Brotherhood of Eternal Love

HASHISH SMUGGLING AND PASSPORT
FRAUD:
"The Brotherhood of Eternal Love"
HEARING
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

ADMINISTEATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

UNITED STATES SENATE
NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
OCTOBER 3, 1973
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

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'Z
HASHISH SMUGGLING AND PASSPORT

FRAUD:
HEARING
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

ADMINISTKATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
OF THE

UNITED STATES SENATE
NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
OCTOBER 3, 1973
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

2»-638 WASHINGTON 1973 :
For sale by the Superintendent Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfBce

rch of
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.15
ry FRANKLIN PIERCE LAW CENTER

^^^^^^^
Concord
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Boston PubUc Library
Boston, lyiA 02116
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas ROMAN L. HRUSKA, Nebraska
SAM J. ERVIN, Jr., North Carolina HIRAM L. FONG, Hawaii
PHILIP A. HART, Michigan HUGH SCOTT, Pennsylvania
EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts STROM THURMOND, South Carolina
BIRCH BAYH. Indiana MARLOW W. COOK, Kentucky
QUENTIN N. BURDICK. North Dakota CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, Jr., Maryland
ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia EDWARD J. QURNEY, Florida
JOHN V. TDNNEY, California
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Intebnal

Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas STROM THURMOND. South Carolina
SAM J. ERVIN, Jr., North Carolina MARLOW W. COOK, Kentucky
BIRCH BAYH, Indiana EDWARD J. GURNEY. Florida
J. Q. SouRWiNB, Chief Counsel
Raymond Sifly, Jr., Minority Counsel
John R. Norpel, Director of Research
Alfonso L. Tarabochia, Chief Investigator
Resolution
Resolved, by the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate
Committee on the Judiciary, that the testimony of John R. Bartels, Jr.,
Gene R. Haislip, Lloyd Sinclear, and Ernest Donald Strange, all of
the Drug Enforcement Administration; and the testimony
of Miss
Frances G. Knight, AVilliam E. Duggan, and John O'DoAvd, all of the
Passport Office, Department of State, taken in executive session on
October 3, 1973, be released from the injunction of secrecy, be printed
and made public.
James O. Eastland, Chairman.
Approved December 10, 1973.
—
CONTENTS
^ , Page
^^
John^R. Bartels, Jr., Acting Administrator, Drug Enforcement Ad-
ministration _
Lloyd Sinclair, group supervisor, DEA_ '
Ernest Donald Strange, special agent, DEA »

Gene R. Haislip, Counsel, DEA
^'^
Afternoon Session
Testimony of „ , -^ _ --v ^ *
of*
Miss' Frances G. Knight, Director, Passport Office, Department
QiX- ^ OiJ
William" E.' Duggan,' Chief,' Legal Division, Passport Office 43

o^
John O'Dowd, attorney-adviser. Legal Division, Passport Office
Appendix
(III)
HASHISH SMUGGLING AND PASSPORT FRAUD
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1973
U.S. Senate,
SuBCX)MMi'rrEE To Investigate the
Administration of the Internal Security Act
AND Other Internal Security Laws
OF THE Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington^ D.C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 11 :30 o'clock a.m., in
room 1318, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Senator James O. East-
land, presiding.
Also present J. G. Sourwine, chief counsel David Martm, senior
:
;
analvst: Ravmond Siflv, minority counsel; John R. Norpel, Jr., re-

search director; and Alfonso Tarabochia, chief investigator.
The Chairman. The purpose of this hearing is to look into the re-
lated problems of international drug trafficking and passport fraud—
both of which have a direct bearing on the internal security of our
country. .
It is myunderstanding that the testimony this mornms: will focus

primarily, but not exclusively, on the activities of the Brotherhood
of Eternal Love, an organization founded by Dr. Timothy Leary
which has combined a mystical fanaticism with criminal activities,
and which has been massively involved in passport fraud and in the
production, smuggling, and distribution of various drugs, LSD, and
hashish in particular.
The Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security held extensive hear-
ings last September and October. 1972, on the international drug
traffic and its impact on U.S. security. The subcommittee appointed
Gen. Lewis W. Walt, retired assistant commandant of the Marine
Corps, to head up a staff investigation. General Walt's investigation
covered some 20 countries, and the report which he made to the sub-
committee, I think it is fair to say, played a major role in bringing
about certain structural improvernents in our national drug control
machinery, and his recommendations are closely reflected in some of
the legislation now pending before Congress.
Our hearings last vear focused primarily on the heroin epidemic,
although General Walt's report did deal briefly with the interrelated
problems of cocaine, hashish, and marihuana. We also took the testi-
monv of Dr. Olav Braenden. the distinarished Director of the U.N.
Narcotics Laboratory in Geneva, on the current status of cannabis
research.
(1)
:
In today's hearing we shall be dealing with the past activities of

Timothy târy's associates as the prime international manufacturers
and distributors of LSD, and with the role his organization, the
Brotherhood of Eternal Love, has played in the rapidly expanding
problems of hashish smuggling into the United States.
I anticipate that this hearing will provide us with some useful
information on the relationship between the increasingly widespread
use of hashish and the extensive use of marihuana--which is really
—
a weaker version of hashish before the current hashish epidemic got
underway.
In addition to establishing the basic facts about the rapidly mush-
rooming problem of passport fraud, it is my hope that this hearing
will also i^roduce certain concrete recommendations pointing to im-
provements in passport security.
The witnesses we have with us today are divided into two groups.
From the Department of Justice, we have John R. Bartels, Acting
:
Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration Gene R. Haislip,

;
counsel. Drug Enforcement Administration; Lloyd Sinclair, group

supervisor, Drug Enforcement Administration; and Ernest Donald
Strange, special agent. Drug Enforcement Administration.
From the Passport Office of the Department of State, we have
Frances G. Knight, Director, Passport Office, Department of State;
William E. Duggan, Legal Counsel. Passport Office (in charge of
investigation of passport fraud by brotherhood members) and John
;
O'Dowd, Attorney-Advisor, Legal Division, Passport Office.

I want to thank the witnesses for coming.
In order to expedite the hearing, I would like to ask that you all
rise and be sworn in simultaneously.
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give the
subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Bartels. I do.
Mr. Haislip. I do.
Mr. SixcLAiR. I do,
Mr. Straxge. I do.
Miss Knight. I do.
Mr. Duggan. I do.
Mr. O'Dowd. I do.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Chairman, we will begin, if it is agreeable with
you, with the testimony of Mr. John R. Bartels, Jr., the Acting Ad-
ministrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration of the Depart-
ment of Justice.
TESTIMONY OF JOHN R. BARTELS, JR., ACTING ADMINISTRATOR,

DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY
GENE R. HAISLIP, COUNSEL, DEA; LLOYD SINCLAIR, GROUP
SUPERVISOR, DEA; AND ERNEST DONALD STRANGE, SPECIAL
AGENT, DEA
Mr. Bartels. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, distinguished members of
the subcommittee.
I am pleased to appear before you this morning in connection with
this subcommittee's continuing investigation into the illicit drug traf-
lie. In addition to other matters, you have asked that we
inform you
of the particulai-s of our investigation of a drug-oriented cult known
as the Brotherhood of Eternal Love.
This is one of the most fascinating investigations of recent years,
and I have brought with me today for the pur^wse of recounting it,
two of the officers who were responsible for its success. These are the
gentlemen on my left, Mr. Lloyd Sinclair, presently a group super-
visor in our Los Angeles Eegional Office; and next to him. Mr. Donald
Strange, one of the resourceful agents who worked under Mr. Sin-
clair's direction. I would also like at this time to recognize Special
Agents Terry Burke, Douglas Kuehl, Gary Elliot, Donald Monier,
and William"^ McKelvey, who also played an important role in this
investigation, although they could not be with us today.
To avoid any subsequent confusion of terminolog}-, let me explain
from the outset that these gentlemen were at the time of this investi-
gation serving within the former BNDD. This agency has since been
merged with other units to form the new Drug Enforcement Adminis-
tration, or DEA, which I now head and this more current means of
;
identifying the Federal Government's enforcement arm will be used

hereafter.
Before Mr. Sinclair begins his narrative, I would like first to deal
with some of the broader implications of the case about which you
have also asked to hear. In many ways, the evolution of the drug
trafficking activities of the members of the Brotherhood of Eternal
Love is a tragic illustration of the cynicism into which the youthful
drug revolution of the mid-1960's has fallen. It also underlines the
development of new trends in the drug traffic of which the Nation
np^ds to be aware.
The Brotherhood of Eternal Love was founded on the basis of
Timothy Iâry's exhortations to "Tune in, turn on. and drop out"'
with LSD. Leary's preaching consisted of a combination of mysticism,
the use of dnigs, and the disapproval of our society expressed in the
phrases of rebellion which particularly appeal to youth. The novelty
of his doctrine and the growing drug rebellion in general, drew con-
siderable attention from the press, which merely extended the num-
bers of young people exposed to the message. Many thousands of
teenagers reacted to it with an idealistic and religious fer^'or.
Mr. SouRwixE. May I interrupt, sir ?
Mr. Bartels. Yes, sir.
Mr. SouRwixE. Is that perhaps a very conservative estimate? Do
you think it would be an exaggeration to suggest that at the height of
his influence Leary may have had as many as a million of our young
people paying attention to his rantings in one way or another?
Mr. Bartels. Xo I think that is quite right. That is quite possible.
;
Mr. SouRwixE. Go ahead, sir.

Mr. Bartels. Soon, California became the mecca for the new
"counter-culture;'' and in October 1966, Leary, with many of his
youthful followers, established the Brotherhood of Eternal Love as
a tax-exempt religious corporation under the laws of that State. Al-
though many thousands of young drug abusers were in the Berkeley
area at this time, the brotherhood was an exclusive organization to
which not all were admitted. High echelon brotherhood members were
already engaged in the manufacture and distribution of LSD, al-
though consideration of profits was probably a secondary motive in
the beginning. In time, the drug activities of the brotherhood ex-
panded and evolved new patterns of illicit traffic. By the time that
our investigation reached its peak in the spring of 1973, no less than
750 of its members had been positively identified as participants in
criminal activities that spanned the globe.
Mr. SouRwixE. Do you have a figure or a good estimate as to just
how many active members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love there
were at the peak ?
Mr. Bartels. If I may, I would refer you to Mr. Sinclair but I
believe it is around 3.000 or so.
Mr. Sinclair. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Bartels. During the late 1960's when the abuse of LSD began
to peak, brotherhood leaders undertook the development of an en-
tirely new trade in hashish. This is one of the stronger forms of
—
marihuana normally about 10 times more potent than that smuggled
into the country from Mexico for the manufacture of the typical
marihuana cigarette. Earlier, in the debate on the legalization of
marihuana. Federal drug enforcement authorities warned that the
marihuana question could not be considered from the standpoint of
only the milder forms of the drug then predominating the traffic. They
predicted that a brisk trade in hashish was bound to develop from
the increased demands for cannabis products. The activities of the
brotherhood were, in large part, responsible for proving the accuracy
of this prediction. In 1968, shortly after it was founded. Federal au-
thorities seized no more than 534 pounds of hashish. By 1972, this
had increased to a figure of 30,094 pounds.
Mr. SouRwixE. Can I ask a question here ?
Mr. SoLTiwiXE. Do you think that was because you were getting a
higher proportion of the total traffic or was the traffic increasing in
the same or greater proportion to your seizures?
Mr. Bartels. I think the traffic was increasing in greater proportion
rather than
Mr. SouRW^XE. It was outrunning your enforcement efforts.
Mr. Bartels. That is right. I would like to think that we were seiz-
ing more but I think a more realistic appraisal is that that traffic was
growing tremendously.
Mr. SouRWixE. Go ahead. Go ahead, sir.
Mr. Bartels. At some point late in 1967 or early 1968. members of
the brotherhood developed their most important foreign contact for
hashish. According to subsequent indictment, this was the Tokhi
brothers who reside in Afghanistan on the outskirts of Kabul, its
capital city. Brotherhood smugglers developed elaborate and success-
ful means of getting the hashish into the Ignited States. One of their
earlier techniques was to hide quantities of 15 to 20 pounds of the drug
within the interiors of fiberglass surfboards which they manufactured.
This was soon considered too small a quantity, however, and they grad-
uated to specially designed traps in Volkswagen campers or other ve-
hicles which could hold up to 1,300 pounds in a single shipment.
Their mode of operation placed heavy reliance on the use of false
passports; and with their financial resources and false documents, they
—
achieved complete international mobility. Dunno: the

period of their
on the basis of hard intelligence that
successes, we have estimated
approximately 24 tons of hashish Avas smiiofjrled into this country.
Although most of this drug came from their dealings withm Af-
trhanistan. we also know that shipments were brought m
from both
Lebanon and India.
that
Mr. SouRwiXE. Do vou mean that statement to be exclusive,
came from were Afghanistan, Lebanon and
is, that the only places it
others or were there other minor sources ? •

i
;Mr. Bartels. There may have been other sources of

which we ihave
i
no knowledge.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Thank vou.
Mr. Bartels. Moreover, the brotherhood was not content merely
to smuggle and market hashish. Under the guidance of one
of its chief
chemists, the brotherhood developed the manufacture of an even
more
potent product called marihuana or hashish oil. In the course of our
investigation, six such hashish oil laboratories were seized.
Mr. Sourwixe. Is that the same commodity that is sometimes re-
ferred to on the street as pot oil ?
Mr. Bartels. Yes. sir.

The marihuana product resulting from their operation m some
cases may have achieved a THC content of up to 90 percent.
Mr. SouRwixE. "Was that
Mr. Bartels. Tetrahydrocannabinol. That is the percent of the
marihuana which gives the—
active product within
Mr. SouRWixE. That is the hallucinitory drug is it not ?
Mr. Bartels. That is right, and in normal marihuana it would run
2 to 3 to 5 percent. ,
. .
Mr. Soi-RwixE. Ninety percent purity is extremely high, is it not (

Mr.Bartels. That is right.
Mr. SouRwixE. As an oil, vou cannot get it much higher, can you i
Mr. Bartels. I do not believe so. We
have never seen it any higher.
A typical laboratorv such as that seized at Escanaba. Mich., could
produce approximatelV 21/2 quarts of hashish oil per day. Normally,
a single drop placed within a regular cigarette would constitute
one
dose, and approximately 15,000 doses could be derived in this way
from 1 quart. -r. • , nnn
1
Marihuana—or hashish—oil was encountered in February 1972.

first
Since then the number of exhibits received has increased and so has
the potencv as measured bv the i>ercentage of tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) present. During fiscal year 1973, 49.3 pounds of the drug were
seized with an average THC content of 46 percent. This is a highly
potent and concentrated hallucinogenic substance which can be manu-
factured with relatively simple equipment. As such, it must be regard-
ed as a novel and threatening shift in marihuana abuse which should
give those who advocate its legalization cause to re-think their posi-
tion.
In the meantime, they continued their manufacture and distribution
of LSD under the trade name of "Orange Sunshine." Until the recent
enforcement successes, this product, which has now disappeared en-
tirelv. was found in quantitv all over the world.
The concentrated effort to eliminate this clandestine LSD op-
first
eration resulted in the seizure of a mobile laboratory facility concealed
6
inside a truck in Denver in 1967 and the arrest of Xicholas Sand.

Reportedly, this was the most productive LSDlaboratory in the west-
em United States. Unfortunately, the arrest was found to have been
legally inadequate; and therefore, the case against Sand had to be
dropped. Under the exclusionary rule of evidence, the seized labora-
tory equipment could not be placed in evidence and, in fact, was re-
turned to Sand.
Almost 6 years later, some of the same laboratory equipment, still
bearing the evidential labels applied by Federal agents, was again
seized when Sand's laboratory was discovered by St. Louis police in
a warehouse which had been leased for the manufacture of LSD. Sand
had moved to St. Louis because of the mounting police pressure being
brought to bear on the brotherhood in California at that time.
There are several lessons to be gained from this investigation, and
I should like to mention them briefly, although not necessarily in
order of importance.
First, this case has taught us the necessity of being flexible in our
enforcement strategy and mode of operation. For many years, the
concept of organized crime in drugs has always meant the Mafia, or
—
the Cosa Nostra, or the Union Corse traditional and reasonably well
identified criminal groups with specific ethnic connotations. The
Brotherhood of Eternal Love represents one of the new recently-
emerged forms of organized crime totally different from our past
notions in terms of membership, motivations, lifestyles, and drugs of
preference.
Mr. SouRwiNE. You mentioned the Mafia, the Cosa Nostra and
Union Corse. Is one of those the same as the Unione Siciliano ?
Mr. Bartels. I do not know. I get frankly confused, Mr. Chairman,
over the extent to which the Siciliano group form in with the Mafia
or Italian organized crime. They overlap and the history of it
—
Mr. SouRwiNE. It is our understanding I would like to be cor-
rected if this is wrong so that the record would so reflect—tliat the
Mafia or Cosa Nostra which are interchangeable names is controlled,
supposedly, at least by the Unione Siciliano or the Union Corse is a
Corsican branch or similar Corsican organization which is smaller
and some people say tougher.
Mr. Bartels. That is right. I think there are changes now within
organized crime from the total control that the Sicilian group had in
its origins in Italy and Sicily as opposed to the people who have now
taken over some of these families and have been born in the United
States.
Mr. Sourwine. Go ahead, sir.
Mr, Bartels. Increasingly, this new form of organized drug traf-
ficking activity is assuming a greater role in the enforcement problems
we face. In the end, we see that the misguided idealism on which the
brotherhood was first conceived finally ijave way to the usual criminal
motivations of big money for little labor. And, although their drug
activity centered at first around LSD, they later branched out to in-
clude hashish and finally cocaine. In its last hour of activity, the
hard narcotics were finally seized upon as offering the biggest profit
for the least effort.
Mr. Sourwine. Pardon me for continually interrupting. I want to
make these points as they occur. You say "in its last hour of activity".
You mean this entire Leary family group is out of business now?
Mr. Bartels. I will let Mr. Sinclair comment on that. I think sub-
stantially out of business, is that not correct ?
it is
Mr. Sot-RwixE. It is good news if it is true. Wedid not think that
was tiiie.
Mr. Sinclair. Severely crippled.
Mr. Bartels. A second aspect with important lessons for our tactical
approach to the drug traffic is the rapidity with which the brother-
hood became an international operation capable of tapping and devel-
oping illicit drug supplies in a country as remote as Afghanistan. The
ease with which false passports may be obtained coupled with the great
cash resources which the group possessed and the availability of mod-
ern jet travel made it not only possible, but likely, that the effort would
be made.
For the last several veai-s. we have concentrated developing our
attack on the drug traffic at its traditional foreign sources in
illicit
Turkey, in France, and in Mexico. The events in Southeast Asia
demonstrated the potential dangers from that particular area and the
;
investigation of the brotherhood activities proves no drug producing

area, however remote, can be ignored in our international effort. What
the brotherhood was able to accomplish in Afghanistan with regard
to hashish could as easily be accomplished with regard to opium and
heroin.
Without the assistance which our foreign offices can offer, and with-
out a mobility and flexibility on our part at least equal to that of crimi-
nal organizations, we could not even learn of the criminal activities of
such groups much less successfully cope with them. In the instant c_ase,
our agent in Kabul plaved a major role in coordinating the investiga-
tion with the California-based task force. Our offices around the world
must be able to develop and exchange intelligence information rapidly
so as to identify violatoi-s and make them targets of police activity. Our
agents must further have the capability of using this information and
moving rapidly throughout the world to put it to use. For example, in
pursuit of the brotherhood investigation, DEA agents traveled to
Paris, Kabul, Costa Rica, Mexico City, Belgium, and Honduras as
well as traveling extensivelv within the United States.
One of the particulars inVhich DEA will differ from its predecessor
agencies is in the increased emphasis which we intend to place on
the development of intelligence as the second operational arm of our
enforcement efforts.
Mr. SouRWixE. One more interruption, if I may. This mobility
and ability to act is going to require agreements for cooperation with
a greatmany other governments, is it not ?
Mr. Bartels. Yes, it will.
Mr. SouRWTXE. The work of negotiating those agreements is under-
way now?
Mr. Bartels. Yes, it is.
Mr. SouR^vixE. That is really another subject. I do not want to
push you into it but I thought we needed some mention of it here.
Mr' Bartels. I think vou are 100 percent right. We now will have
65 foreign offices in 49 countries which is a tremendous growth rate
over the past several years.
8
Mr. SouRWiNE. I also had one other question at this point. You
mentioned the ease with which false passports may be secured. You
are referring to U.S. passports?
Mr. SouR\viNE. When you say false passports, do you mean out-
right forgeries or do you mean actual passports which are obtained
by persons under false names or through false pretenses?
Mr. Bartels. The latter.
Mr. SouRWTNE. Wlien you say false passports you do not mean
forgeries. You mean U.S. passports issued to people other than those
they purport to cover.
Mr. Bartels. Yes, sir. That is what
Mr. SoTJRWiNE. Or obtained by an actual person through false
pretenses.
Mr. Bartels. Yes.
Mr. SoTjRWiNE. Go ahead.
Mr. Bartels. Finally, this case illustrates the inadequacies of exist-
ing criminal justice procedures in coping with contemporary high-level
drug violators. Of the top 12 organizers of the brotherhood's activities,
six continue to be fugitives from justice living on their ill-gotten wealth
in foreign countries where additional enterprises can be planned. Worst
of all, two of these were successfully arrested but were able to post
bonds, whereupon they promptly fled the jurisdiction. Another brother-
hood member was rearrested on three subsequent occasions and finally
fled after forfeiting bonds totaling $125,000.
In the more limited case of heroin trafficking, we have asked the Con-
gress to consider imposition of new restraints on the granting of bail.
We recognize the caution which must be exercised to safeguard con-
stitutional rights, but we have offered new formulas for pretrial deten-
tion which we feel strike a balance between the necessitv to protect the
public and the rights of accused persons. This law was introduced by
the chairman of this subcommittee and other distinguished members
of the Judiciary Committee, and we recommend it as an appropriate
starting point from which to consider the problem.
I would like to turn now to Mr. Llovd Sinclair who will provide you
with an account of the particulars of this investigation. I hope that you
will keep in mind throughout his account, that the successes he de-
scribes were not those of DEA alone, but were the results of the efforts
of many State and local officers and Federal agencies, particularly
the Department of State, which cooperated in numerous false pass-
port investigations of brotherhood members. We shall then be pleased
to respond to whatever questions you may have. Special Agent Donald
Strange will also assist in answering any detailed questions concem-
inar the conduct of the investigation.
Mr. Sourwine. Sir, before Mr. Sinclair begins his statement, I have
a number of questions I want to ask. I have no reason to insist that
you answer them, but may I ask you while you are here?
Mr. Bartels. Certainly.
Mr. Sourwine. If you want to field them, do so; and if you want to
pass them to one of your experts, do so.
Wien you speak of the Department of State cooperatinsr in nu-
merous false passport investigations, what division or branch of the
State Department were vou referring to? Do you mean the Passport
Office?
Mr. Sinclair. Security,
Mr. SouRwiXE. You mean the Bureau of Security?
Mr. Sinclair. Xo, no. Within the Department of State.
Mr. Sourwine. The Office of Security?
Mr. Sinclair. Ri^ht.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Within the Department of State.
Mr. Sinclair. Yes.
Mr. SouRwiNE. l^Hio heads that ?
Mr. Sinclair. I do not know.
Mr. Strange. ]\f r. Hibbard Lamkin was the special agent in charge
in Los Angeles, whom we worked through initially. He has since re-
tired.
]Mr. SouRwiNE. You are talking about cooperation at the local level
rather than at the Washington level.
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir, but at one point in time we called direct to
the State Department in Washington when we had reason to believe
that one of the brotherhood members was using a fraudulent pass-
port.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Who did you talk with there ?
Mr. Strange. I do not recall. It was primarily another agent's re-
sponsibility. He maintained liaison with a member of the State De-
partment in Washington. He spoke with him almost on a day-to-day
basis.
Mr. SouRwiNE, Over quite a period of time ?
Mr, Strange, Yes. sir,
Mr, SoTJRwiNE, Did you get the information you were telephoning
for over a period of time ?
Mr, Strange, Yes, sir. When documents that were obtained in either
a search or through informant information gave us the idea that pos-
sibly one of these brotherhood members was using an assumed name,
we would run that name through the passport section and see if they
had an application on file for the member under that name, and quite
often they did,
Mr, SouRwiNE, Now, it may be that I am here anticipating some-
thing that one of your men plans to cover, and if so. I have no objec-
tion to deferring the question. But let us run through these and then
go ahead with the director's statement,
Dr, Leary had a rather openhanded acceptance by the media or cer-
tain areas of our media of public information, did he not?
Mr, Barteis, Yes, he did,
Mr, SouRwiNE. I remember two major interviews with Iâry in
Playboy magazine, for instance. Was this access to the press and to a
somewhat lesser but still substantial degree the airwaves, of any
substantial or even critical importance in enabling Leary to increase
his influence ?
Mr, Bartels, In my opinion, it was, and I would ask Mr, Sinclair
if he would not confirm that,
Mr, Sinclair, Yes. absolutely,
INIr, SouRwiNE, Was Leary himself ever arrested for trafficking in
drugs ?
:
10
ISIr.Bartels. Yes, he was.

Do you know his record ? I know he was in Texas once.
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, that was Customs.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Do you plan to cover that ?
Mr. Sinclair. Not the Texas incident, but we do plan to cover an-
other aspects of his
Mr. SouR\vaNE. Would it be out of order to tell us about the Texas
incident now ?
Mr. Sinclair. I am not specifically familiar with it. I recall he
crossed the border at Texas, I believe, with his daughter, and they
were arrested at that time.
—
Mr. SouRwiNE. When may I ask you cover the Texas incident fully
when you correct the record either at this point or any other place
you think it will fit best.
Mr. Sinclair. We would be happy to.
[The material referred to follows :]
Dr. Timothy Leary was arrested by a U.S. Customs oflBcial in possession of a
small quantity of marihuana at Laredo, Tex., on December 22, 1965. The facts
of the case are as follows
Dr. Timothy Leary left New York on December 20, 1965, by automobile,
accompanied by his two children, Susan, age 18, and John, age 16, and two
other persons. Their destination was Yucatan, Mexico, and the alleged purpose
of the trip was a Christmas vacation for the Leary children and to provide
Dr. Leary the opportunity to write a book and to prepare for a summer
session to be conducted with a research group at his home in Millbrook, New
York. On December 22, 1965, Dr. Leary and the four passengers drove across the
international boundary at Laredo, Texas, into the Republic of Mexico, stopped
at the Mexican immigration station for several minutes, and turned back
toward the United States. At approximately 6:45 p.m., they arrived at the
secondary inspection area. Laredo International Bridge. Laredo. Texas. Dr. Iâry,
the driver of the vehicle, told a U.S. Customs oflScial that they had driven across
the boundary into Mexico within the prior hour, that they had been unable to
secure tourist permits and had bên told by Mexican immigration officials to
return the following morning at 8:00 am. at which time the necessary Mexican
permits would be given to them.
The U.S. inspector asked the group if they had anvthing to declare from
Mexico and was told that they had not. After the occupants alighted from the
vehicle, the U.S. inspector observed some vegetable material and a seed on the
floor of the automobile which appeared to him to be marihuana. Thus the five
travelers were arrested. A search of the baggage, the vehicle and of the individ-
uals was made. Sweepings from the car floor and glove compartment were later
proved to be marihuana. While Dr. Leary was being searched, he stated that he
had never used marihuana. A woman Customs inspector performed a personal
search of the two female travelers, which resulted in the finding of a small
metal container on the person of Susan T>eary after she had disrobed. Within
the container were three partially smoked marihuana cig.irettes, a small quantity
of serai-refined marihuana and capsules of detroamphetamine .sulfate. Demand
was made of Dr. Leary for the required Treasury Department transferee form.
He stated that he had no such form. Susan Leary. in response to the same
demand, refused to make any .statement. Dr. Leary admitted to a U.S. Customs
Agent that the metal box taken from his daughter. Susan, containing the mari-
huana was his property.
Dr. Timothy Leary and his minor daughter were jointly indicted on three
pounts pertainine to marihuana. Dr. Leary was tried before a jury on Maroh 11.
1969. Count 1. which charged the smucrgliuET of marihuana into the United States
which should have been invoiced (declared), was dismissed by the court.
Dr. Learv was found guilty, however, on Count 2. which charged transj>ortation.
and facilitation of transportation, and concealment of marihuana after im-
portation, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 176a, and on Count 3, which charged trans-
portation and concealment of marihuana bv defendants as transferees, required
to pay the transfer tax in ^ôlation of 26 U.S.C. 4744 (a) (2). Dr. Ijearv w.is
sentenced to the maximum penalties and fines provided for such offenses, subject
11
however, to the provisions of 18 U.S.C. 4208(b), and was ordered committed to

the medical center at Springfield. Missouri, for a complete study to be used bv
the court as a basis for determining the ultimate sentence in the case.
Susan Leary was tried at the same time as her father. Dr. Leary, by the
court without a jury (trial by jury having been waivetl) and found guilty on
Count .3 of the indictment but not guilty on Counts 1 and 2. Imposition of
sentence was suspended and she was placed on probation during the remainder
of her minoritv. without supervision, under the provisions of the Youth Corrup-
tions Act. 18 U.S.C. 5010 (a).
Dr. Leary appealed his conviction on Counts 2 and 3 to the Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit which aflSrmed the lower courts findings.
Dr. Leary then jietitioned to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court agreed
two questions: (1) whether petitioner's conviction for failing to
to con.sider
comply with the tran.sfer provisions of the Marihuana Tax Act violated his
Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination; (2) whether petitioner
was denied due process by the application of the part of 21 U.S.C. 176a which
provides that a defendant's possession of marihuana shall be deemed suflicient
evidence that the marihuana was illegally imported or brought into the United
States, and that the defendant knew of the illegal importation or bring in,
unless the defendant explains his possession to the satisfaction of the jury.
On May 19, 1969. the Supreme Court held in favor of the petitioner (Dr.
Leary) on both issues and reversed the judgement of the Court of Appeals.
Mr. SorRWiXE. Would voii say it is true the role Têarv played was
that of an ideological trafficker, whether or not he was himself selling
thestuif?
Mr. Bartels. Definitely.
Mr. SixcLAiR. Absolutely.
Mr. SouRAvixE. He was responsible for hooking more young people,
if I mav use that term, than a g-ood many pushers.
Mr. Bartels. That is my opinion.
Mr. Soi'RwixE. Because of his acceptance and the access he had
through the media to the minds of these voung folks.
Mr. Bartels. Developing the subculture which advocated the use
of drugs.
Mr. SouRwixE. Now, you gave us some figures about seizures. I do
not remember precisely. What was the figure for hashish seizures in
1968 ?
Mr. Bartels. 534 pounds.
Mr. SouRwixE. And in 1972 ?
Mr. Bartels. 30,094 pounds.
Mr. SouRwixE. Did you have any one big or possibly lucky seizure
in 1972 that would increase that figure, or is that the result of a steady
year-by-year progression ?
Mr. Bartels. It is larsfely a steady year-by-year progression. We
had one seizure which I believe was 1.300 pounds which was the
largest in the historv. I mav add that we had a seizure 2 weeks asfo of
almost 900 ]:)Ounds. But that shows what an extremely large seizure
would be.
Mr. SorRwixE. But your 1.300 pound seizure was not any bigger part
of the 30.000 poimds seized in 1972 than vour largest seizure was of the
534 pounds in 1968.
Mr. Bartels. That is cori-ect. For instance, the figures, if I may,
.show this sort of a progression. In 1968. as I stated, there were 534
pounds. In 1969, 2,247 pounds. In 1970, 7,256 pounds. In 1971, 22,188
pounds. And as I said, in 1972, 30,094 pounds.
Mr. SouRwixE. What is vour total so far this vear ?
Mr. B.-vrtels. Through June, from January of 1973 through June 30,
1973, we have 11,150 pounds of hashish.
12
Mr. SouRwiNE. You are behind the 1972 rate, then.

Mr. Bartels. Yes, we are slightly.
Mr. SouRwixE. Is that because the traffic has dropped off or because
you have been denied the force you need or for what reason ?
Mr. Bartels. I am not sure really at this early date. We may make
it up. It may be also that there is a feeling among the youth to turn
to other drugs. I think it is a little early to say.
Mr. SouRwîxE. Can you give us any reasonable estimate of the
amount of hashish that has been entering this country undetected?
Obviously, you would not have a statistic on it but do you have esti-
mates on it ?
Mr. Bartels. No. Nothing really reliable.
Mr. SomwixE. You told me that in your opinion, the traffic had
gone up faster than your seizures had gone up, so you must have some
kind of an estimate. Do you have an estimate of total traffic year by
year ?
Mr. Bartels. We do not because we do not know how efficient we
are in making seizures, whether we are seizing 10 percent, 5 percent,
20 percent, 25 percent. But we know that at the borders the nature
of this traffic is such and the borders are so open and wide that we
are not seizing what we would hope to, and a great deal comes in. If
we are seizina; 20 percent of it perhaps we are doing pretty well. And,
of course, it is more difficult once you get into hashish oil which does
not involve as cumbersome a shinment as marihuana.
Mr. SouRwixE. Would you have any instrument of the confirmed
hashish imports of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love which eluded
detection of Customs and other law enforcement agencies ?
Mr. Bartels. Let me refer to Mr. Sinclair on that. I think we said
24 tons, did we not ?
Mr. Haislip. Yes. That is a total, and all of that is based on what we
would call hard intelligence from identifiable sources. And this is due
just to the activities of the brotherhood.
Mr. SouRwixE, They brought in 24 tons in your opinion, over what
period of years ?
Mr. Haislip. 1968 to the present.
Mr. SixclAir. During that time we seized approximately 6,000
pounds so that means approximately 44,000.
—
Mr. SouRwixE. Well, you must have seized you mean from them.
Mr. Straxge. Yes, sir.
Mr. SouRwixE. 6.000 pounds. That is 3 tons.
Mr. Bartels. Out of 24 which is about a 12-percent seizure rate.
Mr. SouRwixE. 12, I21/2.
Mr. SouRwixE. Do you think you are getting that much generally
over the whole traffic ?
Mr. Bartels. I do not know how I can estimate that.
Mr. SouRwixE. You have not worked the whole traffic as intensively
as you worked the brotherhood, have you ?
Mr. Bartels. No.
Mr. Haislip. I think it would be fair to note, too. that in the last
year or two of the activity with regard to the brotherhood members,
probably increasingly large amounts of their hashish was seized be-
13
cause of the attention given to them. At first none of it was seized. It

was all getting: thronorh.
Mr. SorRwixE. You do not have any estimate of what they are
handlinof. brinoîng in and peddling now.
Mr. Haislip. Not any reliable figure.
Mr. SouRwiNE. You have not quit working on them yet, have you?
Mr. Bartels. No. We have not totally quit working on them.
Mr. SouRwixE. Can you give us a figure on Avhat hashish sells for
wholesale in the United States?
Mr. Bartels. I will defer to Mr. Sinclair on that.
Mr. SixcLAiR. It depends on how much you are talking about. The
standard price that we see and recognize is $900 a povmd.
]Mr. SouRwixE. And that is a good deal less than it costs when you
sell by the paper, is it not ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. Or by the ounce. You can break it up by the bag and
sell it at $100 an ounce. That would realize $1,600 a pound but when
you think that it only costs $15 a pound in Afghanistan, that is a sub-
stantial increase in profit.
]Mr. SoTJRWixE. Everybody gets his cut.
That retail price, then, is" about $1,600 a pound, $100 an ounce.
Mr. SixcLAiR. Yes.
Mr. SouRWixE. "What is the average strength of the hashish sold in
this country ?
Mr. Haislip. I have a figure on that based on the reports of our

laboratories. Over a period of time they found that the variations were
great, but that the average strength' of hashish contained approxi-
mately 10 percent THC and that for the marihuana or hashish oil, the
average was approximately 46 percent THC.
Mr. SouRWixE. And then this real high strength pot oil you told us
about that ran 90 percent was nine times as strong as the average.
Mr. Haislip. For hashish, yes.
Mr. Bartels. That is right.
INIr. SouRWixE. So that, although you said that the usual dose of
the oil was one drop to a normal cigarette, actually that will produce
a strength 21/2 or 3 times as much as an ordinary marihuana joint,
will it not ?
Mr. Bartels. Yes.

