VTt, Bsh i' n Iin,
Tv xun, Tf hu'n, Uz Iun, Xlj Iin " Iun 'sun, day', Kr Iun " Iun, SY Iun, OBlgh {Erd.} Iucn ({RTF, Erd.} Iuvcn), Chv
L Iun 'day' Cl. 725, ET VGD 1OO-2, TL 64-5, DT 152, Ra. 679, TkR 221-2, Md. 59, 171, Jeg. 117, Fed. I 3O6-7, Erd. 153-4 T
'I`untur ({Md.} 'I`undur) 'daytime, midday' > OT Iuntuz id., Chg Iunduz 'day', XwT Iunduz 'by day', Tk
gunduz, Az gunduz, Tkm gundio, Yk Iunus 'daytime, by day', Qmq, Qrg, ET Iunduz id., 'midday', Xk Iundus
'midday', Iundcs 'by day', VTt Iindiz, Bsh Iindio, Nog Iundiz, Qzq Iundiz, Tv xn(c, Tf hu'ndu's 'by day', Qrg, ET
Iunduz, Uz Iunduz 'day, daytime', Yk Iunus 'day, by day', Chv iaAnraAp I+nd+r, ? I+nd+r 'midday, south' Acc. to
Gab. and Md. (TL 78), T 'I`untur goes back to an adv. with a loc. sx. '-tur/'-tur M loc. '-dur; cp. T 'bal-tur - 'bil-tur
'last year' (Cl. 729), but in the light of broader comparative ev. the element '-tur/'-tur may go back to N ''tUri (or 'tUri?)
'heavenly light' (q.v.) Cl. 729, DTS 328, ET VGD 1O2-3, TL 78, Ra. 192, Md. 59, 171, Jeg. 99, Fed. I 255 d : OT
Iuntun - Iuntin 'southern' DTS 327-8 ll HS: WCh 'I"VnV 'day' > Hs I"ana 'a day (period of 24 hours)', Gw I"ana 'day'
| Krkr {ChL} ?sq I"uni 'today' Ba. 677, Mts. G 71, ChL, ? Stl. ZCh 213 [#63O], 22O [#7O1], ? Sk. HCD 16O ^ Cp.
'KunyaHlE - 'KuynaHlE'KunaHlE 'sunshine, daybreak' (which may be a U-A d of the N etymon in question).
1O81. ? 'Ka'gEna 'be hungry\thirsty, desire, long for' > HS: C ( 'Ihn): EC: Af {PH} i-Ihin-c v. 'like, love, be
pleased with', Iahanu n. 'love', Sa {R} Ihn 'love, wish' (p. 'aIhcno - 'iIhcno, imv. cI'hcn), Ia'han ~ Ic'han n. 'love', Sa I
{CR} -Iahan-/-Ichin- 'love, wish', ? Arr Ia?im 'lover' m., Ia?im-tc 'lover' f. || Bj {R} Ihn 'love' (1s: p. 'aIhan, pqpf. 'iIhan,
prs. aIan'hin; prtc. Ic'hana), Bj A {AD} -Ihan id., Ihanu n. 'love' || Xm {R} cIan 'love, wish, desire' (imv. c'Ian, pfc.
cIa'n-un), Aw {Hz.} snIan v. 'love, like' AD SF 63, R WBd 138, R S II 21O-1, R Ch II 336, PH 134-5, 142, Hw. A 171 The pC
vl. lr. 'h may go back to 'y due to ass. devoicing B 'gn 'wish, desire' > ETwl/Ty {GhA} a-gna (pl. agnat+n) 'got, dsir,
prdilection', Ty {Fc.} a-gna 'souhait' GhA 55, Fc. 459 B '-gVn- < '-gyVn- < (as ) '-IyVn- < N 'Ka'gEna ll A: NaT
'Kin- 'to desire, long for' > OT {Cl.} qin- 'long for, covet', Sg/Shor {Rl.} qin- 'wish', K {Rl.} qin- 'fall in love', Xk xin- _in- v.
'wish, want, love', Yk Iin- v. 'mate'; caus. v. 'Ij`,in-tur- > OT/Osm {Cl.} qintur- 'arouse desires (in so.)'; d : 'KiniI- > Tk ? qiniq-
'be zealous' " giniI- 'do ones best to succeed', Qlt/Tlt/QK/Sg/Qb {Rl.} qiniq- id., 'be excited', VTt ? q+n+q-, Chv _+n+_- 'get
accustomed', Qrg qiniq- id., 'begin to enjoy', Qq quniq- 'begin to enjoy' Cl. 632, 636, Rs. W 264, ET Q 216-7, Rl. II 725, BIG 299,
Pek. 1395 ?? pJ 'Isns-m- v. 'like, wish' > OJ Ionom-, J: T Ionom-, K Ionom-, Kg Ionom- id. S AJ 272 [#21O], S QJ
#21O, Mr. 712 ll ? U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'IEntV 'desire' > OHg Icdv 'benevolence, wish, enjoying, temper', Hg Icdv 'mood, temper;
liking, pleasure' | the ObU cognate is likely to have coalesced with the reflex of N 'KEntV 'be angry' (q.v.), whence pObU {?Hl.}
'Icnt 'anger' UEW 861-2, MF 344, EWU 718-9, Ht. #29O, BV 33-4 ll IE: NaIE 'IcnI- 'be hungry, long for' > OI Ian'Isati
'wishes, desires, longs for', 'IaIatc 'is thirsty' || ('InIru- >) > Gmc {Fs.} 'xuqxru- > Gt huhrus, ON hungr, OSx, OHG hungar,
NHG Hungcr, AS hunor 'hunger', NE hungcr; Gt huggr|an 'be hungry, suffer hunger', AS hunr(i)an, OSx gihungrian id., OHG
hungaron, hungarcn {Kb.} 'be hungry for' || Gk [Hs.] kckci 'be hungry' M K I 134, 194, P 565 ( Gk, ON and Lt words for
'burn', 'pain', etc.), Fs. 272-3, Kb. 488, Schz. 171, KM 321, Ho. S 38, Ho. 178, Vr. 267, EI 284 ['IcnI- 'hunger' ( 'to burn, hurt')]
( EI} Lt IanIa 'Qual, Pein, Marter' ( IcnIti 'to harm', cf. Frn. 24O) A possible prehistory of IE 'IcnI-: N
'Ka'gEna 'to be hungry\thirsty, desire, long for' > (progressive as ) 'KaqVnV > (mt ) 'KanjV,qV > IE 'IcnI- ll E: El
gIani v. 'love, want' HK 431 ll Gil: Gil A -an- 'want' ST RN 448 ^ FU 'E is likely to have contracted from '-a'gE-, while the
pT back vw. 'i may go back to a front vw. due to the infl. of the root-final 'a (vw. harmony).
1O82. 'KUynV 'bucket, basket' > U: FP 'Iuynn`a 'wooden vessel, trough' > Es Iuna 'trough', F Iyna id., 'drinking
trough; gutter-like brewing-vessel' ( F Iyna 'feather' 'quill' 'gutter') | Z Isynss 'kneading trough; wooden vessel for milk',
Prmk Isnss 'tub, vat', Yz Io'nis 'id.; to my mind, Z -yn- reflects the original cluster, while Prmk/Yz '-n- goes back to '-yn- [a
typologically frequent change] UEW 664-5 (reconstructs FU 'Iina 'Iuna and tries to explain Z '-yn- by a "sporadic
change" '-n- > -yn-), LG 139 ll A: M 'quniya > WrM quniya(n), HlM xynna 'pot-shaped basket of birch bark' MED 986 NaT
'I`oncI (< ''I`oyncI) [{DQA} pT 'I`oyncI] 'leathern vessel\bucket\pail' > OT IoncI id., Tkm IoncI, Qzq IoncI,
Qrg IonoI 'leathern milking-pail', Uz iyAnai IunaI 'large skin for fermented mares milk', Nog IoncI 'leathern pail', Brb
IonaI 'bucket, pail', ? IunaI 'birch-bark bucket', Bsh inoi IunaI 'wooden tub (ia(ia), bucket',
l' r inoic hit Iunagi 'milking-pail' (l' r 'milk'), StAlt IonoI, Xk IoncI 'bucket (of wood or metal)', Qmn IonoI
'bucket', Tv x' nci xoncI 'tea-pot'; T 1 M: WrM {MED} Ionug 'bucket, pail', {Kow.} 'bucket, wooden vessel', HlM x' n' i
{MED} 'bucket, pail', {Luv.} 'wooden bucket', Kl i' ni Ion
g 'vessel for milk products and araq (alcoholic drink)' Cl. 73, ET KQ
47
1O4-5, TL 52, TvR 49O, MM 224, BR 294, NogR 179, Dm. JBT 161, Jud. 422, B DK 226, TkR 413, BIG 9O, UzR 23O, MED 49O,
KRS 316, Luv. 553, Kow. 2565 pKo {S} *Iuni 'manger, trough' > MKo Iuni, Iunyu, NKo Iuyu S QK #1OO5, Nam 6O,
MLC 2O6 DQA #1159 (A 'I`unc 'ladle')ll HS: CS 'IanIanjn,- ' vessel' > JA {Js., Lv., Dlm.} an`1q@n^Q@
IanIan'n-a 'vessel, jug (Krug)', JEA {Sl.} an1q6n6q2 IanIo'na, MHb {Js.} Nq@n^Q@ Ian'Ian 'wine-\oil-vessel;
cylindrical vessel let into the ground of the cellar', {Lv.} Nq!n^Q@ Ian'Ian 'jug, long-necked vessel', ? Ug IInt {A} 'jugs',
{OLS} 'vessel, jug' Js. 1394-5, Lv. IV 342-3, Dlm. 367, Sl. 1O3O, A #13O7, OLS 212 ^ The Tv word points to an emphatic 'K-,
while the HS words allow the rec. of both 'I- and 'K- (taking into a account frequent de-emphatization of 'K- in HS). We
reconstruct N '-ynn- rather than '-n- (suggested by FU {UEW} 'Iiuna) on the ev. of T '-n- (because N '-n- would have
remained in pT as '-n-) and the preceding pT (> Tkm) long vw. 'o (< ''oy < N 'Uy).
1O83. 'Kuyja,nV 'wolf, dog' > IE 'Ivon- / 'Ivon nom. / obl. 'Iun- 'dog' (in nom. the L-grade of apophony) > OI
svan- / nom. sg. sva / gen. sun-as, Vd suvan- / suva / sun-ah, Av sa / gen. pl. sunam, Med [Hdt.] otoko, Phl saI,
NPrs S sag || Arm 2un sun / gen. 2an san (s- is not clear) || Gk kuev / gen. kuv-o) || OL cancs, L cani-s; the unexpected
form of the word (vw. a etc.) has no generally accepted explanation; its hypothetical origin is traced in Leum. 124, EM 92 and other
papers [listed in WH I 153]: gen. 'Ivancs (< 'Iv,'ncs, Hirt IGV 86) changed into L gen. canis (c- for 'qu-) on the analogy of
the nom. 'Io (< 'Ivo) and the acc. 'Ioncm (< 'Ivonm), subsequently the stem of canis spread over the entire paradigm,
whence the nom. canis and the acc. cancm || Gl Iuno-, OIr cu (gen. con), Brtt {RE} 'Iun (gen. 'Iunos) 'dog' > MW Ii, W ci
(gen. con, pl. cvn), OCrn [] KI, Crn Iy, pl. Iucn, MBr {Vn.} con ({SB} quy, pl. quon), Br Ii / pl. Ioun || Gt hunds (<
'Ivn-'to-), ON hundr, AS, OSx hund, OHG hunt, NHG Hund 'dog', NE hound || Lt suo (gen. suns), Ltv suns (gen. suns,
[today] suna), Pru sunis || Tc A/B Iu (acc.: A Ium', B Ivcm') id. AnIE: Ht {Pv.} Iuvan- 'dog, hound', HrLw suvanas
(gen.?), suvanai (acc. pl.) 'dog(s)', {Pv.} zuvan- 'dog'; HrLw s- < IE 'I before HrLw -u-, like in surna 'horn' P 632-3, EI
['I(u)'von / gen. 'Iu'n-os], M K III 4O2-3, Vl. II 3O5-6, Horn 164, F II 58-8, WH I 152-3, Fs. 276-7, Schz. 172, Ho. S 38, Ho.