Mr. SouRwixE. How much hashish would the average person have
to ingest in order to develop a real hashish high ?
Mr. Sixclair. A gram or two, I believe. The size of a pencil eraser,
a gram or two,
Mr. SouRwixE. Now, what percentage of this $100 an ounce would
that be ?
Mr. Sixclair. A small part of it, sir. There are approximately 30

grams in an ounce.
Mr. Son?wixE. If a man buys an ounce of it for $100, does he have
a hundred highs ?
Mr. SixcLAre. No. Probably around 30. That would be an average
and that could vary up and down depending on the individual.
Mr. SouRwixE. "Was it the brotherhood which invented or first de-
veloped hashish oil ?
Mr. Bartels. Yes, I think that is right. It was Sand, was it not ?
Mr, Sixclair. No. Another brotherhood member.
23-53S 0—73-
14
Mr. SouRWiNE. Is any other organization producing it now that yo"

know of ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. There must be. yes.
Mr. SouRWiNE. In other words, you do not know who but you know
there is production other than the brotherhood production.
Mr. Sinclair. That is correct.
Mr. SouRwiNE. You raised the question of who in the brotherhood
was responsible for the development of hashish oil. Do you want to
put that name in the record ?
Mr. Sinclair. According to our best intelligence sources it is Ronald
Hadley Stark.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Getting back to this business of a dose of one drop
in a cigarette— if he puts two drops in the cigarette, he has for prac-
tical purpose got a serious overdose, has he not ?
Mr. Sinclair. Again, I think that depends on the individual.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Thpre is a tolerance that develops?
Mr. Sinclair. I do not know if it is a tolerance but you never know
exactly how concentrated the THC or the hashish oil that you happen
to be using is.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Well, suppose you take 45 percent which is half of the
maximum the brotherhood was able to arrive at. And suppose a man
gets eight drops which is about what, half a teaspoonful ? \Vhat does it
do ? Put him out ? Kill him ? Affect his brain seriously ?
Mr. Bartels. We don't know. It will affect his brain seriously but
I think it is new enough, hashish oil, that we do not know what it will
do.
Mr. Sourwine. It might seriously affect the brain permanently.
Mr. Bartels. That is possible.
Mr. Sourwine. Are any experiments being made along this line to
determine tolerance ?
Mr. Bartels. Not to my knowledge.
Mr. Sourwine. Is anybody making experiments alons: this line with
animals ?
Mr. Bartels. I do not know.
Mr. Haislip. I think the National Institute of Mental Health has
fjome research grants in this area but we would not be able to answer
for what they are doing in the field.
Mr. Sourwine. The FDA would not be working on it because it is
not being offered in the market legally.
Mr. Haislip. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. Some of the evidence that this subcommittee took
last year, about a year ago. suggests that there is a direct tie-in be-
tween hashish smoking and marihuana smoking. What would your
opinion be on this? Does the marihuana smoking lead to the use of
hashish in any degree?
Mr. Bartels. I think the two are interchangeable.
Mr. Sourwine. Interchangeable. Not a matter of movement from
the man who smokes a joint to the man who smoke hashish. It is back
and forth.
Mr. Bartels. I think it can lead up. In other words, the hashish be-
ing more potent, more reliable, is more sou""ht after bv the confirmed
and experienced marihana smoker who frequently is dissatisfied with
15
the 2 percent THC when he can get higher, So I would think yes,
it can lead to it
Mr. SouRWiNE. Before we get through I would like to cover for
the record the connection of Leary with William Mellon Hitchcock,
the multimillionaire Avho permitted Leary to continue his experimen-
tation with LSD on the Hitchcock farm in Dutchess County, N.Y.
Do you want to go into that now or leave it for one of the other men
with you to offer ?
Mr. B ARTELS. That is sub judice right now.
Mr. SouRwiNE. It will be covered in a later statement. All right.
Is the equipment for the preparation or production of hashish
oil extensive or expensive ?
Mr. Haislip. We have some photographs for the record that we
have offered that will illustrate a typical laboratory.
Mr. SouRwaxE. That is, it will be offered.
Mr. Haislip. It is being offered now.
Mr. Bartels. I will be happy to offer them.
Mr. SouRwiNE. That is fine.
Mr. Chairman, may these be received ?
The Chairman. They will be received.
Mr. Bartels. May I offer to you two photographs, one revealing
a marihuana or hashish oil laboratory seized in Escanaba, Mich., and
the other being the brotherhood "Orange Sunshine" LSD laboratory
in St. Louis, Mo. ?
[The photographs referred to follow :]
16
Marihuana or Hashish Oil Laboratory, Escanaba, Mich.

17
Brotherhood "Orange Sunshine" LSD Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo.
Mr. SouRWixE. I am not a laboratory technician or expert and un-

able to tell from looking at one of these but it does not look as though
the equipment is very expensive. Do you have a conclusion in that
regard ?
Mr. Bartels. It is very inexpensive.
Mr. SouRwixE. Very inexpensive.
Mr. SouRwiXE. When you talk about hashish oil, does that mean
it can only be prepared from hashish or can it be distilled from simple
marihuana?
Mr. Bartels. From crude marihuana as well.
Mr. SouRwix'E. Marihuana and hashish are different versions of the
cannabis plant.
Mr. Bartels. That is right, a different process.
Mr. Sourwix'e. And the hashish oil that you get from one in an equal
degree of concentration would be just the same as what you get from
the other ?
18
Mr. SouRwiNE. Does hashish oil have the characteristic cannabis

odor so that it can be detected by your trained dogs that are used by
the Customs and Post Office Departments ?
Mr. Bartels. I defer to Mr. Strange on that. Do you know?
Mr. Haislip. I think in most cases the oil would be sealed in a
container in any case which would probably make it less subject to that
type of discovery because it would be tightly sealed.
Mr. Sinclair. Usually in glass vials.
Mr. SouRwixE. Do you know whether the oil has a similar aroma
or flavor when put in a cigarette or smoked to what you would get if
you used marihuana?
Mr. Haislip. The best report we have on that is that it is not as
easily detectable and that is just a street report.
Mr. SouRwixE. I have no more questions at this time. Do you want
to go ahead ? Mr. Sinclair next ?
Mr. Sinclair. Thank you.
Mr. Chairman, distinguished members of the subcommittee, to the
agents who participated in the Brotherhood of Eternal Love investi-
gation, it was not just another routine case. For nearly a year and a
half, we felt the pulse of what has come to be realized as one of the
largest and most complex drug systems in the history of this country's
narcotic law enforcement efforts.
Possibly you might ask: Are these notorious international traf-
fickers from Italy. Mexico, or Turkey, or from the Golden Triansfle in
Southeast Asia? No. gentlemen, the great majority of these violators
are from California; but, our story does not beerin there. Although
no one knew it at the time, the Brotherhood of Eternal Love began
with Dr. Timothy Francis Leary at Harvard University in 1963.
It was in 1963 that Dr. Leary was fired from his post at Harvard as
a result of his experimentation with LSD. He soon found a friend in
multimillionaire. "William Mellon Hitchcock, and was allowed to con-
tinue his experimentation with LSD from Hitchcock's 4.000-acre
estate in Millbrook, a quiet community in Dut^'hess County, N.Y.
From 1963 to 1966. Dr. Timothy Leary planted the seeds of "mysti-
cism through drufifs" in the minds of countless thousands of vovmsr
Americans. Even Dr. Leary never realized the f ruitfulness of his crop
or the international ramifications of its harvest.
From Millbrook, Dr. Leary traveled to Berkeley. Calif., and from
Berkelev to a small city in southern California called Laguna Beach.
This village-type community was soon to become the psychedelic drug
capital of the world.
In October 1966, the Brotherhood of Eternal Love became a lecral
corporation in the State of California. The brotherhood was also
granted a tax-exempt status on the basis that it claimed to be a reli-
gious organization.
The brotherhood was heavily drug oriented. From its inception, in
addition, intelligence indicates that the group was ceremoniouslv prac-
ticing group sexual freedom in connection with the use of drugs.
From 1966 to 1968. the brotherhood flourished by dealing in mari-
huana smuggled in 100-pound lots from Mexico and bv traffickins: in
LSD obtained from illicit sources and from Sandoz Chemical "Works
in Basel, Switzerland.
—
19
Mr. SouRwixE, Do you imply that the LSD obtained from the Basel
firm was legally obtained ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. There was a time when lysergic acid diethylamide was
available commercially. The first person to synthesis it worked for
Sandoz and Sandoz actually manufactured it commercially.
Mr. SouRwixE. Thank you.
Mr. Sinclair. But, that was not enoucrh; and in the latter part of
1967, Glenn Lynd and two other brotherhood members traveled to
Afg:hanistan in search of a permanent source of supply for brother-
hood hashish.
Mr. SouRwixE. That is Glenn Lynd, L-y-n-d ?
Thev purchased 125 pounds of high-quality Afghanistan hashish
from their suppliers in Afghanistan for $15 a pound and smuggled
it back into California where thev sold it for $900 a pound. This was
to be the first 125 pounds of nearly 24 tons of hashish smuff^led into

the United States from Afghanistan, Lebanon, and India by the
Brotherhood of Eternal T>(Ove.
In the summer of 1968, brotherhood members traveled to San Fran-
cisco in an attempt to secure a permanent source of supply for LSD
which they found. The LSD was to be called orange sunshine and
the laboratory was to be set up in December 1968.
Mr. SouRwixE. May I interrupt for a moment, sir?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes. sir.
Mr. SouRwixE. Here again, you used this 24-ton figure as though it
was the end of the Leary operation. Do you know that 24 tons or any
other amount is all thev were ever going to smuggle in ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. Xo, sir.
Mr. SouRwixE. Have you put them out of the business ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. No, sir.
Mr. SouRwixE. So that is only what you know about that they have
done heretofore ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. That is correct.
Mr. SouRwixE. Go ahead.
Mr. Strange. Two weeks affo there were 923 pounds of hash seized
in Xew York and Las Vegas. That was a brotherhood shipment.
Mr. Soi-rwixe. Where in Las Vegas ?
Mr. Straxge. It came in from Amsterdam through Kennedv Air-
port to New York and from there to Las Vegas. It cleared U.S. cus-
toms in Las Vegas and it was seized on the outskirts of town, being
transported from Las Vegas to southern California in a large Ryder
truck.
Mr. SouRwixE. Came in through the McCarran Airport in Las
Vesras. All right go ahead.
Mr. Sixclair. In March 1969, the first batch of "orange sunshine"
LSD was made bv brotherhood membere in a laboratory located out-
side of San Francisco. Slightly under 1 million tablets were produced
in this first endeavor. Numerous millions were to be made in the next
4 years.
At thispoint in time, the Brotherhood of Eternal Ix>ve was the larg-
est supplier of hashish and LSD in the Ignited States.
Mr. SouRWiXE. Let us get the reference. That phrase "point of time"
has meant a lot of things. You are talking about March 1969.
20

Mr. SouRWixE. Go ahead.
Mr. Sinclair. The center of their operations was still La^na Beach,
Calif., although they were fast becoming international travelers and
were purchasing property in Hawaii, Canada, Central America, and
several States neighboring California.
From 1966 to 1971, members of the brotherhood traveled throughout
the world using false identities with passports obtained under assumed
names. Their operations were virtually untouchable during this period
of time.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Why was that ?
Mr. Sinclair. Because of their mobility, because no one was really
aware of the extent of their activities.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Do they have any untouchability today ?
Mr. Sinclair. No, sir.
Mr. SoTJRwiNE. Their pretentions to be a religion do not do them any
good any more, do they ?
Mr. SouRWiNE. Go ahead.
Mr. Sinclair. No arrests were made of major figures in the organiza-
tion, and thousands of pounds of hashish and millions of dosage units
of "orange sunshine" LSD were being distributed through outlets in
southern California. Local authorities were aware of the brotherhood's
existence but could not penetrate the organization's outer wall.
The only significant accomplishment by local authorities during this
period was the arrest of Dr. Timothy Leary on December 26, 1968, in
Laguna Beach, Calif., for possession of marihuana. Dr. Leary was
convicted in February of 1970 and sentenced to State prison for a term
of 1 to 10 years. According to one of his companions, Iâry escaped
from prison in September 1970 with the help of the Weathermen fac-
tion of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) who also pro-
vided him with false papers and arranged for his flight abroad.
According to several sources, the brotherhood paid $50,000^ to the
Weathermen to see their spiritual leader set free.
While in Algiers and Switzerland. Leary, despite the fact that he
was in exile, still exercised a major influence over the brotherhood, and
was visited constantly by the higher echelon of the brotherhood
organization.
In November of 1971, the brotherhood suffered its first rnaior set-
back when George Oliphant Avas arrested in Lebanon while in pos-
session of 800 pounds of hashish. It was later determined that Oliphant
and otlier members of the bi'otherhood had smu.ofgled approximately
4,000 iKMinds of I^banese hashish into the United States since 1968.
Mr. SoLTiwiNE. Did they make almost $900 a pound on all of that?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir. Oliphant is still in prison in Lebanon.
On December 15, 1971, brotherhood member Donald Alexander
Hambarian was arrested in Lagima Beach, Calif., while operating a
1 In the pxperpt from his hook, "Confessions of a Pooe Fiend." on p. 35, Timothy l^nry
sav.s "I Kiuldenlv flashed on the meshlnj: of nnderprounrl energy systems. Dope dealers raise
:
.?25.000 to finance the hreakont. And the hread goes to the manic ffuerrlllas." The suhcom-
mlttee has no way of estnhllshlnjr whether the amount paid to the Weathermen was actually
!i!.50.000 as stated" to the Drup Enforcement Acency by a member of the brotherhood who was
Involved In the fundralslnpr and Is now cooperating with the DEA, or whether It was .$25,000
as stated by Leary in his hook. What does appear certain Is that a very substantial sum was
paid to the Weathermen to arrange Leary's escape from the prison and from the country.
21
hashish oil laboratory. This hashish oil was to be the first encountered
in the United States. Hambarian was also in possession of 86,000
dosage units of LSD.
Also in December of 1971, the two Afghan sources came to the
United States accompanied by a brotherhood member, Robert Dale
Ackerly, now serving: sentence. Their trip appeared to be nothing
more than a sightseeing tour until it was learned that two shipments
of hashish totaling over 2,000 pounds were on their way to southern
California. The Afghans were overseeing these shipments.
In January of 1972, brotherhood member Michael Lee Pooiey was
arrested in Laguna Beach, Calif., while in possession of 133,000 dosage
units of "orange sunshine" LSD.
Mr. SouRwixE. What did that sell for ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. Well, it depends again on supply and demand. You
can sell tablets for as little as $1 apiece, or you can sell as many as
4,000 of them for $600. It just depends.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Go ahead, sir.
Mr. SixcLAiR. Later that same month, the first of the Afghan hashish
shipments was seized in Portland, Oreg. This shipment totaled 1,330
pounds and still stands as the largest quantity of hashish ever seized in
the United States.
In February of 1972, the second shipment of Afghanistan hashish
was seized in Vancouver, British Columbia. This load totaled 729
pounds. According: to outstanding indictments, both the Portland and
the Vancouver shipments belonged to Brothei-hood Chief Robert Lee
Andrist. At this time, intelligence revealed Andrist was in control of
the hashish smuggling arm of the brotherhood, while Michael Boyd
Randall was generally considered to be the head of the "orange sun-
shine" LSD operation. Both Andrist and Randall became fugitives
subsequent to indictment in this matter.
In March of 1972, Gordon Fred Johnson was arrested in Laguna
Beach, Calif., for distributing approximately 50,000 dosage units of
"orange sunshine" LSD. Over $46,000 in cash was found in Johnson's
residence upon execution of a search warrant. Also in March, Eric
Chastain was arrested in southern California for distributing 45,000
dosage units of "orange sunshine" LSD.
Mr. SouRwixE. Chastain is part of this Leary family, too ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. He is part of the brotherhood yes, sir.
;
It became apparent that the mere seizures of hashish and LSD were
doing very little to disrupt the Brotherhood of Eternal Love as a major
drug system. As a result of this observation. Federal, State, and local
narcotic officers formed a strike force, with the brotherhood as their
sole target.
Mr. SouRwixE. That was done in what year ?
Mr. Six'CLAiR. That was done in early 1972.
This strike force operated under the code name "Operation BEL."
The tool used by Operation BEL agents was the strongest weapon nar-
cotic officers have in their battle against drug traffickers. The con-
spiracy laws.
On August 1972, the Orange County, Calif., grand jury climaxed
3,
many months of investigation by Operation BEL agents when it re-
turned indictments against 29 members of the brotherhood organiza-
tion. This indictment was aimed primarily at the hashish smuggling
arm of the brotherhood.
;
22
On August 5, 1972, at 6 a.m., Operation BEL agents executed

search warrants and arrest warrants in Hawaii, Oregon, and in nu-
merous locations in southern California. Sixteen major brotherhood
figures were arrested, and over $40,000 in cash was seized, along with
a total arrest of 53 individuals.
In November 1972, a DEA special agent of the BEL Task Force
traveled with an IRS agent to Brussels, Belgium, to investigate a lab-
oratory relative to Ronald Hadley Stark. As a result of the investiga-
tion and subsequent followup, Stark was indicted by a Federal grand
jury in April 1973. (Stark is a chemist from New York who in 1964
was worth approximately $1,400 and who in 1968 was reportedly worth
approximately $1,200,000. Stark is a close associate of Nicholas Sand,
and according to some reports, was the first person to ever produce
hashish oil from solid hashish.)
Mr. SouRwiNE. Can you give us lists of the names and whatever you
have in the way of identification of the individuals in these two groups
that is, the 29 and the 53 that you just mentioned?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir, for the record.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Can that be provided for the record later?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir, it can.
Mr. SouRwiNE. May that be the order, Mr. Chairman ?
The Chairman. So ordered.
[The information referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 79.]
Mr. Sinclair. The investigation continued, and on December 6, 1972,
the Orange County grand jury returned another indictment, this time
aimed primarily at the brotherhood's "orange sunshine" LSD system.
On December 31, 1972, one of the major figures in the LSD system,
Michael Boyd Randall, was arrested in San Francisco. Randall is cur-
rently a fugitive wanted on four separate narcotic and false passport
warrants.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Now, that statement indicates that something hap-
pened in there to change his status. After he was arrested, how did
he get loose so he is now a fugitive?
Mr. Sinclair. I would like to defer to Mr. Strange in this par-
ticular matter, because he had a great deal of
Mr. SouRwiNE. He will cover it?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Would you like to talk
Mr. Strange. As you wish. Michael Boyd Randall was indicted
by the Orange County grand jury on December 6, 1972. He was ar-
rested in San Francisco, Calif., on the night of December 31, 1972.
He was brought down to Orange County where his bail was set at
$250,000. It was
Mr. Sourwine. Will you pardon me ? We are going to get into quite
a story here. Let us save it, and let the present witness finish his state-
ment, and then we will come back to you.
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sinclair. On January 14, 1973, Dr. Timothy Leary was located
by DEA agents in Kabul, Afghanistan; and on January 18, 1973, he
was returned to Los Angeles, Calif. State and Federal agents arrested
Leary on the BEL charges and for escape from a California prison
farm in 1970. Leary was arraigned on BEL charges in State court on
January 30, 1973, and bail was set at $5 million. Leary Avas convicted
23
of the escape and, on April 23, 1973, was sentenced to 5 years in State
prison. ,
, r. i
On January 19, 1973, brotherhood chemist Nicholas Sand was ar-

rested in St. Louis, Mo., and his laboratories seized. These illicit
labo-
ratories proved to be the largest of their kind ever seized in the United
States, with a value of approximately $500,000. The tableting
press
for the "orange sunshine" LSD
was also seized along with 50,000
dosage units of the drug already tableted. Powdered LSD
capable of
producing over 14 million tablets of "orange sunshine" was found at
two locations, along with the formulas and raw materials for the pro-
duction of over 100 different psychedelic drugs.
On Easter Sunday, April 22, 1973, BEL Task Force agents arrested
four members of BEL in Santa Cruz, Calif. Three of those arrested
were fugitives from other jurisdictions. Some contraband was seized,
along with seven phony passports. Huge stores of false identification
Avere seized, indicating this was a point of contact of BEL
fugitives
desiring false identification and papers.
On April 25, 1973, Nicholas Sand, Timothy Scully, Michael Randall,
and four other major figures in the LSD operation were indicted by a
Federal grand jury in San Francisco, Calif. Four of these higher
echelon members are still fugitives.
Mr. SouRwixE. Now, for the record, would you identify the four
that you did not name, and indicate which of the eight are the four that
are still fugitives ?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir. The individuals referred to are David Lee
Mantel; Charles Druce, currently a fugitive; Lester Friedman; and
Ronald H. Stark, currently a fugitive. In addition to these four in-
dividuals, one of those previously mentioned, Michael Randall, is also
a fugitive. i t j i
That, briefly, is a chronological summary of the Brotherhood of
Eternal Love investigation. Overall statistics of Operation BEL con-
cerning arrests and seizures are nearly unbelievable. To date, the
brotherhood investigation has resulted "in the arrests of over 100 in-
dividuals, including Dr. Timothy Leary who is currently serving 15
years in Folsom prison. Four LSD laboratories have been seized, along
with over 1 million "orange sunshine" LSD tablets, and LSD powder
in excess of 3,500 grams, capable of producing over 14 million dosage
units of the drug. In addition, the source of diversion for the raw ma-
terials needed in the production of LSD was identified in Europe.
A total of six hashish oil laboratories were seized, along with over
30 gallons of hashish oil and approximately 6,000 pounds of solid
hashish.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Now, those hashish oil laboratories were m this
country.
Mr. Sinclair. Some were.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Some were not.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Would you differentiate that for the record when
you correct it ?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir I will. ;
[The information requested follows :]

Of these six laboratories, four were being operated within the United States,
three of which were in California and one in Hawaii. Two others were
being
operated within foreign countries one in Costa Rica, and one in Afghanistan.
;
24
Mr. SouRwiXE. And with regard to the diversion of raw materials,

the source of diversion in Europe, would you identify, that for the
record ?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir we will.
;
[The information requested follows :]

That individual is Charles Druce. a British citizen, indicted on April 25th for
conspiracy in connection with the illicit manufacture of LSD.
Mr. SixcLAiR. Grand jury indictments were obtained on Amanullah
and Hayatullah Tokhi, two brothers who are alleged to be the sources
of Afghanistan hashish for the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. The
Afghanistan Government has been advised of these indictments.
Mr. SouRWiXE. Now, where were they indicted ?
Mr. Sinclair. In Orange County, Calif.
Mr. SouRwixE. Had they been in Orange County ?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir, they had.
Mr. SouRwixE. All right.
Mr. SixcLAiR. Other drugs and articles seized were 104 grams of
peyote, 8 pounds of amphetamine powder, 13.64 pounds of cocaine.
2 marihuana canning operations, "Orange Sunshine" pill press, 7
vehicles, 546 acres of property in southern California, and over $1.8
million cash either seized or located in foreign banks. The Internal
Kevenue Service and the California Franchise Tax Board have as-
sessed the Brotherhood of Eternal Love corporation for over $70
million in back taxes.
Mr. SouRWixE. Which would indicate that the brotherhood accord-
ing to the IRS, must have made something over $200 million in its
illicit operations.
Mr. SixcLAiR. That is right, yes, sir.
Mr. SouRwiXE. Go ahead.
Mr. SixcLAiR. On September 23. 1973, the State Department pub-
licly announced that a tougher screening process would be used in the
issuing of passports due to the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. State
Department officials working with Operation BEL
agents uncovered
120 cases of passport fraud within the period of 1 year.
With these astonishing statistics, one might get the impression that
the brotherhood organization is a thing of the past. Nothing could
De further from the truth. Out of the 52 brotherhood members in-
dicted by State and Federal grand juries, 22 are fugitives, including
the No. 1 man in both hashish and the LSD
operations.
Brotherhood members continue to operate from outside the United
States. On September 15, 1973, 923 pounds of hashish concealed in
false bottom commercial sound speakers was seized in Las Vegas, Nev.
It is now known that this hashish shipment was enroute to southern
California components of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love.
No doubt, the brotherhood organization was dealt a severe blow by
Operation BEL, but not a terminal one. At the moment, it remains
disorganized and severely crippled. Hopefully, continued enforce-
ment effort can be brought to bear until this complex drug distribution
system is completely eliminated.
In concluding my remarks, Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer for
the record a copy of an interview with Jennifer Dohrn, sister of
Weathermen leader, Bernardine Dohrn, describing her meeting with
25
Timothy Leary and Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers in October of 1970.

The article appeared in the Underground publication, Good Times,
for January 8, 1971. I believe it is interesting because of the light it
throws on the lifestyle and motivations and associations of these
people.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr, Chairman, I would like to suggest that this
it€m be incorporated into the record as an appendix.
[The article referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 80.]
Mr. SouRwixE. If I understand your figures correctly, however, is
it not true that the brotherhood in terms of its operations and its power
and its financing is now several times as strong as it was 10 years ago
from which it built up to $100 million operation within the space of
less than 10 years.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Xow, I do not know whether this is the proper place
to raise this question, but the committee is in possession of a flyer put
out by the California Department of Justice giving the photographs
and descriptions of 26 members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love.
Have you gentlemen seen it? I presume you have.
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir. We furnished the committee with that
flyer.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Well, now, I think it would be very useful, if the
Chair agrees, if these pictures and descriptions could be put in our
record but we cannot reproduce them from this. Can you furnish us
with glossies of these pictures that we can use to reproduce in our
hearing record ?
Mr. SouRWiNE. May that be the request, Mr. Chairman ?
The Chairman. So ordered,
[The photographs follow :]
26
CA-LIKORNIA. DEFA-RTMENT OF JUSTICE

BUREAU OF NARCOTIC ENFORCEMENT
The individuals shown below are active members of the BROTHERHOOD OF ETERNAL LOVE. This is a pseudo-religious
organization responsible for the importation and sale of large quantities of hashish and manufacture and distribution of LSD
on a worldwide level.
On August 3, 1972 the Orange County Grand )ury indicted these individuals, charging them with a variety of narcotic
violations and 182,I,V Penal Code (Conspiracy to Violate California State Narcotic Laws).
Since these fugitives extensively utilize false identification, every effort should be made to notify California Department of
Justice of their fingerprint classification as soon as possible, to obtain a positive identification before releasing subject.
MAY, Edward Joseph PADILLA, Gerald James ANORIST, Robert Lee ACKERLY, Robert Dale BECKER, Dale Andrew
STAMTON. Mark Patrick SMITH, Brenice Lee DAW, John Robert SIMMONS, Peter David
Dafgp - r«ghi Itg

27
\
^^
SCOTT, Charles Fredrick TOKHI, Hayatullah
ASHBROOK, Travis Grant
TIERNEY, Robert Edward TOKHI, Amanullah Salam
HALL, David Alan DRURY, Donald Karl HARRINGTON, )ohn Joseph Jr.
SEXTON, Gordon Albert pratT Sunford Leon
n GERMAN, Lyie Paul
The Orange County Sheriffs Office holds Superior Court Bench Warrant Number C
28976 for the arrest of these individuals.
If you have any information concerning the location of these persons, please contact:
WARRANT DETAIL ORANGE COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE (714) 834-3061
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, ORGANIZED CRIME AND CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE BRANCH, SACRAMENTO
(LARRY D. MILES) (916) 322-2438 24 HOUR NUMBER
-
28
Mr. SouRWiNE. Now, I think we have one more prepared statement,

have we not ?
Mr. SouRwiNE. Well, then, it may be proper to ask some of these
questions now.
You made it pretty clear that the brotherhood case is an illustration
of the inadequacies of existing criminal justice procedures in coping
with contemporary high level drug; violators. This is interesting to us
because it is one of the central points that was made by Gen. Lewis
Walt in his report to the subcommittee last September on the world
drug situation and its impact on security.
Among other things General Walt recommended that Congress
consider the imposition of new restraints on the granting of bail to
drug traffickers. Would you gentlemen have a recommendation in that
area ?
Mr. Bartels. Yes, we do. There is a bill presently before the Senate,
S. 1300, which would provide for pretrial detention pending trial in
heroin cases, mider certain circumstances.
Mr. SouRWiNE. The facts given us here certainly underscore that
need.
Now, you mentioned one brotherhood member who apparently was
arrested on four consecutive occasions and posted bond on each oc-
casion and finally fled the country.Whowas that, Randall ?
Mr. Bartels. No, sir. Donald Drury.
Mr. Strange. He is now in custody.
Mr. Sourwine. May we then go back to you and get the Randall
story, the rest of it, and then you can tell us about the others.
Mr, Strange. As I stated earlier, Michael Boyd Randall was in-
dicted on December 6, 1972, by the Orange County grand jury. He was
arrested in San Francisco, Calif., on December 31, 1972, and taken to
Orange County where his bail was set at $250,000 pursuant to the
grand jury indictment.
He retained counsel and over a period of time had his bail lowered
to $25,000.
In the month of March we came up with some information revealing
that a primary figure in the LSD operation was unknown to us. We
had a name but we did not know who it was. The name was that of
Michael Thomas Garrity. This name appeared on shipping docu-
ments where a Jaguar had been shipped from the LSD laboratory in
Brussels, Belgium, to New York and it appeared on several other
legal documents concerning the purchase of property in Riverside
County, in southern California.
Just as a chance, agent Elliot submitted this name with agent Keel
to the passport office and it turned out that Michael Thomas Garrity
was in fact Michael Boyd Randall.
This greatly strengthened our case against Randall and it also
âve us an additional charge, under 18 U.S.C. 1542, 1544, for obtain-
mg a passport fraudulently.
On March 9, when we got the passport application from Wash-
ington, we filed that charge withh the Central District of California
and we arrested Randall that night at the beachfront home of his
two attorneys.
29
He had marihuana in his possession at the time of the arrest and

we filed local charges for that
also. We
had the $25,000 bail in Cali-
fornia court, and it appeared later we had $10,000 bail for the pass-
port charge and then $1,000 for the marihuana possession for a total
of $36,000 bail which on approximately April 20 he fled and we do
not know where he is.
Mr. SouRwiNE. That is Randall. The bail forfeited?

Mr. SonRWiNE. Do you know where he is now?
Mr. Strange. No, sir.
Mr. SotJRWiNE. He is a fugitive from justice.
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir. He was indicted April 25 by the Federal
grand jury in San Francisco but by that time we believe he was
already out of the country. He is probably traveling under another
assumed name under a false passport. Some of these individuals
have as many as four passports, four complete sets of identification,
which is an interesting story itself. It includes driver's license, social
security card, selective service card. University of California Irvine
student ID card, and birth certificate.
Mr. SoTJRWiNE. And birth certificate?
Mr. Strange. That is the key.
Mr. SouRWiNE. That is an interesting package of identification but
who carries a birth certificate?
Mr. Sinclair. Members of the brotherhood.
—
Mr. Strange. That is one way you know this thins: was a learn-
ing process, and that is one characteristic that enabled us to put to-
gether a profile of this organization. We
arrested people who ordi-
narily do not have anything on them, much less a complete package
of identification, and we said who are you and he said my name is
so and so and we say, really? What have you got to show? And he
pulls out a birth certificate, social securitv card, driver's license, in
the neatest set of identification that vou have ever seen and it just
did not fit with the person. After checking on several of these we
found out they were not correct.
Mr. Sourwine. T^Hien you ran into one you knew it was phony.
Mr. Strange. A lot of times.
Mr. SouRAViNE. Does that conclude your statement?
Mr. Strange. About Randall.
Mr. SouRwiNE. You are sfoins: to tell us about the other fellow.
Mr. Sinclair. I think Mr. Strange will also tell you about Mr.
Drury.
Mr. Strange. Mr. Drury had posted and fled on a total of $125,000
in bonds from 1970 up until approximately 6 months ago when we
arrested him in Hawaii. Each time he was arrested under a different
set of identification and it was just a
Mr. SouRAviNE. Four sets.
Mr. Sourwine. Four arrests.
Mr. Strange. When we arrested him again he had another one, so
that makes five.
Mr. Sourwine. Five. The new one was in Hawaii.
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir, and we were not aware of that one at the
time we arrested Mr. Drury on the last occasion. The problem with the
30
brotherhood organization, and what took law enforcement so long to

catch up with it, was their high degree of mobility. It is virtually im-
possible to keep up with their pace of international travel.
For instance, he was arrested in August of 1972 in Berkeley. Calif.
He had a complete set of false identification. They booked him there,
and set bail at $22,000. An individual still unknown to us appeared
that night with $22,000 cash, bailed him out and by the time his finger
prints had come back revealing that he was a fugitive on three other
warrants, it was too late because he was already out. So they stay one
jump ahead of the game by using that procedure.
Mr. SouRw^jsTE. Well, does that explain why the courts kept letting
him out on bail? In each case they did not know he was a bail jumper?
Mr. Strange. In each case they did not know who he was.
Mr. SouRWiNE. He jumped each bail separately.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Well, now, you have got him out on bail on the fifth
charge.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Let the record show that two witnesses answered
that question in unison. Where is he now ?
Mr. Strange. He is in the Orange County jail.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Any indication the courts are going to admit him to
bail or have you been able to defeat that ?
Mr. Strange. I have been at one bail reduction motion on his part
and I do not think there is any chance.
Mr. Sour WINE. Xow, I think we have covered the point of the
brotherhood operating in a virtually untouchable manner between
1966 and 1971. Would you have anything to add, Mr. Strange?
Mr. Strange. Only that the reason for this is that they built up a
reputation as being an untouchable organization. This is a hard thing
to OA-ercome on our part. We could not get anv information out of these
people we were arresting because they were firmly of the opinion that
we would never get the hiarher echelon members of the brotherhood.
That was our greatest difficulty to overcome. The statistics we have
given you and the facts on seizures and resource information are ex-
tremely well documented. We now have approximately five high-rank-
ing or moderately ranking members of the brotherhood who arp
Government witnesses and when we tell you we know 4.000 pounds of
hashish were smuggled out of I^banon, we know that because he told
us he personallv smuggled 4.000 pounds out, and when we tell you the
first batch of "Orange Sunshine" LSD was around a million, we know
that because our informant was in that laboratory which produced that
first batch
Mr. SouRwiNE. You told us. Mr. Sinclair, that Leary escaped with
the help of Weathermen and there was a $50,000 payment for the es-
cape operation. Is your operation on that point as ifirm as what Mr.
Strange has talked about ?
Mr. Sinclair. Yes, sir. Yes. sir, absolutely.
Mr. Strange. We have been fortunate enough to have the right
people in the right places as far as our witne?ses and
ISIr. Sinclair. Also, our witnesses liave corroborated each other un-
knowingly.
31
Mr. SouRwixE. I do not want to interfere with your case as you are
building it. but if your case permits, would you insert for the record at
this point in correcting your record the sources of your information
about this $50,000 payment ?
Mr. Strange. One of the Government witnesses was asked to con-
tribute funds to this prior to Leary's escape. That is one way we know
it. The individual who collected the money, to pay the Weathermen,
was Randall, whom I mentioned earlier.