178, Kb. 488, KM 32O-1, SB 92, Vn. C 257, RE 89, Dtn. 249, Billy 6O, Frn. 1O33-5, En. 259, Slt. 56-7, Wn. 238-9, Ad. 179, Ad. H
19, Mer. HHG 112, ABIv III 25O-1 (on HrLw s- < IE 'I-), Pv. IV 3O5 ll HS: S: Ar [Qam.] {Fr.} qanib- 'lupus latrans' Fr. III
5O2 (in all probability, from N 'Kuyja,nV + N sx. of animal names 'bA; in Ar the word was transferred into a 1a:2i3-pattern due
to its reinterpretation as an act. prtc. (of a non-existing verb) B: Gnc GC {Wlf., AiM} CUNA 'dog', Gnc T {AiM} CANCHA
- CUNCHA 'dog, puppy' Wlf. 483-4, AiM 256 Om {Blz.} 'Ii_an- - 'Iu_an 'dog': NrOm > Mj {C} Iyano, Na {Fl.} Iiano,
Bnc {Wdk.} Iya`n, Shk {Fl.} Icanu, Ym {Wdk.} Iana, Bdt/Bsk/Male/Oyda/Drz/BMa {Fl.}, Kcm/Dc/Gm/Dwr {Lm.},
BMa/GaMa {Bnd.} Iana, Zs/Cha/Wl {C} Iana, Wl {Nnd.} Isna, Anf {MYTY, Gt.} Iano, {MYTY} Icnon, Kf {C} Iunano,
Mch {L} Iunano, Shn {Lm.} Iana || SOm: Dm {Si.} Icnc, Ari G {Fl.} Iani Blz. OL #123, Blz. rLmS 148, 153, C SE III 78,
115, 17O, 2O4 & IV 462, C SO 31, 44, L M 37, Fl. OWL, Wdk. BY 1O6, 127, 15O, Bnd. AL 148, Lm. Sh 227, HL 12O, MYTY
117, 121, Gt. 354 EC: Ya Iohcn 'dog', pl. Ivchman Hn. Y II 123 Ch: WCh: Fy {J} I"cq 'dog' || ECh: EDng {Fd.} Iana,
Jg {J} Ian, Brg {J} Iayaq, Mgm {JA} Ianna id. || ? CCh: Gmrg {Gr. ?} Icni, {Bnt.} Icncc 'dog' J R 87, J J 59-6O, JI II
1O6-7, JA 97, Gr. N 371 Blz. rLmS 153 ll U: FP 'Iuynn`a ({IS} 'Iuyna) 'wolf' > Prm {IS} 'Io'yin ({LG} 'Io'in)
'Iion) 'wolf' > Z Isin, Yz Io'in, Vt G IIyon, in other Vt dialects wih as 'Iy > i(y): Vt ? Iiyon, StVt Iion || Lp N XVIII {Leem}
gaidnc 'wolf' (Wc.: "veraltet"), Lp N {Fri.} gaidnc 'devil (diabolus, fanden)' (interpreted by LG 139 and IS I 361 as gaid'nc) LG
139, Lt. J 129, Wc. EPS-1912 131, U SC 93 ll ? A 'Ij`,aqV > pKo {S} 'Iaq- 'dog' > MKo Iahi ({S}: < 'Iaq-h- < 'IaqV-I-)
'dog', NKo Ia, Ko ds.: Ph/PhN/Sl/NW Ia, Chs Ia`, Ks Ic:, Hm Ia_ id.; MKo Iaq`aci > NKo Iaqai 'puppy' S QK #18,
Rm. SKE 84-5, Nam 8, 28, MLC 61, 65 NaT 'Ij`,aniI ({DQA} 'Ij`,aq-iI) 'bitch' > OT, MQp [CC], Chg, Qmq, QbT, Brb,
Qrg qanciq, VTt ? qans+q, SbTt qanc+q, MQp XIII qanciq, Tk IanciI, Az ian"ii ganig, Tkm ganiq, Ggz IaniI, Uz,
ET qaniq, Nog qanziq, Qzq, Qq qansiq, TbTt/Qmn {Rl.} qanciq, Bsh qansay Cl. 634-5, ET KQ 255-6, TL 19O The A v
belongs here only if the pN etymon was 'KuyanV with loss of '-uy- in the prehistory of A S AJ 296, DQA # 723 [A
'IaqV 'dog'; incl. Ko, T] ^ IS I 361-2 [#238] (IE, Om, U + unc. : S 'Ialja,b- 'dog', Sa Iarc, Ch 'Ir and 'Il 'dog', Tg '(q)inda-
'dog') Gr. II #1O5 ('Ian - 'Iun 'dog') [IE, U, A, Gil, CK, EA + qu. Ko].
1O84. 'Kan`?i 'to hasten, endeavour' > IE: NaIE 'Icn- v. 'hasten to do [sth.], strive with zeal' > Gk [Hs.] kovciv
ctcicooi, cvcciv 'to hasten to do, act', imv. kovci otcuoc, tc_c 'hasten, run!, Gk o-koviti 'without effort',
c-kovce 'I am quick and active' || L conor / conari 'exert oneself (eine krperliche Anstrengung machen), endeavour, attempt' ||
pClt 'Ian- 'accomplish' > MW di-goni 'makes, does', MW dichavn, digavn, W dichon 'can', digoni v. 'labour, be able' || ?? Sl
'Ion-ati 'do, achieve' ( 'Ionati 'complete, carry to an end' 'Ion+ 'end') > Cz Ionati 'do, achieve', Slk Ionat` 'fulfill', Slv
Ionati 'accomplish', OP Ionac 'act', P do-Ionac 'fulfill', R ? io) nar" 'do, perform', OCS uIon+ 'execution, deed' P 562, WH I
48
262, LS 977 (unc. : kovce 'hasten' 'raise dust'), Ch. 562 (unc. : o-koviti 'without struggle' ? *'without dust' kovi)
'dust'), YGM-1 173, 181, ESSJ X 181-2, EI 362 ('Ion- 'do, make') ll HS: WS 'In? 'be zealous, eager', 'be jealous, envious' > JA
{Js.} Iny D 'be zealous for, be jealous', Gz In? 'be envious \ jealous \ zealous \ eager', BHb In? D (pf. an`4q% Iin'nc, ip.
3s an`4q@i^ yo-Ian'nc) (+ -l6 lo- + noun) 'be envious\jealous of, fight for, become excited about\against', ChrPA In? D 'sich
bemhen um, nacheifern', Mh/Sq {Jo.) In? 'be jealous' KB 1O36-7, KBR 11O9-11, Js. 139O-1, L G 433, Jo. M 232 In the S v
the meaning 'be jealous, envy' is due to the contamination with the reflex of N 'Kin?'u 'to exercise magic; exercise magic against
so., hate' [q.v.] ll D 'Ian`n`- (?) 'hasten, be quick' > Tm Ianna 'speedily, quickly', ? Tl Iranna, Irannana 'quickly, rapidly, soon,
at once' (the cns. r is obscure; n for the expected n may be due to as with a n-sx.) D #1181 ^ D '-n`- < palatalized '-n- (both N
'-n- and positionally palatalized N '-n- or 'n`-). Since pN '-n- is ruled out by the IE reflex (because '-n- would have yielded IE
'y), the N word must have had a nasal '-n`- with a following palatalizing factor ('-i?).
1O85. 'Kin?'u (> as 'Kun?'u) 'to exercise magic; exercise magic against so., hate' ( 'be jealous, envy') > IE: NaIE
'Ivcn- 'to exercise magic' ( 'to sacrifice, participate in magic ceremonies') > Av cmpr. san-yah 'more sacred, sanctior', sprl.
sonista- 'most sacred, sanctissimus', (with an '-cs-sx. of abstract nouns) sanah- 'sanctity' || Ltv svinct (prs. svinu) 'celebrate'
pp. 'Ivcn-to- 'magic' ( 'holy') > Av sonta- 'holy' || Gt hunsl 'sacrifice', AS hus(c)l id., 'Eucharist', ON husl - hunsl
'Eucharist' || Lt svcntas, Pru svcnt- [in place names] 'holy' | Sl 'svct+, 'svct+-|i id. > OCS taa:+ svct+, Blg cncr, SCr
svct, Slv svct, Cz svaty, Slk svaty, P svicty, R cn 'ron, Uk cn 'rnn P 63O-1, Brtl. 1612, 1618-23Vr. 268, Frn. 1O41-2,
Kar. II 339, En. 26O, Glh. 597-8, Vs. III 585, EI 493 ['Ivcn(to)- 'holy'] ll A: M 'Iinu- id. > WrM Iinu, HlM x na-x 'have a
secret grudge; desire the death of a person', MM [MA] Iinctu crc 'rancorous man' (crc 'man'), ? Mnr H {SM} c`in_i 'anger
(colre)', c`in_ila-, {T} cincila- 'be angry' Pp. MA 219, MED 47O, SM 451-2, T 38O NaT 'I`uni 'jealousy, jealous; envy'
> OT {Cl.} Iuni, Chg Iunc 'jealousy, jealous', ET Iuna 'envy', Tk gunu, Tlt {Rl.} Iunu, Yk Iunu 'envy, jealousy',
VTt Iini, StAlt iy-ny-Iunu 'jealousy', VTt ? Iini-si 'jealous', Bsh i' nno- Iinla-, Xk iy-nnc- Iunnc-, Sg/Qb/Qc
{Rl.} Iunna-, Tv xunna- 'be jealous', Qq, Nog Iunlc-, VTt i' nno- Iinla-, Brb/Kr {Rl.} Iunula- 'be jealous\envious',
Alt {Rl.} IunurIot- 'make so. jealous', Kr {Rl.} Iunuvci 'envious', Uz Iunci id., 'jealous'; Tv. x- points to pT
'I`- ( DQA); ( N 'Iuni 'woman, wife'): T 'Iuni 'co-wife' > Tkm guni id., Az "n gunu 'new co-wife', etc. ( s.v. N
'Iuni '') Cl. 727, ET VGD 1O4-6, Rl. II 1441-2, BN 9O, BT 1OO, BIG 96, Pek. 13O3, TvR 498 Tg 'xuni- > Ewk uni- 'envy,
get ones feelings hurt, be unsatisfied (with ones share)', Lm o'n- 'get ones feelings hurt', Ul, Nn Nh xuni-, Nn KU uni- get ill
(because so. ate in the presence of so. else and did not invite him to share his food)', Neg uni- id., 'suffer (emotionally)', uni-Its 'hurt
feelings', Ud uni- 'get ill' STM II 273-4 DQA #923 (A 'Iunic 'envy, respect': T, M) & DQA #786 [A 'Icnu 'distress,
envy'; incl. M 'Iinu-] ll D 'Iin_- ({GS} 'I-) > Tm cina 'be enraged, be very angry', Ml cinam 'wrath', Td sinm 'anger', Kn Iinisu
'be(come) angry', Iinisu n. 'anger, wrath', Tl Iiniyu 'be angry \ displeased \ irritated' D #16OO, Km. 33O (pSD 'Iin-) ll HS: WS
'In? 'be jealous, envious' ( N 'Kan`?i 'to hasten, endeavour') > JA Iny D 'be jealous', JEA {Sl.} Iny D 'warn ones wife
for unfaithfulness', Gz In? 'be jealous, envious', BHb In? D (pf. an`4q% Iin'nc, ip. 3s an`4q@i^ yo-Ian'nc) (+ -l6 lo- +
noun) {KBR} 'be envious of, rebel against', {trad.} 'be jealous of'), Mh/Sq {Jo.) In? 'be jealous'; the meaning 'be zealous, eager' of
this S verb (BHb/JA/ChrPA/Gz In? id.) is due to the merger with N 'Kan`?i '' (q.v. ffd.) KB 1O36-7, KBR 11O9-1O, GB 716,
Js. 139O-1, Sl. 1O28, L G 433, L ESAC 47, Jo. M 232 ^ The M and D cognates go back to N 'Kin?'u, while the IE, T and Tg
cognates point to 'Kun?'u, which is probably a secondary variant resulting from assimialtion 'i...U > 'u...U ^ IS I 352-3
[#229] ('Kin'u 'be angry, jealous'; S, T, M, D + Eg Ind 'be angry' [belongs to N 'KENtV 'be angry']).
1O86. 'Konjh,V 'yellow' (or ' a yellow substance'?) > HS: Eg fNK Iny.t ' a yellow mineral used as dye-stuff' EG V 52
C: SC ({E} 'Ian- 'yellow, tan, gray'): Irq qan {MQK} 'white, red and black dotted colour of cow (with white stripes)', Asa {E}
?anct 'gray clay', ?? SC 1 Mb maIcna 'new grass', -Icna 'young' E SC 251, MQK 84-5 S 'In? > Ar qn? 'be red',
?aqna?- 'red' BK II 818 ll IE 'I"nh- / 'I"nh- > NaIE {P} 'I,no'Io- (for 'I",no'Io-) [< IE 'I"nh(o)Io- - 'I"nhIo-]
'yellow (as honey or gold)' > OI 'IanaIa- (< ''IonhnIo-) 'gold', Iancana- 'golden', Ianca'nam 'gold' || Gk kvko), Gk Mc
IanaIo 'saffron' (- Gk kvko), Gk D kvoko) 'pale yellow, tawny, saffron-coloured') || Pru cucan (mishearing or miswriting for
'IunIan?) 'brown' || the Gmc word for 'honey' ( IE 'In'uonI-s {AD} 'honey; honey-coloured' < N 'Kuun`jH,V 'bee'): ON
hunang, OSw hunagh, OSx huncg, honcg, OHG honag, NHG Honig, AS hunc 'honey', NE honcy AnIE 1 Gk Hm kuovo)
'cyanus, a dark-blue substance (used to adorn works in metal)'; ?? Ht Iu(va)nnan 'copper; ornamental stone' ( N 'IivjV,hE 'stone')
( WP, P, EI) L canicac 'bran' (adduction that leads to an unj. rec. of IE 'I-) WP I 4OO, P 564-5, EI 271 ('Inh_onI-s
/ gen. 'Inh_n'I-os 'honey-coloured, golden'), M K I 195, F I 882-3 & II 37, Ch. 547, Vr. 266, Kb. 478, Schz. 169, Ho. 178, Ho. S
49
38, En. 198, Tp. P K-L 349-51, Frd. HW 118, 122, Ts. W 43, Ts. E I 688-92, Pv. IV 3O8-11 ll A: M: WrM qoqgur, HlM
xoniop 'fallow, yellow-bay, chestnut' (of a horse) MED 962 ll D (in TmM) 'Ian_n_- 'copper' > Tm Ian 'copper work, copper',
Iannan 'brazier', Ml Iannan id. (unless a WW, cp. Ht) D #14O2 ^ Both the typology of colour-names and the ev. of Eg, Gk
and SD suggest that the N word in question was not a pure colour-name but rather a name of some yellow substance ^ The lr.
(probably 'h) is likely to have survived in IE, have left traces in M and D ('-n'h- > M '-qg-, D 'n_n_-), but lost in Eg. D '-a- is still
puzzling.
1O87. 'IanyV 'skin, film, bark' > HS: EC: Brj 'Iana, 'Iano {Ss.} 'bark of tree', {Hd.} 'piece of bark'; HEC d v. 'Ian-s- (with
the causative sx. '-s-) > Brj Ian-s-, Ged Ion-s-, Kmb Ian-s- v. 'peel (e.g. sugar cane)', whence Brj {Hd.} Iansa 'strip of bark' &
Kmb Iansanata 'strip of bark of sugar cane' Hd. 111, 2O3, 2O7, Ss. B 114 ll K 'Ian- 'skin, bark' > G Ian-i {Chx.} 'skin, hide',
{DCh.} 'fine skin, skin of fruit, film, fine leather, bark', S: {Ni.} Ian 'bark', UB {GP} Ian 'skin of plants', UB/Ln {TK} Ian, L
{TK} Ian 'skin' Chx. 547, DCh. 592, GP 128, Ni. s.v. 'iopa', TK 344 ll IE: NaIE '(s)IIcn-(d-) 'skin': [1] 'IIcn-(d-) OIr ccinn
'coquille, caille', W {Vn., YGM} ccn, {P} ccnn (< 'Icnd-n-) 'film, scales', OCrn ccnn-cn 'film, skin', OBr {Flr.}
ccnn-cnn 'membrana (pellicule, enveloppe)', MBr qucnn 'skin', Br Icnn 'scurf' ('crasse de la tte, pellicules; scories'), -Icn 'skin' in
cds : bu-gcn 'skin of cattle', etc. || ON hinna 'thin skin, peritoneum' (< 'Icnd-n-), Sw hinna, Dn hindc, NNr hinnc 'film', AS hionnc
'meninx' ('Hirnhaut') [2] 'sIIcn- 'skin' > Br sIant 'scales' (< 'sInto-) || ON sIinn '(stripped off) skin, hide' (1AS scinn 'Pelz'
> NE sIin), Sw, NNr sIinn, Dn sIind 'skin, hide, fur', MHG schint 'skin of fruit', Dt ? schindc 'skin, hide, bark'; d : OHG scintcn
" scindcn, MHG, MLG schindcn 'to skin, mistreat' WP II 563-4, P 929-3O, Vn. C 55, Flr. 1O2, YGM-1 82, Hm. 446, 725, Vr.
228, 493, Ho. 16O, 279, Kb. 884, OsS 796-7, Lx. 184, KM 65O ll A: T 'KanaI ( - 'KanmaI > 'KaymaI) 'skin of milk' > [1] OT
qayaq - qanaq id., Xk _aya_, Sg/Qb/Qc/Bltr {Rl.}, Shor qayaq 'butter', SY qayaq, Xlj qanaq 'cream', Yk _aya_ - _aya_ 'butter
mixed with water and milk, white Yakut butter', [2] Chg, MQp qaymaq 'skin of milk, cream on the top of the milk', Tkm gaymaq,
Qmq, Nog, Qq, VTt, Brb, Bsh, ET, Alt qaymaq, Ggz IaymaI, Chv _+yma 'cream, sour cream', Tk IaymaI, CrTt, Qzq, Qrg
qaymaq, Uz qaymoq 'cream', Blq qaymaq, Qzl _ayma_ 'sour cream' Cl. 636, Rs. W 231, ET KQ 2OO-1, TL 454, DTz. WCh
173, Md. 31, 166, BIG 266, 282, Rl. II 9O, Tn. SJJ 199, Fed. II 319-2O The variant 'KaymaI may be interpreted as 'KanmaI
with '-maI due to some lexical\morphological attraction (possibly of 'Kasmaq 'skin of milk' [> VTt qasmaq, Chv xisma, etc.] or
other words with the nominal sx. '-maI, which is used to build abstract nouns [ nomina collectiva], Rs. MTS 134-5, Jeg. 315,
Fed II 383-4, Md. 1O3, 166) ? pKo {S} 'Innnm 'cloth, material' > MKo Innnm id., NKo Iam 'stuff, material' S QK #967,
Nam 13, MLC 49 DQA #2743 (A 'Ionic 'cloth' > pKo 'Innnm, T 'Ion 'raw hide for tanning, leather', M 'Ion-:il, i. e.
'Ion:ilc(n) 'blanket, bedcover, quilt') ^ Acc. to ISs theory, the 's mobile in IE is connected with the presence of a palatal element
(here 'y) within the original v.
1O88. 'Kcn`jy,u 'light (levis), thin' > U: FU (in Ugr only) 'Iun`jy,u (- 'Iiv'n`V?) > ObU 'Iun`oy-/'Iun`oy-
- 'Iiy'n`- 'light (levis)' > Vg: T IunIc-s, LK/MK Iono, UK Iino, P/NV/LL Iinna; pOs 'Ion`oy ({?Hl.}
'Ion`oy) 'light, easy' > Os: MY Ion`o, Y Iono, D/K/Kr/Nz/Sh Icno, Kz Icn`, Sn Icn`, O qon || Hg Ionnyu 'light, easy'
UEW 862, Stn. D 648, PD 693 In Ugr one may see ass. labialization of the first vw. in 'Iun`jy,u and a mt of the labial
element in 'Iiv'n`V ll A: M 'Ioqgcn 'light' (of weight)' > MM [MA, IsV] Ioqgcn, [IM, HI] Ioqgcn 'light, cheap', WrM
Ioqgcn, HlM x' ni' n id., Brt _u'qgcn 'easy', WrO Ioqgcn, Kl {Rm.} Iuqgn - guqgn, Ord I`oqgcn, Mnr H {T} Ioqgcn,
{SM} I`uoqg_uan, Dx Ioqgcn, Mgl {Rm.} Iu'qgon 'light' (of weight)'; M 'Ioqgc- 'be(come) light' > MM [S] d Ioqgclcgu-
'erleichtern', WrM Ioqgc- 'become easy', WrO Ioqgu- be easy, light' pM '-gcn (> WrM -gcn) is a sx. of nominal derivation (
Pp. GWM 45, Pp. GPMJ 95) Pp. MA 223, 44O, Lg. VMI 51, Ms. H 72, MED 488-9, KW 246, Rm. M 31, T 34O, T DnJ 123, SM
214, Krg. 735, KRS 316, H 1O4 Tg 'xcnu ({Bz. 'xaniu-), 'xcn'umIun 'light (levis)' > Nn Nh/B xsnu, Ork
xsnumi, xsnumi, xsnuli, Ewk onimIun, Sln sniIIu:, Lm syim, syumIun 'light', Orc xonimi, Ul xsnu, xonumu 'light, (?)
easy', Ud {Krm.}: B snimsss?, Sm snimusa? 'easy' STM II 455-6, Krm. 314, Bz. 38 [ 51b], Pt. 151, Shn. 33, Sun. UJ 255, CiR
RES 246 T 'Ij`,aqa- 'easy' > OT [MhK] Icqcs 'easy' (e.g., of a task), 'shallow (water)', XwT XIV Icqcs - Icqcz 'easy,
convenient', OQp XIII Icqcz 'easy', Yk Ianan 'simple-hearted, naive', Chv Ianas 'idleness, rest' ('6c:(cn"c, noion, or(ix')
The unexpected '-q- may be due to infl. of T 'Icqu- 'broad, wide' Cl. 734, Pek. 1O29, Ash. VI 53 pKo {S} 'Innnr- 'thin,
fine' > MKo Innnr-, NKo Ianil- S QK #446, Nam 9, MLC 5 pJ {S} 'Isma- 'small (xcninn, menu), thin' > OJ
Iju_,omaIa-, J: T IomaIa-i, K IomaIa-, Kg IomaIa-, Sh guma-, Y guma- S QJ #127, Mr. 455, Kenk. 1O37 DQA
#1OO4 (A 'I`cno 'light (levis), thin': M, Tg, Ko, J, T) ll HS: Ch 'I(y)n 'small' > WCh: Hs IanIanc 'small, little', Mbr
{Sk.} Iiyin 'small'|| CCh: Mln {ChL} I'cq, Bdm {Lk.} gcna, Lame {ChL} I"anIyau id. || ECh: Kwn {J} Ioncc, Jg {J}
Ioya"n , Kjr Iani id. ChC, ChL, Ba. 554 , Blz. LECh #76 ? S rdp 'InI > Ar qunqu- 'small, short' BK II 825 ^
50
IS I 349-5O [#226] ('Kcnu = 'Kcn`u; U, A + unc. IE 'Icn- 'empty'). IS supposed that Tg '-n- ia a reg. reflex of N '-n`-,
which is not confirmed by other examples, but is theoretically possible. I prefer a tentative rec. of 'y following the nasal 'n`.