Mr. SouRWixE. Was Bernardine Dohrn of the AVeathermen involved
in either the planning or execution of Leary's escape?
Mr. Straxge. That information comes to us by way of an informant
who lived Avith Timothy Leary since he escaped and he says that Leary
told him that.
Mr. SouRwixE. That Dohrn was involved.
Mr. SouRwixE. In what way, both in the planning and the execu-
tion?
Mr. Straxge. She was reportedly in the car that picked him up
after he climbed over the high tension wire.
Mr. Sour WINE. Now, you mentioned Robert Lowe Andrist as the
No. 1 man in the brotherhood hashish operation. Where is he now ?
Mr. Straxge. He is a fugitive. He has four false sets.
Mr. SouRWixE. He also jumped four bonds ?
Mr. Straxge. No, sir. He has never been arrested.
Mr. SoL-RwixE. Mr. Sinclair, I think you told us that a total of six
hashish oil factories were seized along with 30 gallons of hashish oil
and some 6,000 pounds of solid hashish. Could you give us for the
record, a tabulation of those seizures, show the date, place, the amount
seized in each case?
Mr. Haislip. Can you do that research ?
There are several cubic feet of files. I do not know if you can do that
without a great deal of labor. Is is possible?
Mr. SouRwixE. I do not want to put you to a great deal of labor.
Mr. Haislip. We, of course, do not have our file organized to respond
to that.
Mr. SouRwixE. I just want to identify each seizure and get maybe
a short paragraph about the essential facts and the amounts involved,
the value.
Mr. Haislip. Could we confine that to the major or principal seizures
instead of
Mr. SouRwixE. Sure. I would think so. Set your own figures as to
what is important. We just want the big ones.
Mr. Sinclair, I understand you said that Michael Boyd Randall,
whom vou considered the No. 1 in the LSD operation, was first
arrested on December 31, 1972 ?
Mr. SixcLAiR. That is correct.
Mr. SouR^\^XE. And is currently a fugitive wanted on four separate
narcotics and false passports warrants, or is that five now?
Mr. Sinclair. No. It is still four.
Mr. SouRwixE. Four.
The subcommittee has been informed that after his first arrest Ran-
dall retained the services of two attorneys, ^lichael Kennedy and Mi-
chael Tigar, both of whom have a long record of involvement in the
32
defense of left win^ militants including Angela Davis and the Chi-
cago 7 and the Seattle 9. Is our information accurate in that respect
as far as you know ?
Mr, Sinclair. Yes, sir, it is.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Are these men still representing him?
Mr. Sinclair. To the best of mv knowledge, yes.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Could you or Mr. Strange add anything to what
you have told us about the circumstances under which Randall became
a fugitive? Did vou cover that as fully as you think it needs to be?
Mr. Strange. I would iust like to say that Mr. Kennedy now repre-
sents Nicholas Sand in the Federal indictment in San Francisco.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Does he or Tigar represent any of the other brother-
hood members?
Mr. Strange. No, sir. He went back to France.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Who did ?
Mr. Strange. Mr. Tigar returned to France after Randall fled.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, Mr. Strange, we understand that you were in
charge of the arrest of Michael Boyd Randall for a second time on
March 6 of this year ; is that right ?
Mr. Strange. March 9.
Mr. SoTTRwiNE. March 9. Can you tell us something about the cir-
cumstances leading up to that arrest and about the arrest itself?
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir. We obtained an arrest warrant from the
Central District of California, Federal District, earlier that day for
the 18 U.S.C. 1544 passport violation which we were to execute for
the State Department, Secretary of State, and we attempted to locate
Mr. Randall that afternoon and that night at his home, his parents'
home, and were unable to do so. We then went to Laguna Beach
thinking that he might be in that area. We saw him in his vehicle
with his wife pass us where we were parked in the street and we pur-
sued him.
We lost sisrht of him and we went on down the Pacific Coast High-
way there and could not catch up with him. So we assumed he turned
off in the area of the beach house of Mr. Kennedy and Mr. Tigar.
Mr. Sourwine. They were living together.
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir. We went to that address and his car was
there, still hot, of course, leading us to believe he had just arrived,
and we were faced with the delicate situation of arresting the defend-
ant in the attorney's home.
Mr. Sourwine. You had an arrest warrant for him ?
Mr. Sourwine. Wherever found.
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir. So, to be sure, we called the Chief of the
Superior Court Division of Orange County and advised him of the
circumstances and our advice from counsel was that you have a valid
arrest warrant for him. You have to arrest him. So we had a meeting
outside the house, myself and the other Federal and local and State
agents that had plaved such a great part in this investigation, nnd
we decided that under no circumstances were we to approach that
house without either badge and credentials or both clearly shown.
So we went to the front door en masse and knocked on the door.
Mr. Kennedv opened the door. We could see Randall standing in the
kitchen through the window, so we knew at this time that he was in
33
there. Mr. Kennedy opened the door and. of course, he reco^jnized my-
self and State Agent Barnes. AVe all had our credentials out and we
advised him that Ave had a warrant, who we were, what we were there
for, and he slammed the door and bolted it and refused us entry into
the house.
A forced entry was required and Mr. Randall was taken into custody
and those six marihuana cigarettes were found on his possession at the
time and he was also charged with possession of marihuana in the
State court.
Mr. SouRwixE. Well, did Mr. Kennedy resist you any further after
you forced entry ?
Mr. Straxge! Just through verbal abuse and
Mr. SouRwixE. You mean he cussed at you ?
Mr. Straxge. Sir ?
Mr. SouRwixE. He cussed at you ?
Mr. Strax-^ge. Yes. sir.
]Mr. SouRwixE. Used vile language, did he?
Mr. SouRwiNE. Well, I will not ask you to repeat it for this record,
then.
Now, what happened then ? Did you take Randall down and book
him?
Mr. Strange. Yes, sir. We took him to the Laguna Beach Police
Department where we removed his shirt, took photographs of him
without a shirt on so that we could answer any charges later that he
was beaten, and
Mr. SouRWixE. You felt that was necessary.
Mr. Straxge. Yes, sir. And it proved to be.
Mr. SouRwixE. They made such charges ?
Mr. Sourwixe. Then your forethought paid off.
[In the remarks that follow, 113 lines of the typewritten testimony
given in executive session were deleted for security reasons, at the re-
quest of the Drug Enforcement Administration.]
Mr. Sourwixe. So you put him in jail ?
Mr. Strax'Ge. Sir?
Mr. Sourwixe. You put the prisoner in jail ?
Mr. Straxge. Well, we fingerprinted him and photographed him
but we had no recourse but to release him.
Mr. Sourwixe. Well, did he come up with the $50,000?
Mr. Straxge. He did not have to. The Federal district judge or-
dered him released on his own recognizance.
Mr. Sourwixe. Then, what happened ?
Mr. Straxge. Then we went back through the svstem and tried to
get a bail hearing on our part and we did and bail was finally set in
the amount of $10,000.
Mr. SoiTtwixE. Pretty low bail for a man with his record of skip-
ping would you not say ?
;
Mr. Straxge. He had no record of skipping up to that point.

Mr. SoiTiwixE. He did not have. But he did skip that bail.
Mr. Strax'ge. Yes. sir; and two others.
Mr. Sourwixe. "\Mio put up the bail for him ?
u
Mr. Strange. We do not know.
Mr. SouRwixE. Do you know of any other members of the Brother-
hood of Eternal Love defended by either Michael Kennedy or Michael
Tigar?
Mr. Strange. Just Michael Boyd Randall and Nicholas Sand.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Those are the only ones ?
Mr. Strange, Yes, sir.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Now, when you said that brotherhood members had
false passports, do you mean each had one false passport or did some
of them have several ?
Mr. Strange. Some have none, others have as many as four or five.
Mr. Soura\t:ne. I thought the indicia of these people was they all had
a complete ID package. That did not include passports in all cases?
Mr. Strange. That is almost exclusively true of the hashish
smugglers; but some who worked internally with the distribution of
LSD did not need a false passport.
Mr. Sourwine. So the passports were on a need-to-use basis.
Dr. Strange. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Could you provide us with a list of brotherhood
members as far as you are informed who have operated or have had in
their possession multiple false passports or multiple passports in false
identitv ?
Mr. Haislip. We could provide a list of those who have been indicted
on such charges easily. Would
that be sufficient for the record?
Mr. Sourwine. I would rather leave it on the basis of the information
available to you than on the basis of the indictment. We might get
a few more names that way, I do not know.
Mr. Bartels. Wewill do our best to net you them.
FThe information renuested mav be found in the appendix, p. 83.]
Mr. Sourwine. That is all that anybody can do.
Can one of you gentlemen tell us briefly for the record, the Rick
Bevans story ?
Mr. Sinclair. It will have to be Mr. Strange.
Mr. Strange. Mr. Bevans was arretted in Mav of 1972. in Kabul.
Afghanistan. Excuse me. Iêt me rephrase that. He was taken into
custody by the local authorities at Kabul, Afghanistan, in that period
of time pursuant to a brotherhood photoo-raT^h a*" the aimort there a^"
Kabul. Thev realized who he was from the photograph. They notified
our asrent there and he sent a teletype to Los Angeles informing us
that Mr. Bevans was there traveling under the name Rodney Parks
and had a passport to support that. Based on that we ffot a complaint
asrain out of the central district. And Ajrent Burke escorted
Mr. Bevans from Kabul back to the United States in custodv and he
was arraigned and bail was set at $10,000, which he promptly forfeited.
Mr. Sourwine. Now. I show you and vour colleasrues several charts.
Did vou provide these for the committee's information ?
ATr. BartI':ls. Yes. Ave did.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you have anv objection if they are put in the
record ?
Mr. Haislip. No.

Mr. SouRwîNE. Mav that be the order, Mr. Chairman, that they be
inserted in the record ?
35

[The charts referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 87.]
Mr. SouRwiXE. Xow, you have touched upon the escape of Timothy
Leary, although not in great detail. He tells the story quite fully in
his recently published book. "Confessions of a Hope Fiend." Have
any of you read it ?
Mr. Sourwixe. You have read it. As far as you know, did he tell
the truth?
Mr. Strax'ge. Yes, sir.
Mr. SouRWixE. !Mr. Chairman, may a passage from this book tell-
ing how he shimmied aci'oss a telephone cable and above the level of
the prison lights and climbed down a pole, and so forth, be put in the
record at this point ?
The Chairmax. So ordered.
[The information referred to follows :]
[From Confessions of a Hope Fiend, Bantam Books]
(By Timothy Leary)
Slowly picked my way to the roof end looking down over ro^d, fence, com-
pound, and way below car lights on the highway. I sat down and laced the right
sneaker.
The socks in my pocket. I put on the left sock and tied the sneaker. Pulled on
handball gloves. I lay down on the angled roof just under the cable. Grabbed it
with hands ,and hooked ankles. I reached my hands above my head and pulled
out on the wire.
It was hard going. The cable had wire looped every ten inches holding a tele-
phone cord below. My legs bumped and tangled in the wire. There were no
smooth easy sweeping pulls. Reach hands. Pull body ten inches. Pull leg. Hands
up. Pull body. Haul legs. The cable bouncing and swinging. A strain to hang on.
Wrenched my hands. Strain legs. Weird wrestling motions, my body clinging to
the swaying wire. Sweating. Heaving awkwardly. After fifty pulls a pause. —
Horrid discovery. Completely exhausted. Lungs gasping. Arms drained of energy.
Body limp and weak. Can't go another foot. Only one-third across the wire.
Hadn't even reached the ro^d. The wire was longer than expected. Two-thirds
to go. Exhausted. My hands can't hold the weight of my body. With desperate
sexual writhing I embraced the cable with elbows and knees. Rested. The cable
was slowly swinging. Nightmare thoughts. What are you doing this time? In-
eflScient wizard dangling from a cable twenty feet high escaping from life im-
prisonment in full view of two gun trucks? Once again the little experiment has
gotten out of hand. Professor. Turned my head horizontal toward the gun truck.
The interior light snapped on. He's seen me. Put on light to sound alarm. The
word is flashing. I'm pendant waiting for patrol cars to scream up. Will they
poke me down like a wild raccoon with sticks? Dangling, I had to laugh.
Dangling from a sAvinging wire I start squirming toward life. Five more
wrenching feet. Stop. Wrists and arms exhausted. Panting. I .should have quit
smoking. I .should have pushed more iron. It seemed .so easy. Xow I know why
no com have escaped this w-ay. Olympic gymnastics on a high wire in the gun-
sights. I should have waited until the winter fog. Maybe they leave the cable
strung over the fence as a trap? They're hunters waiting in trucks, rifles cradled
on knees, waiting for wild animals to blunder into the ambush? The slaughter
hole. My hands trembling could hold no more. With desperate lunge I hooked
elbow\s over the wire, with clumsy crablike grabs pulled bo<ly along by elbows.
Stop to rest. Look down at macadam road sixteen feet below and over into TV
rooms where cons watch the shadow tube.
A sudden glare of light. Forty feet away a patrol car slowly turns from the
compound road toward me. I'm captured. The auto rolls closer, a soft crunch
of tires on gravel. My blue denim arms turned yellow in the headlight. I looked
down directly at the guard leaning over to crush his cigarette in the ashtray.
Car rolled by to the comer and disappeared.
! ! !
36
Now tumble into some delirious trance. Arms crassed, elbows hooked to wire
Inching caterpillar crawl. All hope of escape given up. My only goal to reach the
fence so I'd fall to freedom outside the iêrimeter. I must remember when I fall
to let feet go first. My hand kept getting tangled in the phone wire loop. A com-
pulsive wrench to free my hand sets the cable bouncing wildly. Mouth gasping,
face bulging, glasses t\visted, sweat dripping, face grimacing. Another skin of
the teeth. I wanted Errol Plynn and out came Harold Tvloyd. I felt very alone.
Forty-nine years and 325 days of this life built up to this moment of ordeal. My
life hung on a needle point. In trance of Sun Dance initiates whirl suspended
by hooked burning pain in the chest muscles. There was no fear only a nagging
embarrassment. Such an undignified way to die, nailed like a sloth on a branch
Other men and women in prison would be pained by my failed escape. My fall
would please the guards. See we told you. You can't escape. There is no escape.
No more thoughts. From some inner reservoir of JylVE LIVE! LIVE! SUR-
!
vrvÊ came an energy flow and a curious erotic lightness. Hands reached up in
!
easy strong pulls, legs kicking, body wiggling, arms flailing, shoulders pushing
propelled by uterine squeeze. My gla.sses fell but my arms smoothly reeled cable.
Thus I butted head first dripping wet into this New Life.
down. Exultant feet

*•****
Hqnd over hand till fingers hit the pole. Hanging by my legs (I'd practiced
it a thousand times in my bunk) I reached right hand over head, grabbed metal
spike, dropped legs, twisted body, wrapped legs around splintery wood, silid
hit liberated ground FREE
I was swaying sweating panting. I saw the glasses lying on ground outside
of fence. I adjusted them on my nose, funny professor gesture. I looked around.
All silent. Electric lights shining on the steel fence and the green grass. Cell-
blocks forty feet away shining still in the night. No motion.
****
I staggered to the wall, slid down, lay head against the stone, drained,
deeply breathing, listening. Alert fox hiding from hunters, waiting for pursuit
cars to scream down road. Silence. I started down the bank. The barracks of the
open-prison compound lay scattered below. Lights were on. Watch for fire patrol.
Steep decline. My first steps dislodged a rock avalanche. I slipped and slid,
stones rattling aVound me. Hit the hill bottom and started loping carefully,
probing, wary like a kickoff return.
Up ahead I the dim outline of trees next to the highway. Climbed out
saw
of the culvert and ran to the first tree. Standing five feet from highway at the
base of the second tree, I saw three trees joined at the root trunk. Well, they
have the symbols right.
A long wait for the pickup. Scanning the cars roaring by. Two minutes. Five
minutes. Ten minutes.
A car is coming. Right blinker flashing. It pulled up in front of the tree.
I ran from the shadows. The car door swung open. A girl with long dark hair
leaped out. Code words swapped.
—Kelly
^Tino!
We embraced. I ducked into the back seat grabbing the hand of the blond girl
behind the wheel. Kellv jumped in slamming the door. Motor gunned we roared
off.
— I'm Maru, said the driver.
—Where She?is
—In Denver waiting for you. You'll.see Her Monday.
Ihad mixed feelings. I hoped She was out of the country safe but exultant
we'd meet in two days.
Kelly was talking fast.
—Brother, we're glad to see you We made two passes by the pickup spot.
!
We were worried. You were late. I was going to start walking back the tracks
to look for you. In case you were hurt.
Kelly pointed to the back seat.—There's a new set of clothes. Change. I started
stripping off prison denim.
—Give them to me, said Kelly.
— like to save them. For Barkerclothes
I'd and Horowitz the archivists.
—No. We're going to transfer your re&troom.
to another They'll drive south
car.
To maUe the pigs think we're
near L.A. and leave them in a gasstation
heading south.
—How many cars do you have operating tonight?
37
Four. You'll only be in this car for five minutes. We have a camper in Morro
Bay to take you to Oakland. A third car goes south. And the fourth has the
shortwave set to monitor police calls. Hotv much of a lead do we have?
— I don't think I was seen leaving. So we have two hours before they discover
I'm gone.
Maru was driving smooth and easy. In four minutes we reached a road by
the beach. Car stopped. Maru turned back grinning. —
OK brother. You get out
now. I'll see you in Oakland.
I pulled the knit ski cap over my head and followed Kelly out of the car
over the sand dunes down the beach. It was still a B movie, spy thriller, World
War II.
After a hundred yards Kelly turned away from the sea, over dunes to a parked
camper. A beautiful woman waited. We kissed. A sturdy gray-haired man came
around the side of the camper and we shook hands.
—Welcome.
Kelly motioned me in back of trailer.
—I'm going dye your hair now. A strange trailer just pulled up.
to They look
suspicious. We don't want to pull out suddenly. We'll hang around here for a
few minutes and then hit it.
I sat on the edge of the bunk bed. Kelly standing at the sink filling a pail of
water. She squirted spray-can hair dye on my scalp and began massaging. After
a while she stopped and smiled.
Kelly is my code name, not my real name. I'm not always a beautician. My
father is Senator and the name of our tribe is the Weathermen Under-
ground.
I began to laugh. It all figured. The maniac reckless guerrilla tribe. Scourge
of the FBI.
—We had to keep it secret. We hope it's all right with you.
I suddenly flashed on the meshing of underground energy systems. Dope
dealers raise twenty-five thousand dollars to finance the breakout. And the
bread goes to the maniac guerrillas.^
— ^The twenty-five thousand went to buy dynamite? Kelly laughed.
— Dynamite, hair dye, and fast cars.
Mr. SotrmvixE. Do you know the names of all of the individuals
including' those other than Bernardine Dohrn. who were in the car
when he Avas picked up?
SouRwixE. Do you know of the names of any of them ?
Mr.
Mr.
Straxge. No, sir.
Sourwixe. Just Bernardine Dohrn.
Mr.
Mr.
Straxge. Yes, sir.
SouRwixE. Now, the man who you said lived with Jjeary in
Mr.
Algeria and in Switzerland, was he an undercover agent?
Mr. Straxge. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwixe. "\^Tio was he?
Mr. Strax^ge. His brother is married to Timothy Leary's daughter.
Mr. Sourwixe. "\'Miat is his name ?
Mr. Str-vxge. Dennis Martino.
Mr. Sourwixe. "Where is he now ?
Mr. Straxge. He is in Los Angeles.
Mr. Sourwixe. Is he in jail ?
Mr. Straxge. No. sir. Ho is a Government witness.
Mr. Sourwixe. He is a Government witness ? That might keep him
out of jail.
You do
not know whether he knows the identities of all of the
"Weathermen who were in the car ?
Mr. Straxge. No, sir.
^ See footnote on p. 20.

38
[In the remarks that follow, 20 lines of the typewritten testimony

given in executive session were deleted for security reasons, at the
request of the Drug Enforcement Administration.]
Mr. SouRWiNE. Mr. Chairman, I have no more questions to ask of
these witnesses. I note that we have arrived at a point later than 1
o'clock, I would respectfully suggest that we inquire of Miss Knight
whether she wants to go ahead without lunch, or whether she wants
a recess for lunch.
Miss Knight. It is up to you entirely, sir.
Mr. SoIJR^vINE. Mr. Chairman, maybe we could break until 2 o'clock
for luncheon and come back here to hear Miss Knight and the people
from her office.
I think we should say we are extremely grateful to you, sir, and the
men you brought with you. It is obvious that you have been doing a
—
very fine job with respect to the Leary at least the Leary family.
Mr. Bartels. Thank you, sir.
Mr. SouRwiNE, And it heartening to hear your recommendations, I
would like to ask just this one question before you leave the stand.
Are you getting the money you need? Are you getting appropria-
tion support you need and other congressional support you need for
the job you are trying to do ?
Mr. Bartels. Yes, sir. Yes, we are.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer for the record
a clipping from the Washington Post of Friday, August 24, 1973,
being the Washington Merry-Go-Eound column by Jack Anderson
and Les Whitten under the caption "U.S. Losing Drug Smuargling
War." I would like to ask this go in the record, and I would like to
ask you, sir, if you will, when vou are correcting the testimony, to in-
sert for the record anv comments you have on this or any information
you can give us in this area that would be helpful.
[The article referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 90.]
Mr. Bartels, Thank you,
Mr. SouRWiNE, We do thank you for coming.
The Chairman, I also want to express mv appreciation to vou for
coming here to testify, I think you have performed a real public serv-
ice, and I want to congratulate you on the effective work your agency
is doins: and on the remarkable successes you have had in your drive
against the Brotherhood of Eternal Love.
Mr, Bartels, Thank you. We are honored.
[Whereupon, at 1 :15 p.m., the hearing was recessed, to reconvene at
2 p.m., this same day.]
afternoon session
The Chairman, Miss Knight, we thank you and Mr, Duggan, and I
apologize for running beyond the time set for resumption of this
hearing.
As I think you have been told, the committee wants to bring its rec-
ords up to date on the status of passport frauds. We are considering
legislation in this area and want to be sure that we have the latest and
up-to-date information.
We are, of course, particularly interested in the Leary family pass-
port fraud case, and we look to you to tell us about that.
39
Your previous testimony recorded your deep concern about the

fraudulent documentation and identification used by criminal elements
to obtain passports. "Would you like to make a formal or semiformal
statement bringing up to date this fraud situation as it affects
passports ?
TESTIMONY OF FRANCES G. KNIGHT, DIRECTOR, PASSPORT OFFICE,

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, ACCOMPANIED BY WILLIAM E. DUG-
GAN, CHIEF, LEGAL DIVISION, PASSPORT OFFICE, DEPARTMENT
OF STATE, AND JOHN O'DOWD, ATTORNEY-ADVISER, LEGAL DI-
VISION, PASSPORT OFFICE (previously sworn)
Miss KxiGHT. Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have such a statement, and I

hope it will be helpful. It really is more of the same except that the
situation is worse now than it was 1 year ago or 6 months ago.
Mr. William E. Duggan, Chief of the Passport Office Legal Division,
is with me today because he is thoroughly familiar with the fraud cases
and the seriousness of the substantial increase in document fraud.
If you agree, I would like to read my statement prior to Mr. Dug-
gan's discussion on fraud cases.
The Chairman. Go right ahead. Miss Knight.
Miss Knight. Thank you, sir.
Fraud is usually discovered after the fact. In other words, while the
fraudulent act occurs at the point where an individual submits fraudu-
lent documents in the form of a fraudulent birth certificate, or bap-
tismal certificate, fraudulent social security card or driver's license, the
Passport Office detects the fraud only upon scrutinizing and adjudi-
cating the application for a passport. If the passport application is
accepted by a facility other than the Passport Office, the personal
evaluation of the applicant is lost to us.
In other words, we detect fraud in the documents submitted with the
passport application. We may attempt to contact the applicant. If he
is an experienced criminal, he will not give us a specific address but will
indicate a post office box or even indicate that he "will call'' for the
passport within a reasonable period of time. If the criminal gets any
notion that we question the authenticity of his credentials, he dis-
—
appears we see neither hide nor hair of him. Undoubtedly, he will
try again, elsewhere, by assuming another identity.
We use clerks of court in Federal and State courts and a few probate
courts. A total of approximately 2,800 courts cooperate with the Pass-
port Office in accepting passport applications. However, the courts are
so backlogged with cases that in the past few years, they have been
bowing out of this work.
Currently, we have 819 post offices accepting passport applications,
and while such a spread is convenient to the public, and adjudication
of these applications require much closer review than those applica-
tions received by the Passport Office and its agencies or from the
clerks of court who are more inclined to question an individual's
identity than a post office employee.
Mr. SouR-waxE. At that point, if I may interrupt. Miss Knight, is
it not true that there is a substantial difference in the quality of train-
ing of the employees who as employees of a court receive applications,

and those who as employees of the" Postal Service receive them ?
—
40
Miss Knight. I think that is true, yes.

Mr. SouRwixE. They are much better paid than the Postal Service.
Miss KxiGHT. I do not know what the pay is, now that it is an inde-
pendent organization.
Mr. Sor^R^^^XE. Go ahead.
Miss Knight. As a matter of fact, it is the consensus of our security-
minded staff that if a criminal wanted to get a dozen passports under
a dozen different identities, he would choose to do so through a postal
facility and not through a passport agency or clerk of court. But we
have no way of checking this obviously less than secure method of ac-
cepting passport applications. Our own trained passport agents in
their eyeball confrontation with the applicant have detected fraud on
the spot.We have only one such detection from a post office employee.
The Postal Service through its 819 facilities accept approximatelv
30 percent of our total application workload. Under an agreement
made bv the Department of State, the Postal Service, now a private
enterprise, is reimbursed $2 per application accepted, or a total of
$1,633,366 in the past fiscal year. The Post Office workload has de-
veloped to a great extent from the Federal courts which could no lonarer
cope with the volume. The Passport Office, however, continues to ad-
judicate all applications, contact applicants when errors occur, process
the passport, and mail it to the bearer.
One other point I would like to make be^-ause it is directly related
to our concern with security As the post office pro.(rram evolved, we
:
in the Passport Office sought to educate postal officials on the urgent

need to check the accuracy of the passport application and accompany-
ing documents. We prepared an analysis form for each post office send-
ing in applications, and indicated on this form the errors made
dividing them into serious errors and not-so-serious errors. The work-
load resultant was horrendous. In a period of 10 months, we forwarded
1,398 correction sheets covering a total of over 8.000 errors.We finally
gave up this educational program because we did not have the neces-
sary personnel to render such service. Correction sheets are now being
sent out to post offices by passport field agencies when time and work-
load permit. Statistics indicate that for the period of January 1
through Ausrust 1973, a total of 31,770 letters of notification were sent
to post officer, advisin^r them of over 73,000 errors. Those are the ones
we caught. T have no idea of how many we missed.
The extent of fraudulent documentation presented to the post offices
and to the clerks of courts is unknown. We only know what we dis-
cover in the course of our careful adiudication of the pa=sport ap-
plications after they are received in the Passport Office. T^Tien there
is no p^^rson-to-person contact by trained Passport Office personnel,
there obviously is a lesser chance of observation and detection of
fraud.
In 1968, the International Civil Aviation Organization composed of
delegates representing 126 countries, established a panel of passport
experts representing eight member nations to studv the development of
a new passport document with the aim of facilitating travel across the
international frontiers. Reprasented on this panel are Australia.
Canada. France, Germany. India, Kenva, Sweden, and the United
States. I was selected to represent the United States.
41
The first meeting of the panel took place in June 1969 at Montreal,
Canada. Subsequent meetings took place at Paris in May 1970 and
at Montreal in January 1972. "Work of the panel is presently being
continued by correspondence, with possible further meetings in mid-
1974.
There was premature enthusiasm among several members of the
—
passport panel for a "passport card" similar to a credit card in size
with identifying data. We did not share in the enthusiasm because of
some very specific drawbacks to a "card passport" and our concern
to meet the expectations and requirements of our citizens by providing
them with a secure document tamperproof identification as well as
;
convenience.
In the discharge of my responsibilities, both as Director of the
Passport Office and as a member of the ICAO Panel, I appointed on
January 10, 1969, an internal study committee within the Passport
Office composed of knowledgeable passport officers. This committee
was charged with studying the passport card which had been pro-
posed by several European members of the international panel and
about which we held grave reservations. Subsequently, the card pass-
port Avas considered a questionable substitute for the traditional book
format.
It should be remembered that the U.S. Passport Office issues more
passports in 1 year than all the other countries represented on the
Panel combined, so our arguments on the deficiencies of the card con-
cept carried some weight, especially with the security advisers to the
Panel, such as the representative from INTERPOL. Informal con-
sultations with the U.S. security community indicated their whole-
hearted support of the Passport Office position.
In connection with this study, the Passport Office on August 4, 1969,
requested the inclusion of $o5.b00 in its fiscal year 1971 budget, subse-
quently upped on August 28 to $75,000, to begin the research and de-
velopment of a new and improved passport document. Unfortunately,
this modest initial request for funds to begin this essential work was
denied by the Department on the recommendation of the Bureau of
Security and Consular Affairs of which we are a component office. The
Passport Office was not permitted to address its request to higher au-
thorities since I was advised that the Bureau's denial of funds was
supported by the Department.
Thus, the research of the internal Passport Office Committee was
forced to proceed without funds, depending entirely upon the gratis
cooperation of private companies in the identification and documenta-
tion field. Over a 3-year period, the committee discussed existing
technology in identification documentation with 80 companies, all of
which cooperated with us for free.
On May 28. 1970, the Passport Office once again requested $75,000
for research and development of a new passport be included in a
supplemental budget for fiscal year 1971. Again this request was not
supported by the Bureau nor approved by the Department's Budget
Office. Frankly, we Avere talking into a vacuum, because we only have
access to persons totally devoid of any basic knowledge or concern
with travel documents. The project was essentially dead and the mem-
bers of the ICAO Panel expressed astonishment that our Government
42
was so disinterested in a matter which merited top level concern and

support in all high volume tourist countries.
In desperation I wrote to the President in December 1970, asking for
an appointment. This was promptly arranged for December 14, 1970,
and I discuss our security, fraud, and project problems with him. The
President showed enthusiasm for the project of researching and de-
veloping a new passport, especially since I thought it could be de-
veloped in time for the Bicentennial. He asked me how much I needed
for this project and I cited the figure of $75,000. The President in-
dicated his approval and it is a fact that the White House commu-
nicated the President's personal interest in and support of this project,
but despite this, 6 months elapsed before any action was taken by
the Department.
Finally, the project was expanded and with the President's support
$150,000 was appropriated in the fiscal year 1972 budget to let a con-
tract for the research and development of a new passport and im-
proved methods of issuance. These funds became available to the
Passport Office on July 22, 1971, 23 months after the Passport Office
requested them.
The committee within the Passport Ofilce bee;an to draft a compre-
hensive statement of the work to be included in the solicitation for
bids on the contract. The request for proposals was released on Jan-
uary 5, 1972. Deadline for bids on the contract was February 11, 1972.
Bids were received from over 20 companies and research organiza-
tions. A review panel of experienced passport officers Avas constituted
to read, study and evaluate each proposal against the criteria set forth
in the request for proposals. On the basis of technical evaluation and
Avithin the funds' restrictions imnosed by the Department, the field was
finallv narrowed down to two bidders. A series of nearotiations fol-
lowed and the contract was awarded to Commiter vSciences Corp. on
May 15. 1972. 33 months after the Passport Office asked for funds and
17 months after the President had expressed his interest in and sup-
port of the proiect to the Department.
So much, Mr. Chairman, for the backo^round on how we finallv
manaoêd to p-et moving on the program to develop a new concept for a
travel document.
[The followinqf articles were ordered into the record on p. 76.]
[From the New York Times, May 17, 1972]
U.S. Okdebs a Study op Passport System

—
Washington, May 16. Frances G. Knight, director of the United States Pass-
port Office, announced today a $1.50,000. one-year research award to determine
what passport improvements might be made in these days of growing travel
abroad.
In annonncine: the study contract with Coninuter Sciences Corporation of Los
Ajigele.s. Mi.ss Knight made plain she does not believe a simple identification card
pa.ssport would suffice for travel by United States citizens all over the world "in
the foreseeable future."
Segments of the travel industry and the passport panel of the International
Civil Aviation Organissation have recommended adoption of a card type of pass-
port.
Passports of the United States and most other governments include identifica-
tion of the pa.ssport holder and pages for insertion of visas and stamped nota-
tions of entry into other countries.
More than 140 countries now require visas for United States travelers. An
identification card passport would have little space for stamping a visa.
43
[From the Washington Star, May 21, 1972]
Passport Change Is Under Study
Director Frances G. Knight of tiie U.S. Passport office lias announced award-
ing of a private research contract to study the creation of a new and better
"in-
ternational travel document."
Miss Knight, generally acclaimed for having "revolutionized the passport of-
'
fice since she became director 17 years ago, said she was proud
of the progress but
wanted to see if a new document to replace the three types of American passports
now being used would serve travelers better.
She said that while the present operation Ls "described internationally as the
most efficient passport operation in the world," she and her staff still were looking
for "constructive change" to provide better and more efficient service.
The office in 1971 issued 2.3 million passports.
It took in about $22 million, while the direct cost to the government for
the
operation was between $8 million and $9 million.
The research contract, awarded to Computer Sciences Corp., calls for the ex-
penditure of $150,000.
Contract Awarded for Passport Study