1O89. 'Kunjy,V 'ashes, dust' > IE: NaIE '(s)IcnjH,- id. (< ''(s)Icu_n-?)> L cinis (gen. cincr-is) 'ashes' ({WH}: < ''Icnis)
|| Gk kovi) (gen. kovio) - kovce)) 'dust, ashes' || Tc B cncuvanc Icntsc 'rust' (lit. 'iron ash\dust') || pAl {O} sIina > Al hi - hi
'ashes' WH I 217-8, F II 911-2, Ad. 193-4, O 147, EI (? 'IcnHi-s 'ashes') , P 559-6O ll U: FU 'Iounn`V > FP 'IounV 'ashes,
lye' > pLp {Lr.} 'Iuns 'ashes' > Lp: S guvnc, L Iutna, N gudna, Kld Iunn id. | Chr: L/H/B Ion 'lye' | Prm: Z Lu/I Iun 'lye', Z
iynna Iun-va 'lye (alkaline solution)' (va 'water') ? Yk K {Krn.} Iun-tc-m 'he soiled (:aip) :nnn)' (acc. to Krn., Iud-u-l
'dirt') UEW 672, Lr #4O6, Lgc. #2796-7, MRS 216, Ep. 46, LG 146 , Krn. IMJJ 24 ll A: pKo 'Iinir- 'ashes' > MKo
Iiniri`m, NKo Iirim S QK #659, Nam 69, MLC 24O ll D 'Iun`ta, {GS} gun`da 'dust, powder' > Tl gunda, Mnd
gunda 'powder', Prj gun`dam id., gun`da 'dust', Knd gun`da 'powder, dust', Png gunda, Ku gunda " gundu 'flour', Krx
gun`da id., 'powder', Mlt gundi 'dust'; D 1 OI gundaIa- 'dust, powder' D #1692, GS # 466, Tu. #4193 ^ IE s- mobile and
pKo '-n- suggest the presence of a root-medial palatal element (i.e. N 'KunyV). IE '-cn- < pre-IE '-cu_n- (regular loss of
presnantic 'u_. ^ Blz. LB #4c (IE, U; the first to adduce the Yk cognate).
1O9O. 'IUncV 'to scratch (so.s body or sth.), wound, make suffer' ( 'suffer') > HS: S 'InO > Ar 7nK Ino G vt.
'grieve (so.)' Fr. IV 64, BK II 935 ll K: G Iccn- 'j-m eine Streifwunde beibringen, j-n streifen, ritzen', 'make incisions' Chx. 573,
DCh. 6O6 The plain 'I- (for the expected 'Iv-) is still to be expalined (delabialization connected with the mt ?) ll IE: NaIE
'I"cnt"- v. 'suffer' ('leiden, dulden') > Gk tcvo) 'suffering', too_e (< 'I"cnt"-sI-) 'I suffer' (ft. tcioooi < I"cnt"-so-) || Lt
Icsti (1s prs. Icnciu) 'to endure, suffer' ('aushalten, leiden'), Ltv cicst 'to suffer, endure' || OIr ccsaid 'he suffers', ccss(a)im 'I
suffer' (< 'I"cnt"-sc/o- or < I"nt"-sc/o-) As shown by J. Rasmussen, the prs./ft. forms with '-sI- and '-sc/o- (Gk too_e, OIr
ccss(a)im) point to a monophonemic origin of 't", otherwise we would have expected 'o preceding the cnss. (like Gk totooke,
etc.) P 641, F II 478-9, Frn. 246-7, Vn. C 79-8O, Ped. VG I 53, 87, 178 & II 486, Rsm. AT 86, EI 413 ['I"cnt(")- 'suffer'] ll ? U:
FU 'Ion`cV 'Striche ziehen, Stricke zeichnen' > Prm: Z {W} scra Ioc 'a spot (on animals hide) (scra 'many-colored, motley'), Z
P/Sk/Ss/Ud {SZ} scra Ioca, Z I (scra) Iuca 'pitted, motley' ('p) 6on, nccrpin'), StVt, Vt S iyu-o Iuco, Vt Kz I+co 'motley,
piebald (a horse)' ('nccrpin, ncinn, uy6apin'), Vt Y Iu'co, Vt Uf IIc` 'motley, spotted' || ObU {Ht.} 'Ian`c- > pVg 'Ians-,
'Iansaq- > Vg: T {Mu.} Ihans-, P {Mu.} Ihans-, T/P {Kn.} Ians-, K {Mu.} Ihans-, N {Mu.} xans- v. 'write', T {Mu.}
Ihan'saq 'bunt'; pOs 'Ian`ca- / 'Ian`cI-, 'Ian`caq ({?Hl.} 'IIn`ca- / - I / -aq) > Os: V qan`ca-, V/Vy qan`cI-, Ty
qan`c-, Y qanc-, D/K _anc-, Nz _as-, Kz _ans-, O _as-, _ans- v. 'write', V/Ty qan`caq, D/K _ancoq, Kz
_an`saq 'bunt' UEW 176, Ht. 152 [#283], SZ 167, U3S 236.
1O91. ''IunigU 'to bend, incline, bow' > IE: NaIE 'Inci_g""- vi. 'bow, incline, bend' [ N 'qa'?igu 'to bow, bend (down),
hang (by sth.), hang down' (q.v.)] > L conivco (< 'Ion-Ini(g)u_co) (inf. -crc, pfc. conivi - conixi, pp. conixus) 'close the
eyes, wink, blink with the eyes', nitor (inf. niti, prtc. nisus - nixus, [Fst.] gnixus) 'lean, support oneself, rest' (nitor gcnibus 'I
kneel', nitor cubito 'I lean on my elbows'), Um CONEGOS, IuniIaz 'conixus' || Gmc 'xni"-/'xni"-/'xnai_"-: inf. 'hni"-an
'to bow, be bent, sink' > Gt hncivan / p. hnaiv 'kivciv, declinare' (of the day) [Lc. 9.12], ana-hncivands ap. 'procumbens' [Mk.
1.7], ON hniga 'to bow, sink, fall', AS hnian 'to bend\sink down, bow', OSx hnigan 'sich neigen, anbeten', OHG nigan 'to bow (sich
neigen vor, niederbcken)', NHG ncigcn 'to bend over, incline' P 6O8, EI 348 ('Inci_-g""- 'lean'), WH I 261, Som. L
2
646, Bc.
G 331, Fs. 265-6, Vr. 242-3, Ho. S 35, Ho. 166, Kb. 726, OsS 4O9, KM 5O6-7 ll U 'IuqI'c > Sm {Jn.} 'IuqI+ n. 'curve, bend' >
Ne T xy i, T O {Lh.} xuqI 'Bug des Bootes', xuqgarc 'doppelt biegen', Ne F {Lh.} IuqIar_tas 'gekrmmte Rnder
haben' Jn. 78 ll A: T 'I`iq- (or 'I`iq- 'I`iyq-?) > [1] d 'I`iqir (or 'Iiqir) 'crooked, squint-eyed' > OT qiqir id., Qmq, Qzq,
Qrg, ET ? qiqir 'crooked', Tkm qiqir 'angry', Kr qiqyir, Uz qiqyir, Ln qini, Xk _iyir crooked', Tv _iyir 'squint-eyed'; [2] Ln d
qiqla- 'become crooked \ leaning on one side', Yk Iiqnay- vi. 'incline, bend on one side'; [3] Qrg qiqqay- 'be leaning over, become
crooked'; [4] 'I`inir > Chg {PC} ry8nyQ qincir or qincir, Uz ("Chg") {Rl., Bu.} qincir, VTt ? q+n+r 'squint-eyed', Chv
_+n_+r id., 'crooked'; [5] Tkm giyiq 'crooked, oblique' Cl. 639, Rs. W 264-5, ET Q 22O-1, PC 452, Rl. II 86O, Bu II 1O6, BIG
298, TkR 23O Tg 'xuqIc- > Ewk uqIsldi- vi. 'bow (before so.)', uqIsru- id., 'bow ones head', Ud xsqIi-, Ul, Nn IsqIsls-,
Ned IsqIst- 'bow (before so.)' The cognates with I- are due to as (?) STM II 278 pJ {S} 'IunIum- 'be curved\bent' > OJ
Iugum-, [RJ] Iugumar- S QJ #1328, Mr. 715 SDM97 s.v. 'I`uqIa 'to bend, bow', DQA #1O82 (A 'I`i_uqu 'to bend,
bow'; rec. of 'i_ is due to the unc. adduction of M 'Iiyi--'Icyc- > WrM Icycgc 'slanting, leaning to one side', Icycdc- 'bend dow,
lean\slant to one side') ll K 'Iun'g- (or 'Iun- ?) > Zan ''Iun- 1 G Gr Iun- 'sich bcken, ducken' Chx. 642 Zan '
goes back to patalized 'g?? ll D 'Iun_- ({GS} 'I-) 'be in a bowed position' > Kt Iun- id., Tm Iunu- v. 'curve', Gnd gun- v.
51
'bend' D #1927 ll AdS of HS 'In 'be bent, bow, incline' (< N 'Iun`uia 'a joint in a limb (knee, elbow); to bend in a joint',
q.v. ffd.) ^ We may be sure about the initial N 'I- only if the K cognate is valid. Otherwise we have to reconstruct an unspecified
'K- (= 'I- or 'q-).
1O92. ?? 'KanjK,E 'to singe, glow' > IE: NaIE 'IcnI- v. 'parch, dry up, cause burning pain' > Gk Hm kokovo) 'dry
(trocken, drr)', Gk [Hs.] kokoivci '(he) parches, dries (sth.)', Gk Hm tou-kok) (oi)o) 'parching', Gk tou-kok) 'very dry
(land)' || Lt IanIa 'pain', IcnIti 'to harm. hurt' WP I 4O1, P 565 ( Gmc {Fs.} 'xuqxru- 'hunger'), ? EI 284 ('IcnI-
'hunger' 'to burn, hurt'; words for 'hunger', cf. 'Ka'gEna 'be hungry'), F I 75O-1, Ch. 478, Frn. 240 ll A: Tg 'xcqg- 'to burn
slightly, singe' > Nn Nh xsqgi- 'to singe', Ewk sqgurs- vi. 'burn slightly, singe' STM II 457 The front vw. is probably due to
vw. harmony (A ''I`aqKE > 'I`aqKV > Tg 'xcqg-) ll D 'Ian_- ({GS} 'I-) 'burn, glow, be very hot' > Tm Iani 'be redhot,
glow, get angry', Ian'al 'fire', Ml Ianal 'live coals', Ianal 'heat, glare', Kt Ian redhot', Kn Ianal v. 'glow like live coals', Tl Ianalu
'be angry, burn, give pain', Kui Iamba 'be burned\injured by fire' D #14O6.