U.S. Passport Director Frances G. Knight announced yesterday a $150,000. one-
year research award to determine what U.S. passport improvements might be
made in these days of mushrooming travel abroad.
Mr. SouRWiNE, Do you want to turn over to Mr. Duggan now ?
Miss Knight. Yes, sir.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Xow. Miss Knight, that is fine. Mr. Duggan may
proceed but I wish you would stand by because the committee is very
much interested in this matter of passport security. As you know, we
have taken testimony on it before. We knew of the award of the con-
tract which was a matter of public record and we just cannot let this
record stop back in May 1972. We have got to know more about it.
I will ask you when^Mr. Duggan is through, and you may make
notes in the meantime if you want to, but we would like to have a state-
ment from you that will bring this whole subject up to date.
Miss Kntoht. Yes, sir.
Mr. SouRwîNE. Right down to where we are now when Mr. Duggan
finishes his presentation.
Miss Knight. Yes, sir.
Mr. DuGGAX. Mr. Chairman, distinguished members of the subcom-
mittee, I will be glad to answer any questions you may have to the
best of my ability. In my 33 years with the Passport Office, I have been
exposed to most'of our'lega'l and security problems. Therefore, I can
speak from years of experience and personal involvement in my area
of work. I believe you may be interested in the overall passport fraud
situation as it now exists.
The overall passport fraud picture shows that, during the fiscal
year 1973, we detected 449 fraudulent domestic applications. This is
an increase of 149 over the previous fiscal year, when we detected 300
fraudulent applications filed in the United States. This is an increase
of 158 percent. This increase is indicative of some of the evds which
beset our society, namely, the drug trafficking problem and the illegal
alien problem. Since most of our frauds are perpetrated by persons
falling within an identifiable age group it is realistic to put this fraud
percentage in practical terms. In fiscal year 1972, we issued 921,260
passports to persons within this age group. During the same period,
we uncovered 300 domestic frauds within that age group. This amounts
to one fraud discovered for each 3,070 applications.
u
Mr. SouRWiNE. Do you think that is all the fraud cases there are or
are you missing some ?
Mr. DuGGAx. I do not think there is any doubt but we are missing
—
some. I think fraud detection is similar to the iceberg where the
greater proportion is well concealed and undetected.
In fiscal year 1973, we issued 945,080 passports to persons within the
age identifiable age group. In fiscal year 1973 we discovered 449 do-
mestic frauds within that age group. This amounts to one fraud for
each 2,104 applications. In addition to the frauds perpetrated by drug
traffickers and illegal aliens, we also have frauds perpetrated by mili-
tant groups, confidence men and fugitives.
Examples of the various types of frauds will be cited later in the
statement. Eeduced to simple terms, passport frauds and those frauds
relating to passport frauds are symbolic of other fraudulent activities
in the United States. Reduced to basic terms, it concerns what might
be termed "the mystery of identification in our present open society."
With regard to drug-related passport frauds, the greatest problem
we now have is caused by the activities of the group called the Brother-
hood of Eternal Love. We became involved in this activity in June of
1972. The activities of this group were discussed briefly by Miss
Knight when she testified before this committee on September 15, 1972.
Pertinent information is contained on pages 5 and 6 of the report of
the hearing. Information on the Brotherhood and related passport
fraud information was updated in Miss Knight's communication to
Senator Strom Thurmond which was inserted in the Congressional
Record on June 28, 1973. That information is now outdated.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Chairman, may I ask that the letter to Senator
Thurmond be placed in this hearing record in an appendix and identi-
fied at this point in the record ?
The Chairman. Without objection.
[The letter referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 91.]
Mr. SouRWTNE. Go ahead, sir.
Mr. DuGCAN. Therefore, I would like to submit a revised table to
the committee bringing the information on the Brotherhood frauds
up to October 1, 1973.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Tliat is fine. Now, when Miss Knight testified on
September 15, 1972, I believe she told us that 40 cases of passport
fraud had been sent to the Office of Security for investigation in con-
nection with the Brotherhood of Eternal Love and that another 10
or 12 cases previously sent for investigation had been tentatively
identified asmembers of the Brotherhood. By April 27, 1973, the
number of passport frauds detected in connection with the Brother-
hood of Eternal Love had risen to what?
Mr. DuGGAN. 73.
Mr. SouRwiNE. By June 1, 1973, how many was it?
Mr. DuGGAN. 120.
Mr. SouRWiNE. As of August 1973, how many?
Mr. DuGGAN. August 1973, I will have to refer to my notes. I have
a fisnire for July 12. 1973.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Well, give us July 12.
Mr. DuGGAN. July 12, 1973, 124.
Mr. SouRwixE. And how many now?
Mr. DuGGAN. 130.
Mr. SouRwiNE. 130. Do vou think vou have them all yet?
45
Mr. DuGCAx. "We again relate to the iceberg theory pertinent to all
fraudulent activities.
Mr. SouRWiXE. Do you not know how many more there may be?
Mr. DuGGAx. Xo, I do not.
Mr. SouRWiXE. In connection with this one organization.
Mr. DuGGAX. No. The fraud is hidden, as Miss Knight stated.
Mr. SouRWixE. Go ahead, sir, you have a table you want to put in
the record.
Mr. DuGGAX. That is the exhibit.
Mr. SouRWiXE. May this be received, Mr. Chairman?
The Chairmax. "Without objection.
[The document referred to follows:]
BROTHERHOOD FRAUDS
April 27, June 1, July 12, October 1

1973 1973 1973 1973
Number of frauds 73 120 124 130

Type of fraud:
Alteration of passport.. 2 2 2 2
Fraudulent 4jse of passport ..- 2 2 2 2
Identifying witness 9 17 19 20
False statement... 60 99 101 106
Place passport application filed (false statement viola-
tions):
Los Angeles 22 31 32 32
San Francisco 13 24 24 25
Miami 6 6 6
Chicago - 4 4 4 4
PostOffice 4 5 5 5
New York - 3 5 5 5
Kabul 3 3 3 3
Clerk of court 2 6 6 8
Other 9 15 15 18
Year fraudulent application filed (prior to 1969) (false
statement violations)... 3 5 5 6
1969 10 11 11 12
1970 - 11 20 20 21
1971 21 35 35 36
1111
1972 - - -- 13 23 23 24
1973 5 7 7
2
Detected before issue (1972-73):

San Francisco
Seattle
Miami
Los Angeles
Hawaii
Lookout system
New Orleans
-
1112
4
11111
4 4
1
4
1
1
Total 8 8 10 11
Referred U.S. Attorney 45
Indicted 25
Convicted. 2
Declined:
1— No reason
2— Charged other offense -.. 3
Counterfeit birth certificates detected 27 45 48 51
Purported issuing authority:

Hospital 5 6 6 6
Nebraska 8 8 8
Missouri 4 5 6 6
Chicago 1* * * 1
Colorado 2 2 2 2
Utah 2 3 3 3
North Carolina 3 3 3
New York 2
Ohio 2 2 2
California *
Other (Less than 2 apiece) 12 14 11
Mr. Duggax. This table shows that as of October 1, 1973, we had

detected 130 passport violations connected with the Brotherhood of
Eternal Love.
23-538 0—73-
: :
46
Of this number, 42 have be^n submitted to the U.S. Attorney for

prosecution, 25 have been indicted, and five have been convicted. In
three cases, prosecutions were declined by the U.S. Attorney, since
persons were charged with other offenses. You will note that, of the
total number of frauds, 31 concerned jDassport applications which
were filed during the years 1972 and 1973. The majority of the viola-
tions concerned applications which were filed prior to 1972. Of the 31
fraudulent applications filed in 1972 and 1973, 11 or over 35 percent
were detected before issuance.
Mr. SouRwixE. You mean two-thirds of the fraud cases now known,
the passports were issued?
Mr. DuGGAX. That is correct. We
will get into that problem.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Go ahead.
Mr. DuGGAN. This effectiveness in detection is largely due to an
intensive fraud training program directed at passport office agents
throughout the country which we initiated in the Spring of 1972.
At this point I would like to correct the statement made by Mr.
Sinclair this morning. On page 10 of his statement he states
On Sept. 23, 1973, the State Department publicly announced that a tougher
screening process would be used in the issuing of passports due to the Brother-
hood of Eternal Love.
So far as I know, the State Department did not issue any such
statement on that particular day or at any other time. Our training
program began in the Spring of 1972.
Mr. SouRwiNE. What is the date in question now ?
Mr. DuGGAx. It is on page 10 of Mr. Sinclair's statement. He said
On Department publicly announced that a tougher
Sept. 23, 1973, the State
screening process would be used in the issuing of passports due to the Brother-
hood of Eternal Love.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Well, I call your attention to the fact that the Phila-
delphia Sunday Bulletin of Sunday, September 23, 1973, in its travel
and resorts section, had a special feature article advertised on the front
of the resort section as "Inside Report on America's Passport Lady,"
purporting to be an interview with Miss Barbara M. Watson, Admin-
istrator of the Security and Consular Affairs, by reporter Edward
Neilan of the Philadelphia Bulletin, or at least labeled "Special to
the Bulletin" with a Washington dateline. Have you seen that?
Mr. DuGGAN. I have not, sir.
Mr. SouRwiNE. I do not know whether I should ask you to comment
on it or ask Miss Knight to comment on it.
Miss Knight, have you seen this Philadelphia Bulletin story I refer
to?
Miss Knight. Yes, sir, I received a copy of it yesterday in my office.
[The article referred to may be found on p. 76.]
Mr. SouRwiNE. Well, then. I will wait until Mr. Duggan is through
and ask you to comment on it, I will say, to me, as counsel for the com-
mittee, what is said here is inherently incredible and if it is true, I
think we certainly want to know about it. You are moving back into
the dark ages if this is true.
Go ahead, Mr. Duggan.
Mr. Duggan. In 49 of the cases, counterfeit birth certificates were
submitted. The States involved are listed.
: :
47
Mr. SouRwiNE. 49 of what cases ? I lost yon.

Mr. DuGGAN. I am sorry. I refer to the table I submitted regardmg
the brotherhood frauds.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Go ahead.
Mr. DuGGAX. In 49 of the cases counterfeit birth certificates were
submitted. The States involved are listed on page 5 of the chart here-
with submitted. The city of Chicago seems to be a favorite target of
the drug traffickers since 14 cases involving false claims of birth in
Chicago have been micovered.
One of the founders of the brotherhood, Timothy Francis Leary,
obtained a passport on a false identity on September 22, 1970, 10 days
after his escape from a State prison" at California on September 12.
1970. With his fraudulently obtained passport, he left the United
States and ended up in Algeria as a guest of Eldridge Cleaver, one of
the leaders of the Black Panthei-s. Ultimately, Leary left Algeria and
successfully fought an extradition order in Switzerland. After being
"requested'' to leave Switzerland, in December 1972, he ultimately
appeared in Kabul on January 14. 1973, where he was apprehended
and returned to the United States on January 18, 1973. He is now-
back in prison in California. . ^^
In a book entitled, "Timothy Leary— Confessions of a Hope Fiend,

published in July 1973, the author described the methods by which he
and his wife obtained LT.S. passports in false identities. I think the
best method of revealing the basic facts is to quote from the book.
The author attempts to cloud the circumstances by the use of code
names, false names, and false locations. Despite this tactic the meth-
ods used, as well as other facts, are quite evident.
With regard to the methods used by Mrs. Rosemary Leary to obtain
the passport in a false identity the author quotes his wife on pages 97,
98 and 99 as follows
We had a heavy schedule. Wig, makeup, photographs, license bureau, library,
social security card.
Getting a new head took the most time. I never knew there could be so many
kinds of wigs.
Looking at myself in the mirror I saw the faces of my midwestern cousins.
Oh, Lord, must I look this way? Fresh from the beauty shop plastic lady. The
longer I looked the less I liked her. But have a little sympathy. What's her story?
Twenty-eight Single. She needs makeup, her skin is too sallow. What's her
name? Margaret Ann McCreedy. Lived with her parents until last month, got
her owTi apartment in Berkeley. Supersecretary for an insurance firm.
Let's what emerges after some makeup. Department store cosmetics.
see
Orange-pink lipstick. Dark brown eyebrow pencil. False eyelashes. Need help
there. The salesgirl was obliging.
OK, Pam. Behold Margaret Ann McCreedy. I felt weird. What a change.
Next morning to the passport office in the cold-steel Federal building. I filled
out forms using national holidays for my parents' birthdays. My occupation is
student.
I was worried about the driver's license so I held up my right hand and pledged
allegiance, smiling and thanking him. He told me I could come back and pick it
up that afternoon.
A fatwoman clerk was talking on the phone with an index file in front of
her. A long wait and she asked me my name. I couldn't remember it I flushed !
and dropped my bag. I prayed. I stood up and said Margaret Ann McCreedy. I
took the passport and fled back to hotel. That night we flew back to San Fran-
cisco. I wish you could see my passport picture. It's so funny.
With regard to his own obtention of a passport in a false identity,

the author quotes his companion as follows
: : — : ——
48
There's a wallet and set of IDs in the pocket. Your name is William McMillan.
Your birthday is November 14, 1929. Your address is 2925 Northridge Road, Salt
Lake City.
I'm going to dye your hair now. A strange trailer just pulled up. They look
suspicious.
The person dyeing Leary's hair says

Kelly is my code name, not my real name. * * • and the name of our tribe is
the Weathermen Underground.
The escape of Leary from the United States is then discussed by

the group as follows
Let's use a simple plan. We're having a set of IDs made here. Use a faraway
city address. Tucson, Arizona, or Atlanta, Georgia. Friday you go down and get
a Utah State driver's license. There won't be time for a picture but your descrip-
tion will be on the temporary license. Sunday you fly to New York, Monday
apply for a passport. You can get it in a day. Monday night you fly to the Third
World. Surface with Eldridge Cleaver in Algeria.
How the Learys leave the United States is discussed on page 150.
Apply for a passport or hijack a plane?
They'll be looking for me to dress up or hide behind a beard. The strategy is to
take off my hair. Bald. Who's the barber? Kelly
the person he was riding with at the time
Kelly snipping my top hair close to the scalp. It was a slow process.
"Not bad. Now let's shave it clean."
"Take it easy, bloody gashes will betray."
I walk to the bathroom and peer in the mirror at a high-domed, chicken-plucked
moose-faced baldpate stranger.
Then we turn to page 157 when he describes going into the Pass-
port Office.
A nice Detroit policeman directed us to the Federal Building. I recalled coming
to testify for John Sinclair and the Seven in Judge Hoffman's court as Pam
guided me up the elevator to the door of the U.S. State Department Passport
Division.
I pulled out the ID cards and paper with my personal history. My name and
birth date. Now create a father's name and date and invent a mother's name
and date and a wife named Sylvia and two lovely children.
A large sign above the counter listed the requirements for a passport. Birth
certificate. OK. Photos. OK. Personal identification with picture. That's the
problem.
I flash a slight smile of understanding
to the clerk.
You'll have no bureaucratic trouble from W. J. McMillan, a fine upstanding
Catholic businessman with two lovely children. Her eyes twinkled. Birth cer-
tificate. That's fine, Mr. McMillan. Personal ID? Driver's license? No. I'm afraid
I don't drive. Will Social Security card do? She frowned in concern. No it has to
have your picture or identification.
Ah, I do have something here. Aunt Bridget took my hunting license in her
plump hand.
Yes, Mr. McMillan, I can accept this. It has your description.
You or your friend can pick up your passport in three hours at the counter
over there.
Later in the afternoon
The plane was to leave for Madrid at 5:30 and we had to be at the airport at
4 :30. At 4 :00 I looked down to .see Pam and Kelly leaping out of the cab. They
breezed into the hotel room flashing the ink-wet passport.
49
I would like to submit to the subcommittee for observation photo-

graphs of Dr. Leary and Mrs. Leary as they normally appear, and
photographs as they appeared after physical changes were made. I
think you will agree that the differences in appearance are most
striking.
Mr. SouRwixE. Mr. Chairman, may these go in the record if they can
be satisfactorily reproduced ?
[The photographs referred to follow :]
Timothy Francis Leary - Rosemary Leary
Before and After
Timothy Francis Leary AKA William Mc Millan
yJ^ i ^
Rosemary Leary AKA Margaret Ann Mc Creedy
*•» «^
%
50
Mr. Dttggan. The question obviously comes to mind, is the method

used by Leary the only method used to obtain U.S. passports
fraudulently ?
In our experience, the answer is emphatically no. A more complete
story is told in an underground pamphlet entitled "The Paper Trip."
It is, in effect, a brazen "how to do it" manual sîvin^ extensive in-
formation on methods of obtaininjs: bona fide birth certificates as well
as identification. The recommended procedure is called the obituary
method or the obtention of birth certificates of children who die in
infancy.
Mr. SouRWixE. We are familiar with that document, and I respect-
fully su2:g:est to the Chair that no useful purpose can be served by
havinfi: us reprint it in this record. "We do not want to give it any more
circulation than it already has.
Mr. DuGGAN. I appreciate that. I think the more circulation given to
this undergfround pamphlet, the more problems we are going to have.
Mr. SouRwiNE. It is a handbook on how to commit fraud on
passports.
Mr. DuGGAx. Riarht.
Mr. SouRWTNE. You are telling us you are familiar with it, and from
your experience people practice what it preaches.
Mr. DuGGAx. As a matter of fact, that is so, and we will submit
proof to show that one of our passport frauds actually used that par-
ticular pamphlet to get a passport.
Mr. SouRwiNE. All right. Go ahead. That Avould interest us.
Mr. DuGGAX. Well, I will provide documentary proof that the book-
let. "The Paper Trip," is used bv persons to obtain T-S. passports. I
submit to the subcommittee a letter dated July 8. 1973, from a person in
Los Angeles who admitted that she and her liusband used the instruc-
tions in "The Paper Trip" to assist them in obtaining passports in
false identities.
Mr. SouRwiNE. May this be received, Mr. Chairman ? I notice por-
tions of this have been blocked out. The purpose of it is to protect the
identity of the writer ?
Mr. DuGGAN. Yes. To protect the identity of the writer, and since
it is in the process of prosecution and investigation, I think it is best
to delete all names.
Mr. SouRwiNE. But you are not protecting the writer from investiga-
tion or possible prosecution.
Mr. DuGGAx. No.
Mr. SoTJRWixE. And you are proceeding.
Mr. DuGGAN. Yes. It is merely proof to show that "The Paper Trip"
has in fact been used as we have suspected.
Mr. SouRwiNE. I ask that this may go into the record, Mr. Chairman-
[The document referred to follows :]
July 8, 1973.
U.S.State Department,
Passport Agency,
Lawndnle, Calif.:
This letter Is In regard to two passport applicationsfilled out In September and
November of last year. I recently contacted the passport oflSce in Los Angeles and
explained my situation and have been advised to write this letter.
:
51
In September, 1972, out a passport application under the name of —

1 filled
-, which is my maiden
name. I was married at the time and my legal name
was On the passport application I stated that I wasn't married.
.
The reason I filled out the application in my maiden name was because I had
separated from my husband a month before and when we got back together
I used my maiden name because I no longer considered myself "married" to
him. I had started divorce proceedings while we were separated which were
stopped when we reconciled. Also, my husband had numerous bill collectors
hounding him because of debts incurred before we were married. By using the
name of I would not have the hassle from the collectors who were looking
,
for my husband for something that I had nothing to do with. On the application
I gave a post office box address for the passport to be sent to.
Shortly thereafter a passport application was filled out by my husband.
,who I was living with at the time. For this passport he tried to change his
name to I do not know how this was done. I later learned that he put
,
as the person to notify in case of emergency. A few days later I

received a letter at where we were living at the
,
time. The letter was in regards to the application and was the first time
I knew of such an application. Then there were phone calls to my relatives in
regard to my whereabouts plus questions about " ". This scared me because
I thought I was going to be in trouble about having lied on the application
(during this time the passport had been sent to the post office box address
and had been returned by the post office to your office.) I wâs also afraid I
would be tied in to the application which I didn't have any thing to do
with. Unfortunately instead of being rational and smart. I had already planned
to leave Los Angeles to drive across the United States, so I left as planned.
I had seen a book entitled, "The Paper Trip" in the Los Angeles Free Press
claiming to tell you how to change your ID "legally". I thought this was a solu-
tion, not fully realizing the seriousness of the situation.
The drive across took a week and was made by myself and my husband. We
arrived in Miami and stayed with relatives for a week. We then left for Penn-
sylvania where we stayed for a month in a house we rented. In Pennsylvania is
where we received "The Paper Trip" and started gathering the necessary things
to obtain the passports (birth certificates and other identification). In "The Paper
Trip" it is fully explained how to do this find the name of someone deceased,
:
in old newspapers obtainable in any large library, who is close to the age you
would like to be, obtain the death certificate, from the dfâth certificate you
get the information necessary for the birth certificate. For $2.00 you can obtain
the birth certificate.
Once I obtained the birth certificate, I left for New York still without the neces-
sary identification. In New York a printer printed school identification cards
with all the necessary information with a picture attached and laminated it
;
looked like a regular school ID card.

In New York the time for receiving passports was too long, so we drove to
Philadelphia to fill out the application. This was November 27, 1972. I filled out
and received a passport (enclosed) as on this day. On Decem-
ber 5 we left for Europe staying in London for two months, while trying to get
;
a business going importing guitars. When this was unsuccessful we returned.

It took me three months to get the money to take the trip back to Los Angeles.
I was in New York for two weeks with friends and in Pennsylvania for two and a
half months. I separated from my husband in Pennsylvania and I'm in the proc-
ess of obtaining a divorce. I'm now living with my parents and my only wi.sh is
to correct my records. I realize now that I only made matters worse by not clear-
ing it up in the beginning, but I was young (19) and very foolish at the time.
I feel that things went far enough and that now is the time to have things cor-
rected. If there are any further questions, I can be reached at
I hope things can be straightened out and I'm very sorry.

Thank you.
52
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53
Mr. DuGGAN. Now, on paê 15 of "The Paper Trip," reference is

made to the "U.S. Driver's License Guide" issued by a private com-
pany in California.
Now, this book contains reproductions of every driver's license is-
sued by every State in the Union. I was concerned that the booklet in
the wrong hands would add to the problems of law enforcement agen-
I drafted a letter to the firm expressing my concern. Copies of my
cies.
letterand reply are offered for the information of the subcommittee.
Mr. SouRWiNE. May these go in the record, Mr. Chairman ?
[The documents referred to follow :]
Septembeb 26, 1972.
Mr. Keith Doebqe,
President, Drivers License Ouide Co.,
Redwood City, Calif.
Dear Mb. Doeroe : I refer to your letter of September 13, 1972, forwarding a
courtesy copy of the 1973 edition of the Drivers License Guide.
In reviewing the 1973 edition, I have noted that there are many changes from
the original edition. For this reason, I am recommending that a number of copies
of the 1973 edition be obtained for our organization. I would like to make one
observation. Tour guide is designed to help prevent fraud and it is very helpful
in this regard. However, it would appear that there are no controls placed
upon persons who can obtain this manual. For this reason, persons who wish
to perpetrate frauds by obtaining drivers licenses fraudulently find their efforts
greatly eased by resorting to your manual.
I would appreciate being informed i)ersonally what efforts, if any, your
organization makes to endeavor to keep this manual in the hands ot persons
using it for the law-enforcement purpose for which it was created.
Sincerely,
W. E. DUQGAN,
Chief, Legal Division, Passport Office.
Drivebs License GtrroE Co.,

October 5, 1972.
Mr. W. E. Dtjqgan,
Chief, Legal Division,
Passport Office, Department of State,
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mb. Duggan Thank you for your help in recommending the Guide for
:
use.
Ican understand your concern with the proper distribution of the Guide, and
we do try to maintain control.
Originally, this was discussed with Department of Justice personnel and
various police forces. The conclusion reached was as follows :
Criminal elements counterfeiting licenses do so by reference to a real,

valid license from that state. These are not difficult for him to obtain.
Law enforcement and business operations are forced to detect those coun-
terfeit licenses with no reference at all or with the reproductions in the
Drivers License Guide.
The conclusion was that the counterfeiter wasn't gaining much by having a
Guide if he could get one, but that the detection of counterfeits would certainly
be helped.
I hope that this explains the position taken. While we screen requests and
control locations where it's available, we do want valid law enforcement and
business interests to be protected.
Thanks again for your interest.
Sincerely,
Keith Doerge, President.
Mr. Duggan. The obituary method is being used as of this moment.

I might state that during the first week of September, we received
54
information that two individuals posing as insurance actuaries ob-

tained permission to review State vital records on an Eastern State.
After these individuals had been engaged for some time in their activi-
ties, the suspicion of one of the experienced employees was aroused.
It was ascertained that the two individuals were checking death rec-
ords as well as birth records for deceased children. A short time later,
requests were being received from individuals for copies of the very
records which were reviewed by these two persons. The Passport Of-
fice is taking appropriate action to forestall the issue of passports in
the names involved. How many times similar procedures are being
used or have been used to get into vital records, one can only hazard a
guess.
Steps have been taken by the Passport Office to detect persons fraud-
ulently applying for U.S. passports using the techniques expounded
in "The Paper Trip." In all frauds detected, the Passport Office is rec-
ommending vigorous prosecution.
There is no mystery as to why persons engaged in criminal activities
desire U.S. passports and will go to any lengths to obtain them. In
most oases, these individuals are already known in their true identities
by law enforcement agencies, and some of them are being sought as
criminals by law enforcement agencies. To continue their illegal activi-
ties, they need new identities. Since the U.S. passport is considered
one of the best, if not the best document of identification that exists,
the carefully laid plans and persistent efforts of the criminal element to
secure U.S. passports in false identities is understandable.
The basic problem underlying most of our passport frauds reduces
itself down to the question of identification. How is the identity estab-
lished of an individual who applies for a U.S. passport? How is the
identity established of any person who applies for a driver's license, a
credit card, a social security number, or any other document?
There is no single document issued in the United States available to
the general public which conclusively establishes identification. The
United States has no national registration, and there is no coordina-
tion between birth and death records. There are millions of people in
this country who are unidentifiable by any documentary standards.
Drivers' licenses issued by the various States are the commonly
accepted documents of identification in obtaining credit cards, cashing
checks, and so forth. However, a close look at the methods by which the
various States issue drivers' licenses makes one thino; crystal clear:
There is no effort on the part of the issuing authorities to establish
the identification of the person appearing before them for a driver's
license.
In a newspaper article appearing in the AVashington Post of
August 28, 1973, it is stated in the headlines that "identity proof"
will be required of a person applyins: for a driver's license in the Dis-
trict of Columbia. In reading the article carefully, however, it becomes
evident that what the District is requiring is the submission of a birth
certificate to establish the age of the applicant. But it is a fact that a
birth certificate is not evidence of identity. It is merelv evidence that
the peison named in the certificate was born in the United States, and
that is all.
Mr. SouRwiNE. As a matter of fact, have you ever researched the
question of whether it is a violation of any Federal law to get a birth
55
any person with a view to using it fraudulently

certificate issued to
in order to procure a passport or other Government document?
Mr. DuGGAX. Yes. It would be part of the violation of 18 U.S.C.
1542.
Mr. SouRWiNE. On what theory ?
Mr. DuGGAX. On the theory that this is part of your corpus.
Mr. SouRwixE. I do not think you understood me. I do not mean
to cut you off short. It is perfectly clear that if I obtain a birth cer-
tificate issued for my brother and presented it as my own birth cer-
tificate and apply for a passport, I am committino: an offense because
that is fraud. But when I write to the Bureau of Vital Statistics in
my hometown and ask for my brother's certificate or the birth cer-
tificate of any other named individual, I am not committing any fraud
even though! may intend thereafter to use it fraudulently.
Mr. DuGGAX. There is no Federal statute violated.
Mr. SoTjRWixE. Xo violation.
Mr. DuGGAx. To my knowledge, there is no Federal statute which
would cover that situation. That would have to be covered by State
law since a State document is involved. Some States do have such laws.
But Federal Government, no.
Mr. SoTJRWixE. There is no Federal statute in this area at all.
Mr. DuGGAX. Right.
Mr. SouR%âxE. In your judgment, would it be helpful if we had
one?
Mr. DuGGAX. It certainly would be helpful if we had one.
Mr. SouRWixE. Forgive my interjection. Go ahead.
Mr. DroGAx. AVe have found, in fraud case after fraud case, that
the procedure outlined in Learv's book works. Obtain a birth certificate
using one of the methods described in "The Paper Trin" submit the ;
birth certificate to the req;istrar of motor vehicles: and it is accepted at

face value that the anDlicant is the person named in the birth certif-
icate. It is a cycle of fraud begetting fraud. It is a known fact that
driver's licenses of manv States haA'e been counterfeited. It is also a
fact that genuine blank forms of driver's licenses have been stolen from
registrars' offices, thus permitting persons to insert in the blank spaces
anv personal data thev mav wish. It is a fact that a driver's license,
regardless of the sophistication of the card itself, is not secure evidence
of identitv since so easily obtainable.
it is
Mr. SorRwixE. There is a great tendency to accept Social Security

cards as evidence of identity and, of course, they are not in any sense
of the word, are they ?
Mr. DrCrGAX. Thev are not and they so state on the face.
Mr. SouRWixE. I know. And I can get a Social Security card under
any name I want to and fiet another one tomorrow and I am not even
committing an offense when I do it. xVs long as I do not use the card
to misrepresent myself for a fraudulent purpose as beins some person
other than what I am. I can even so to work under that false name and
if I am not defrauding anybodv there is no offense committed, is there?
Mr. DuGGAX. Xot so far as I know.
Mr. SouRWixE. No part of the Social Security law prohibits a man
from having, two, three, five or any other number of Social Security
cards under anv name he wants, is there ?
Mr. DroGAx. Onlv if von trv to collect benefits under each one.
Mr. SoFRWTXE. Onlv if he tries to collect—he cannot use them for
that purpose but they are not in any sense a violation.
56
Mr. DuGGAN. Not unless they try to collect benefits under different
identities.
Mr. SouRwiNE. And yet the Internal Revenue Service uses social
security numbers for identification. There is a great move in the direc-
tion of giving everybody a number. And the number is no identifica-
tion at all. Aman has a number and that number is no more iden-
tification than the name or a phony birth certificate or a phony
passport.
Go ahead.
Mr. DuGGAN, Now, we get into the area of fraudulent birth docu-
ments. If the committee so desires I will be glad to submit a number
of counterfeit birth documents.
Mr. SouRWiisrE. May these be received, Mr. Chairman, subject to the
order that if they can be accurately reproduced, they may be printed
in the appendix of this hearing.
[The documents referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 97.]
Mr. DuGGAN. Now. these kinds of documents are produced by com-
panies which advertise in newspapers. They can also be produced bv
criminal underground groups with printing- equipment and through
photographic processes. Any black and white document can be re-
produced easily with equipment that is generally available to the
public.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Off the record.
[Discussion off the record.]
Mr. DuGGAx. The easy reproduction of black and white is one of
the reasons we encourage State registrars to use safety paper or other
features that would make it more difficult for counterfeiting. This is
also why we insist on an embossed raised seal on a birth certificate.
There are some ways in which counterfeit documents can be readily
ascertained. These techniques are fully developed during our fraud
training seminars.
While we have many cases showing the effectiveness of our training
program, I will refer to one fairly recent case which uncovered a fugi-
tive who was associated with illegal drug activities.
On July 10, 1973, a female applied for a passport in the Washing-
ton Passport Agency. The agent handling the case, using techniques
which we have developed in the past 2 years, sensed that there was
something which did not ring true in the application. Since the ap-
plicant claimed to have lived in Akron, Ohio, a telephone call to the
Akron police resulted in the information that the applicant was a
parolee. She was subseouentlv arrested by the Metropolitan Police of
the District of Columbia. Later developments showed that a substan-
tial sum of money was found in the car she was using and she was
connected with a large drug operation. The police authorities in
AVashin<Tton and Ohio are now investi.qratin(r the activities of the
applicant.
Mr. SouRwiXE. Was that an unusual case of acuitv on the part of
your employee who made the discovery or became suspicious, at least,
of fraud or are all of your people trained in such a way that you ex-
pect them to do this ?
57
Mr. DuGGAN. At the present time, our people are trained to look for
precisely what this agent looked for in this particular case.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Now, how about the postal clerks who handle pass-
port applications? Do they have this training?
Mr. DuGGAN. No. The postal clerks do not have it nor do the clerks
of court have it.
Mr. SouRWixE. Have the postal clerks caught any phony applica-
tions as far as you know ?
Mr. DuGGAN. I think one case.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Have the clerks of court caught any ?
Mr. DuGGAN. The clerks of court have caught, I think, three cases
during the past year.
Mr. SouRWixE. Do you have any figures or can you give us a figure
proportionately what proportion of all passport applicants your own
people have detected to be fraudulent and what proportion of applica-
tions handled by them, respectively, have been detected as fraudulent
by either the clerks of court or the Postal Service ?
Mr. DuGGAN. Yes. I can furnish those.
Mr. SouRwiNE. May that be furnished for the record, Mr. Chairman,
to be inserted when the record is corrected by the witness ?
COMPARISON OF DOMESTIC FRAUDS DETECTED BEFORE ISSUE IN PROPORTION TO PERCENTAGE OF EXECUTED
APPLICATIONS SUBMITTED BY SOURCE— FISCAL YEAR 1973
Percentage of
executed
applications
Source submitted
Post office - ---

State clerks of court - ..-
Passport agencies
Mail-in applications
Federal clerks of court
Military passport agents
Legal division passport office 72 51.4
Domestic passport frauds, fiscal year 1973
Total frauds detected before issue 1^0

Total frauds detected after Issue 309
Total domestic frauds detected 44Q
Frauds detected before issue

Frauds detected by post oflBce 1
Frauds detected by clerks of court
Frauds detected by other law enforcement agencies 12
Frauds detected by Legal Division Passpore Office 60
Frauds detected by passport agencies

Frauds detected on applications executed by agencies 29
Frauds detected by agencies during adjudication of applications executed
by post office 15
Frauds detected by agencies during adjudication of applications executed
by clerks of court 23
Total detected by agencies .--- 67
Total frauds detected before issue 140

58
Frauds detected after issue

Frauds detected by post oflSce
Frauds detected by clerks of court
Frauds detected by other law enforcement agencies 182
Frauds detected by Legal Division Passport OflBce 119
Frauds detected by passport agencies

Frauds detected on Applications executed by agencies 3
Frauds detected by agencies on applications executed by post oflSce 2
Frauds detected by agencies on applications executed by clerks of court.- 3
Total detected by agencies 8
Total frauds detected after issue 309

Mr. DuGGAX. Now, with regard to the activities of militants in ob-
taining passport by fraud, I refer to the news item concerning the
shooting of a Xew Jersey policeman by a militant group on May 2.
1973. In the automobile the militants were driving, there was found
a quantity of blank birth certificates, identity documents and one
U.S. passport. Investigation disclosed that the passport had been
obtained fraudulently through the submission of a counterfeit birth
certificate. The militant group is known as the Black Liberation Army.
I would also like to furnish the news item concerning the arrest by the
—
FBI of Herman Bell one of the 10 most wanted criminals in New —
Orleans.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Do you have a number of items of this general nature
that you want to submit ?
Mr. DuGGAx. Yes.
Mr. SouRwixE. Mr. Chairman, may they be received en bloc for in-
sertion in the record ?
Off the record.
[The material referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 104.]
Mr. DuGGAx. The potential use of the lost or stolen U.S. passports
by foreign militant groups is a constant source of worry. When the
Arab guerrillas blew up the three planes in the African desert in
1970. we found a number of U.S. passports belonging to the U.S.
citizens who were on board the planes were missing. We
have, of
course, taken appropriate action to prevent illegal use of these
passports.
To this date. I am happy to say. we have not been faced witli the
use of any of these passports in anv hijackings or guerrilla activities.
Wliether such passports have, in fact, been used in crossing interna-
tional borders abroad cannot, of course, be ascertained. It would be
naivo to assume that such groups would not realize the value of such
documents to cover their activities.
We also live with the ever-present potential of the use of U.S. pass-
ports by foreign intelligence agencies.
The use of T"''.S. passports bv Colonel Abel, the convicted Soviet
espionage agent and his coworker. Mr. Hayhanen. are now of public
record. I think it is also known that Colonel Abel had in his possession
two or three birth certificates in different names at the time that he
was arrested. It is a well known fact that, in just about every espionage
:
59
case throucrhout the world, fraudulently obtained passports are in-

volved. In most cases, thev do not involve t^.S. passports.
It has recentlv come to mv attention that Mr. J. Bernard
Hutton,
who is identified as "Former Czecho Comunist Official" has written
a book entitled, "The Subverters." On page 57 of this book, he relates
how one Soviet subverter was provided with a U.S. passport to enter
the United States from Canada. Prior to her assignment in the United
States, she had undergone 10 years of training in the Soviet Gaczyna
Spy School. On pages 79 and 80, the following statement appears
The Gaczvna Spy School provided 15 master-subverters to be transported to
the United States of America in 1961. Every year after that, until 1966, another
15 joined the team. In 1967, 1968, and 1969, the number of master-subverters
was stepped up to 18—and in 1970, to 20. This formidable army of profes-sionals
has at its disposal many AAidespread networks of native-bom hard-core under-
cover subverters who obey orders unquestioningly. These men and women work
ceaselessly to provoke strikes and work-to-rule, riots, bomb explosions, arson,
kidnapings and killings.
It is reasonable to assume that U.S. passports were used to get

these subverters into the United States. It is not improbable that the
abilitv of these subverters to get a U.S. passport to enter the United
States may be the final test of his passage of the training in the spy
school.
Off the record.
Now, bearing in mind these interlocking criminal factors on the
outside, what is the Passport Office doing to combat fraud ? Tlie Pass-
port Office, in its internal fraud seminars, has emphasized its philos-
ophy that identity is a composite of a number of factors: it cannot
be compressed into a single clocument or even two or three documents.
A person's identity is factuallv as unique as his fingerprints. The basic
document or documents of identity submitted by an applicant, such
as a driver's license or other document with his physical description,
constitute merely a starting point to be considered along with all the
other information furnished by the applicant. Careful evaluation of
discovered frauds has enabled us to come up with 10 to 15 points of
reference which must be analyzed by the person adjudicating a pass-
port application. This takes time, experience and alertness. It also
takes personnel as well as additional facilities to reduce the pressure
on our agents.
My memorandum of April 27, 1973 to ]Miss Knight which was —
inserted in the Congressional Eecord of June 28. 1973, by Senator
—
Thurmond clearlv states my position on this point.
I would like to close on a personal note, if I mav. We
must get out of
the horse and bugg>' budget harness of productivity and realistically
look at the problems which are tearing at the very fibers of the in-
tegrity of the I^.S. passport and the passport svstem. If we do not, we
will become second best rather than the leader. When that happens, we
will have a more and more unmanageable securitv problem. After 33
years, I call the shots as I see them. Our fraud training is off to a good
start but it is only a start. We must permeate the entire system of
passport issuance here and abroad with the program. At the present
time, discussions with others interested in the identitv field indicates
that we are leaders in our new approach, but we must do better.
60
Mr. SouRwiNE. If our security is inadequate it is not because we are

not the best. But if the best is"^ not good enough we have got to be-
;
better.
Mr. DuGGAN. That is correct.
Mr. SoTJRwixE. Go ahead.
Mr. DuGGAN. We are the best, but the best is not good enough.
We have to do better or we will be victimized in the future by the
opposition as represented bv the examples given in this statement.
I^nless T get the staff I need for fiscal years 1974 and 1975, I will be
as effective as the little Dutch boy using his fingers to plug the many
holes in the dike.
Mr. SouRwixE. Have you made your request of the Appropriations
Committee?
Mr. DuGGAN. Yes. We have made repeated requests for additional
personnel to the Department.
Mr. SouRwixE. That is what I am trving to cover now. Has your
request gone through and been submitted to the Congress or is it still
with the Department ?
Mr. DuGOAN. It is with the Department.
Mr. SoTJRWixE. Manv times we come up against a situation, some
program is curtailed, there are serious results. Congress is blamed
because they did not provide the appropriation. If it never cleared the
Department, was not presented to the Congress, you cannot blame the
Cona:ress, can you?
Mr. DuGGAX". I affree.
Mr. SouRwîxE. Now. is there any law that would prohibit vou from
putting in this record a statement of what you asked your Depart-
ment for?
Mr. DuGGAN. I do not know of any law that would prohibit it.
Mr. SouRWTXE. If there is no law ap-ainst it, I would like to ask the
Chair that that be the order, that vou furnish us with a statement with
respect to what vou have asked for in this area for the past several
years and the coming fiscal year.
Mr. DuGGAX. All right.
Statement of Legal Division Personnel Requests Over the Past Sevebal
Years
To put in proper perspective the manpower picture for the Legal Division of the
Passport Office the following points should be made :
(a) Passport Office annual budget submissions to the State Department include
requests for new personnel positions. Sometimes these requests are denied in total
at Departmental level or are reduced in quantity before the submissions reach
the Congress.
(b) Although these positions are justified by indicating in what functions of
the Passport Office they are to be utilized, once approved, they are granted in
total to be employed wherever most needed. Personnpl positions are not ear-
marked to be used in specific segments of the Passport Office.
(c) Becau<ê of the increase in passport fraud cases over the past few years,
there has also been a great demand for increases in personnel in the Legal Divi-
sion. As a matter of priority, however, emphasis has been given to filling Legal
Division personnel requirements fir.=!t at the expense of other activities if neces-
sarv even thonch all other workloads in the Passport Office have also been in-
creasing steadily.
(d) Because of the tremendous expansion in fraud control workload, the
normal means of reouesting increa.ses in manpower, namely the annual budget
cycle, has not proven sufficiently successful in supplying the Legal Division
61
increased personnel requirements in a timely manner. Consequently, diversions

of manpower from other lower priority functions of the Passport Office to the
Legal Division have been necessary from time to time. This has created acute
manpower problems throughout the Passport Office particularly when total in-
creased manpower requests made by the Passport Office have been denied or
reduced before they reach the Congress.
(e) Even when personnel positions are authorized for hire the various re-
strictions, limitations and procedural obstacles which must be surmounted such
as Assistant Secretarial approvals for outside hire, stringent quotas on clerical
hire, and security clearance backlogs have prevented bringing new personnel on
board anywhere near as rapidly as desired.
The following table graphically illustrates the above points :
INCREASES IN LEGAL DIVISION PERMANENT PERSONNEL REQUESTS AND AUTHORIZATION COMPARED TO PASS-
PORT OFFICE TOTALS
62
Mr. SoTimwiNE. And in how many of each of those years there were
actual birth certificates f raiidulen.tly presented.
Mr. DuGGAX. Yes.
Mr. SouKwiNE. Can you do that ?
Mr. DuGGAN. Yes.
Mr. SoTJRWiNE. If you will do that for each of those years, 1970, 19 i 1,
1972, 1973 as far as has gone, it will be very helpful.

it
Mr. DuGGAK. We will be glad to.

[The material referred to may be found in the appendix, p. 109.]
Mr. SoTTRWiNE. We can iim the totals up. You need not total it if you
can give us that information.
Now% the question I asked specifically Avas whether, if it istrue that
750 brotherhood members and criminal associates have been identified
throughout the world, shouldn't you Jaiow the identities of the whole
750 and shouldn't you have some way to flag them? Do you have a
computer system for flagging them ?
Mr. DuGGAN. That, we do.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Well, shouldn't these people be in your computer
system for flagging ?
Mr. DuGGAN. They should.
Mr. Sot-RwaxE. Just to be sure you do not issue passports to anv of
—
them ? That will not be^ it will not completely insure it because if a
man comes in ^vith a new identity and suppoi-ting documents and gets
by the persons that he applies to he is going to get a passport before
you ever have a chance to stop it.
Mr. DuGGAX. May I make one statement. Mr. Sourwine? Since 1969
we have beeTi working with BXDD and, of course, DEA has just been
created, to try to fui-ther our liaison so that we could cooperate, and
we have extended to them our lookout facilities.
T\Ir. SouRwiXE. What do you mean by "them" ?
Mr. DuGGAX. And we are furnished with the ones they feel should
be furnished.
Mr. Sourwine. What do vou mean bv "them" ?
Mr. DuGGAX. BNDD.
Mr. Souravixe. You do this with others. You Avill accept warnings
from an^'body that lias information that will be useful to you.
Mr. DuGGAx. That is correct.
Mr. SouRWixE. Any Government department or agency. Hovv^ about
warnings from cooperating police departments. State, and Federal?
Mr. DuGGAX. x\bsolutely.
Mr. SouRWiXE. You receive them,
Mr. DuGGAX. That is right.
!Mr. SouRWTXE. And you get a good deal of it. do you 7iot ?
Mr. DuGGAX. We get a good deal of it.
—
Mr. SorRAViXE. Now. specifically with regard I aiii not trying to
go into your computer system. I am trying to get at this brotherhood.
Wo were told there are 750. You say you know about 550 of them.
Who is holding out on you ? Where are the other 200 ?
—
Mr. O'DowD. With the 550, sir we have had a number of aliases.
We have liad a number of parties who will give us a name where we
have not located the passport file which means this might be a local
distributor purely operating in California or he may have a passport
in a name they are not yet aware of and we are not yet aware of. But
we have searched well over a thousand passport files altogther.
63
Mr. SouRWiNE. Well, you li:ive searched well over a thousand but
1 am trying to get down
to the point of whether this Government
agency which tells us they have identified 750 brotherhood members
and their criminal associates has given you the list of the 750 or they
have only given jôu 550.
Mr. DuGGAN. The answer is no, they have not.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Have you sought it 'i
Mr. DuGGAN. We have a meeting scheduled for Friday with a

member of the new organization and this I will take up with him.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Do you have any doubts you are going to get it?
Mr. DuGGAN. I do not think there will be any doubt that I will get it.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Chairman, may I ask that the witness be in-
structed if he does not get it or make satisfactory arrangements for
getting it, if lie will so indicate when he is correcting his testimony.
]Mr. DuGGAN. I certainl}' will.
October 16, 1973.
On October 5, had a meeting with Mr. George Belk, Chief, Intelligence
1973, I
Operations of the Drug Enforcement Agency. During this meeting I made ar-
rangements to have Mr. Daniel Casey, Chief of Domestic Operations for DEA,
to meet with me for the purpose of obtaining the list of all the members of the
Brotherhood. We also agreed that during this meeting all possible avenues of
cooperation be explored.
Mr. Casey and I have tentatively agreed to meet the latter part of this week
or the first part of next week.
]\Ir. SouRWiNE. All right.

Xow. we had a —
I think it is a little out of date of 85 mem-
figure —
bers of this brotherhood who have been arrested and charged with
violations relating to drugs, income tax, or fraudulent passports. Does
this vary from your figure ? Do you have a different figure ?
Mr. DuGGAN. Well, our figure was only related to jâssport viola-
tions and our figure indicates that we have referred 42 cases to the
U.S. Attorney with regard to the brotherhood. Twenty-five of these
have been indicted, five convicted, and three declined.
Mr. Sour WINE. Well now, where do I have it from in my mind that
there were 240 false or fraudulent passport cases involved with mem-
bers of the Leai-y family, that is, these brotherhood members?
Mr. DuGGAN. Well, there are 130 that we Imow about. Again, there
may be a lack of commimication. I heard tliis morning that some one
person got as man}^ as five passports.
Mr. SouRWiNE. I think that is a point. Did we not have testimony
from you or from someone or a figure, a chart from someone in the
Passport Office for 240 fraudulent passport cases involved with the
brotherhood? That would include the duplications if there are four
or five in one person ?
It would be in effect if that figure were that of 140 people involved
whom you knew to be involved, you had 240 individual passports.
Some of them have two, three, four or more.
Mr. DuGGAN. Our figure is 130.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Not 240.
Mr. DuGGAN. No our figure is definitely 130.
;
Mr. SouRwiNE. Either persons or passports ?

Mr. DuGGAN. These are passport violations.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Passport violations, involving how many persons?
Mr. DuGGAN. How many persons? I think the figure is 106.
Mr. SouRwiNE. 106 persons?
64
]\Ir.DuGGAN. We o:et some duplication because in some cases there

are more than one violation of the passport statutes.
Mi: SouKWiNE. You are way ahead of us there because the figure we
had, I think, was 85 brotherhood members arrested and charged, for
all violationsincluding passport violations.
]Mr. O'DowD.We do not have that many who we know have been
indicated for passport fraud.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Well, what is the figure you just gave me ?
Mr. O'DowD. have only had 25 indictments that we are aware of.
We
Mr. SouRWiNE. Well, you have got 140—you said your fig-ure was
130.
Mr. DuGGAN. These are violations.
Mr. SouRWiNE. 130 violations. That means individual passports
were fraud cases.
Mr. DuGGAN, Right.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Only 25 people involved.
Mr. O'DowD. No, sir. There are more people involved. The U.S.
Attorneys have not returned indictments on some of them. Others
are so recent we have not had a chance to evaluate and record them.
Mr. SouRWiNE. To clarify this, can you furnish when you correct
your testimony, the most up-to-date possible chart showing how many
members of the brothei^hood known as such have been involved in
passport fraud cases, How many total pass]5ort fraud cases have been
uncovered that are comiected with the brotherhood ? We are not ask-
ing you to say how many passports in each case but that will givp
the committee an idea. That is just two figures. Will you do that?
Mr. DuGGAN. Yes.
Mr. O'DowD. Certainly.
[The figures referred to may be found in the table on p. 45]
Mr. SouRWiNE. I have no more questions to ask of you gentlemen.
I would ask you, Mr. Chairman, in line with what you said previously,
that if these jrentlemen have finished, that Miss Knight come back
because we do have some questions to ask her. We will hear her presen-
tation in response to the earlier request and then I have some ques-
tions to ask.
Miss Knight. Well, sir, do you wish me to bring the record up to
date on the contract ?
Mr. So"DRWiNE. Yes, please.
Miss Knight. As I said, the contract was awarded to Computer
Science Corp. on May 15, 1972. The contract, vrhich ran for 1 year, re-
quired the contractor to identify all of the problems and requirements
associated with international travel documents, and on the basis of
an analvsis of these problems and requirements to recommend a new
passport document and new and improved methods for its issuance.
Present status.— On the basis of all of the information gathered and
analyzed by the contractor workins: with the staff of the Passport Of-
fice,"the Government Printing Office and various segments of private
industry, concepts of the new passport were developed and prototypes
manufactured. The final report from the contractor with the problems
and requirements identified, as well as recommendations, were deliv-
ered on May 15, 1973. After a careful review by members of the Pass-
port Office 'Task Force, the document was referred to the Undersec-
retary for Security Assistance for consideration. The details in the
65
final reportand recommendations arc currentlj^ held on a "need-to-

know" basis in order to preclude misinformation, misrepresentations
and other o-uesswork from those who have no basic knowledge of the
criminal conditions which give this project a sense of urgency. Secu-
rity of the document, as well as its mission to establish the citizenship
and unalt orable identity of the bearer are the basic guidelines to which
we have adhered.
If a new passport document is developed, possessing the required
security and international acceptance for which the Passport Office
strives, a target date should be set. As of January 1973, the Passport
Office considered July 4, 1976 as a possible starting date for the
issuance of a new and improved document. Over a 5-year period, the
old passports would be phased out through expirations. This timetable
would coincide wdth the President's program for the Bicentennial.
However, thanks to delays over which we had no control we are now
quite far behind in our schedule.
The next 12 months will be critical in the development of the
document. Apilot project will have to be established and operated in
order to eliminate the bugs. Personnel will be required not only to
bring the Passport Office up to its present staff requirements but an
in-house technical staff will have to be hired to work with outside
contractors on the project. Currently, the Passport Office has one tech-
nician on its staff. Vê have no researcliers and no technical employees
available to man the pilot project.
I have no idea, and I hesitate to make any prediction, regarding the
reception of our 5-year effort to develop a passport which I believe
aould become the model for a standardized international travel docu-
ment adopted by scores of countries who seek and approve of stand-
ardization in size, format, and content.
One more thought, if you please. The U.S. passport is a document
belonging to the Federal Government and it attests to the citizenship
and identity of the individual to whom it is issued. Any legislation
that will help enhance the security and integrity of this valuable
document is of tremendous importance to us at this time.
Documentation fraud v: rnmpant in this country not only in those
documents which are submitted with passport applications but those
submitted for social security, for health benefits, for pensions, for
almost any service or financial proifit which can be chiseled out of tlie
Federal Government. The Immigration and Naturalization Service
has had a horrendous fraud problem for years, and no one knows
this better than the immigration lawyers who admit it, off the record,
of course.
Mr. SouRv/iNE. Miss Knight, I might interject to say that perhaps
this committee knows it almost as well as the immigration lawyers.
We have been making a record of these problems since 1942 to my
knowledge under this committee and under the Immigration Sub-
committee of the Judiciary Committee, and it has always been a
serious security problem and it has always been a mess.
Please go ahead.
Miss KxTOHT. Thank you. sir.
Visa frauds also need a microscropic examination. _
Scores of Washington hostesses are hiring full-time domestic help

who came in on student visas but who never set foot in a classroom.
66
As one very prominent socialite in our Capital pointed ont "I do not
want to know how they aet into this country."
There is a thriviiig business in the marriage racket whereby a
U.S. citizen will marry an alien for a substantial down payment,
bring the alien into the United States as a dependent, apply for citizen-
ship^ apply for a passport, get a social security number, get a job and
finish tlie farce by getting a divorce, thus freeing the U.S. citizen
for another marrying project.
There is also a substantial baby racket, details of which can only
be pieced together with the cooperation of other governments. Phony
hospital records can be provided for a price and a cliild brought into
the TTnited States only to bo farmed ont again for a fee to a childless
couple who do not wish to go through legal adoption channels.
Years ago document frauds were estimated to co=^t the U.S. Govern-
ment a half billion dollars annually in the loss of taxes. Today, the
cost may be doubled, maybe trebled. The hidden total is anybody's
—
guess and this tremendous drain of revenue must be made up by
every American who conscientious^ y pays his taxes.
]Mr. SouRWiNE. If I understand you correctly, you are saying that
document frauds today in your opinion, are costing the U.S. Govern-
ment between a billion dollars and a billion and a half dollars annually.
Miss Knight. Yes. sir.
Mr. SouRwiXE. Go ahead.
jSIiss Kntght. The appalling fact is that most of our citizens are
abysmally igiiorant of the facts. They are constantly being diverted
to "other matters, relatively unimportant when placed in juxtaposition
to the existing strata of crooks and criminals operating in American
society.
If firm and stern corrective action is taken nationally perhaps the
States will get busy and tighten up access to their birth and death
records. Other countries have had national registration for years-
birth and death records are married —and while there will always be
—
some fraud attempted I doubt that there is another country as lacka-
daisical in protecting the integrity of its vital records as we are. Only
Congress has the key to flushing out this nationwide racket in fraudu-
lent documents.
IVfr. SoTTRwiNE. That, of course, has to be recognized. You had spoken
earlier of the States getting busy to relate their birth and death rec-
ords. I am sure you realize, as your last sentence indicates, that the
States cannot do'this because it is of no value if the State of Alabama
shows vou evervbody born there and everybody who died there when
two-thirds of the people who were born there died somewhere else
and two-thirds of the people who died there were born somewhere else,
which may or may not be the fact. There would have to be a complete
correlation, a national registration, or else the proiect of the com-
puterization and correlation of all the birth and death records of all the
States which would be a stupenrlous task.
Miss Kntght. Yes, sir; but it may pay off in less document fraud.
Mr. SoTTRWiNE. Are you recommending that this be done or only
that we start a national registration and try to achieve a national
record of evervbodv ?
Miss Kntght. "Well, I think it should be looked into and all the facts
assessed. At the present time there is no area in the Federal Govern-
:
67
meiit, there is no area in any of the State governments, tliat is bringing

all these facts together so that they can be studied.
Mr. SoTJRWiNE. No. You have a birth certificate of an individual.
You have no way of knowing if the individual is still alive unless you
have personal knowledge. You have a death certificate. You have no
way of knowing that the person was born inider that name or where.
Miss Knight. You are right.
Mr. SouRwixE. This is perfectly true. All you are asking is that
something be done about it.
Miss Knight. Yes, sir. Some effective coordination is essential.
Mr. SouRWiNE. That it be recognized as a threat to security, not only
in the passport area, I take it, but in other areas as well.
Miss Knight. I also think, sir, that we owe a system of identity with
integrity to our citizens.
Mr. SouRwiNE. All right. Go ahead. I am sorry I interrupted you.
Miss Knight. There is no use denying the fact that those of us who
are exposed to the machinations of the criminal element in this coun-
try, are frustrated and discouraged by the lack of action on our re-
peated warnings to the dangers of fraudulent documents submitted to
the Federal and State governments for the purpose of supporting false
identification. As I pointed out in my September 15, 1972, testimony,
the Passport Office has been ringing the alarm on passport and identi-
fication fraud for 43 years. I can testify to the fact that in the past 15
years, while I have been Director of the Passport Office, we have tried
every Imovrn method to get som.eone in the Department of State to pay
some attention to tliis very serions problem. The only result of our per-
sistent efforts hasbeen that the situation has deteriorated almost beyond
description and redemption within the past decade.
It is a fact on record that I have repeatedly requested personnel to
combat the growing workload and attendant fraud situation. We have
spent a great deal of time attomi^ting to get our message across and
making recommendations to the t)epartment of State through budget
presentations, through conferences and reports and memoranda which
are rarely, if ever, favorably acted upon. There has been little or no evi-
dence of support or even a casual interest in our problem. The cost of
this neglect cannot be overestimated.
If we ever could get effective support, there are, in my estimation,
some immediate and long-term remedies. For instance
1. The enactment of legislation which would make it a criminal of-
fense for any organization or individual to apply for or procure any
identification pertaining to another person for the purpose of estab-
lishing by such identification a false identity. This would coyer the cur-
rent misuse of birth and baptismal certificates, driver's licenses and
other identifying documents for the purpose of obtaining illegally
passports and other benefits from the Federal Government.
2. It should be remembered that passport applications come to us
thiough the mail and any legislation contemplated should take note of
the fact that the Postal "Service is thus involved in the transmittal of
the fraudulent documents.
3. The Passport Office must be supported in its staffing requirements.
"We cannot go through another year of mounting workload, directly
and indirectly related to the issuance of passports. Meat-axe cuts of
essential security and public services, which pay for themselves many
times over, are not justified at any time, but they are especially ob-
noxious when compared to the waste of time and manpower in the
duplication of effort and unessential paperwork which we see at the
echelons above us.
4, The Passpoi't Office must be supported in its requirements for
prompt and thorough investigation of the fraud cases which presently
we forward to the Department's Office of Security. In my opinion, we
cannot and should not be forced to wait 6 months or a year or 2 years
for investigations of violations of passport criminal statutes. I want to
make it clear that I am not blaming the Office of Security for the long
delays. That office is understaffed according to its Director. The Office
of Security has felt the axe as lias the Passport Office. Now, if the De-
partment of State cannot handle these investigations promptly, I sug-
gest that the investigative process on passport frauds be transferred
to some other area of Government which can do the job expeditiously
and i:)rofessionally.
5. The Passport U.S. citizens must be expanded
Office services to
through new field agencies and I have been recommending
facilities.
this solution to our situation for 5 years and for 5 years it has been
—
denied not by the Congress but within the bureaucratic machinations
of the annual intradepartmental budget hearings. In these exercises
everybody acts as an expert and seer on the matter under discussion
and arbitrary decisions are made by officials who have little or no ex-
perience in the problems of a line operation. "We have now spent close
to a quarter of a million dollars on research and development con-
tracts to get independent confirmation of many of the recommenda-
tions made by the passport office over the years. We
know what is
needed. Our recommendations are based on facts, experience and prece-
dence. But our warnings and recommendations and suggestions have
fallen on deaf ears. We
seem to be operating in a "Let them eat cake"
atmosphere.
That is about all I have to say, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. SoTjRWiNE. Miss Knight, I have just a few questions, if the
chair will permit.
Can you furnish us for the record, with a statement tabulating jôur
budget requests in the passjôrt security field and what the Depart-
ment submitted to the Congress and what the Congress gave you ?
—
Miss KisriGHT. I can I would be very glad to submit the Passport
Officebudget requests.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Yes.
Miss Knight. But when you specify security field, there is an Office
of Security in the Department.
Mr. SouRwiNE. I understand that, but I am talking about if you—
want to submit your total budget, that is all right, but I was only
asking for what you had requested that bore on this area of passport
security.
Miss Knight. Yes, sir we can furnish that. Virtually every phase
;
of our operation has a security aspect.

[The material requested may be found in the appendix, p. 111.]
Mr. SouRwiNE. Now, that would be in some instances personnel. In
some instances it will be equipment. In some instances it will be field
security. And then, you requested several times before you got it,
money for this passport study and I do not know, you may have in
: :
69
your budget now money to implement the passport study. We want to

know what you requested up to this coming fiscal year, what the De-
partment has cleared insofar if they have cleared anything, and what
the Congress gave you.
JSIiss Knight. We can supply that.
[The material requested may be found in the appendix, p. 114.]
Mr. Sourwt:ne. We will see if you are being shorted and who is
doing the shorting, whether it is the Congress or somebody else.
Now, you spoke of the Office of Security. What have you done in
the way of calling on them for help ?
Miss' Knight. Well, I think Mr. Duggan can answer that because
he has liad contact with the security office. We have sent memoranda
to the Office of Security and I think the latest go around has been
initiated in ]Mr. Duggan's shop.
]Mr. Duggan. Previous communications are in Miss Knight's testi-
mony of September 15 before the subcommittee. On May 11, 1973, a
memorandum was sent to SY in which we stated as follows.
Mr. SouKV/iNE. Do you have a copy of that memorandum ?
Mr. Duggan. Yes.
Mr. SouKwiNE. Furnish it to go in at this point.
Mr. Duggan. Yes.
[The information referred to follows :]
U.S. Government, Memorandum
Mat 11, 1973.
To A/SY/—Mr. Donald D. Daley A/SY/I/PVB.
:
—
From PT/L W. E. Dnggan.
:
Subject Passport fraud, fugitives.

:
The Passport OflSce is seriously concerned with three categories of passport

fraud cases which have been pending in the OflBce of Security for two or more
years with no end in view.
These categories are
1. Cases referred to SY for investigation over two years ago and on which no
substantial inquiries have been made by your agents ;
2. Cases in which all investigatory leads have been unsuccessfully explored

without locating or identifying the applicants or witnesses necessary to prove
violations of passport laws and
;
3. Fugitive cases— a case in which prosecution has been thwarted because the
perpetrator's whereabouts is unknown.
In the interest of both Offices, it is requested that all special agents be in-
structed to immediately close out and returned the passport files with closing
reports to the Passport Office in categories 1 and 2 which have been pending
in SY for more than two (2) years. The closing report may cite this memo-
randum as authority for closing the investigations.
—
Cases in category 3 prosecution is not possible because the perpetrator is a
fugitive or the U.S. Attorney has not acted on the case within a period of one
year due to a heavy workload. These cases should be returned to the Passport
Office with a closing report only if a federal felony warrant for the fugitive's
arrest has been secured and is outstanding. A copy of the warrant should be
submitted with the case.
If warrants of arrest have not been obtained in such cases, it is essential and
it is urged that your agents personally visit the United States Attorneys as-
signed to prosecute the cases and explain to them that
1. Under the provisions of 51.70(a), of Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations,
the Passport Office has authority to deny a passport to the subject of an out-
standing federal felony warrant of arrest. Section 51.71 of Title 22 provides
for the revocation of passports obtained by applicants in false identities. Thus,
in the absence of a felony warrant of arrest, the Passport Office cannot lav^ûlly
refuse to issue a passport based on an application executed by a fugitive in
his true identity.
70
2. In order to record the fng:itives' names with the

National Crime Infor-
mation Center, Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Center requires that the
felonv warrants of arrest be outstanding.
3. The Passport Office records the names of violators of
passport and other
federal laws and sends appropriate notifications to all diplomatic and consular
posts abroad. This procedure often results in locating such fugitives.
4. The revocation of a passport based on an outstanding federal felony warrant
of arrest and the notification to a foreign government of the reason for the
revocation generally immobilizes a located fugitive and hinders any further
criminal activities by him. In addition, when the fugitive returns to the United
States, a U.S. Marshal may be alerted and have the authority to apprehend
the fugitive on arrival.
5. The issuance of a warrant of arrest for a fugitive would toll the statute
of limitations. (18USC3291)
Your agents should urge U.S. Attorneys to secure the issuance of warrants
so that all prosecutions involving fugitives which have been pending more than
one year may be closed out on or before June 30, 1973. The agent should assure
the United States Attorney that when the fugitive is apprehended, the case
îll be immediately returned to him for prosecution.
Your cooperation in instructing Special Agents-in-Charge to review eases
under their jurisdiction to comply with the foregoing, will be appreciated.
Enclosures 100 copies for distribution to your special agents.
:
Mr. SouRWiNE. Did you get a reply ?

Mr. DuGGAisr. Yes.
Mr. SoTjRwiNE. Is there any subsequent interchange of memoranda?
Mr. DuGGAN. Yes. I have about four memos.
Mr. SoiTRWiNE. May we haAê the whole set ?
Mr. DuGGAN. We will be glad to furnish the whole set.
[The memoranda follows:]
September IS, 1973.
A/SY—Mr. G. Marvin Gentile
PPT— Frances G. Knight
(1) Passport Fraud Case of Timothy Francis Leary alias William .John Mc-
Neills and Rosemary Leary alias Sylvia Edith McGaffin.
(2) Delinquent Passport Fraud Investigations
On February 8, 1973, Mr. William E. Duggan of the Passport Office's Legal Di-
vision sent a memorandum to A/SY, Mr. Robert L. Berry, requesting a prompt
inve'=;tigation looking toward the prosecution of Dr. Timothy Francis Leary.
Mr. Duggan attached to his memorandum a comprehensive summary of the case
including an analysis of the information adduced from a manuscript of a book
which Leary allegedly intended to publish. SY has to date failed to forward any
report written or verbal to the Passport Office in this matter.
The international importance of this notorious individual in the illegal drug
field hardly needs any explanation. Nor does the urgency of our request for in-
vestigation into his passport activities need further justification. The failure of
the Office of Security to pursue this investigation is, to put it mildly, in-
excusable.
The manuscript attached to Mr. Duggan's memorandum was extensively evalu-
ated and an analysis prepared by the Passport Office. This manuscript was orig-
inally obtained by SY at the request of PPT. The manuscript with minor changes
—
has now been nublished in an edition entitled Timothy Leary Confessions of a
Hope Fiend. The book was published in .July 1973 by Bantam Books, Inc. As
exr>ectpd, this book outlines in detail the circumstances under which Leary and
his wife obtained United States passports in false identities. Given this fact,
the failure of the Office of Security to conduct the investigation requested in
Mi-. Duggan's memorandum of February 8. 1973 is, in my mind, a clear case of
negligence in the administration of the passport criminal statutes. The onus of
such neglisence falls directly on the Office of Security. While I am aware of the
personnel shortages in the Office of Security. T cannot and will not permit any
criticism for the failure to pursue this important passport fi-aud case to be
placed on the Passport Office.
I refer to my memornnduni to you of .Tune Ifi. 1972. which was published as an
attochiucnt to my testimony of Septeml)er 15. 1972 at a hearing held by the
Subcommittee to Investigat? the Administration of the Internal Security A.ct
: _ : : : ;
71
and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United
States Senate, 92nd Congress, 2nd Session. I also refer to my memorandum to you
of August 9, 1972 which was also published as an attachment to my testimony
of September 15, 1972. In your reply of August 17, 1972, you stated :
can assure you that SY will make every effort to reduce the current
"I
delinquency during the upcoming fall months when the applicant case load
is normally lighter."
It is over a year since your reply and I must state that the results of your
"effort to reduce the current delinquency" in passport cases are hardly stimu-
lating.
In response to a request from Senator Strom Thurmond, I informed him that
the investigation backlog as of April 24, 1973 was 501. As of August 8, 1973,
there were 582 passport fraud investigation cases pending in SY. These workload
figures break dov.-n as follows
Apr. 24, 1973 Aug. 8, 1973
Cases opened in 1973.. -— 165 249

Cases opened prior Jan. 1, 1973 336 333
Total pending. 501 582
These figures will differ in minor respects from SY figures. This difference is
caused by the hiatus between the time cases are actually received and docu-
mented as opened or closed in SY and the time they are actually received and
documented as opened or closed in PPT. This is a normal "pipeline" difference.
While I could go on indefinitely with horrible examples of delinquent cases,
let me just refer to one additional item. On May 11, 1973, Mr. Duggan sent a
memorandum to Mr. Donald D. Daley, A/SY, the purpose of which is stated as
follows
"The Passport OflSee is seriously concerned with three categories of pass-
port fraud cases which have been pending in the Oflice of Security for two
or more years with no end in view.
These categories are
1. Cases referred to SY for investigation over two years ago and on
which no substantial inquiries have been made by your agents
2. (^"ases in which all investigatory leads have been unsuccessfully ex-
plored without locating or identifying the applicants or witnesses necessary
to prove violations of passport laws and ;
3. Fugitive cases —
a case in which prosecution has been thwarted because
the perpetrator's whereabouts is unknown."
One hundred copies of this memorandum were given to SY for your conven-
ience for distributing them to your special agents. It was requested that this
review of old cases be completed by June 30, 1973. On July 26, 1973, Mr. Robert
D. Johnson, Deputy Director, Passport OSice, sent a memorandum to Mr. Daley
extending the due date to July 31, 1973. This was done at the specific request of
Mr. Raymond Scroggs of your office. On July 30, 1973. Mr. Scroggs telephoned
Mr. James Ritchie, Passport Office, and stated that SY could not comply with
the extended due date of July 31, 1973, due to other commitments. On August 2,
1973, Mr. Johnson sent Mr. Daley a memorandum requesting the Office of Secur-
ity to submit a memorandum within ten days stating the reasons for the failure
to comply with the due date for this review. On August 8, 1973, Mr. Daley sent
a memorandum to Mr. Johnson giving the following explanation
"Please be advised that a continuing effort is being made to comply with
your request of May 11, 1973. The delay in obtaining full compliance with
your request has been unavoidable. Over the past few months, we have had
to align our priorities to the unusual demand for protective services, and
urgent personnel investigations. Also, we have had retirements of key offi-
cers, which resulted in several disruptive transfers.
"On July 30, 197.3, Mr. Ritchie was advised of the above by Mr. Scroggs. At
which time, Mr. Scroggs told Mr. Ritchie that every effort would be made
to complete the requested action by September 1, 1973."
As of this date, September 17, 1973, while some progress has been made, the
project has stiU not been completed. I think you will agree that any comment
on this item from me would be entirely superfluous. The facts speak for them-
selves.
:
72
Despite authorization from PPT to terminate old investigations, as of Sep-

tember 1, 1973. SY was further behind in pending investigations than at
the
beginning of the year. For the first eight calendar months of 1973, PPT sent 292
cases to SY for investigation. During this same period, SY completed 210 cases.
This is an increase of 82 pending cases.
In the light of the facts, I must demand an immediate explanation. If the Office
of Security is unable to take positive action within the next thirty days to per-
form its responsibilities to investigate known and suspected violations of the
passport criminal statutes promptly and effectively, I see no alternative but to
recommend to the Acting Deputy Under Secretary, Dr. Curtis W. Tarr, that the
passport fraud investigation function be turned over to the Passport Office. In
view of the success of the field agents of the Office of Security in investigating
passport frauds in the past when they were permitted to do so, I am most re-
luctnnt to take this action. Y'>u must understand that, by reason of my position
as Director of the i'asspoit Oiiice, I must ensure that the integrity and security
of the United States passport is constantly maintained by swift and efficient
detection, investigation, and indictment of persons violating the passport crim-
inal statutes. On the basis of the facts at hand, I see no other recourse.
Please let me know before September 24, 1973, what action you intend to take.
Department of State,
Washington, D.O., Scptcmher 2^, 191S.
Memorandum
To PPT— Miss Frances G. Knight
:
From A/SY— G. Marvin Gentile

:
Subject
(1) Passport Fraud Case of Timothy Francis Leary alias William .John
McNeills and Rosemary Leary alias Sylvia Edith McGaffin
Reference is made to your memorandum of September 18, 1973 regarding the
indicated Subject. As defined in previous responses, SY has not been in a position
to respond to service requests from your office because of overall priority requests
from other areas of the Department.
As you were previously advised on August 17, 1972, the SY delinquency in the
investigation of passport fraud cases has been caused by such factors as the
heavy deluge of applicant cases received by SY during the early part of the year
(the.se include summer hires, interns, and Passport Office peak cases) and several
high priority security requirements in other aspects of the total security program.
SY lost twenty one positions in the personnel cut effective June 30, 1972. In April
1973 this office was authorized to fill existing vacancies, and recruitment was
immediately started. Processing foreign service candidates is most difficult, and
it will take several months for SY to reach its authorized manpower structure.
We have the pipeline established, and officers are finally being placed in positions,
but there is training time involved, perhaps 12 to 18 months, when the criminal
nature of Passport Fraud investigations is concerned.
SY has been intimately concerned with the problems of terrorism to include
hi-jackings. letter bombs, kidnappings and murders of principal officers pre-
dating the Khartoum tragedy. This problem, as you know, must take first priority.
SY has also been heavily engaged in the protection of foreign visitors, particularly
those from the People's Republic of China.
The licarv case was first brought to the attention of SY by an oral request
from PPT/buggan on October 7, 1970. Mr. Duggan requested that SY verify
birth records in names used by the Ueary's when they obtained passports which
they used to flee the United States. The information was obtained on an urgent
basis and oral reports were made to :\Ir. Duggan on October 30, 1970 and Novem-
ber 6, 1970. These oral reports were followed by formal written reports.
Tlie first written request from PPT office concerning Dr. Leary was dated
September 17. 1971 which requested that SY obtain a copy of a manuscript
allegedlv prepared by Dr. Leary. The attempts to obtain the manusr-ript from the
publishers proved uiisuccessful. however, the Department's interest in the manu-
script was reported in New York Times of October 10, 1971. A detailed report
on SY's efforts to obtain the manuscript was sent to the Passport Office on
October 10. 1971.
On October 18, 1971 the Passport Office requested SY to vertify Leary's driver's
license and to interview the real McNellis (name used by Leary). On October 22.
1971. the San Francisco Field Office reported on this request.
73
On Jauuarv 14, 1972 the New York Field Office received an unsolicited call from
a person who had read of the State Department's interest in Dr. Leary's manu-
script This person volunteered to turn over a copy of the manuscript to
SY. The
manuscript was obtained by SY and forwarded to the Passport Office on January
19 1972
On March 1, 1972 the San Francisco Field Office closed the case and except for
in Dr.
Subject's connection with the "Brotherhood" investigation, our interest
Leary was terminated.
On January 18, 1973 Dr. Leary, who had escaped from state prison near ban
.
Luis Abispo, California on September 12, 1970 and had fled the United States
using a false passport, was returned to the United States in custody of BNDD
agents and was arrested on arrival in Los Angeles, California.
On February 8. 1973 almost one year after receiving the manuscript, the Pass-
"in
port Office returned the manuscript to SY and requested an investigation
order to prepare a foundation for prosecution of IS USC 1542", with additional
instructions that the manuscript of Dr. Leary be submitted to the "Strike Force \
Orange County, California for their information, analysis and evaluation.
On April 3, 1973 Dr. Leary was convicted on the escape charge by the State of
California and is presently incarcerated. There has been a premise in the past,,
that when a passport violator is incarcerated, the need for urgent investigation is
somewhat lessened. The passport memorandum of September 18, 1973 was the
first indication SY had received suggesting that the Leary case had
reached a
critical stage.
Reference is made to your May 11, 1973 memorandum concerning the review
requested for closing three categories of Passport Fraud cases which have been
pending for more than two years. Although the Passport Office requested review
of several categories of investigations. PPT did not define a total number of
pending cases. The criteria for closing such cases was left to the discretion of SY.
The requested procedure involved complete case studies by SY. and primarily
involved a direct study by Special Agents in Charge at New York, Los Angeles
and San Francisco, where the greatest volume of work existed. Because of person-
nel shortages, work demands, and SY requirements, this study was necessarily
delayed on several occasions. However. SY has been able to close 55 investiga-
tions in these categories, primarily at New York and Los Angeles, and has
requested the Special Agent in Charge at San Francisco to give the matter prior-
ity attention, consistent with constant service requests from other segments of
the Department. SY will make every effort to complete this project by October 15,
1973. „^ .^
Despite manpower shortages and priority requirements levied upon SY, it
should be noted that SY closed 557 passport fraud investigations during FY 72,
342 during FY 73. and 71 during the first two months of FY 74.
For your information, the Department has presented a FY 74 budget amend-
ment to the Congress to provide SY with positions to combat terrorism overseas
and in the United States. We are hopeful that this legislation will be approved
which will properly stafE SY to handle its additional tasks, and release its regular
components to handle the very important passport investigations emanating from
your office.
October 11, 1973.