1O93. ?? 'IENitV 'louse, nit' > IE: NaIE 'Inid- - 'Inid- 'louse, nit' > Arm anic anic 'nit' (c < 'd-s) || pAl {O} 'canida >
Al: G th(c)'ni, T th(c)'ri 'louse' || Gk kovi), mostly pl. kovioc) 'eggs of lice, fleas and bugs, nits' (o on the analogy of kovi)
'dust'?) || W pl. ncdd, Crn ncth coll. (snglt. ncdhcn), Br ncz 'nits' || AS hnitu, NE nit, OHG ni, MHG ni, nie, NHG Ni,
Nissc 'nit' In Gmc and BSl there is a variant 'g"ni(:)d- 'nit' ('g"- due to the infl. of 'g"cn- 'to scratch'??) > ON, Nr ? gnit, OSw
gncthcr, Sw gnct, Dn gnid 'nit' || Ltv gnida 'nit', ? Lt glinda id. (dis : < 'gnijn,da and\or L lcns / lcndis?) | Sl 'gnida id. >
Blg, R, Uk 'inn(a, SCr gn|i`da, Slv gnida, Cz, Slk hnida, P gnida P 6O8, F I 912-3, Hm. 598, YGM-1 342, ECCE 774, Hamp
AIEW 146, O 476, Ho. 16, Kb. 732, , OsS 410, Lx. 152, Vr. 179-80, Slt. 121-2, Frn. 157-8, Kar. I 304, ESSJ VI 173-4, EI 357
['I(o)nid- 'nit'] The variant 'g"ni(:)d- may be due to euphemistic, tabuistic or other "expressive" modifications ll HS: WS 'Iinn-
louse' > MHb en`15 - en`1i5 Iin'na, JEA an`1i5, en~i5 Iin'na 'louse, vermin (Ungezieger)', BHb N4 Icn, pl. Min`55
Iin'n-im id., {KBR} 'gnat', Jb C s`init (pl. Iunum) 'louse', Sq {Jo.} 'Icnum (pl. 'Icnhavm) id. KB 461, KBR 483, Lv. II 348-
9, Jo. J 133 EC: Sml {DSI} qandiil, Sml N {Abr.} qandiil - qindiil 'nits' DSI 487, Abr. S 2OO Sml d (< 't regularly)
may be accounted for by an earlier glottalizing as ('I...t > 'I...t) ? NrOm: Kf {C} cindo 'small louse' C SE IV 422 ?
Ch: CCh: WMrg I"unda, I"utna 'worm' || [ N 'nayu(-qV) 'larvas, worms, nit(s)', q.v.] WCh: AG: Gmy nit, Cp niyct 'worm'
ChL ^ An alt. (less plausible) comparison: N ??? 'qitV 'worm, nit' > IE:
amb
NaIE 'Inid- - 'Inid- 'nit, louse' ll HS: S 'Vtt-
> Ar SL att- 'moth, tick, mite' Hv. 451 Ch: AG: Gmy nit, Chip niyct 'worm'.
1O94. 'KAntV ' genitalia; gland (esp. of genitalia: glans penis, clitoris)' > HS: C: Bj {Rop.} Iantal 'penis' (t [t]) || EC
{?Ss.} 'Ianc- ({Ss.} 'I`and`-) 'gland' > Sml qanid 'lymphatic gland', Rn {PG} _anid 'gland', Kns {Bl.} qanditta 'udder;
swollen or abnormally big gland', Brj {Ss.} 'Iand-i - Ian?-i 'clitoris' Rop. 2O5, PG 189, Ss. B 124 SOm: Ari/Gll {Bnd.)
Ianti - qanti 'testicles' Bnd. AL 159 CCh: Pdl Iandi, Bk Ianda` 'vagina' || ? ECh: Ll gunulo 'testicles' JI II 323, ChC,
ChL B 'Ind (< 'Int) > BSn ta-Iunnit (pl. ti-Iunnid-in) 'derrire de lhomme' Ds. B 95 ll D (in SD) 'Iant- ({GS}
'I-) 'membrum muliebre' > Ml Iantu 'membrum muliebre', Td Iod 'pubic hair' D 121O ll ?? IE: [?f NaIE mt 'Iutno-s 'vulva' (
d from 'Iut-, cp. Gk kuoo) id., Gk [Hs.] kuoo) 'buttocks') > L cunnus 'membrum muliebre' || ] NPrs Iun (< ClNPrs Iun) 'vulva'
WH I 3O9-1O, EI 5O7 ('Iuts'no-s) ^ Blz. DA 155 [#34] #33 (C, Om, Ch, D).
1O95. ? 'KENtV 'be angry, be in dispair' > HS: CS 'Int id. > MHb Sh
yin%q^e5 hiI'nit 'annoy, vex, make angry', Sr
Int G v. 'fear', Ar qnt G (pf. qanita) 'dispair' Klein 584 Eg fMK Ind 'be furious\angry, be angry with (so.)', DEg Int
'anger', Cpt: Sd owu: cont, B ;wu: ont 'get angry', Sd oeu: cont, B ;eu: ont 'angry' EG V 56-7, Fk. 28O, Er. 565, Vc. 342
ll U: FU 'IEntV > pObU {?Hl.} 'Icnt 'anger' > Vg 'Iant > Vg: MK {Mu.} Iant, N {Mu.} Iant 'anger', {BV} Ss Iant
':no', {Kn., BV} Ss Iantoq 'angry'; pOs {Ht.} 'Icnt 'anger' > Y/D/K Icnt, Nz qant Ht. #29O, BV 33-4.
1O96. 'KEnV (= 'IEnV?) 'nest' > HS: S 'Iinn- id. > BHb Nq$ Icn (pl. Min`5q% Iin'n-im), JA an~1q% Iin'n-a, Sr
'noe Icn'n-a id., JEA an`1iq% Iin'na, Md Iina, Ak Iinn-um 'nest, family' KB 1O36, Js. 1387, Sl. 1O13, DM 411, CAD
XIII 257, Sd. 922 ll A: pKo {S} 'Iin- 'nest' > MKo Iin- 'to nest', Iis 'nest', NKo Iis Iit id. S QK #993, Nam 83, MLC 282
ll ??? K: G P Ianatia 'nest' Chx. 547.
1O97. ?? 'KunV 'to burn' (vi.) > A: NaT 'I`on- or 'I`un- vi. 'catch fire, burn' > OT Iun-, Alt Iuy- id., Tkm Ioy-,
ET Ioy- - Iuy- vi. 'burn down', Xk Ioy- vi. 'burn, burn down', Osm goy-, Tk goy- vt. 'burn, burn up', Uz Iuy-, Qzq, Qrg
Iuy- vi. 'burn', Qq Iuy- 'burn oneself', Nog Iuy- 'be burnt (food), be sunburnt', Yk Ioy- 'burn', Tv xyni '(smell of) sth. burnt'
('iap"') Cl. 726, Rs. W 286, 3O7, 3O9, ET KQ 88-9, Mng. G 746 Tkm -o- suggests a pT short '-o-, the length in Yk is an
innovation (T 'o yields Yk 'uo) M 'Icqsi- > WrM Icqsi, HlM xynmn- vi. 'burn slightly, brown (as food)', Kl {Rm.}
52
Ioqs
i
- " Iuqs
i
- vi. 'smell of burning'; M 'Icqsi-gun n. 'smell of burning' > WrM Icqsigun, HlM xynm, Brt xnm 'smell
of frying food \ of burning', Ord I`cqsu' 'relent de friture, odeur de graisse \ dos \ de viande brls', WrO Icqsou 'odour,
fragrance', Kl iAm Iuqsu 'smell of burning', {Rm.} Ioqsun n. 'smell of burning bones\fat'; M 1 WrMc
Iuqson - Iuqsun adj. {Z} 'smelling of sth. slightly burnt (food, wool)', {Hr.} 'angebrannt, songerig, brenzlich', Iuqsu- v. {Z} 'boil
milk', {Hr.} 'anbrennen (Speisen)'; Kl D {Rm.} IuqI
ti vi. 'to boil' > OCS ku1:u IIcti, Blg in'n , SCr inncrn " Ii|cti, Slv
Iicti, Cz Iycti, Slk Iyict`, P Iiicc, R in'ncr", Uk in'n rn id. NaIE 'Icu_H-/'IvH- (> 'Ivo-) [from 'Icu_- +
sx. '-H-] > Gk Hm kckooto uov 'breathing forth ones life' || Gmc (with anomalous Gmc ' < 'H?): Gt af-la|an 'to
suffocate, extinguish', af-lanan 'to extinguish', MHG vcrvcfcn 'get stale\ropy' (of wine), ON {Fs.} hva 'dropsical flesh', Ic
hva {Bv.} 'flabby flesh\muscle' P 596-7, M K I 23O, F I 781-2, WH II 732-3, Thr. 227, Frn. 313, 325, En. 199, Tp. P K-L 296-
3OO, ESSJ XIII 265, Glh. 318, Fs. 7, Lx. 285, Bv. 319, EUC 529 ['I"h_vc- or 'Ijv,uh_- 'smoke, seethe'] ll A: T 'I`o(V)-
v. 'swell, foam, boil over' ('I`- on the ev. of the Og lgs.) > MQp ]CC] Iob-, Osm XVI Io- 'swell', MQp XV Io- 'boil over', Az,
Blq, ET, Xk, Yk Io-, Qmq go-, Nog Iob-, VTt Iub- (1 Chv iyn- Iub_-), Bsh i6c- Iubi-, Qq Ic- 'swell, be blown
up', Alt/Tlt/QK/K {Rl.} Io- 'swell (anschwellen)', Shor Io- v. 'foam, ferment (schumen, suern, sauer werden'), Qrg
Io-mo 'swollen'; - T 'I`oiI 'foam, froth' > OT IouI, Tk IouI, Qzq i' 6 i IobiI id., Az i' ni IouI, Chg,
OXwT, OQp, Ggz, Tkm, ET IouI, Qmq gobuI, Qq, Nog IobiI, VTt, Bsh i6ci IubiI, Qrg IobuI, Xk io-6 i
IobtI, Tv Io|uI, Tf {ET} Io''u'I, Chv iaAnaAi I+b_+I 'foam', SY {Ml.} IcviI - IivcI 'foam (in camels mouth)' Cl.
687, 689, ET KQ 1O9-11, Rs. W 291, Bu. II 143, Rl. II 131O-1, Hs. 174, GRMS 287, Jud. 413, 426, Jeg. 1OO, 124, Fed. I 255-6,
323-4 ll ?? U: FU: Lp T {TI} IIovva- 'boil up, foam (up)' (p. 3s IIovai, 1p IIvvvn) and possibly vt. 'cook' {SK}: Lp T IItc-o,
Kld Ii]tc-o, Nt I'c]ttc-d_ TI 127, SK 178, UEW 143-4, Coll. 23 IS I 364 suggests adducing words of other branches of
Uralic that have no traces of ' (F Icittaa, etc.), but this is too speculative to be accepted, the more so that they have been
explained by UEW as going back to U 'Icyc- vi. 'to boil, be cooked, be ready [of cooked food], ripen' (UEW 143-4) ll HS: B
'Iff - 'Ify > ETwl uIof, Ty oIof 'se gonfler, tre gonfl' (both < B 'vIf with a HS md.-ps. px. 'v-), Zng {IS ?} uIfcy v.
'boil', {Bs.} If'v (aIuffo, aor. yaIuffo) v. 'foam', u-Ifuc 'bullition', ? i Kb mmofIof 'faire un bruit deau qui court en
bouillonant' B 'IfH -' Ifs (partially i) 'foam, saliva' ( N 'Io'qV 'mucus, slime' 'saliva' [q.v. ffd.]) GhA 89, Fc. 754-5,
MT 327, Dlh. Ou 14O-1, Rn. 341, Dl. 395-6, 399, Lf. II #O736, Bs. MS I 231 ^ IS I 363-5 [#24O] ('Kua in IE, T, M, Zng Ify,
Lp T IItc-). Cp. N 'K'uV 'bubble, pustule, blister' (belongs here as a sd ?) ^ The front vw. in T may be due to vw. harmony.
1111. 'IuE (or 'IuV) 'to bend (a joint of the limbs: elbow, etc.)', 'elbow' > HS: S 'Iy - 'Iy - '-Iu- - 'I:
'Iy 'elbow' > Mh ssf'fay (pl. ssfof), Hrs 'soffi - ssf'fsy, Jb E 'sc'fcf, Jb C 's`c'fcf 'elbow'; 'Iy v. 'bend (a knee),
bow' > Sr Iy (pf. 'fa Io'a) id.; S '-Iu- > Ak StB Iau v. 'bend (?)', JA {Js.} Fvk Iv id. (act. prtc. Fia51
Ia?i - Fi%1 Iayi - Fj4 Iayc), Sr Iv id. (pf. Fo Ia 'flexit'), 'powa Iav'a 'flexio'; CS 'I ( N 'IibV
'hump, bent') > BHb I G (pf. Ff21 Ia'a) v. 'bend, bow down', JEA {Sl.} I G vt. 'bend, overcome', Sr I (pf. Fa
58
Ia) v. 'bow, bend (a knee)', JA I (pf. Ff26 Io'a - Fif46 Io'c) v. 'bend, curve', Ak I 'bend', Sr Ioi'-a 'hump',
JA, Sr afk 'p Ivy v. 'bow', ? Htr I? ' architerctural form (vaulted room?)', ? Ar Iff 'wrap (the foot) in a rag' KBR 484-5,
Jo. M 398, Jo. H 126, Jo. J 268, Br. 323, 339-4O, CAD VIII 192, Js. 623-4, 661, Sl. 596-7. HJ 531, BK II 9O9 Eg fP Ifn '[Arme
(in Demut)] beugen' EG V 32 Ch {Stl.} 'gufi- 'knee' > WCh: Hs g"iva | Ngz {Sch.} Iufu | ? Buli {Sh.} gafin || CCh:
ZmD {Srp} giffi, Msm guf || ECh {J}: Mgm gii, EDng gio, Bdy gcc, | Jg giqo, Brg gifi, Mu gi (pl. gobub) | Smr {J}
gubc, Tmk {Cp.} gu`b, Nd D {J} gu`b Stl. IF 164-5, JI I 1O6 ('gV- < Ch 'gr 'knee') & II 214-5 ll IE: NaIE
'IIcu_b- 'sich im Gelenk biegen' > Gk ku|o) 'hollow above the hips of cattle', [Rh.] 'knucklebone' 'a dice' (1 L cubus id.), Gk
[Poll.] ku|eov 'elbow' || L cubitus 'elbow' || Gmc ( N 'Iujy,tjV,PV 'shoulder', q.v. ffd.) P 589-9O, Mn. 579, WH I 297-8, F
II 39-4O, Fs. 277-8, Ho. 184, Kb. 484, OsS 428, KM 319 ll A: M 'Iouburc- v. 'bend' ( N 'IibV 'hump, bent') > WrM
Ioburc-, HlM xnpyx v. 'bend, bow down, incline' MED 477 pKo {S} 'Io-, 'Iu- 'be bent' > MKo Io-, Iu-, NKo
Io-, Iu- S QK #1O66, Nam 52, 63, MLC 163, 22O DQA #883 (incl. M, Ko).
1112. 'K'uV, -lV 'bubble, pustule, blister' > U: [1] FU 'IuV 'abscess, tumour' > F Iua 'bubble, blister, tumour', Es
Iu 'bump, boss', {W} 'Blase, kleine Beule, Knopf; Buckel' | Mk iona Ioa 'boil, furuncle (Geschwr, Beule), Er {W} Ioa
'Beule; Schamgegend' || Hg ? huolyag, hu()alag, huo|ag 'pustule, water-bubble on the skin, furuncle-like tumour; swelling (on
a tree, etc.)' [2] FU 'Iuc(-nn`a) 'fish-sound, swimming-bladder' > F Iuinas, Krl Iuino id. | Lp: I Io`an, Pa Io:vn id.
(A Krl?) || Vg: T Iaon, LK xul-xoon, P Iul-Ioon, Ss xul-xona id. (xul, Iul 'fish') [3] FU 'Iu'la 'bubble, foam
bubble' > F Iula 'water bubble, fish-sound, swelling, tumour', Es Iubcl, {W.} Iubl 'bubble, blister, wheal' | pLp {Lr.} 'Iolc
'bubble, fish-sound' > Lp: Kld {TI} Io,:lvs, Nt {TI} Io]o_lvs id., N {Fri.} goblo, Vfs {Lgc.} g_oboluo 'lung' | Chr L
iynin Iuv+l, Uf Iuv+l, H I+v+l 'water-bubble' || ObU: ? Os: K _omol 'bubble, pustule, wheal, corn (on the foot)', V qomloq,
D _omolso_, Nz _omlaso_ 'fish-sound' (so_ 'fell'), Vy ycqIi qomloq 'water-bubble, wheal', K _omlo_int- 'to produce
water-bubbles' (of burnes skin); Os m is irreg. | Hg holyag, ? ho|ig, ho|og, holag, hovlag, holag 'bubble, urinal bladder, water-
bubble', (?) 'fish-sound' UEW 212-4, Lr. #457, Hs. 539, W EDW 413, PI 125, TI 148, MRS 236 ll D (in SD) i 'Io-, IoVl-
({GS} 'gobb- - [?] 'Io-) 'bubble; pustule, blister' > Tm Ioalam, Ioul, Ioulam id., Ioali, Iouli v. 'blister, rise
in bubbles (as water)', Iour 'pustule, blister', Ml Ioul 'bubble, pustule', Kn Iualisu 'to blister', Kn T gobbc, Tu gobbuli
'bubble' D #21O6 ll A 'I`'UbV(IV) - 'I`abV > T 'Ij`,abuI 'bladder' > OT {Cl.} qavuq - qayuq, OQp XIV, Chg =XV qavuq,
OOsm =XIV qavuq, Tk IavuI, Tkm, Az govug, Uz ony qovuq, Qzq, Qq, Nog quviq, VTt quv+q, Bsh q+v+q, Xk _o_, Yk
_aba_ id., Osm {Rl.} qaviq 'hollow object' Cl. 583, ET KQ 174, Rl. II 467-8 M 'qu|qanag 'scrotum of animals' > WrM
quqanag, HlM xyyxnai, Brt xyyxanai MED 993, Kow. 875, Gl. 147, Chr. 6O7 Tg 'xa- 'fish bladder' > Ewk ay, Ul _aa
(1 Neg L xat), Neg U at, ? Ewk Iaata id. STM I 11, 376 DQA #1O49 (A 'I`i_oba(IV) 'I`i_abu(IV) 'bladder,
scrotum') The vw. 'a in T and Tg is puzzling (infl. of a different root?) ^ Is it connected with N 'Kua 'to boil (vi.), swell,
bubble'?
1113. 'IuPV 'heap, hill; cone, protuberance' > HS: S: [1] 'Iu- > Ar quff- 'hill, a height (terrain ou pays plus lv que
les entours); back (dos, dessus dune ch.)'; [2] WS (or CS?) 'Iu- - 'Ii- > MHb ep15, ep1i5 Ii'a 'heap, pile', Ar Iuf-at-
'mound of sand' SC: Kz {E} Iicto 'anthill' E K 12 ll IE: NaIE 'Iou_o- 'pile, heap, hill, mountain' > OPrs Iaufa-, ClNPrs
vK Ioh, NPrs vK Iuh 'mountain', NPrs 'EvK Iuhon 'camels\yaks hump', Av Iaofa- 'mountain, camels hump' || pAl {O}
'Iua > Al qii 'stack' || OSx huvil 'hill, hillock', OHG hubil 'hill', NHG Hubcl 'hillock'; NNr hov 'a height, small hill' || Lt
Iauas - Iauas 'heap, pile', Iustas 'hill' | Sl: [1] 'Iu+ > OCS ku+ Iu+, Blg iyn, SCr Iu`, Slv Iu 'heap', Cz Iu id.,
'multitude'; [2] 'Iua > OR, RChS kuo Iua, Cz, P Iua, R ?, Uk ) iyna 'heap', SCr Iu`a 'heap, cone', Blg iy) na 'heap, pile,
stack' P 591-2, Brtl. 431-2, Ho. 168, Ho. S 38, Kb. 484, OsS 427, KM 318, O 361, Frn. 23, StSS 299, ESSJ XIII 1O7-8, 114-5 ll K
'Io- > G Io-i 'bump\lump (on ones head)', Sv {Ni.} Ivc id., ? Sv UB {GP} Ivc 'button of clothing' ll A: NaT 'Io
'I`o 'multitude, many' ( N 'Io?bE 'to fill; whole' [q.v. ffd.]) ll D: [1] {tr.} 'Iu- 'heap, hill', {GS} 'Iu- 'heap' > Tm
Iuam 'multitude, heap', Ml Iua 'heap (of dirt\refuse)'. Kt Ii 'heap of weeds\rubbish', Td Ii 'rubbish', Tl Iua 'heap, pile', Kn
Iuc, guc id., 'dung-hill', Kdg Iui 'droppin of dung', Tu Iu, gu 'heap', Prj Iua 'stack, mound', Ioa 'small
hillock', Gdb Iua, Mnd Iua 'heap', Gnd Ioc 'hill', Knd Iua 'heap of grain', Png Iua 'heap, stock', Kui Iua 'hillock', Kw
Iua 'mound', Iua 'stock', Mlt qoc 'hep, pile' [2] 'Iu- ({GS} 'gubb-) 'knob, protuberance' > Kn gubbi id., Iuu,
guu 'an abnormal globular excrescence of the body', Ml Iui 'brass knob on tip of bullocks horn', Tu gubbi, gubb 'stud, knob,
button', Tl gubba 'knob, protuberance, womans breat', Knd Ioaram hump of bullock', Mlt gucr` 'hump of ox' D ##1731, 1743
ll ?? U: FU (att. in BF) 'Iau 'cone (of conifers)' > F Iay, Es Iabi id. SK 261, SSA II 475.
59
1114. 'KuPV 'box, basket' > HS: S 'Iu(-at)- > Ak Iu-u(m) 'box' ('Kasten'), MHb ep1uq Iu'a 'basket, box' ('Korb'),
etc. Ch: ECh: Mkl {J} Io 'bote' ll ? K: G Iubo 'coffin' (here, unless a loanword) ll IE: NaIE 'Iou_-/'Iu- 'vessel' [ N
'qUb'E 'basket' ( 'vessel')] > Gk kutcov 'a big-bellied drinking vessel, beaker, gublet', kuto) ' a measure of corn' || L
cua 'cusk' or 'butt', L [], VL cua 'cup, beaker' > Rum cua, Fr couc, Sp, Prt, Ctl coa id., 1 OHG Iof " chof 'head,
mug, bowl, NHG Kof 'head', AS cuc 'cup', NE cu || Pls (?) 1 Gk koo) {LS} 'basket-load', koivo) 'basket' 1 L cohinus
'basket, hamper' > It cofano, Sp cucvano id., OFr, Fr coffin id., 'coffin' (1 NE coffin), Fr coffrc 1 NHG Koffcr || ? Gmc: ON
hufr 'hull of a ship', NLG Wph huvc, AS hyf 'beehive', NE hivc Long 'u in some lgs. may be due to the heritage of
'qUb'E P 591,WH I 31O-1, Wn. P 1O3, F I 936-7 & II 51-2, ML ##22O7, 24O9, Vr. 265, Kb. 555, Ho. 63, 183, EUC 444 (?
'IuH- 'water vessel') ll A 'Ij`,oPV: M 'qobdu > MM [MA] qobdu 'quiver', WrO {Krg.} _obdo 'quiver, case', WrM qobdu,
HlM xon(, Kl xon(, {Rm.} _obda 'case, long and narrow box; quiver', Ord _ob_d_o 'coffin', Brt xo6ro 'box, trunk (coffre)' [ N
'qUb'E '' N 'Iomji,dE ' basket, vessel'] MED 949-5O, KRS 592, KW 191 Tg 'xobu-r / 'xcbu-r 'coffin' > Nn Nh
xsur, Nn KU xsvur, Ud xsu (A STg), Ul xsuli, WrMc _obo, xobor(gon), Mc Sb (hovo) [xov] 'coffin' STM I 464, 467, Y #752
pKo {S} 'IobVr 'coffin, box' > MKo Ior S QK #1O35, Nam 54 pJ {S} 'Iju_,i 'coffin' > OJ Ii_i S QJ #1329, Mr. 449
NaT 'Iobur - 'Iabur > Chg {Rs.} qobur 'Gef, Etui', K {Rl.} qoyur 'coffin'; OT [MhK] {Rs.} qabircaq, {Cl.} qabircaq
'box, coffin', OQp XIV qaburcaq 'box, casket', Chg {Rs.} qoburcaq 'kleine Bchse' Rs. W 235, 274, Rl. II 518, Cl. 586-7 DQA
#1O72 'I`i_ubu 'box, coffin' (A 'I`i_ubu 'box, coffin' with unjustified 'i_), Lee CSMK 112 (Ko, Tg).