A/SY— Mr. Marvin Gentile
G.
—
PPT Frances G. Knight
(1) Passport Fraud Case of Timothy Francis Leary, Alias William John Mc-
Neills and Rosemary Leary. Alias Sylvia Edith McGaffin.
I refer to your memorandum of September 24, 1973 concerning the subject mat-
ter. I have read it carefully and. unfortunately, I cannot regard it as a construc-
tive answer to my memorandum of September 18, 1973. It reiterates your person-
nel problems, to which I am sympathetic. It reiterates the priorities which you
assign to investigative work loads. It is apparent that passport investigations still
have the lowest priority in your current operation. As I have stated before. I am
sympathetic to your problems, but your systems of priorities places the Passport
Office in an untenable position. Passport fraud cases must be investigated
promptly and effectively, and it is my responsibility to see that such action is
I note your attempt to excuse the lack of action by SY in the Leary case r si nee
Mr. Duggan's memorandum of February 8, 1973) by referring to the lapse be-
74
tween the time PPT received the manuscript of "Confessions of a Hope Fiend"
and tlie return of the manuscript to SY. Your inference is that no action has been
taken by the Passport Office in the interim. This is definitely not true. Since SY
is an investigative agency, I thinli it is fair to state that this office was justified
to assTime that an investigative agency would realize the potential significance
of the manuscript and make some effort to utilize, or at least to ascertain,
whether it had any investigative loads even though this was not expressly
Since the Passport Office received the manuscript, it has been reviewed and its
contents analyzed. This review and analysis required going over the material
many times and checking numerous other documents and files. Extra care was
taken because of the author's obvious efforts to bec'oud facts, circumstances, and
locations in which activities occurred. The evaluation necessitated the review of
manv lists of names in passports issued as well as passport files in order to iden-
tify the application upon which passports were fraudulently obtained by Dr. and
Mrs. Leary. A careful evaluation was also necessary in order to obtain investi-
gative h'iuls to the followed since SY had t.-iken no initiative in the matter.
In addition to this activity, the Passport Office initiated communications with
a number of foreign service posts in an effort to locate information which would
be helpful in the hoped for investigation as well as trying to keep a lookout on
the whereabouts of the subject. As you know, these efforts culminated in the suc-
cessful return of the subject on January 18, 1973.
Tour memorandum of September 24, 1973 indicates that no action has been
taken by your office in the matter since it was sent to you on February 8. 1973.
A review' of Mr. Duggnn's memorandum of February 8, 1973 reveals that the
requested investigation to be pursued by SY to obtain the successful prosecution
in this case could hnve been accomplished by experienced investigators in the
local off.ces involved within two weeks.
Let me call your attention to one more item regarding the Leary case. In your
memorandum, you state that, on March 1. 1972, your San Francisco field office
"closed the case and except for subjects's connection, with the 'Brotherhood'
invefifirjation, orir intercfit iv Dr. Lrnri/ ir^'s terniinrffrd." There v-' no indication
in any of the memorandxnns which you have sent to the Passport Office that
your Security Office has ever considered this case closed. As a matter of fact,
"this case, according to your records, have been, and still is, considered "pending".
A review of the file reveals that we made a written request for investigation
on September 21, 1971 (5 days prior to the receipt of your latest memorandum
dated September 24. 1973) to establish a foundation for possible criminal prose-
cution under 18 USC 1542. This investigation ivas never completed.
Another statement in your memorandum of September 24 which merits atten-
tion is that "the passport memornndvm of September 18, 1973. vas the first in-
dication SY had received snggestinrj that the Leary ease had reached a critical
stage" simply ignores what is obvious to most people that Dr. Leary is a notorious
criminal. Leary returned to the United States within direct reach of our
criminal procedures. This, in and of itself, should normally indicate the urgency
of the situation. You state there has been a premise (of which I am not aware)
"that when a passport violator is incarcerated, the need for urgent investiga-
tion 7.V somewhat lessened'". The failure to investigate the ease of a notorious
individual for more than eight months violates, beyond any comprehension, even
the premise you created.
In summary, the record shows that, during the year the Passport Office had
the manuscript, it performed hundreds of hours of work in the case, something
of a miracle considering our chronic shortages of employees. The record .shows
that, since the matter was referred to you on February 8. 1973. the Office of
Security has either done nothing or failed to report any action.
I regret the necessity of going over the chronoloîy in the Leary case in re-
buttal to your memorandum. Obviously, this does not get the work accomplished.
The statement in your memorandum of September 24 Ihat Mr. Duggan's mem-
orandum of May 11. 1973. concerning the review requested for closing three
categories of passport frnuds "left the criteria for closing such cases to the dis-
cretion of SY" is not a fact. These criteria were repeated in my memorandum
to you of September 18. There is no discretion to be exercised: the specified cri-
teria irere to be applied to the cases already assigned to your agents.
The reason the Legal Division did not indicate v>'hich cases to close is that
PT/L has not been kept informed about the current status of the individual
cases because SY/I does not regularly submit pending or closing reports. Further,
7a
PT/L's requests for such reports go unanswered or generate excuses rather than
substantive data. Under these circumstances, the SY agent assigned to the
case is the only person in a position to i^now the current status and to apply the
criteria stated in the May 11 memorandum.
It PT/L possessed current reports on the status of the pending fraud cases,
that office would have applied the criteria and transmitted a list of cases to
close. As you know, some cases closed by your agents, citing the May 11 memo-
randum, have been returned to your office for investigation because specified cri-
teria were not met. It is therefore self-evident that the cited memorandum did
not contemplate that special agents exercise their discretion and close passport
fraud cases.
Before leaving this point, let me stress that the cited criteria do not reflect
on the probability of fraud they reflect only on the probable availability of
;
witnesses and/or evidence because the investigations are stale.

In the penultimate pax-agraph of your memorandum, you refer to the fact that
SY closed 557 passport fraud cases during FY 1972, 342 during FY 1973. and 71
during the first two months of FY 1974. The decline in the efforts of SY in
passport fraud investigations is evident in your own memorandum. I believe it
is accurate to .state that, of the 71 completed during the first two months of
FY 1974, many of them fell within the closing authority contained in Mr. Dug-
ân's memorandum of May 11, 1973.
It is a matter of record that the passport fraud problem has been the subject
of considerable concern by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and the
Passport Office has committed itself to expanding the staff of the Legal Division
to combat the situation. This is a matter of record in the Department budget
hearings. The failure of SY to give investigative support will, if pennitted to
continue, further detract and ultimately nullify the effects of the passport fraud
program. I would be lacking in integrity and frankness if I did not bring to the
attention of tnp officials of '.he Department considering the budget and the pass-
port fraud problem the results of the present position taken by the Office of Se-
curity. Therefore, as I indicated in my memorandum of September 18 to you, I
am sending you copies of our correspondence to Dr. (""urtis W. Tarr. I am at-
taching a copy of my memorandum to Dr. Tarr, which is self-explanatory.
U.S. Government, Memorandum.

October 11, 1973.
To M— Dr. Curtis W. Tarr, Acting
:
From PPT— Frances G. Knight

:
Subject Delinquent
: SY Passport Fraud Investigations
We continue to have a serious problem in securing prompt and effective in-

vestigation in passport fraud cases which we refer to the Office of Security. The
Passport fraud proI)lem becomes increasingly serious with the passage of time.
You are. no doubt, aware of the concern and interest in passport frauds liy the
Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and their recent call to have me testify
on the subject on October 3, 1973.
You will recall that, on August 9, 1973, at the Department's Budget Hearing, we
were requested to submit further data on the fraud problem so that it could be
determined what effect it would have ou the work load of the Office of Security.
On August 21, 1973, this additional information was furnished to Miss Barbara
Watson, SCA, and I hope that it was, in turn, forwarded to the proper authori-
ties however, we have had no indication of what action was taken on the mate-
:
rial we provided.
Because of the long delays and backlog of cases, I sent a memorandum to Mr.
Marvin Gentile, SY, on September 18, 1973 (copy attached) requesting a state-
ment from him advising this office what steps he intended to take to insure prompt
and effective investigations of passport fraud cases. In his reply to me. Mr.
Gentile failed to present any positive program showing that he would take action
to implement prompt and effective passport fraud investigations. (Copy at-
tached).
I have indicated to Mr. Gentile that the Passport Office has a duty and respon-
silulity to present to Congress and to 0MB, at their request, the facts and the
seriousness of the apparent lack of action within the Department of State. Ab-
sent immediate action to overcome the present dormant position of the priorities
given to passport fraud investigations in SY, I must request that the investiga-
tive responsibility be transferred, along with personnel, to some other area of
: ;
76
governmeut. It has been suggested that the Passport Office assume these duties
but the uncooperative and indifferent attitude of the Bureau of Security and
Consular Affairs is not conducive to support or promote action on any matter
dealing with national security.
The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee has made some very pertinent
inquiries into the passport fraud situation the lack of support for our program
;
the obvious lack of interest in and action on our previous warnings the mount-
;
ing incidence of fraud and the inordinate and inexplicable delays in the investi-
;
gation process.
I would, indeed, appreciate your thoughts on this very serious matter as soon
as possible. I know how very busy you are. I know that one crisis has followed
another in rapid succession, but I have been waiting for years to get an atten-
tive and sympathetic ear within the Department and some support for the Pass-
port Office efforts in this area, only to receive the yearly meat-axe approach in
personnel and budget cuts, as well as the general sabotage which is the by-product
of SCA's continual harassment of the Passport Office staff.
I am attaching for your information copies of the interchange of communica-
tions with the Office of Security.
Mr. SouKwiNE. Off the record.

Mr. SouRwiNE. Now, I have just two more things.
Mr. Chairman, I spoke earlier of the newspaper reports with re-
spect to the awarding of the research contract in connection with the
new and secure passport. I have two of these reproductions of news-
paper clippings here. I would like to ask that they be inserted in the
record at the appropriate place.
The Chairmax. So ordered.
Mr. Soitrwint:. Now, Miss Knight, here is the story from the Phila-
delphia Bulletin about Mr. Edward Neilan's interview with Miss Bar-
bara Watson. He starts out by saying
The passport of the future could look more like a credit card than the present
version of the standard passport which has pages for stamping of entry and exit
visas. "Studies are underway to create a streamlined passport", said Miss Bar-
bara M. Watson. Administrator to the Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs
which directs visa and passport matters for all American citizens. Miss Watson,
known among her colleagues in Washington as "the passport lady" suggests that
one version of the passport of the future might be a plastic IBM type card with
certain data pre-punched In coding.
That is archaic, Miss Knight. They were prepunching and coding

data when I came to Washington 40 years ago. Computers were not
even invented yet. I find this thing preposterous.
[The article referred to follows :]
[From the Philadelphia Bulletin, Sept. 23, 1973]
Meet the Passport Lady She Wobeies About You

:
(By Edward Neilan)

Washington. — The passport of the future could look more like a credit card
than the present version of the standard passport which has pages for stamping
of entry and exit visas.
"Studies are under way to create a streamlined passport," said Miss Barbara
M. Watson, administrator of the Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs, which
directs visa and passport matters for all American citizens.
Miss Watson, knoviTi among her colleagues in Washington as "Tlie Passport
Lady," suggests that one version of the passport of the future might be a plastic
IBM-tyi)e card with certain data prepunched and coded.
When a person arrived at a foreign border he would produce his "computer-
ized" data card and the border officials would run it through a machine. Anyone
whose card wasn't properly punched would be detained ior questiuning.
—
77
''Can you imagine how many man-hours of hiborious hand-stamping and

scribbling in passports this would save?" asked Miss Watson.
With more Americans traveling around this summer than ever before, the
State Department's worldwide network of consular otfice.s is swamped with appli-
cations, requests, complaints and visitors who "just dropped by to say 'hello'
".
Miss Watson presides over the some 250 Amei-ican consular offices in 127
countries. The offices are staffed by about 2,000 local and American workers.
The number of Americans going overseas this year will be well over eight
million.
That compares to fewer than five million in 1968.
Adding to the consular duties of the State Department is the fact that about a
million and a half Americans now reside abroad— although devaluation of the
dollar has sent thousands scurrying back "home".
Miss Watson said that consular services rendered have more than doubled
in the last decade, going from 450,000 in 1D62 to 929,068 in 1972.
Some 2.6 million passports v»'ere issued last year and the demand is seen as
growing steadily in coming years. One important step toward facilitating issu-
ance of new passports was the recent decision to use the U.S. Post Offices as
receiving points for passport applications. This has provided more than 700
points across the country where citizens may apply.
Miss Watson is the daughter of a one-time judge of the New York Muuicipal
Court.
An attorney, she joined the State Department in July, 1960, as special assistant
to the deputy undersecretary for administration.
In 1968 she was sworn in as administrator of the passport and consular office,
with the rank of assistant secretary of state. That made her the first black person
ever to hold a position at that level in the Department of State.
Miss Watson, who said her hobby is "people." noted that with so many more
Americans traveling to foreign countries "it is not surprising that more and
;
more are getting into trouble of one sort or another abroad."

She said "in many cases this is due to nothing more than a lack of knowledge
of local customs, mores and languages."
One of her department's most serious problems, she said, is assisting Americans
who are arrested in foreign lands.
"It comes as a shock to many Americans who feel that all they have to do
—
when arrested in a foreign country is to say they are Americans and they will
be let free, or, at worst, will be tried under American law. Of course, this is not
the case at all.
"It is tragic," said Miss Watson, "but the number of young Americans 'busted'
in drug raids overseas has become very serious. The number is dipping slightly
now but there are still 1,084 young Americans in jail in foreign countries on drug
charges. Three of every four are under 25 years of age."
Miss Watson advised Americans who live abroad and plan to purchase property
in foreign countries to check with their local American consular offices. "There
are legal intricacies that the unwary buyer must know about or he might some-
day lose the property because of clauses in the fine print."
Visits by foreigners to the United States have increased by 200 percent in the
last 10 years, she noted.
Nonimmigrant visas issued rose from 775.027 in 1962 to 2.290.576 last year.
Immigrant visas issued increased from 273,190 in 1962 to 293,966 in 1972.
Miss Watson said that current immigration laws may be changed to give per-
sons born in the Western Plemisphere a better change to immigrate to the United
States if they can qualify under certain "skills" criteria.
Mr. SouRWiNE. You say you had a chance to read it, Now, will you
comment on it? Is there a vestige of truth in it? "Wliat is the situation?
Miss Knight. Mr. Chairman, a marked copy of the article was
mailed to me from a Philadelphia source and I received it yesterday.
INIy only comment is that I was appalled by the statements reported
regarding passports which are totally inaccurate, incorrect, and irre-
sponsible. I can only regard these efforts to mislead the press and the
public as a deliberate and unconscionable attempt to sabotage the
tremendous effort which has already been invested in our long search
for an effective, efficient, secure, and machine-readable passport, ac-
23-538—73 6
7S
ceptable to other countries which require nov\- and in the foreseeable

future visas for U.S. citizens. Currently there are 147 countries that
require visas on U.S. passports. In my opinion the statement made by
the official quoted in the story, regarding a plastic card passport, is so
stupid, in the light of our research and detailed analysis that any per-
son with a minimal Imowledge of world travel requirements and a
grade-school understanding of national security would promptly dis-
miss it as a hoax or figure that it was a misprint.
jSIr. SouRWiNE. Mr. Chairman, I will ask that the full text of the
newspaper story in question go into the record at the point where I
asked Miss Knight about it so that her comment thereafter may follow
logically.
no more questions. Miss Iîight. Thank you very much for
I have
coming up here and waiting so patiently and ansAvering our questions
so fully.
The Chairman. Miss Knight, we are always glad to have you here
and we know you for an earnest and dedicated and mighty hard-
working public servant and we sure do thank you.
Miss Knight. Thank you. sir.
[Whereupon, at 3 :55 o'clock, the hearing was concluded.]
APPENDIX
List of Brotherhood of Eternal Love Indictees
CLASS I
1. Druce, Charles, England. _ . „ ,
2. Friedman, Lester, Dr., DOB 9/14/28. 361S Concord Drive, Beacliwood,
3 Hitchcock, William Mellon, DOB 9/6/30. Box 503, Millbrook. N.T.

4. Leary, Timothy Frances, DOB 10/22/20, in custody, CaUforma State
Prison.
5. Randall, Michael Boyd, DOB 8/27/43, fugitive.
6. Scully, Robert Timothy, DOB 8/27/44, San
Francisco, Calif.
7. Stark, Ronald Hadley. DOB 4/9/38. fugitive.
8. Mantell, David Leigh, DOB 4/25/40, fugitive.
9. Sand, Nicholas, DOB 5/10/41, in custody.
1. Ackerly, Robert Dale. DOB 1/23/44. in custody, Federal prison.

2. Andrist, Robert Lee, DOB 11/3/45, fugitive.
3. Ashbrook, Travis Grant, DOB1/9/45, fugitive.
4. Bevan, Rick C, DOB 11/20/48, fugitive.
5. Crittenden, James Leroy, DOB 8/14/42, Mariposa County,
Calif.
6. Dmry, Donald Karl, DOB 3/18/37, in custody.
7. Gale, John Charles. DOB 8/4/47. Las Vegas, Nev.
8. Johnson, Gordon Fred, DOB 3/25/45, in custody. California State Prison.
9. Lange, Edveard Jeffrey, DOB 11/26/47, Orange County, Calif.
10. Scott, Charles Frederick, DOB 12/28/41, fugitive.
11. Tokhi, Hayatullah, DOB 1939, fugitive, Afghanistan.
12. Sexton, Gordon Albert, DOB 1/29/46. fugitive.
13. Smith, Brenice Lee, DOB 4/6/45, fugitive.
14. Tiernev, Robert Edward. DOB 4/22/47, in custody, Panama.
15. Tokhi, Amanullah Salem, DOB 3/15/33, fugitive, Afghanistan.
16. Bevan, Ronald, DOB 9/19/46. f ugtitive.
17. Caserta, Daniel Phillip,DOB 8/9/47, fugitive.
18. German, Lyle Paul, DOB 3/7/39, fugitive.
19. Hall, David Alan, DOB 10/6/42, fugitive.
20. May, Edward Joseph, DOB 2/1/33. fugitive, San Francisco.
21. Padilla, Gerald James, DOB 8/13/47. fugitive.
22. Stanton, Mark Patrick, DOB 9/20/46, fugitive.
CLASS III
1. Allen, Linda Pohl, DOB 3/15/47, Laguna Beach, Calif.

2. Arthur, David Alan, DOB 1/8/43, fugitive.
3. Becker, Dale Andrew, DOB 12/28/42. fugitive, Australia.
4. Bidwell, Thomas Blake, DOB 2/18/45, San Diego, Calif.
5. Clav, James Henry, DOB 11/28/45, in custody, California State Prison.
6. Crawford. Ronald Ray, DOB 4/15/43, Hawaii.
7. Daw, John Robert, DOB 10/10/43, fugitive.
8. Delaney, Calvin Larry, DOB 10/31/42, Hawaii.
9. Harrigan, Russell Joseph, DOB 8/19/40, fugitive.
10. Harrington, John Joseph, Jr., DOB 9/18/42, fugitive.
11. Lynd, Glenn Craig, DOB 3/23/42.
12. McAdams, Brian Kendall, DOB 4/9/46.
13. McAdams. Yonica Menne, DOB
4/9/47.
14. Otto, Jimmy Gregg, DOB 2/14/45, Laguna Beach, Calif.
(79)
)
80
15. Palma, Franklin, DOB 1/18/46.
16. Polil, Gerald, DOB6/31/48, fugitive.
17. Pooley, Michael Lee, DOB2/22/49.
18. Pratt, Jill Barnett, D,OB 3/16/45,
fugitive
Jo Pratt,
l^fS^^lF'-'V'^ ^9.^ S/10/4S, in custody, California State Prison.
20. Stanford^l''''^''
Leon, DOB 8/6/45, fugitive
21. Bowyer, Chester Allen, DOB 8/3/39, in custody, Federal prison
[From Good Times, Jan. 8, 1971]
Getting High With Jennifer
returned to
the United States after visiting
^îStndTf-iuI
political exiles Sr?™i ""^^n?^^^
Eldridge Cleaver and Timothy Leary in Algeria, and accom-
panying Leary on an attempted meeting with Al Fatah
in Lebanon. Last week
she visited Good Times and told us :
In October I got the opportunity to go to Algeria

with five other people. Tim-
othy had been out about three weeks when I arrived.
It's really a trip to get
on an airp ane and get off a day later in Africa and there's
Timothy Leary and
to Sveet you, two men I'd never met, but
Hi?"/-'r, ^^^^T^^ really important,
beautiful people. The first week I spent just getting
to know the people there
the Panthers and Rosemary and Timothy, building
up a kind of trust, getting
close to people so that we could have a friendship
The Panthers in Algiers . . Eldridge and Kathleen, two Panthers from the
.
^' '^^^^ "^^ t^^^™ underground in this country for a year

m^'^Ty*^ .V,
Ihe I anthers and a half
have been granted the status of a national liberation front and
been given an embassy and they've established diplomatic
relations with people
like the North Vietnamese and the North Koreans.
When you're there the
first feeling you get is that you're a diplomat.
Algiers is a good place to be right now. One reason for this
is the easy access
ot this country. You can fly right there. Another thing
is that every national
liberation front m the world has a center there, which I don't think happens in
any other city. The Panthers have the opportunity to set up what they
call a
peoples embassy and they really see themselves as an international
part of
this movement, setting up relations for all of us. We
found that out on the trip
to the Middle East because of a whole series of
communcations. We were in
Cairo and all the lines between Cairo and Algiers were down. It
took four days
to send a wire. We found out that Eldridge had the Chinese,
Koreans and the
North \ letnamese looking for us. In fact at one point the Koreans wired
II Sung and he sent a wire to Cairo saying that
K^m
they should find us because we
were their comrades. And that position is because of the work Eldridge
has done
in establishing diplomatic relations with other
countries. At the same time, it's
very contradictory in Algiers now because the government is
beginning to nego-
tiate diplomatic relations with the U.S. and if that
does happen it's certainly
going to have an effect as far as that being a sanctuary.
I think the impression that I've had of Eldridge
is that he's one of the warm-
est, most open revolutionaries that I've met,
very direct, verv brilliant. He has
the ability to perceive relations. He really has an understanding of youth
culture,
understands that it's a revolutionary force in this country. One of the biggest
problems for the Panthers in Algiers is that they're verv isolated from the move-
ment here, very cut off. People in this country think they're on the moon or some-
thing and think that they can't call them or write them. Because
of that people
J^ri }^^ *^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^"*^ ^^^^ papers re.gularly, send them letters and tapes.
„•
doesn't the U.S. government hold back a lot of the stuff that's sent to
.^
them?
Sure, a lot of it gets ripped off. But they should have a paper
every week be-
cause It s tlieir only way of really being a part of this movement ... for us to
relate to them.
One of the things that struck me over and over was how hard it is to be in
exile. One of the fir.st things Eldridge would
say is how much he wanted to be
back because fighting in one's own country is really important and necessary to
a revolutionary. Wlien we were there we had a birthday party for Tim and Bobby
beale. A\ e had a really nice celebration for Tim's
birthday and freedom and for
fighting for Bobby's freedom.
81
about reports that the Algerian government is hostile to the U.S.

GT What:
political refugees? ^. ^, , ... .... „,

not true at all. There was never a question about Timothy s getting
political
It's
been
asvlum it was granted as soon as he was there. The Panthers wouldn't have
•
they were
given an embassy and invited to all these meetings and affairs unless
in a very good position there. ij j*. /^
like we couldn t go
I think the whole image was perpetrated to make it seem
sponsored a trip for four of us to go to the
anywhere. The Algerian government
Middle East to meet with the Palestinian guerrillas. Field Marshall D. C.
and
Alartv Kenner, who's chairman of the Panther Defense Fund, and
Timothy and
mvseif went to the Middle East. What happened was that when we
arrived m
Beirut we were supposed to be met by members of Al Fateh, who were then
going
to take us into Damascus or Aman, depending on how heavy
the fighting was in
Aman that week. ^ ^, „ •
When we arrived in Beirut there was no one there to meet us. At this point we
^ . . <.
know anything about Beirut at the time, so

weren't too upset because we didn't
we thought we'd just go to a hotel for the night and wake up and make contact
<-he next day and that evervthing would be fine. So we
went off and the Lebanese
government put us up in this hotel and we went to sleep thinking everything
would be fine the next day. Well, we didn't know a couple of things. One was
that
\ DPI reporter had identified Timothy on the plane from Cairo to Beirut and
put
it out over the wire the first night that we were
there in the city. The second
turned
thing was that the hotel that the Lebanese government had recommended
out to be the headquarters for Western press in Beirut. So after two
days we
found out that CBS had the room next door, Newsweek and everyone was
this m
hote^ So we get up the next morning thinking that we'd just
have breakfast ana
little balcony
so out and meet the people from Al Fateh. So we stepped out on this
Every
on the hotel room and find reporters on top of cars with telescopic lenses.
time I opened the door, men would grab me and try to drag me into the
hall to
make a statement.
This incredible situation developed that the Western press
.,
m
. ,
their determina-
. i.
tioi- to "et a story on Tim Learv completely endangered our safety and caused
such a stir that Al Fateh in Beirut, who hadn't received the proper
communica-
tions from Algiers, didn't know what was happening and the CIA
was beginning
to try and move on us. There's no extradition treaty in Lebanon
so the Lebanese
<ôvemment couldn't arrest us, but they were being put in a position of going to
have to ask us to leave. It was a very complicated situation, mainly because
Beirut is like a completely open city where anything goes. For Timothy and
D. C.
it was like being in O'Hare Airport ... it was that
serious.
W^hat finally happened on the Middle East trip is that the press situation m
Beirut made it necessary to return to Algiers. At one point we had a car that
was
gnernlla
going to take us to Damascus, but without the proper contacts with the
forces it would have been very dangerous to go further in. So we
decided to return
to Algeria until that whole problem straightened up. We
went back through
Cairo and Eiryptian authorities checked us out and were very warm to us.
While
we were in Cairo we went to the Algerian embassy and the ambassador came in
and was verv happy to see us and arranged for our flight back.
To fly from Cairo to Algiers is really complicated. You have to go through
Tunis and Tripoli. Tunis is another open city so we couldn't go through customs
and get off the plane, especially at this point because everyone in the world knew
where we were every minute. So they arranged for our flight back so that we
would never have to get off the plane and we were with Algerians the whole
way back. „ , n j ^ „
While we were in Cairo we met with the Middle East press and talked to a
, j.
lot of people there. The three things they know about were the Black Panther
Party, the bombings in this country and Muhammed Ali. Mostly they wanted to
to Ik about him because he's a big hero to them. It was
really sad that we conldn]t
meet with the Palestinians because the people in the Middle East are such beauti-
ful people.
I found out a lot about what the pig press is like.
_
We , ^, J ,. xi-!i.
tried to take an attitude
J
that said, like our security, our safety is the first thing and as soon as we re
(«f here
in a safe place, we'll talk to the press, but our first concern is to get out
alive And they, for very definite reasons could only print the most
outrageous
kinds of things, like headlines saying "The High Priest of Hashish" is in town.
It's really amazing, people will ask me questions like,
"How was Tim Leary
received in places in Algeria and the Middle East?" He's received very well and
it's because of this human consciousness that he has about
explaining about
82
drugs. Reporters would say, Dr. Leary, could you tell us what LSD is? and
he'd explain what the whole movement has been about in this country, explaining
that dope is a very important part of our culture and that it's very revolutionary,
and what it's meant in this country in the last ten years. You know, dropping out
of this society's values, turning on, the whole political movement that's developed
from that. He'll explain that and at the same time say, but I vinderstand that in
other cultures, in different societies, and even in the same culture at a different
—
time, dope can play a very different role like it's certainly different in the
ghetto in this country than in the youth culture.
In Algeria and in the Middle East dope has been used as a very oppressive
thing and tlie revolutionaries have all had to fight against it, but the attitude
that Timothy has and we all had was to be very open and understanding, and ask-
ing about the history of it in their own revolutions meant that he was received
very well. He was respected and he really wanted to learn about the revolution
in other places, so there was never any problem to our meeting with revolutionary
groups about Timothy Leary's position in the movement.
AVe mostly were going to meet with Al Fateh. It's not a revolutionary organi-
zation . .it's more like a loosely knit nationalist organization. They are the ones
.
who have relations with the Algerian government. There are po.sters for Al
Fateh all over the Cairo airport and the rest of the city. The thing about the
people, like in Cairo, is that they really look to the movement, to the black
struggle, to the youth movement. They really see a revolution in this country and
it's totally connected with their own freedom. They rt>ally look to this country
for leadership. There's an incredible sense that this is the real heart.
I want to say that my sister, Bernadine, was never in Algiers. It's really an
important thing to understand because when I got back and found out the whole
story that had developed about her being there, I found that people were really
depressed and shaken about it. It had the effect of people saying that it really
wasn't like the picture we get of how it is to be underground. Like maybe it
wasn't true and maybe they couldn't make it. It is a defeating kind of feeling
that people had about it. It's important for people to understand that she is here.
Let's talk about Timothy.
People ask all the time why did he change and how he has changed and what
he's like now. I think there are a couple of things that caused his development
to wanting to become a revolutionary. One is that he saw in the whole youth
—
movement that developed around him the dropping acid and dropping out—
that you find internal freedom ... he saw that the reople who took only that
road ended up with very self-indulgent totally degenerate lives, totally ignoring
that there's an imperialist state that's oppressing people all aroimd the world
That we need two '.-inds of revolutions together . . they're not separate
. . . .
they're all about being a revolutionary. Which is like fighting to build new
men and v.'omen, tiying to build new structures, new ways of living. That's what
we're really about . . that we're trying to live it as we're also fighting to build
.
new men and women, trying to build new structures, new ways of living. That's
what we're really about .that we're trying to live it as we're also fighting a
. .
revolution. And you can't have one without the other.