1115. 'KuV 'trunk, log' > HS: Ch: ECh: Ke {Eb.} Isaq 'tree', Mgm {JA} Iuc '() tree' ChC, Eb. 68 ? S 'gub-
> Sr gub, cs. gu'b-a 'beam, joist, plank' JPS 62, Br. 1OO ll ? U: FU 'I'o'E 'log, boat' > Vt iiniIII 'log (iono(a)'
|| pObU {Ht.} 'IIV 'boat (Kahn)' > pVg {Ht.} 'IIV > OVg: S ChusO Iacba, S VT/Kg ia6a, S SSs Iahbc, W P ian, E TM
Ia, Tb iin, N SoG cha, N SoO xa`a6; Vg: T Ia, MK/OK/P/NV/SV/LL/ML Is, LK/UL/Ss xa id.; pOs {Ht.} 'Ia id.
> Os: K _o, Nz/Kz _o, O _a Coll. 93, U3S 244, Ht. #3O2 ll A: [1] 'Ij`,oPV 'trunk, log, trough, box' > M 'qobu'ya > WrM
qobuga, HlM xonoo 'trough, well bucket', Kl xona _ov, {Rm.} _ova 'well bucket of leather' (1 T: Tkm qova, etc.; ffd. see ET
Q 12-3) ?? AdS of T: > Tk govdc, Az govda 'trunk (of a tree\body)' (< N 'gc?UV 'body') ET VGD 52-3, Cl. 688 [2]
'I`o`ErV 'bridge' > M 'Ioyurgc 'bridge' > MM [HI] Icvurgc, WrM Iogcrgc(n) - Iogurgc, HlM x' ' p' i, Ord I`orgo,
Brt xpiy, Mnr H {SM} I`org_uo, {T} Iolgo id., ?? Kl {Rm.} gur '(small) bridge' Ms. H 71, MED 48O, SM 2O5, T 34O,
KW 14O, Chr. 634, Cl. 69O (M A T 'Iorug) T 'Iour, -ug 'bridge' > [a] QrB, Kr Cr Iour, Tk ?
Iour - Iocr " Iucr, Qzq, Qq, Nog Ioir, VTt, Bsh Iuir, Slr Iomur, Chv Iob_cr; [2] OT {Cl.} Iorug, MQp XIII
Iori, XIV [incl. CC] Ioru, XwT XIV Ioru(g), Chg =XV, ET IoruI, Uz IuriI, ET IovruI, Tv I'vuru, Tv
NW xovurug, Tf I'rig - Ic'rig, Tk Ioru, Tkm Iori, Az Ioru 'bridge' Cl. 69O, ET KQ 112-3 Tg 'xuuru
bridge, rift (in a river)' > Jrc hufurun 'bridge', Nn B xurfu, Ewk oran 'rift in a river (nopoi, ncpciar) = Stromschwelle' STM I
479 & II 23, Dr. TM 136 [#561] ?? pJ 'Iaara 'shallow sandy place in a river or on its bank' > OJ Iaara, J: T Iavara, K
Iavara, Kg Iavara S QJ #1372, Mr. 446 DQA #1125 [A 'I`o`ira 'rift (in a river), bridge': T, M 'Ioyurgc, Tg, J], ?
Rm. SKE 131 The primary menaing of 'I`o`ErV is likely to have been 'bridge', whence (a ) 'shallow place in a river (natural
bridge)'.
1116. 'Ia PV 'to chop, dig' > K 'Ia-/'Ic- ({IS} 'Ia-/'Ic-) v. 'chop, cut' > G Ia- (aor. -Ia-c < '-Ia-) v.
'beschneiden, stutzen; (in Stcke) zer-hauen\hacken', {DCh.} 'to chop (wood), beat, kill', G {DCh.} Ic- (aor. -Ic-c < '-Ic-) v.
'chop, cut', Sv 'Ia- > Sv UB Ia- v. 'cut into small pieces (ccu")', Sv L lo-Ia-o prtc. 'chopped, cut'; K {FS} 'Icj:,- v.
'chop into small pieces' > G {DCh.} Ic- - Ic- 'chop, cut', {Chx.} Ic- 'to chop\cut into small pieces' (aor. da-Ica 'er
zerhackte in kleine Stcke', inf. Ic-va), Sv {FS} Io- id. (msd. li-Io-n-c id., cvad-Io-n-c 'er zerhackte in kleine Stcke')
IS rGM 133, IS I 318, FS K 174, FS E 19O, Srj. FLK 23, Chx. 557-8, 568-9, DCh. 597-8, 6O4-5 ll HS: EC: Sd {Gs.} Iofa 'to make
a dam', Or {Grg.} Iaba 'to put soil up around a plant', Or {Vit.} Iof- v. 'dig', ? Or Wt {Sr.} Ioffa 'vagina' Sr. 346, Gs. 196, Grg.
239 NrOm: Kf {C} Ia- v. 'chop, hew', {HHM} ?? Ioo 'hew', Iao 'split' C SE IV 486, HHM 118, 313 Ch: WCh
{Stl.} 'I'a- v. 'dig, bury' > Hs Iafta v. 'dig ground deeply with big hoe preparatory to planting cassava, etc.' | SBc: Kir Isbc, Zul
{ChL} ya Isc, Buli {ChL} Isbu 'bury' Stl. ZCh 2O5 [#556], ChL, Ba. 525 S '-Iub- > Ar qvb (ip. -qub-) 'dig (earth)'
BK II 829 ? Eg Md Ify vi. 'gape' (of a wound) EG V 12O, DW 9O4 The plain vl. I in Eg and C is due to the HS
deglottalization ll IE 'Icjh,- > NaIE 'Ic(:)- v. 'chop, dig' > NPrs tF'K Iof-tan 'to split, cleave, dig', v'K Iov 'excavation,
digging' || Gk kotte 'I cut off, chop off, fell (trees)', ft. ko)e, aor. cko)o, pfc. kckoo ( kotte 'I strike' of a different origin) ||
pAl 'Iaa > (umlautized) Al Ic vt. 'sharpen, hoe, dress (a stone) by flaking' || OHG habba, hca 'bill-hook, scythe (Rebmesser,
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Sense, Hippe)', NHG Hic 'pruning knife, scythe' (< Gmc 'xc||o) || Lt Iaoti, Ltv Iaat 'to chop' | Sl 'Ioa-ti 'to dig' >
OCS keuo:u Ioati, R io'nar", Blg io'na , SCr Ioati, Slv Ioati, Cz Ioati, P Ioac P 931-2 (does not separate this IE v
from forms belonging to IE 'sIc- 'split' < N 'c`aj,a 'to beat, strike, chop', q.v.), Horn 186, Vl. II 775-6, 786, F I 915-6, OsS
272, Kb. 419, KM 31O, Frn. 217-8, ESSJ XI 18-2O, Glh. 331-2, StSS 29O, Vs. II 317, AlED 376, O 175 ll D 'Ia - 'Iav
({GS} 'I-) > Kn Iau 'dig', Iau, Iaa 'hole in the ground, pit', Tl Iavu 'pit, well' D #1223 ^ IS I 317-8 [#193] Gr. II
#87 ('Ia 'cut off') [IE, Sm, A, EA]
1117. 'Ko a'U [' = '??] 'bark' > HS: C ({E} 'Iaf- 'hull, rind') > Ag 'Ia- > Aw {Bnd.} qa, Bln {R} Iaf 'bark' ||
SC: Irq {Mgw.} qafi (pl. qafo) 'membrane, cover', {Bnd.} qafi, {E} qafa 'bark', {Wh.} qafta 'peel of fruits', Alg {E} qafa?i, Brn
{E} qafa 'bark' || ? EC: Rn _abdah 'dry tree bark' AD SF 67, 233, E SC 386, E PC #145, R WB 236, Mgw. 1O5, PG 186, Blz.
SCL s.v. 'bark', Blz. RL 257 Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'I"aHabV 'bark' > Hs I"abf-to, Ang Io, Su I"aya, Zar K I"aba, Zar GL
Iabu, Sy Z IobsI, as well as possibly Gj gustq 'bark', Bg Iosaq id. || CCh: Tr {J} gsba, Pdl {CWL} gIbsr 'bark', as well
as possibly (but not necessarily) Gude {ChL} Itvt?tn and Nzn Iuv"o 'skin' || ?? ECh: Kwn {J} Is`bsrov, Smr Isbsrsv 'bark'
ChC, ChL, Sh. SB 2O, Stl. ZCh 2O5 [#558], Blz. LECh s.v. 'bark' ll U 'Ioa 'bark' > Es Ioba 'fir bark' | Er iyno 'crust, rind', Mk
iyna id., 'bark' | pChr {Ber.} 'Iuvo > Chr ? Iuvo " Iuvu " Iuv+ " Iuvo {Szil.} 'Hilse, Schale, Schuppe', {} iyno 'chaff' |
pPrm {LG} 'Iu 'bark, skin' > Vt Iu id., Z Iu 'fell, skin' Sm {Jn.} 'Ioa, {Hl.} 'Ioa 'skin, bark' > Ne T xo6aA'skin (of an
animal), miypia', Ne F L {Lh.} Io:a, Ng {Cs.} 'Iufu, En X/B {Cs.} 'Ioba 'skin', Slq {KKIH} qoI 'fell of an animal, skin, bark,
rind', Slq K/NP {Cs.} Ioa 'skin', Kms {KD} I`uba, I`u|a 'skin, hide, leather', Koyb {Sp.} iy6a 'skin', Mt {Hl.} 'Iohao 'skin,
hide, (nut)shell' (Mt M {Sp.} io 'skin', Mt K {Pl.} ioioro 'his skin') UEW 18O-1, Coll. 25, Sm. 537 (U, FU, Sm 'Ioa, FP
'Ioa), Ber. 26, Jn. 73-4, Cs. 81, 121, KKIH 162, KD 33, Sp. SJK 41, Sp. SJM 75, Hl. M #52O ll A {SDM97} 'I`a`a 'bark, skin'
> T 'I`auI 'bark, shell' > OT qaviq, [QB] qavuq 'bran', Tk IabuI, Az gabig, Slr go_, Nog, Qrg qabiq, Bsh qab+q, Ggz IabuI,
Blq qabuq, CrTt qabu_, ET {Rl.} qobuq 'bark, shell', Tkm gabiq, Qzq, Qq qabiq, VTt qab+q, Qmq qabuq, Uz qobiq, Chv L
_ub_+ 'bark, peel (of a fruit)', Xk _abi_, Tv _aviq 'husk' Cl. 583, ET KQ 168-7O, Jeg. 3O5, TvR 46O, Rl. II 66O-2 M
'qayuda-sun (< 'qa|uda-sun) 'bark' > WrM {Kow., MED} qagudasun, HlM xyy(ac, Brt xyy(ala( n) 'sheet of paper', Kl xyy(c
_ud+s id., {Rm.} _ud+sn 'bark'; M 'qayura- ('-y- < '-|-) v. 'peel' > WrM qagura- - qaura-, HlM xyypa-x v. 'peel off'; M
'qayul- ('-y- < '-|-) v. 'peel' > MM [S] _avul-_u v. 'skin, peel' ('abhuten, abschinden'), WrM qagul-, HlM xyyna-x, Kl xyyn-x
_ul-x+, {Rm.} _ul-_o v. 'peel off, skin, flay', Mnr H _uli- id. ('peler, corcher, corcer'); 'ab-reissen\-schaben\-ziehen'); M
'qayurqa ('-y- < '-|-) > WrM qagurqai, Kl {Rm.} _ur_a - _ur_a 'losgerissen, abgerissen (z. B. die Rinde, ein Blatt aus
einem Buche)', Mnr H _ura- 'se peler, scorc(h)er, se dtacher'; M 'qobqul- v. 'peel, flay' > WrM qobqul-, HlM xonxno-x id.
MED 9O9-1O, 951, KW 2O1-2, KRS 614, Kow. 744, Chr. 6O5, SM 18O, 184, H 63 ? Tg 'jx,abda- v. 'clean a tree from
branches' ( N 'IAPV 'leaf'?) > WrMc {Hr.} abdala- 'abbrechen', {Z} abtala- 'clean the tree from branches, clean branches' STM
I 5, Z 26, Hr. 2 pKo 'Ia"- (- 'Io"-) 'bark' > MKo Ia"ir, Iocir 'bark', NKo Iocil 'skin, bark, shell', IotcIi id., 'husk,
peel', Ko: Ph Iocil, PhN Iocil, Ks Ioci, Hm Ioci_, Sl Iotil, Chs Iotcgi, Kw Iotcgi 'bark', Chj Iotcgi id.,
'skin' S AJ 251 [#3], MLC 1O3 J: pJ 'Iaa 'skin, leather; bark' > OJ Iaa, J: T Iava id., Kg Iava, Ns Io, Sh Ia, Y Ia id.,
K Iava 'skin', Iava 'leather' S AJ 258 [#3], 26 [#3, S QJ #3, Mr. 445, Kenk. 88O S AJ 274 [#2], SDM95 s.v. 'I`aa 'bark,
skin', DQA #988 (A'I`a`a 'bark, skin') Acc. to DQA #1OO7, the A v has a variant 'I`c`a ({SDM-95} 'I`c`o) 'husk,
shell' > pJ 'Iai 'egg, shell', T 'I`cbuI 'bran, chaff' anf M 'Icbc 'bran, husks'. These two variants may represent two different
results of synharmonic levelling, suggesting the existence of a front vw. in the second syll. of the N v ^ The presence or traces of a
rounded vw. ('o?) in U and Ch as opposed to the presence of 'a in A and C may be explained by assuming a trisyllabic etymon with
both 'o and 'a. This hyp. is directly suggested by Su I"aya 'bark' and indirectly by the long vw. in T 'I`auI ^ IS MS 344
(('qon 'bark'); IS proposed to equate U 'Ioa 'bark' with M 'qobuya 'well bucket [usually made of skin]' (MED 95O, KW 191)
and with ET qobuq, qobuzaq 'bark' (which is a labialized var. of pT 'I`auI 'bark'). His rec. of ''q- is based on comparison with
K 'tqab-/'tqav- 'skin, fell', which is hardly acceptable (?). The Ag '-- and the cns. '-b- in some Ch lgs. may be explained
by the presence of a N lr. ('? or '). The rec. of this lr. will help solving the discrepancy between the ev. of U '-- (suggesting N
'--) and A '-`- (apparently suggesting N '--, but also explainable from '-?- '--). In T 'IauI and possibly in Ch (Sy Z
IobsI) one may discern traces of a suffixed element. There is a interesting parallel between M 'qa'|urqay and ECh (Kwn
Io`borov, Smr Iobsrov 'bark') ^ AD NM #93 ('Ka'?'E), S CNM 5, Vv. AEN 6.
1118. 'I'ajv,E or 'I'ajv,VyV 'skull; occiput' ( 'head') > HS: WS 'Ia'ay- 'occiput, skull' > Sr Iajo,'y-a,
Ioay-a, Iaa'y-a 'nape of the neck', Ar 'fAQa qafa-n id., 'occiput', Har Iafvt, Grg Sl/Wl/Z Ivfvt 'forehead', Mh/Hrs {Jo.}
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Isfc, Jb C {Jo.} 'Ic'fc 'back (dos)'; cp also a S variant stem ''I'iha- > Ar qihf- (pl. qihaf-at-) 'os de la tte qui garantit le
cerveau; crne fendu', 'vase semblable une partie du crne' Br. 683, JPS 513, BK II 679, 792, MiK I LIX, #1.164, L EDH 122, L
EDG III 473, Jo. M 226, Jo. H 74, Jo. J 142 B 'yafi (< 'Iai or 'IaVy) 'head' > Ty, ETwl c-y+f (pl. i-y+f+v+n), Ah cyof,
Wrg iyof, i_f, Si a_fi, Nf iyaf, Zng {TC} i?f 'tte' Fc. 17OO, GhA 65, Dlh. Ou 237, La. S 3O1, TC Z 310 ECh: Jg {J} Ioqo
'occiput, brain', Mgm {J} Iuo, EDng {Fd.} Ioo 'occiput', Mu {J} Iobo 'nuque' J J 114, JA LM 1O2, ChC s.v. 'occiput'
OS #337, MiK I #164ll K 'Ia- > Mg Ioc - Ioc 'crown of head', USv {TK} Ia 'nape', Sv (rdp ): UB {TK} IaIa, LB
{TK} IoIc, L IcIcay, Ln IcIca 'nape, skull'; G {SSO, DCh.} Ica 'occiput' may have a deviant vw. c due to the merger
with an Aramaism (cp. Sr Ioay-a 'nape of neck'), while G J qaa 'skull' may be a loan from Ar qafa (or from Aram?) TK 341,
343, GP 128, Fn. KW-1 34 ({Fn.} 'Ic- 'occiput, crown of head' > G Ica, Sv IcIc-a 'skull') Cp. also K 'Ia- 'chin,
'jaw' < N 'Icj ,V (= 'IcV?) id. (q.v.) ll IE: NaIE 'Iaut - 'IIau_ut 'head' ( N 'K'adKudV 'tip, top', q.v.) > L
caut / G cait-is 'head' || Gmc: ON hofu 'head'; Gt haubi|, ON haufu, OHG houbit, NHG Haut, OSx hovid, AS hcafod
'head', NE hcad || OI Ia'ucchalam 'tuft of hair on the hind part of the head' (a cd with sala- 'hair'), IausniIa 'tuft of hair on
each side of the head' But 'Ia-Vl- 'occiput, skull' (> OI Ia'alam 'cup, skull', AS hafola 'head') belongs to N 'KaPVLV
'occiput, skull' WP I 346-7, P 529-3O, EI 26O-1 ('Iaut), M K I 155-7, M E I 3OO, 3O2 (no et. of OI words), WH I 163-4, Vr.
279, Kb. 481, Schz. 17O, OsS 42O, 15O, 293-4, Ho. 147, 15O ll U: FU 'Ioa 'skull; hollow object' > F Ioa 'the front part of the
skull, forehead; basket, pannier, shell' [ N 'qUb'E 'basket' ( 'vessel')] , aa-Ioa 'skull' (aa is 'head'), Es ? Io (gen.
Ioa) 'Schale, kleines Gef' | Lp: Kld {TI} vIsnc-IIc 'skull', Nt ucyv-Iuc" id. (vIsnc 'brain', ucyv 'head') | Mk {Ahl.}
rca-IoasIa 'skull' (rca 'head') || ObU: Vg (in cds ) T Ias, LK xa, MK/P Io, Ss xoi 'skull'; Os Z _oo id. Coll. 9O,
UEW 181-2, SK 217, SSA I 4OO, TI 173O, 1744, Ht. #754, KrT 324, Stn. D 53O ^ IS I 319-2O (S, B, ECh, K, IE, U + qu. Om:
Kullo {Brl.} huca 'head').
1119. 'I'ayaV (or '--) 'sharp stone\rock\cliff' > IE: NaIE 'Ici_o-/'Ioi_o- 'sharp object' > OI 'sca-h 'tail,
penis' || L ciu-s 'pointed pale, stake' || pAl {O} 'cai_a > Al thc 'sharp peak, sharp point' P 543, WH I 219-2O, O 474, ? M K
III 372-3 ll HS: S ''Iaya- 'stone, rock' > Ak Ia- id., BHb F4' 'Ic' 'rock' (att.: pl. Mif54 Ic'im), ChrPA af1a4 Ic'a,
Sr E Ic'-a, Sr W Ic'a 'stone', JA [Trg.] Fik`4 Ic, em. af1ik`4 Ic'a, JPA {Js.}, JEA {Sl.} af1ik`4 Ic'a 'stone, rock'
Sd. 445, KB 467, KBR 492, Lv. T I 361, Dlm. 187, Js. 634-5, Sl. 577 ll A: NaT 'I`aya '(sharp) rock, cliff' > OT qaya 'rock, sharp
outstanding rock or rocky cliff', Tk Iaya, Az, Tkm gaya, Tkm ? gaya, Ggz Iaya, Blq, Nog, Bsh, SY, Alt qaya, Qq, Qeg qiya, VTt
q+ya, ET qiya, Uz qoya, Xk, Yk, Tv _aya, Tf haya 'rock, cliff' N '-- (or '--?) has been lost (a reg. loss at the beginning of the
third syll.?) Cl. 674-5, ET KQ 198-9, TL 96, Ra. 185.
112O. 'KaPVLV 'occiput, skull' > HS: S ''IajV,l- > Ar laf0Qa qafl-at- 'occiput' BK II 791 ll IE: NaIE 'Ia(cc)lo-
'skull' > NaIE 'Ia(cj:,)lo- 'head' > AS hafol, OFrs hcila (< 'havila) 'head' ( N 'I'ajv,E 'I'ajv,VyV 'skull; occiput'
'head') || OI Ia'alam 'cup, bowl, skull' WP I 346, M K I 155, M E I 3OO, Ho. 147, EI 261 ('Iaolo- 'head, skull').
1121. 'KuPVrV 'hump' > IE: NaIE 'I'uVr- id. > OHG hofar-hovar, AS hofcr 'hump' || Lt Iura, Ltv Iur(i)s 'hump,
hunch' P 591-2, Kb. 473, OsS 411, Ho. 168, Frn.314 ll D (in GnD) 'IuVr`- id. ( N 'gubE 'heap, hump, hunchback') > Gnd
Ioaram 'hump of bullock', Mnd gucr` 'hump of ox', ? KK: Kui Ioa 'hump, cows hump', Ku gu?u 'hump of ox' D #1731a.
1122. ??? 'KaPjV,Sa 'box' (unless a WW ) > IE: L casa 'box, case' 1 Gk ko)o id. 1 MHb ex1f6uq Iu'sa id. WH I
162-3 ll A 'I`asa > T 'Ij`,asa, 'Ij`,asaI > MQp [CC] qasa 'box, coffin' (unless A L), Tk ? qasa 'large basket', Tk IabsaI
'basket' ET KQ 277 Tg 'xasa > Ewk avsa " absa 'box, bag', Lm avs+ 'small bag', Orc asana 'long narrow bag for hunt
equipment', Ork _asav - _asat 'small bag (for women)', WrMc 'birch-bark box, boat'; Mc 1 M: WrM absa(n), HlM anc( an)
'coffon, casket' STM I 9, MED 5.
1123. 'KEPVzV 'paw, hoof' > HS: S 'Iz > Ar [Qam.] {Fr.} ?aqfaz- 'anteriores pedes atque genua albicantes habens
(equus)', quffaz- 'long felt-gloves (up to the elbows)' Fr. III 48O, BK II 788, Hv. 62O ll IE: 'IoH- > NaIE 'Io"- 'hoof, claw'
> OI sa'ha- 'hoof of a horse, hoof', Av safa- 'hoof of a horse', KhS saha-, Psh sva, Oss I/D saf-t-ag 'hoof' || ON hofr, OHG
huof, NHG Huf, AS hof 'hoof', NE hoof ( NaIE 'Ioa- < N 'Ka'a 'palm of hand, sole of foot; hoof', q.v.) Sl 'IoIto
'hoof' hardly belongs here (because of 'I- for the expected Sl 's- < IE 'I-; see N 'Ka'a '') WP I 346, P 53O, EI 272
('Io'ho-s 'hoof'), M K III 297, M E II 6O8, Ab. III 55-6, Mrg. 71, Bai. 423, Vr. 247, Kb. 489, OsS 431-2, Ho. 168 IE 'H < N
'z ll U: FU 'IEs'a 'paw, fell from a paw/leg' ( N 'ga'sA 'paw, hand' [q.v. ffd.]).
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