Timothy said in this tape I brought back that a political revolutionary who
isn't turned on is a political robot, and the system which he seeks to build is no
better than the one he's destroying. So he really began to see that you just can't
go off and find a nirvana when you can walk into Harlem or Watts and be hit
with the genocidal war against blacks nnd people all over the world being op-
pressed. You can't just go off and think that you can find a new kind of internal
freedom.
Going to jail and being in prison ... I gness it was nine or ten months . . .
certainly changed him. He says that he really began planning his escape from
the moment he entered prison. He was very careful about not having press
conferences, about not being a public figure, he convinced Reagan and all the state
authorities that he was a very h.irmless man who should be put in minimum
security. In fact the day before he escaped, he cleaned out his locker and taped
inside the door a newspapf^ clipi)!ng that said that Gov. Rengan says Timothy
Leary was a completely liarmless man who cnnld be ))ut i'l rainiiinim s(-'.urity.
He just under lined it in rc-d and t.'iped it to the inside of his locker, knowing
that they would find it a day later when he was free. He worked out a lot when
he was in prison and he's very strong.
The day of his escape two pigs came to the prison ... I don't know if they were
FBI or what. But they were going to take him to New York where he was going to
be tried on some other charges and these pigs knew him because they had been
:
83
chasing liiin buf^ting him for years. So they called him into the warden's
and
office and "Timothy, we have to take you back to New York. We can either
said,
leave today and drive or wait "til Monday and fiy back." So he said, "Why don't
you take tiie weekend off and we'll fly in on Monday. That's fine with me." He
had this great image that they'd go off and get drunk for the weekend and wake
on Monday and find these headlines that Timothy Leary had escaped.
In his actual escape he found that he couldn't go out of the prison as he had
actually planned. He in fact had to climb over a part of the wall that was under
floodlights with guards walking back and forth. He got halfway up this wail and
his hands were all cut from the wire ... he was just hanging there, not knowing
if he could make it. He said that the thought he had was if they shoot me I want
to fall over the wall to let people know I was trying to be free. He also carried
out a statement he had written in prison that was later released. It shows he was
in a good place before he escaped.
The week that he spent with the Weather underground [after his escape] was
a really incredible experience for him. The first night he was takeu to a house
in the city and found everything he could have wanted while he was in prison.
He had a bubble bath and there w;ts a refrigerator full of food, lots of dope. And
the next day he was out on the streets walking around. He said he was terrified
of this image that you're going to be taken to some basement or to some mountain
top, but that we're certainly not going to be around people. But he was in dis-
guise and had a new i.d.
He said he was with Weather brothers and sisters who are so confident, who
are part of the youth culture in this country and so they can move around any-
where. They're us. And because they are, they can move in so many places. They
can go wherever we go. And they've developed a real strength and confidence
which he couldn't help but feel. So he learned this whole new way of moving.
They got in a car the first day and were driving down the street when thi^
carload of freaks drove by, started honking the horn and waving, causing all
this commotion so Tim panicked that someone had recognized him, but he kind of
smiled and waved back and then a Weather sister sitting next to him said. "That
was Mark Rudd who just waved to you. Another thing Tim did during that week
was the day Jimi Hendrix died ... he was a very good friend of Timothy's . . .
he and Rosemary and Bernadine and Jeff Jones got stoned and went to see
"Woodstock", which was a very meaningful thing for him.
I won't compare Eldridge and Timothy but they're two of the most brilliant
people I've ever met. They have a real respect for one another and they have a
lot to learn from one another. There's a real .sense of friendship between them.
Eldridge's whole understanding about acid and dope is really right on. When we
went to Algiers we found out that his favorite records are by Bob Dylan ami
Leonard Cohen so we bought him a whole bunch of their records. But he's been
learning a lot from Timothy.
And Timothy and Rosemary . you go into their room and it's this totally
. .
psychedelic room with all these bri,ght colors and incense an*' warmth ar.d you
see copies of all Kim II Sung's works that Timothy's reading. He's tripping on
reading it. It's like this whole new thing that really fits in. His becoming a revo-
lutionary is something that some people view as just another trip or that he's
mouthing words that he doesn't believe like he's been brainwashed or somethinr..
but I found by being with him that it's a natural i)rocess. that he's struggling
through things and finding that his progression toward wanting to become a revo-
lutionary is a very natural thing.
On page Agent Strange was asked to provide a list of brotherhood

34, Special
members who are believed to have obtained multiple passports falsely identifying
themselves. A list of brotherhood members believed to have obtained one or
more passports under assumed names follows
—
The Beothebhood Master List (Passsport) April 18, 1973
ackeey, robert dale
Secured PPT # K696983 at San Francisco 5/26/69 (in true name).

Secured PPT # K157638 at San Francisco 11/21/69; in name of Christopher,
Robert John.
. . .
84
Secured PPT # B2081110 at San Francisco 9/9/71 (in true name).

Status.— Complaint 18 USC 1542— Secured by SFFO 4/18/73.
ANDRIST, ROBERT LEE
Secured PPT # N1239807 at Los Angeles 10/16/68 (in true name).

Secured PPT # A1787934 at Los Angeles 8/19/70; in name of Schmitt, Carl
Felix.
i8'fo*«».— Complaint 18 USC 1542— Secured 7/25/72.
AETHT7K, DAVID ALAX

Secured PPT # E042S02 at Los Angeles 1/9/64 in true name).
Renewed at Los Angeles 12/20/66.
Secured PPT #H 046053 at Los Angeles 2/13/67 ; in name of Levine, Jonathan
David.
ASHROOK, TRAVIS GRANT
Secured PPT # H 1215898 at Los Angeles 10/18/67 (in true name).
Secured PPT # K725942 at Los Angeles 5/26/69; in name of Bliss, IVHchael
Eugene.
Secured PPT # B388181 at Los Angeles 3/10/71 ; in name of Mooney, Richard
Alan.
Status.— Comjila.int 18 USC 1542 2/22/78.
BATES, ROGER
Secured PPT # Z 748300 at Seville. Spain 12/27/67 (in true name)

Secured PPT # K 657198 at New York 5/9/69 in name of Jacobs, Paul Irvin.
;
Status. —Pending prosecution in New York.

BEVAN, RICK
Secured PPT # J 043040 at Los Angeles 2/6/68 (in true name)

Secured PPT # K 10798*4 at San Francisco 7/2/69 in name of Crockett, Ira Lee.
;
Secured replacement PPT # K 1494385 at Los Angeles 10/2/69; in name of

Crockett (Claimed K 1079844 lost).
Secured PPP # A 1804757 at Los Angeles 10/1/60 in name of Parks, Rodney.;
Applied for PPT at Portland, Oregon on 12/18/72 in name of Haul, Jason Emile
;
(not issued).
Applied for PPT at San Francisco on 2/28/73; in name of Hyatt, Bobby Joe
(not issued).
Status.— IndictQ^ two counts 18 USC 1,542 on 7/3/72. Fugitive—no bail. Bench
warrant outstanding.
BOWYER, CHESTER ALLEN, JR.
Secured PPT # K 029312 at Los Angeles 1/6/69 (in true name).

Secured PPT # A 1706031 at San Francisco 8/18/70 ; in name of Hanson, John
Walter.
Status. —Under investigation.
CASEETA, DANIEL PHILLIP
Secured PPT # K 693981 at San Francisco 5/20/69 (in name of Strickland,

Albert Lee).
—
Status. Presented to U.S. Attorney, San Francisco, May 1972.
CLAT, JAMES HENRY

Secured PPT # K 808064 at New York 5/22/69 (in name of Greer, Jason
Andrew).
CONNOLLY, IflCHAEL STEPHEN
Secured PPT # J 1360950 at Los Angeles 12/9/66 (in true name).
Secured PPT # B 2219108 at Los Angeles 11/1/71 (in name of Ruggles, Michael
Duncan )
Status.— Indicted one count 18 USC 1542 on 1/22/73. Pled guilty 3/26/73—to be
.sentenced 5/7/73.
. .
85
DALE, JAMES HOWARD

Secured PPT # A 1789701 at Los Angeles 8/24/70 (in that name).
Secured PPT # B 412460 at Honolulu 3/26/71 (in name of Gibson, Richard
Gerald).
Status. — Under investigation.
DE JABETTE, JON JAY
Secured PPT # B 1574311 at San Francisco 7/7/71 (in name of Jacobs, Paul
Michael )
Status.— Comiplaint 18 USC 1542 at San Franscico 11/15/72. Placed as hold with
San Bernardino Sheriff's Office.
FRIEND, JOHN CHBISTOPHEE
Secured PPT # B 1347656 at Los Angeles 7/9/71 (in that name).
Secured PPT # B 1753065 at Los Angeles 7/29/71 (in the name of Gates, Ronald
Thomas )
—
Status. Under investigation.
FULLER, LESTER SAMUEL

Secured PPT # J 498838 at Los Angeles 5/1/68 (in name of Stanton, Mark).
Secured PPT # A 200927 at Los Angeles 2/25/70 (in true name).
GARRISON, GARY ALLEN
Secured PPT # B 843252 at Los Angeles 5/12/71 (in name of Cromwell, Gary
Travis).
)Sâ*«s.— Complaint 18 USC 1542 secured 7/25/72.
KIMBALL, ROBERT RICHARDSON

Secured PPT #B 188729 at Los Angeles 6/5/61 (in true name).
Secured PPT # Z 33660S at Leopoldville 7/27/64 (in same name).
Secured replacement PPT #Z 706672 at Paris 12/21/64. Claimed Z 336608 lost.
Secured PPT # A 1866965 at New York 9/3/70 (in true name).
Secured PPT #B 2020957 at Los Angeles 10/27/71 (in name of McFarr, Malcolm
Coyne).
LANGE, EDWARD JEFFBY
Secured PPT # K 030398 at Los Angeles 1/9/69 (in true name)

Secured PPT #K
1562638 at Los Angeles 11/17/69 (in name of Turner, Paul
Gene).
Secured PPT # Z 1603319 at Costa Rica 7/7/72 (in name of Robertson, Henry
Alan).
Status.— Indicted two counts 18 USC 1542 1/22/73.
LEABY, TIMOTHY
Secured PPT (number unknown) at Chicago 9/22/70 (in name of MeXellis,

William John).
MABTINO, DAVID RUSSELL (LEARY'S SON-IN-LAW )
Secured PPT # (?) at Los Angeles 11/24/69 (in true name).
Secured PPT # B 399506 at Los Angeles 3/25/71 (in name of Carter, Joseph
Aaron).
/SfiaiMS.— Complaint— 18 USC 1542 7/25/72.
MABTINO, DENNIS JOHN

Secured PPT # J 049406 at Los Angeles 2/26/68 (in true name).
Secured replacement PPT # K 1561436 at Los Angeles 11/12/69 (in true name).
. .
86
Secured PPT # B 1224710 at New York 6/21/71 (in name of Viertel, Richard
Lon )
Status. —Under investigation. MILES, STEVEN LOUIS
Secured PPT (number not legible) at Sau Francisco, November 1972 (iu tliat
name).
Note.—No birth record in that name.
—Under investigation.
Status.
MORRELL, WALTER DAVID
Secured PPT # B 2136275 at Seattle 10/22/71 (iu that name).

Secured replacement PPT # Z 1422924 at Tokyo, Japan 12/30/71. Claimed B
2136275 lost.
*9ffltMS.— Under investigation. Identity unknown. No birth record in that name
in Colorado.
NEWMAN, JAMES CARROLL III
Subject's twin brother, Jeffry Clark Newman secured PPT # J 1239252 at Los
Angeles 10/14/68. When subject was arrested in Amsterdam 3/9/72, he had it
in his possession and admitted using Jeffry's passport wliich Jeffry had re-
ported lost.
James secured PPT B 2298987 at San Francisco 11/17/71 (iu name of Parker.
#
Jeffrey Alan).
Status.— Prosecution declined by U.S. Attorney San Francisco.
NICHOLS, LEE ALLEN
Reportedly secured PPT # H 1215905 at Los Angeles 10/18/67 (in name of Lynd,
Glen).
Status. —PPT record search requested.
PRATT, STANFORD LEON
Secured PPT # K 1608803 at Los Angeles 12/8/69 (in that name).

Secured PPT # B 2082142 at San Francisco 9/13/71 (in name of Wideman, Jesse
Stanford). ^^^^
Status.—Presented to U.S. Attorney, San Francisco. May 1972.
RANDALL, MICHAEL BOYD
Secured PPT # B 801984 at Los Angeles 4/21/71 (in name of Garrity, Michael
Thomas). „ ,<^„ ,„„
Status.— ComvlSiint 18 USC 1542 secured 3/9/73. Indicted six counts 3/26/ (o—
Failed to appear 4/24/73. Bench Warrant outstanding.
SMITH, BRENICE LEE
Secured PPT # J 498837 at Los Angeles 5/1/68 (in name of Nicklesburg, Lee
Alan).
STEVENS, JAMES ROBERT
Secured PPT # 1890248 at 10/15/70 (in name of Gleason, Graylin

New York
Robert).
Secured replacement PPT # A 1981937 at Los Angeles 12/21/70. Claimed A
1890248 (lost in same name)
Secured replacement PPT # Z 1429835 (?) at Madrid, Spain, 7/16/71. (in same
name).
Probable true name McGuire, Francis.
:

STONE, JOHN LEROY
Secured PPT # C 021145 at San Francisco 1/19/70 (in la.st name).
—
True name. Blackmun, Barrel David.
—
Status. Under Investigation.
:. —
87
THURSTOX, CRAIG DON
Secured PPT # G 893288 at Los Angeles 8/9/66 (in true name).

Secured PPT # A 202115 at Los Angeles 2/26/70 (in name of Drew, Sean).
Secured PPT # B 880488 at Honolulu 9/30/71 (in true name).
Status.— Complaint— 18 USC 1542 2/22/73.
WALTERS, SAUL
Secured PPT # B 1862111 at San Francisco 8/24/71 (in that name).

—
True name Anthony "Tony" Sage.
—
Status. Under investigation.
WILENCHIK, MITCHELL ALLEN

Secur-vi PPT #B 3900545 at Los Angeles 3/1.5/71 (in name of Phillips, Mitchell
Alkii).
SecuredPPT # B 1757044 at Los Angeles S/3/71 (in name of Allen, John Carl
PPT with wife ?) Pamela Jean Allen)
a joint (
Status.— Corn-plaint 18 USC 1542 on 7/25/72. Indicted two counts 18 USC

1542 on 10/11/72. On 1/4/73 pled guilty to one count of PPT fraud (2nd count
dismissed) and one count Selective Service violation. Sentenced to 3 years
on each count, concurrent.
WILSON, ROBERT DAVID, JR.
Secured PPT # B116571 at Honolulu 7/15/71 (in name of Black, Jacob Martin).
Status.-Indicted. one count IS USC 1542 at Honolulu 10/6/72. Fugitive.
HASHISH REMOVED
[In pounds]
Calendar year-
1973
through
1968 1S69 1970 1971 1972 June
Domestic (OEA) 239 234 882 1,151 73

Ports and borders (customs and INS).. 132 1,602 3,811 6,900 8,754 4,447
DEA/forelgn cooperative... 402 406 3,211 14,406 20,189 6,630
Total... 534 ^247 A256 22, 188 30, 094 11,150
Me. Gene R. Haislip, Acting Chief, Congressional Relations Section,

Acting Chief, Scientific Services Division
hashish and "hashish oil" st.atistics
The total number of marihuana exhibits and percent of the total workload
over the past three fiscal years are as follows
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
Fiscal year-
Drug code and item 1971 1972
7360-Marihu3na - 1,693 2,864

7361— Extract of cannabis 652 605
7362— Fluid extract of cannabis 13 17
7363— Tincture oi cannabis 28 13
7354— Marihuana (granulated, powder, etc.) 4,072 5,334
7365— Marihuana plant - 617 286
7366— Marihuana seeds 217 197
7367— Marihuana rcsin (hashish) (') 0/
7368— Marihuana oil (hash oil) (0 (0
7370— THC (synthetic).. .--- 1
7371— TKC(oinanic) .- 5 3
7372— Cannfii;i Jiol
7373— Cannablnol
1 Not reported as hashish or marihuana oil per se for the fiscal year 1971 and 1972 periods.
The above data can be broken down into refined (prepared) and non-refined
(non-prepared) general categories.
89
As indicated in table #3, the laboratory analysis data did not separate "Mari-
huana Resin (Hashish)" or "Marihuana Oil" into individual categories before
FY-1973. However, inspection of this table reveals that the "hashish" exhibits
vvere probably previously (FY-71 and 72) reported as Extract of Cannabis.
Marihuana oil was first encountered in February of 1972. Follov\ing subsequent
encounters, it was assigned a specific drug code during the first part of FY-73.
"Marihuana Resin (Hashish)" was also assigned a specific drug code at this time
as indicated above.
As regards the total quantity of "Hashish" removed from the domestic market.
The following data are presented from the Statistical Report on Federal Per-
formance Measurements for FY-73.
DOMESTIC REMOVALS (DEA)
Fiscal year
\
90
[From the Washington Post. Aug. 24, 1973]
U.S. Losing Drlg-Smuggling War

(By Jack Anderson aud Les "Wliitten)
The government's war against drug smuggling, trumpeted as one of tlie major
domestic successes of the Xixon administration, is losing the battle to fleets of
small private planes and fast boats.
Classified docume.iis from the Customs Bureau made available to us demon-
strate the extent of 1..^ government's failure. They flatly state that the narcotics
:
agents cannot compae with the ingenuity of the smugglers.

The dope runners have organized the most important small boat operation since
the evacuation of Dunkirk, and the government's fragmented narcotics forces
are unable to cope with them.
"We must undertake a program to provide Customs control of small boat traflSc
entering the United States," one of the documents asserts. "Smuggling of nar-
cotic drugs by small boats is a serious problem. At present, we have no means
of effecting interdiction of drugs entering the United States by this means."
The high flying dope peddlers operate v.ith equal freedom, hauling their cargo
of white powder from Mexico and Canada with virtually no opposition.
"Smuggling by means of private aircraft has grown in a situation where con-
trol of this commerce, for technical reasons, was not possible," the documents
said.
In short, the situation is hand that Mafia and free-lance traffickers
so out of
have virtual carte blanche wares across the United States borders.
to haul their
Federal anti-narcotics officials have made elaborate plans to increase their
efficiency in the air and on the water, but budget conscious bureaucrats have cut
out this capability. For this fiscal year alone, the Office of Management and
Budget has sliced the Customs budget for these plans from $11.4 million to $3.3
million.
This penny-wise policy is preventing narcotic- agents from acquiring sophisti-
cate<l tools, including aircraft with special tracking equipment, boats fast enough
to catch smugglers' craft, and sensors to seek out the dope runners.
The drug fighters are using some electronic sensors borrowed from the mili-
tary, but find them virtually worthless.
The heavily publicized seizures of millions of dollars worth of narcotics are
largely the work of old-fashioned customs and narcotics agents at ports or else-
where, based on leads from painstakingly nurtured informants. Arrests of
smugglers through random checks of small planes or boats have been few and
infrequent.
Presently, the air-sea fight against drugs is badly fragmented between Customs
at the Treasury Department and the new Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) at the Justice Department. A memorandum describing a meeting last
month between Customs' air intrusion coordinator and George Brosan, a top
Customs enforcement official, makes clear that neither agency knows what the
other is doing.
There are about 50 planes of various kinds available at any one time to the two
agencies for air and boat surveillance. But without cooperation between them
through use of informers who signal the departures of a shipment from some
lonely harbor or airport, the planes are useless. They cannot "picket-line" the
entire border.
DEA, which may wind up with the whole program eventually, is too busy re-
organizing to take on any new duties, particularly ones as complicated as the
"Air Intrusion" operation.
The overall mess is best summed up by Brosan :
"Both the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Immigration and Nat-
uralization Service have token programs. Neither can compare with the present
Customs effort, and possibly some thought ought to be given to combining the
three programs."
CIA Pig- Sticker— The men who work for the Central Intelligence Agency are
traditionally regarded as closemouthed characters who spend their waking
hours tracking spies and tapping telephones.
Angus MacLean Thuermer, the agency's "public information officer," defies
tradition. He is one of the nation's foremost "pig stickers," and he doesn't mind
talking about it.
He became addicted to the exotic sport of "pig sticking" nicely underplayed
—
British term for "hunting wild boar on horseback with a spear" while serving
with the Foreign Service in India.
91
Last year, Thuermer went back to India for another hog- limit. When lie
returned to the States, he broke CIA tradition and publishtd his memoirs of
the hxmt in an obscure weekly newspaper called the "Piedmont Virginian."
Although Thuermer rarely has anything to say to reporters about CIA affairs,
he waxes poetic about pig sticking.
Footnote: So proud of his pig-sticking prowess is Thurrmer that hf keeps
Ms spear in his office. He invited us over to see it, but we politely refused when
he added that "it isn't every day that you get to stick an Anderson man."
Francis G. Knight, Directok, Passport Office, June 8, 1973
On September 15, 1972, I testified before the Internal Security Subcommittee

of the Senate Judiciary Committee concerning passport fvnud, particularly ;is
it relates to the world narcotics traffic. At that time. I also testified
concerning
passport fraud in general and the problem the Passport OflSce faces in combating
this criminal activity.
The passport fraud statistics I submitted on September 15, 1972 are sadly out
of date now. The statistics available today show that passport fraud committed
within the United States continues to increase in volume. I would like to submit,
for the record, a chart (number 1) setting forth the fraud statistics for fiscal
years 1970 through 1972 and for the first 11 months of fiscal year 1973. The chart
also gives a month-by-month breakdown of fraud statistics for the first 11 mouths
of fiscal year 1973.
As you will see from the chart, the number of frau.is totaling 622 detected thus
far in fiscal year 1973 already exceeds the total for fiscal year 1972, which was
614. Perhaps of greater significance is the increase in the number of domestic
frauds, that is, those frauds committed within the United States detected thus far
in fiscal year 1973. During the entire fiscal year of 1972. we uncovered 300 do-
mestic frauds. During the first 11 months of this fiscal year, we uncovered 362
frauds. This is an increase of 62. Averaging out the frauds for the entire year
shows that v.e have an increase of over 31% this fiscal year over last fiscal year.
Also, it is startling to note that the number of domestic frauds detected in the first
11 months of this fiscal year, which amounts to 362, in more that double the num-
ber of domestic frauds detected for the entire fiscal year 1970. Since every pass-
port fraud is perpetrated for the piu-pose of covering another illegal activity, this
enormous increase in domestic passport frauds from 1970 to the current time dis-
turbs me greatly. One of the principal reasons for my roncprn is the fact that
persons involved in domestic passport frauds, especially at this time, are engaged
in trafficking in narcotics. For this reason, I should like to direct this statement
to the domestic fraud picture.
A vivid example of the currency of the narcotics-connected passport fraud
problem is shown by the apprehension by Customs agents on May 12, 1973 in
Boston of John, Kathy. Richard, Peter, and Dennis Murray for importing 1.5
million dollars worth of hashish. It was discovered that the Murrays had been
traveling as John, Paula, Richard. Kathy, and Christopher Mosley on United
States passports obtained by fraud.
Investigation thus far conducted by the Passport Office with the assistance of
the Di\isiou of Vital Statistics, Department of Health. Education and Welfare,
and officials in New Jersey disclosed that, in each instance, counterfeit Nebraska
birth certificates and counterfeit New Jersey drivers' licenses were used as evi-
dence of birth and identity to obtain these five passports. In addition, Peter
and Dennis Murray had obtained two other passports using counterfeit do<-,i-
mentation. To add' to the problem, it has been ascertained that the Murrays'
father and uncle had passports obtained in false identities using counterfeit
dociunentary evidence. Thus, in connection with this one recent drug seizui-e, nine
fraudulent passport applications have surfaced.
The Murrays have been identified with the Brotherhood of Eternal Love, an
international narcotics smuggling ring, originally founded by Timothy Leary
and referred to in my testimony of September 15, 1972.
At that time. I stated that 91 passport files had been located which related to
the Brotherhood that 40 cases had been documented and .sent to the Office of
:
Security of the Department of State for investigation as passport frauds and :
that another 10 to 12 cases previously sent for investigation had been tentatively
identified as members of the Brotherhood.
Todav, almost 250 flies have been located and 120 passport frauds established.
I would like to submit, for the record, a chart (number 2) showing the growth
92
of our investigation of passport frauds connected with the Brotherhood. Although

the Brotherhood is the largest narcotics organization perpetrating passport
frauds uncovered to date, it is but one of several groups which are committing
passport frauds for the purpose of facilitating the international trafficking of
narcotics. Page 2 of the chart also reflects the growing trend toward the use of
counterfeit birth documents. These documents are of a high quality, which makes
their detection very difficult absent a referral to the state which purportedly
issued the documents. This fact illustrates the sophistication of the fraud per-
petrators which confronts the Passport Office at tlie present time.
Another reason for my concern is the use of United States passports obtained
fraudulently by illegal aliens in the United States. This type of illegal activity has
been the subject of Congressional concern for some time.
In my testimony of September 15, 1972, I submitted background information
concerning Dominican and Mexican nationals illegally in tlie United States who
were using birth certificates issued for persons bom in Puerto Rico or the several
states bordering Mexico for the puriôse of obtaining United States passports.
This type of fraud is not limited to nationals of Mexico or the Dominican
Republic.
On October 6, 1972, the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Depart-
ment of Justice received information that a group of Philippine nationals illegally
in the United States had obtained United States passports in false identities. To
date, investigation by both the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the
Department of State's Office of Security have documented 23 such cases.
In each case, the Philippine national was approached by a so-called "broker",
an individual dealing in fraudulent citizenship, travel, and identity documents.
For a fee of $2,000, the broker provided the alien with documentation showing
birth in the United States. The alien applied for a passport using the birth certi-
ficate provided by the broker. In most cases, the broker served as the alien's iden-
tifying witness when the alien applied for the passport in his false identity.
In at least 12 cases, the "broker" identified the aliens when tliey applied for
loans in order to pay the broker's $2,000-fee. In addition to the $2,000-fee, investi-
gation indicates that these Philippine nationals subsequently were subject to
blackmail or extortion by the "broker".
This case illustrates the type of "brokerage" operation through which aliens
who obtain United States passports in false identities for the purpose of remain-
ing in the United States illegally are then victimized by the "broker" who made
the aliens' frauds possible.
A significant factor in the statistics for the first six mouths of fiscal year 1973
is the fact that, of the 135 domestic frauds detected during that period, 54 were
discovered in the application stage before a passport was issued. This compares
with the figure of 25 discovered in the application stage for the same period in
fiscal year 1972.
In opinion, the dramatic increase in the detection of frauds in the applica-
my
tion stage is a direct result of fraud seminars being conducted by attorneys of
the Legal Division of the Passport Office. This program was initiated by the
Passport Office in 1972 when it became apparent that domestic passport fraud
was on the increase. To date, all permanent Passport Office personnel in the
United States who accept or adjudicate passport applications have attended at
least one of these seminars. This program continues with the goal of extending
fraud training to all persons taking passport applications.
You may be interested to know that enterprising persons involved in illegal
activities have written a "manual" on how to get documents to assume a fnlse
identity. The "manual" describes how the documents necessary to substantiate the
false identity can be obtained from official government sources. It also describes
in detail how to get birth certificates and identity documents. The "manual"
pays the Passport Office a left-handed compliment by emphasizing the fact that
the United States passport is the single most valuable document which an im-
poster can have to substantiate a false identity. Possession of a valid passport in
a false identity gives the alien, narcotics trafficker, fugitive, or criminal a free-
dom of movement which would otherwise be denied to him.
A few days ago, the Passport Office was informed that the manual had been
revised. Although a copy is not available, it is believed that those portions of the
manual descriliing how to obtain a valid passport in a false identity have been
the subject of much of the revision.
While the fraud seminar program has proved successful, as demonstrated by
the dramatic increase in the number of frauds detected in the application stage,
93
it is, at best, only a partial solution. I believe that more frauds would be detected
in tlieapplication stage if the pressures on Passport Office personnel are reduced
1*0 rG3.1istic IgvgIs
These pressures are especially acute in the passport field agencies where the
majority of all United States passports are issued and where, as a result, the
greatest fraud potential exists. In this regard, I would like to submit for the
record a copy of a memorandmn of April 27, 1973 (number 3) sent to me by Mr.
William E. Duggan, Chief of the Passport Office Legal Division. This memoran-
dum vividly portrays some of the problems the Passport Office confronts in com-
bating passport fraud. Comment number one on page two of this memorandum is
significant with regard to the detection of passport fraud in the application stage.
The acceptance of passport applications by non-Passport Office personnel has
relieved to some degree the pressure on passport field agency personnel working
day-after-day under the stress and strain of handling hundreds of passport ap-
plicants pushing and arguing for expeditious service. It has done little to reduce
the other pressures since each application must be examined and adjudicated
by Passport Office personnel for the purpose of establishing the applicants citizen-
ship and identity. It has in fact increased the pressure in applications where
there is an identity and possibly a fraud question. The (luestion which might
easily be resolved by a trained person in a face-to-face confrontation cannot
be resolved with mere documents in front of you. Thus more paperwork is
engendered.
The Passport Office has been drowning in paper work involved in management
studies, reports, statistics, time-studies, manpower utilization studies, productivity
analysis, and other such matters which seep down to us from upper echelons of
management and administration.
However, the passport agencies are not the only areas experiencing acute
field
pressures. of the Passport Office, with many responsibilities
The Legal Division
other than fraud detection and processing, has at present ?.5 permanent employees
of whom only 9 are attorneys. This staff will be decreased by the retirement of
one attorney on .June 30, 1073. To give you a better understanding of the law
enforcement procedures, I would like to submit for the record a copy of a
memorandum (No. 4) which describes the procedural steps involved when a
fraud is uncovered or when a fraud is suspected in a given case. Given the in-
creasing number of passport frauds, the limited number of personnel available to
process these cases in the Legal Division, and the many other responsibilities of
the Legal Division, it is obvious that the fraud seminars conducted by Legal
Division attorneys, as valuable as the seminars are proving, imposes tremendous
strains, physically and operationally, on the legal staff.
Without adequate staffing, the pressures on the Legal Division continue to in-
crease and an exorbitant amount of costly overtime is the only answer. In due
course, a point will be reached this patchwork remedy will become counter-
productive.
Even when fraud cases have been expeditiously processed through the Legal
Division, the Passport Office is frustrated )>y long delays by the Department's
Office of Security in investigating such cases. This was explained in considerable
detail in my testimony of September 15. 1972. To update this data. I would like
to submit, for the record, a copy of a chart (No. 5) which shows the number of
cases pending investigation by the Office of Security as of April 24, 1973.
The explanation given by the Office of Security for the number of delinquent
investigation cases continues to be a "shortage of manpower." as well as "several
high priority requirements in other aspects of the total security program."
I do not take exception to the explanation furnished by the Office of Security.
I am reasonably sure that the office is interested in endeavoring to meet our
requirements and. I might say from personal observation, the local field agents
are inten.sely interested in helping us combat passport frauds. I think I can state
without fear of contradiction that this interest stems from the fact that passport
fraud cases, as a category, offer real challenges to a professional investigation.
It seems eminently clear that the Office of Security does not have sufficient
manpower to meet our passport fraud problems and that the "delinquency" is
due. in good measure, to greater priority given to other "security requirements."
By now, it should be obvious, as illustrated by the Brotherhood of Eternal
Love, the Philippine alien cases, and the "manual" on fraudulent identities
which I have described, that the individuals committing passport fraud are be-
coming increasingly more knowledgeable in methods of obtaining fraudulent birth
and identity documentation. We
are endeavoring to meet this increased knowl-
23-538—73 7
94
edge on the part of our '-opposition" by maldng our personnel more alert and
knowledgeable in detecting symptoms of fraud. It is an established fact that
careful and thorough examination by trained personnel of passport applications
and their accompanying documents will result in the detection of many frauds
in the application stage. A face-to-face confrontation increases the possibility
that such frauds will be detected before the passports are issued and used in
the furtherance of illegal activities. At the present time, while we are doing our
best, our efforts are diminished and frustrated by the inadequate facilities and
insufficient personnel furnished to the Passport Office.
Passport fraud as it pertains to narcotics and to illegal aliens is only one
phase of a serious problem which we, in the Passport Office have struggled with
for years and called to the attention of anyone who would listen. Frankly. I am
very discouraged about the whole situation and I don't believe that a piecemeal
approach to the problem will be successful. One hole in the dike may be plugged
up, but two others will develop.
The Passport Office has been fighting, for years, this battle of fraudulent
documentation to protect the integrity of the United States passport as well as
the ensuing evils to society, such as illegal drug activity, which flows from
the use of such a valuable document. However, this evil is not restricted to pass-
ports; it also involves credit cards, social security cards, welfare and pension
payments, birth records, drivers' licenses, and the list goes on ad nauseam
into the very fabric of our society.
In summary, I think it is plain that the problem of the effects of fraudulent
documentation and impersonation are not restricted to the passport area. It is
symptomatic of one of the serious ills of our society at the present time, and
it is time we work together and say a vigorous "no" to the enemies of our society.
It is with considerable regret that I advise you that in my opinion no action
will be taken by the Executive Branch of our Government imtil such time the
Congress steps in with clear language legislation to make the use and presenta-
tion of fraudulent identifying documents to any Government Department or
Agency or unit thereof a very expensive, unprofitable and unpleasant experience
for the perpetrator. Furthermore, the Congress should insist upon swift prosecu-
tion of these cases for two valid and relatively simple reasons. Swift prosecu-
tion by the Department of Justice would engender second thoughts by criminals
engaged in the practice of deceiving Government Agencies by the use of false
identity documents and this, in turn, would help put the prodiicers of such docu-
ments "out of a very lucrative bu.siness which is presently flourishing around
the United States. The second reason is that the salutary effect of swift and stem
government action will save millions of dollars now wasted or irretrievably lost
by such Federal and private operations as the Passport Office. Social Security,
Insurance Companies, Banks, Health Services, Pension Funds and even extend to
the world-wide credit card racket. It is a known fact that the United States
Passport is used the world over as an instrument of identity. Therefore, it makes
sense to see to it that it is protected by law and that the Passport Office is given
financial and administrative support in its role to maintain the integrity of the
document.
In my considered opinion, it has been proven impossible to obtain from the
Executive Bureaucracy the required support, consideration and protection which
the Passport Office requires to carry out its statutory functions to provide effi-
cient and effective passport and citizenship services to United States citizens
both here and overseas.
Attachments
ExMhit
1. Fraud Statistics— fiscal year 1970 through May fiscal year 1973 and
—
fraud statistics breakdown fiscal year 1973
2. Brotherhood fraud table
3. Memorandum of April 27, 1973 by Mr. Duggan
4. Procedures used in the processing of passport fraud cases
.5. Cases pending SY investigation as of April 24, 1973
95
FRAUD STATISTICS, FISCAL YEAR 1970 THROUGH MAY FISCAL YEAR 1973
1973
(through
Fiscal year 1970 1971 1972 May)
Domestic 174 288 300 362

Foreign 327 316 314 260
Total. 501 604 614 622
FRAUD STATISTICS BREAKDOWN, FISCAL YEAR 1973
Foreign Total
July 21
August 30
September.. 14
October 13
November... 34
December... 23
January 34
February 58
March 59
April 19
May 57
Total. 362 260 622
Apr. 27,1973 June 1,1973
Number 120
Type fraud:
Alteration
Use
Identifying witness
False statement
Place tiled:
Los Angeles 22 31
San Francisco 13 24
Miami. 6
Chicago 4 4
Post Office 4 5
New Yorl< 3 5
Kabul 3 3
Clerl< of court 2 6
Other 9 15
1969 3 5
Date filed prior
1969.. 10 11
1970... 11 20
1971.. 21 35
1972 13 23
1973 2 5
5 8
Detected before issue
San Francisco 4 4
1 1
Seattle
1 I
Miami
1 1
Los Angeles
1 1
Lookout system..
Counterfeit birth certificates 26 45
Hospital birth certificates 5 6
Nebrasl<a 8
Missouri 4 5
14 4
Chicago
Colorado 2 2
Utah 2 3
North Carolina 3
Ohio.. 2
Referred United States attorney. 34 41
Indicted 17 19
Prosecution declined 3 3
Convicted 2 4
Note: 1 each from Iowa; Albion, New York; San Diego County; Los Angeles County; New York State; Wisconsin; Seattle
County; Syracuse, New York; Orange County, California. In addition counterfeit birth certificates were picked up in a
brotherhood raid from Missouri (2); Nevada; Seattle-King County; Washington; Newark, New Jersey and Ohio.
; ; ; :
96
April 27, 1973.

—
To PPT Miss Frances G. Knight
:
—
From: PT/L William E. Duggan.
Subject: Observations regarding counter work at New York
The team of attorneys observed that the number of persons applying for pass-
ports in the New York Agency began to accelerate about 9:45. The number of
applicants continued to increase until about 2:30 to 3:00 in the afternoon. At
that time there were in the neighborhood of 20 to 25 or possibly 30 applicants in
front of each station. The number of applicants gradually diminished until
about 4 :00 when there were about 10 applicants in front of each station. With
the closing of the Agency doors, the agents were able to complete the work about
4:45 or 5:00.
Observations indicated that each agent took about 3 to 5 minutes per applicant.
The average time an applicant stood in line during the peak period of 11 to 3
was about 45 minutes. Obviously, persons are not in the best frame of mind
after being required to stand in line for this length of time. This factor is men-
tioned because it exerts further pressure upon the agent in performing his job.
Given the number of persons in line, it is a practical impossibility for the agents
to spend more than 3 to 5 minutes with each applicant.
The following conclusions must be stated in fairness to the agents concerned
as well as our fraud prevention program:
1. Given the number of factors which must be considered, a
period of 3 to 5
minutes is totally inadequate to do a thorough job of taking a passport applica-
tion :
The constant pressure of applicants in front of an agent also creates barriers

2.
which make it difficult for the agent to detect fraud
The physical limitations of the reception room are inadequate and create
.3.
at times a sense of turmoil. This also lessens the effectiveness of our agents
4 From a fraud point of view, I feel it is necessary to state that except for
the most obvious frauds, it is totally unfair to the agents concerned to hold them
acrnnutable for such frauds as may filter through
5. Some action must be taken to reduce the pressure on
agents taking applica-
tions in New York if we are to expect an acceptable standard of fraud detection
in that Agency
6. The "melting pot" population situation in New York is peculiarly
conducive
to fraud potential.
COMMENTS
1. It seems obvious to me that the current program of having a
number of
Clerks of Court and Post Offices accept applications has not solved the counter
problem at New York City although it has helped to a certain extent. The
apparent reason for this seems to be that individuals wish to go to the Agency
responsible for issuing the passport rather than to a Post Office or Clerk of
Court whenever possible to do so.
it is
2. is the most important overseas departure airport in the
Since New York
United States, the Agency has an exceptional load of emergency cases which must
be handled at the counter.
SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM
Despite the views of the upper echelon in the Department of State that
increase of Passport Agencies is a "bureaucratic" maneuver, I recommend as
stronglv as I can, that we establish several sub-agencies in the New York area
to accept applications. One obvious area is in the so-called Financial Di.strict of
New York. The other areas can be determined by a review of counter applications
to determine the areas from which the counter applications are coming.
During
mv trip to New York I tentatively made arrangements to have counter applica-
tions segregated and sent to Washington for a survey to obtain statistics which
would support a rational basis for establishing sub-agencies in New York.
April 24, 1973.
—
To PPT Miss Frances G. Knight.
:
—
From PT/T.^ William E. Duggan.
:
Subject: Current procedures used in the processing of passport fraud cases.

When information appearing on a passport application, or received subsequent
to the issuance of a passport, raises the possibility tliat a person has perpetuated
a fraud, the case is referred to the Legal Division of the Passport Office. An
97
attorney in the Legal Division reviews the entire file in order to determine what
evidence is available to establish a prima facie case of fraud or what additional
evidence may be required to establish such a case.
The attorney then prepares a detailed memorandum outlining the facts
involved and the investigative action necessary to establish a prima facie case of
fraud. This memorandum and the case file are forwarded to the Office of Security
of the Department of State which has investigative jurisdiction in passport
fraud cases. Upon completion of the requested investigation, the file is returned
to the Legal Division of the Passport Office along with whatever evidence and
information was developed in the course of the investigation.
If the concerned Passport Office attorney is satisfied that the investigation has
developed sufficient admissible evidence to establish a prima facie case of pass-
port fraud, he prepares a "Criminal Prosecution Summary." The "Summary"
along with the file, then is forwarded to the appropriate U.S. Attorney through
the Office of Security of the Department of State. This procedure is designed to
offer the U.S. Attorney with as much personal assistance and contact as possible
with the Department of State.
After receipt and, in due course, review of the case, it is the responsibility
of the U.S. Attorney to decide if prosecution should be initiated or declined. If
prosecution is declined, the case is returned to the Passport Office, through the
Office of Security, with a statement from the U.S. Attorney giving his reasons
for not initiating prosecution. If the U.S. Attorney accepts the case for prosecu-
tion, he initiates the necessary procedures to bring the case to trial.
Cases pending by investigation as of April 2^, WIS

Cases opened in 1973 165
Cases opened prior to January 1, 1973 221
Total cases pending 501
Samples of Fraudulent Documents op Identification Obtained and Used by

Members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love
1. counterfeit birth certificates
[Note : birth certificates that follow are all counterfeit. As will be
The four
seen by the chart on page 83, fraudulent Brotherhood birth certificates were
more or less evenly divided between outright counterfeits and valid birth cer-
tificates fraudulently obtained by individuals professing to be the persons de-
scribed in the certificates. Applicants for such valid but fraudulent certificates
almost invariably employ the technique of applying for a birth certificate of a
deceased person whose age, if alive, would approximate their own. The Passport
Office felt it would be inappropriate to provide samples of such birth certificates
for reproduction, out of consideration for the feelings of surviving family
members.
It is interesting to note that both of the birth certificates issued to "Ruth Ellen
Simms," one in Seattle, Washington and the other in Newark, New Jersey, were
complete counterfeits (see page 101).
As examples of how widespread the printing of counterfeit birth certificates
is, we reproduce on page 98 copies of counterfeit certificates of birth dupli-
cating the certificates issued by the city of Elizabeth, New Jersey and by the
Tennessee Department of Public Health. The Tennessee certificate is accom-
panied by an investigative report to the Special Agent In Charge, Los Angeles,
describing the seizure of certificates and of the counterfeiting ring involved, by
the Dallas Police Department.]
August 28, 1972.
Chief. Division of Investigations
SAC —Los Angeles
Counterfeit birth certificates
Sgt. J. W. Heard, General Assignments Unit, Dallas Police Department was
interviewed on 8/22/72 by S/A E. A. Vina. Source stated that his office appre-
hended three individuals in a counterfeiting operation. Seized at that time was
23-538 —73 8
98
a quantity of counterfeit Tennessee Birth Certificates wliich were alleged to

command a price of $150.00 apiece on the market. According to Source, the error
discovered on these certificates (a Xerox copy is attached) is the printed legend
on the left border reading "By Courtesy of Tennessee Department of Public
Health. This Reproduction Should Be Carefully Preserved." Also the letter "R"
in "Civil District" is blurred.
A sidelight on this matter is that Heard stated that the three apprehended
are all homosexual.
This information is forwarded to you for the possible information of the
Passport Office.
T w
STANDARD CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRTH
LOCAL REGTSTRAR S STATE CFOMlO BIRTM NO 4 '7 fi '^
NUMBER O ^ Tt CCLUMBU5 OHIO OATt PlECElVEoi ""^ /— ^2,
.l^rATnK'ilu JOHN
100
TLACE OFUIRI'l.
STATE OF MISSOURI
Poitau nf V,rj| S(«inii,.
r.u.,'-,.f
1'."^"./ r OfltfitI Ns.

4? 38
s, Comm. Hos p.
lEGlSTEnno NO- A9_3_
FULL NAMC OF CHILD

101
SEATTLE-KING COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH

VITAL STATISTICS SECTION
1100 Public Safety Building, Sealtlo 4, Washmoion
rjP.TlFIED COPY OF BIRTH CERTIFICATE

£L "k" 6 2 5 ~"V!?;"" i732i CERTIF CATE OF LIVE BIRTHI ""n^ 3025
TrZHTrcirTri7bT"7TA3t , i<. middll NAvt I
ic. LASi iiAM£
RUTH : ELLE?; '

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102
2. Other counterfeit identification documents
Counterfeit Opebatob's License
STATE OF OHIO • DEPT. OF HIGHWAY SAFETY

, r%^'' A f^ O
OPERATOR'S LICENSE
DC. CAKHltU
SHOULD BE WHILt UKIVinu
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EXPIRES ON LICENSEE'S BIRTHDAY IN isj 7U [ V°g
PREV.UC.no. « - - S. S. NO. 853-71-8441
NAME LAURA M, MA DOCK
ADDRESS 173 S, Clark Aveo
P.O. .Mcron OHIO 351
HATE 1
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103
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•
STATE OF NEW JERSEY'
(v^v^^ 'division of motor vehicles
\V\ DRIVER LICENSE
104
[From the Washington Post, May 3, 1973]
Troopeb, Militant Die in N.J. Clash

East Brunswick, N.J., May 2: A state trooper was killed and another
wounded in a pre-dawn shooting on the New Jersey Turnpike today after they
stopped a white Pontiac carrying three persons, including a woman sought in
the slaying of two New York City policemen, police said.
The woman, identified as a member of the Black Liberation Army, was wounded
and a male companion shot to death. He was identified as Zayd Malik Shakur
former deputy prime minister of the Black Panther Party.
The third occupant of the car fled on foot in the direction of nearby Milltown.
State Police Superintendent David B. Kelly said the shooting began after
trooper James M. Harper, stopped the auto for "speeding slightly." Before ap-
proaching the car, Harper radioed for a backup patrol car.
Trooper Werner Foerster arrived, and the two troopers approached the stopped
auto. Foerster questioned a man and a woman who were passengers in the ear,
while Harper talked with the driver at a patrol car, authorities said.
Kelley said there was a discrepancy in the driver's license and registration.
He said the woman, later identified by fingerprints as Joanne Deborah Chesi-
mard, 25, pulled a gun and fired at Foerster. The troopers and the two other men
pulled guns and about 30 rounds were fired, he said.
"As we put it together, the girl fired from within the car. Harper retreated,
there was a fireflght and all people involved were shooting," Kelly said.
Harper, wounded in the shoulder, managed to walk 300 yards to the Turnpike
Administration building to summon help. Other troopers arrived and found
Trooper Foerster dead of gunshot wounds.
The auto was gone. Shortly after that, Trooper Robert Palentehar spotted
the car five miles to the south, and saw a man fleeing into the woods.
Palentoher ordered him to halt and opened fire when the command went un-
heeded. The man, later identified as the driver of the car, disappeared into the
woods.
The trooper found the wounded Miss Chesimard at the car. The other pas-
senger, identified as James Costan, 32, of New York City, was dead of bullet
wounds, Kelly said.
Miss Chesimard was listed in satisfactory condition under guard at Middlesex
General Hospital in New Brunswick.
(She was recently named by former New York City Police Commissioner
Patrick V. Murphy as one of six persons being sought for questioning in a series
of attacks on policemen believed to have been carried out by members of the
black militant organization. The two policemen who were killed were Gregory
Foster and Rocco Laurie, shot on New York's Lower East side in January 1972.)
Kelley said four handguns were found near the scene of the turnpike shootout.
He also said troopers found a "whole carload of false identification," including
passports, birth certificates and Social Security and credit cards.
[From the Washington Star-News, Sept. 3, 1973]
Man on Most "Wanted List Captured in New Orleans

New Orleans Herman Bell, 25, one of the
: FBI's 10 most wanted fugitives,
has been captured on aNew Orleans street.
Bell, wanted in the killing of two New York City policemen, offered no resist-
ance when arrested yesterday.
Bell went before a U.S. magistrate in New Orleans and was put under a
$500,000 bond.
The FBI said Bell had been sought in connection with the killing of the two
police officers on May 21, 1971, and also with the robbery of a branch of the Bank
of America in San Francisco, Calif., on Sept. 20, 1971.
Bell was arrested by FBI agents, New Orleans police and New York City police
detectives.
TT.S. Magistrate Morey Sear set a Sept. 12 date for a removal hearing at
which time Bell could be sent back to New York for trial.
Robert Tanenbaum, an assistant district attorney from Manhattan, said he
anticipated that extradition proceedings would be started in state court here
tomorrow.
106
Both Tanenbaum and U.S. Atty. Gerald Gallinghouse of New Orleans asked
that Bell be held without bond. Gallinghouse cited the "vicious crimes" involved
and said Bell was extremely dangerous.
Sear ruled that Bell was indigent and appointed New Orleans attorney Martin
E. Feldman to represent him.
At Bell's apartment police said they confiscated $3,800 in cash, two .12-gauge
shotguns, a .308 lever-action rifle with a telescopic sight, a .9-milimeter auto-
matic pistol and a .38-caliber revolver. Police said one of the shotguns was a
sawed-off, slide action type.
Police said they also seized several blank birth certificates, a marijuana
plant, ammunition, a machete, medical supplies such as bandages and hyper-
dermics. and knives.
Bell said that he had not worked in the past six months, but had saved money.
He gave a New Orleans address as his most recent residence and several San
Francisco addresses.
Bell said his only prior conviction was second-degree robbery in Oakland,
Calif. He said he had attended Oakland College there for a time.
Tanenbaum said he and three New York City detectives had been in New
Orleans since Thursday after receiving information a week ago that Bell was
in the city.
Bell's wifewas also booked by the New Orleans police on charges of harbor-
ing a fugitive and possession of stolen property. Their children, Jonas Bell, 2%,
and Richard Keith Hanna, a stepson, 5, were placed in the care of juvenile
authorities.
[From the Miami News, Dec. 22, 1971]
11 Arrested in Phony-ID Raids in Dade
(By William Tucker)

Metro officers roimded up 11 persons, including a recent candidate for Hia-
leah mayor, in synchronized raids early today tied in with the printing of thou-
sands of bogus draft cards and driver's licenses.
Narcotics, burglary and robbery also were involved in the three-month inves-
tigation, Metro police said.
The crackdown focused on the Centur Inc. printing firm at 401 NW 1st Ct.
which was first raided on Dec. 1. Then, police seized 1,500 counterfeit voter regis-
tration cards and 2,000 counterfeit selective service cards, they said.
Raided again today, the firm was found back in operation, agents said, Centur
Printing is not to be confused with the Center Printing Co. Inc., at 1044 NW 54th
St.,a respected business here since 1944.
Among those arrested was Hialeah Attorney Alden Sanford Tarte, 45, who
finished last in a field of six in the recent Hialeah election for mayor.
Tarte, of 1015 W. 51st PI., Hialeah, was charged with conspiring with the
alleged operator of the printing firm, Robert Verne Schaffer, to burglarize
the home of a former member of the firm to obtain corporate records. Tarte also
was charged with one count of robbery in connection with the same incident.
Ralph Page, Metro public information spokesman, said the complex investiga-
tion started Oct. 6 when North District vice squad detectives tried to make a
cocaine buy from a suspect. Instead, the suspect offered to sell them a set of
stolen identification papers including a draft card, driver's license social securi-
ty card and travelers checks.
From that point. Page said, the investigation led through "an entangled web
of stolen property, narcotics and counterfeiting."
Informed counterfeit as well as stolen IDs were available, the xmdercover
agents ordered and paid for 10 draft cards, 10 notice of classification cards, 10
blank Florida driver's licenses, and 10 auto registration forms, all counterfeit.
The Highway Patrol called them the best job of counterfeiting licenses it had ever
seen.
The undercover probe also bought up a number of business firm checks reported
stolen in various burglaries.
At one point in the undercover work, they reported, they saw a suitcase "con-
taining at least a half -million dollars worth of stolen checks."
As police moved into the ring, the undercover men obtained the names of vari-
ous salesmen and printers. They bought $2,000 worth of narcotics and pretended
to fence $20,000 worth of jewels and other stolen goods.
:
106
With enough evidence to raid the printing firm, agents obtained a federal
search warrant from the FBI because bogus draft cards were involved.
In the Dec. 1 raid with that warrant, agents picked up a number of blank
driver's licenses as well as hundreds of draft cards and voter cards allegedly
printed right at the plant. Photo-engraving negatives for the printing also were
seized.
In the meantime, agents heard about the burglary of the home of James Mil-
gram at 525 NW73rd Ave., on Nov. 6 which turned into a robbery when the
Milgrams came home to find the intruders.
Page said that Milgram formerly was associated with Schaffer in the Centur
firm and the purpose of the breakin was to obtain records. The various investiga-
tionswere now "dovetailed." Page said.
For today's raids, the agents obtained warrants to arrest 11 individuals and
to search the house of the alleged chief salesman, Walter O. (Buddy) Bowers,
and the Centur plant for the second time.
At Bowers' home, agents said they found two stolen checks worth $11,000. They
were issued by the William Lehman automobile firm.
They kicked in the door at Centur Printing and found new photoengraving
negatives for draft cards, driver's licenses, birth certificates and voter cards.
They also found three camera lenses reported stolen in the Milgram burglary.
Schaffer, 33, of 4315 W2nd Ave., a photographer by trade was charged with
one count of possession of a counterfeit driver's license one count of possessing
;
counterfeiting plates for such licenses one count of forgery, one count of
;
robbery, one count of burglary, one count of conspiracy to commit burglary, and
one count of buying, receiving and concealing stolen property.
Bowers, 28. of 18911 NW 39th Ct., was charged with five counts of forgery and
two counts of buying, receiving and concealing stolen property.
Others arrested, all in connection with the same investigation, and the charges
against them, were
Michael Plolland, 34, of 6400 W. Okeechobee Rd., Hialeah, one count of
robbery.
Robert Lewis Daniels, 33, of 206 SW 29th PI., Fort Lauderdale, breaking and
entering with intent to commit grand larceny.
Carl Edward Purvis, 23. 390 Fisherman St., Opalocka, two counts sale of
mari.iuana, two counts possession of marijuana, one count of breaking and
entering with intent to commit grand larceny.
Tiffany Urguarte, 25, a woman, same address as Bowers, one count of pos-
session of narcotics.
Anota Mara Lombard. 25. 18820 NW 44th Ave., one count possession of
marijuana, two counts of possession of the drug THC, one count possession of
hashish, one count of possession of central nervous system stimulant, one count of
contribnting to the delinquency of her baby, whose diaper pail contained
marijuana.
Dana Gene Lombard, 23, her husband, same address, two counts possession
of marijuana, one count possession of hashish, two counts possession of THC,
one count sale of THC. one count of contributing to the delinquency of a minor.
Joe Smith, 29, 420 Seaman St., Opa-locka, two counts ))reaking and entering.
Jacob Decker, 34, of 15401 NW 32nd Ave., one count of armed robbery, one
count of buying, concealing and receiving stolen goods.
All the arrests were made between 1 30 and 2 a.m. today by teams totaling
:
35 to 40 men. Several Hialeah officers joined the raids in their jurisdiction.
[From the Washington Star, Jan. 9, 1972]
Slating of Informer Linked to Latin Passports Fraud
(By Jeremiah O'Leary)

When two gunmen pumped three .45-caliber bullets into "Chocolito" in a West
Side New York hotel room four days before Christmas, oflScials could only .specu-
whether the murder was an act of revenge by the Caribbean underworld.
late on
Whatever it was, the slaying took place just eight days after State Depart-
ment security agents broke up a fraudulent passport ring that had brought
scores of illegal aliens into the United States. "Chocolito" (Little Chocolate),
whose real name was Carlos Ramon Batista-Castro, was an ex-Dominican police-
: —
107
man who informed for a variety of U.S. law enforcement agencies. He played an
important role in the three-year passport fraud case.
It was almost an anti-climax when the mastermind of the ring, Francisco
Familla-Tobal, 45, like "Chocolito" a Dominican citizen, pleaded guilty last week
in federal court in New York to 5 of 39 counts against him. Familia was in jail in
default of $20,000 bail at the time "Chocolito" was killed.
The murder of Batista-Castro took place about midnight Dec. 20. The clerk at
the Park Plaza Hotel at 50 West 77th St. told police two men of black-Spanish
appearance came to the hotel and went to the 12th floor where "Chocolito" lived.
They left 10 minutes later and nobody heard anything, even though a .45 makes
a noise like a cannon.
At 4 a.m. on Dec. 21, a Dominican girl named Amelia who had been sharing
Room 1222 with "Chocolito" found his body on the floor. There were bullet holes
in his head, arm and back. There was no sign of a struggle. Police said Amelia
was hysterical but she didn't know anything either.
Nobody wasted time asking Familia about the end of "Chocolito." He was in
the House of Detention, and a man couldn't have a better alibi than that.
If "Chocolito" was slain crudely, there was nothing crude about the case in
which he played such a key part as a man who knew where to find Dominicans
either in Santo Domingo or New York. Security agents say the ring was able to
slip at least 100 illegal aliens into the country before the case was broken.
The loopholes in the system of obtaining U.S. passports have now been closed
and the technique will no longer work, ofiicials said. This is how it operated for
three years
To obtain a fraudulent passport, Familia had to know the name, birthday and
birthplace of a Puerto Riean or other American with a Spanish name. He used
to hang around the Hotel Victoria and other places in New York where Spanish-
speakers can be found and pretend to be a reader of horoscopes.
For example, he would learn that Juan Miranda Torres (an invented name),
an American citizen, was born on April 22, 1930, in Caguas, Puerto Rico. Familia
or others in his ring would find a Dominican "customer" of about that age. The
customer had to pay his .$1.50 to get the o])eration started and subsequently up
to .'?1,000 to complete it.
The customer also had to furnish him with passport-sized photos. Familia
collected these between New York. Santo Domingo, Haiti and Puerto Rico.
Back in New York, he would write to Puerto Rico under Juan Miranda Torres
name and say that he had lost his birth certificate and needed another one.
Puerto Rioan authorities have taken steps to see that this kind of request is
no longer filled automatically, but for three years it worked.
Then Familia would find look-alike for the photo of the Dominican client, and
the look-alike would use the birth certificate to obtain some other form of identi-
fication under Miranda Torres name, such as a New York driver's license.
Having obtained the fraudulent U.S. passport, Familia would go to the Do-
minican Republic and have his client obtain a legitimate Dominican passport
under his real name. Familia and his client would then travel to Port an Prince,
Haiti.
The reason for this move, officials speculate, was so Familia would violate
no Dominician laws. In Haiti, he would receive the rest of the money from the
client and hand the client the U.S. passport. The last step was to put the client
—
now known as Juan Miranda Torres on the next plane for the United States.
The frauds began to be suspected by consular employees at the U.S. Embassy in
Santo Domingo four years ago. More definite information involving Familia was
obtained, probably with the help of "Chocolito." and he was arrested by Dominican
officials at the request of the ITnited States in December 1970. But by the time a
grand jury of the U.S. District Court for Southern New York indicted Familia on
three counts of passport fraud, Familia had trickled out of Dominican custody
and disappeared.
He was finally arrested Dec. 13 in New York City. He appeared before .Judge
Edward C. McLean the next day and bail was set at $20,000. Familia could not
make the bail.
Officials Indicated agreement was reached between the U.S. attorney and
counsel for Familia for the prisoner to plead guilty to five of the counts. The
others will he dropped.
The penalty for passport fraud is five years or $2,000. FamiUa's sentence will
depend on the probation report and the disposition of the court.
As for "Chocolito," the detective handling the case said he had no leads last
week. It would come as a surprise to the Caribbean underworld if the murder is
ever solved.
108
[From the Chicago Sun-Times, Apr. 20, 1972]
Thbee Aeeested in Breakup of Fake Dfiv er License Ring

(By Art Petacque)
A five-month investigation has resulted in the arrest of three men and the
breakup of a ring geared for widespread sale of fraudulent driver's licenses, the
Illinois secretary of state's office disclosed Wednesday.
Asst. Sec. of State Edmund J. Kucharski also revealed that a warrant has been
issued for a fourth suspect in the case, a man believed to have fled to Canada.
Kucharski said that almost 200 stolen blank drivers' license cards the type —
—
carried by drivers in wallets or purse.s have been recovered as a result of the
investigation, which involved several undercover agents and informants from
Cook Coun*^y .Tail.
Tliose avested ^-o far were identified as Kenneth Fomianek, 32, of 309 S. Oak-
wood. Willow Springs, apparently the ringleader, investigators said Daniel Otto,
;
26, who gave various addresses, and Fred Nigro, 29. of 14230 S. Palmer. Posen,
The man being sought was identified as Daniel Nelson, 29, of 4611 N. Hermitage.
Kucharski said the investigation began last Dec. 28, when Rafael Garcia, 38,
of 1420 W. 50th, a restaurant owner, was stopped for a minor traffic offense.
He showed a driver's license on which his name apparently had been typed—
a variation from the usual computer-printout cards issued to Illinois motorists,
Kucharski said.
FAKE trSED AS BOND
A check proved the license to be fraudulent, investigators said. The investi-
gators learned further that Garcia's own license had been revoked. They said
he told of buying the fradulent license for $400, but said he couldn't identify the
seller.
At about the same time, a similar case popped up, Kucharski said. A man was
arrested in Benton, 111., for driving an auto without state license plates. His
typev.-ritten driver's license identified him as Ronald Anderson. 36, of 4942 N.
St. Louis, Chicago.
The man surrendered the fraudulent driver's license as bond, but failed to
show up for a court appearance.
FIND CAR LEASED
Investigators couldn't locate Anderson at the Chicago address. Next, they

checked on the sales of hundreds of new Chevrolets, without success.
Finally they determined that "Anderson" had leased the auto from a North-
west Side firm. Further checking determined that Anderson actually was Arden
Smith, an AWOL
soldier who had been sentenced to one year in County Jail on a
grand theft conviction.
Smith, interviewed at the jail, admitted buying a blank driver's license card for
$65 from the owner of a Southwest Side auto body shop. Riding with investigators,
he pointed out Formanek's shop at 2659 S. Springfield as the one in question.
BtTTEBS BOUCITED
A surveillance of Formanek's shop ensued. He was arrested as he drove from

the shop in a car without license plates. He was charged with driving with a
fraudulent driver's license; driving when his license was revoked, and theft of
state property. The latter charge related to the theft of 200 blank license cards
from a state supplier, Eveready Business Forms Division of Safeguard Industries
Inc., 3159 W. 36th. ^ .
Kucharski said Otto was arrested after investigators learned he was offering
to sell driver's license blanks from the same stolen lot. Investigators posing as
truck drivers met him at Montrose and Kedzie with $900 in marked money and
bought 51 blanks, Kucharski said. Another 140 blanks were recovered later at
his residence, according to the state official. Otto was charged with selling
fraudulent licenses.
Investigators said Otto named Formanek as the source of the stolen blanks.
Both Formanek and Otto have prison records, according to investigators.
The third man arrested, Nigro, also was charged with selling fraudulent
licenses.
109
Summary of Passport Frauds Committed by Brotherhood of Eternal Love

Tatle
Number and type of frauds 1
Place application filed 2
Year application filed 8
Frauds detected before issue 4
Source of passport application fraud detected 5
Fraudulent birth certificates detected 5
Single and multiple violations 7
Counterfeit birth certificates detected S
Prosecutive action ^
BROTHERHOOD FRAUDS
TABLL 1
Apr. 27. 1973 June 1, 1973 July 12, 1973 Oct. 1, 1973
Number of frauds 120 124 13a
Type of frauds:
Alteration of passport 2
Fraudulent use of passport
ldentlfvin£ witness
False statement
no
TABLE 5.— SOURCE OF PASSPORT APPLICATION FRAUD DETECTION
— :
Ill
Table 9. Prosecutive Action as of Octobee 1, 1973
Referred U.S. Attorney 42

Indicted 25
Convicted 5
Declined 1 : —no reason, 2—charged other offense 3
Passport Office Budget Data

It is a fact that virtually every position in the Passport Office relates directly
or indirectly to the public service rendered to T'.S. citizens in the field of passport
issuance and citizenship determination. In addition, every job also relates directly
or indirectly to maintaining the integrity of the passport document as one which
identifies the citizen to be the individual named and described in the passport
document. In our concentration to maintain passport integrity, the positions of
passport agent.s, adjudicators, file searchers and reviewers, legal researchers and
attorneys, recorders, and even our mail clerks are all related to an intensive
office-wide fraud alert. In directing a function such as the Passport Office, one
cannot segregate one phase of the operation, such as fraud, from aU the other
functions. Each is an integral part of the other.
The following Table shows the Passport Office budget requests in total dollars
from FY 1970 through FY 1974 inclusive
Passport office
Fiscal year
(a)
1970
1971....
1972.. -- ----
1973 - -
1974
Note: The above amounts do not include pay of permanent personnel since these funds are managed centrally by the
State Department-
In each fiscal year, Column (c), the budget amount submitted to the Congress
by the State Department for the Passport Office, is less than the amount re-
quested by the Passport Office, Column (b) .
Although the Congress had never disapproved on the record any amount re-
quested by the State Department for the Passport Office during these years,
the Passport Office is unable to ascertain what exact amounts the Congress al-
lowed the Pas.sport operations since these are never specified. Unfortunately.
Congressional enactment of State Department appi'opriations do not specifically
earmark funds approved for the Passport Office.
Mrs. Ruth B. Shipley, former Director of the Passport Office, stated in writ-
ing that she had never received the full amount of the funds allowed tlie Pass-
port Office by the Appropriations Committees since a ijortion of the Passi)ort
Office allotment was always withheld by the Department for other unsi)eeified
purposes.
There are many items which have caused the reductions noted in Column (c).
Several of the most significant reductions or deletions of Passport Office require-
ments are depicted below. One significant reduction by the State Department
is not reflected in the above table. This involves the Passport Office requests
for permanent personnel authorizations. The Passport Office includes requests
for increases in permanent personnel and related funds in its annual Budget
Submissions, but as indicated above, these funds are retained and managed cen-
trally at the Departmental level.
112
PASSPORT OFFICE, PERMANENT PERSONNEL BUDGET REQUESTS AND SHORTAGES
Number Department of State ac-

Fiscal year Type of request requested Date of request tion approval/denial/ Congressional action
date
1970 Annual budget 24 September 1958 Denied September 1968.. Never presented.
1970 Passport office sup- 24 August 1969 Denied October 1969 Do.
plemental
1970. Proposed Congres- 24 December 1969 Not applicable Initiated on Senate
sional amendment floor but denied in
joint committee.
February 1970 24 provided from within Never presented.
State Department re-
sources.
1971 Annual budget. 29 August 1969.. Approved September 1969 Enacted.
for President's budget.
1972 do 35 August 1970 Approved October 1970 Do.
for President's budget.
1973 do... 49 August 1971 20 denied October 1971, Reduction by State
29 approved ror Piesi- Department en-
dent's budget. acted.
1974. do. 36 July 1972 10 denied October 1972, Pending enactment
26 approved in Presi- of reduction by
dent's budget (19 more State Department,
denied October 1973,
leaving 7 approved)
1975. do. 102 July 1972 84 denied, 18 approved.. Not yet presented.
The Department's cuts in Passport personnel were so deep and arbitrary that
at an 0MB Hearing on October 5, 1973, this Budget was returned to the De-
partment for more practical consideration. Not readily evident in the above table
are the long and inexplicable delays experienced by the Passport Office in
securing the authorized positions, even as reduced by the Department (it took
18 months to get the 24 positions reqluested for FY 1970). Not evident to the
outsider are the lengthy delays experienced in getting personnel on board to
man the positions authorized. The Passport Office routinely has a chronic shortage
of personnel the year round average of 60 vacant permanent out of its current
;
authorization of 572, and at times this has climbed to 82 vacancies as it did in

April of 1972 which is the height of the travel season. These unreasonable delays
become particularly damaging when urgently needed attorney positions remain
unfilled in the face of constantly mounting fraud cases requiring their efforts.
Outside hire restrictions, as well as other limitations, such as quota restrictions
on clerical personnel aggravate these continuing personnel problems.
All reviews, interminable conferences and meetings, procrastinations, delays
in action, arbitrary decisions by so called management exjjerts who have no
practical experience or knowledge of the Passport function mitigate against even
minimal safeguards on document fraud. Indeed, the criminal community, domestic
and foreign, could ask for no greater support or assistance than the harassment
received by the Passport Office from the current upper echelon.
The following Table depicts Passport Office requests for new facilities to adapt
to increasing workloads.
NEW PASSPORT FIELD AGENCIES AND ACCEPTANCE FACILITIES

: :
113
the pressure of the ever increasiug workload in some of the hirger agencies where
it is difficult to obtain additional space and to recruit additional staff personnel.
By further decentralization the areas covered by the present agencies will be
realigned and the workload volume redistributed. Funds for all items except rent
will be required in the full amount regardless of when the agencies are opened.
The funds for rent will be reduced proportionately. Personnel to staff the new
agencies will be provided for within current authorizations.
The FY 1973 and FY 1974 Budgets also included requests for Acceptance Of-
fices apart from the Agency in New York.
The continuing need for expanding facilities is exemplified by our experience
at the Los Angeles Passport Agency. In 1970 an acceptance facility was opened
on Wilshire Avenue in addition to the downtown Los Angeles Passport Office
location. In February 1973, the Los Angeles Agency was moved out of town to a
public building in Hawthorne and the Wilshire facility ordered closed by the De-
partment. Because of the public outcry, emphasizing the need for a downtown
application acceptance facility, the Department was forced to authorize the re-
establishment of an acceptance facility in downtown Los Angeles. A new Annex
Office was opened on June 11, 1973, at the U. S. District Court and Federal
Building.
In addition to the above budget requests, the Passport Office requested au-
thority to establish from within its own resources new acceptance facilities at
various locations in the United States. For example, on September 30, 1968, the
Passport Office requested the controlling bureau to establish a Passport Services
Office in Houston, Dallas and Detroit. This request was denied.
A statement was made at the Hearing that the FY 1975 Budget submitted by
the Passport Office may include a request for funds to implement a developmental
study, completed in May 1973, on a new travel document and processing sys-
tem. This study is currently being considered for approval at the State Depart-
ment Under Secretarial level. If approved, implementation funds will be re-
quested as a separate project.
Following is a Table showing past budgetary actions concerning this study
PASSPORT OFFICE REQUEST FOR FUNDS TO STUDY THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW TRAVEL DOCUMENT
Amount of Department of State

funds action approval/ Congressional
Fiscal year Type of request Date of request requested denial/date action
1971 Annual budget September 1969. $75,000 Denied October 1969. Never presented.
1970. Amendment December 1969.. 75,000 Not applicable Proposed on Senate
floor as amend-
ment to supple-
mental but denied
in joint committee.
1972 Annual budget August 1970. 75,000 $150,000 approved
in Oclober 1970
for inclusion in
President's
budget. •
1974. .do July 1972. 2 350,000 Denied August 1972. Never presented.
1 Amount vâs doubled by the Department of State to Include both document development and development of improved
processing system. Research and development contract for an international travel document, $75,000. A study applying
computer or other processing techniques to accelerate the issuance of passports, $75,000.
s Implementation of travel document study.
For several years the Passport Office has requested funds for a badly needed
training film. Our experience with this budget item is depicted below
PASSPORT OFFICE REQUEST FOR FUNDS TO DEVELOP A TRAINING FILM
Funds Department of Slate Congressional

Fiscal year Type of request requested action action
1971 Annual budget. "$25,000 Approved.... Enacted.

1974 do 35,000 Denied Never presented.
1975 do 35,000 Denied in preliminary Not applicable.
reviev»s.
• This item was approved in August 1970. Bids were received from several film production companies and a selection
recommended to the Department. Subsequently, we were advised that one of the original bidders had changed the amount
01 his proposal making him the lowest bidder. Since it appeared that procurement procedures may not have been properly
applied, it was decided in the best interest of the Department not to award the contract. Time did not permit a new ad-
vertisement for a contract before the funds lapsed.
23-538—72
114
Justification: An oiK-i-atimi such a« the T'assjKirt office ciinnor luncnnii

econoraieallv and effectively unless provided jiroper training tools— one nf whi'-li
is a training film. A training film for the Passport Ofiice is urgently
required to
improve fraud detection, to improve and expedite training of new employees and
to help reduce error in passport issuances. In the opinion of professional training
oflBcers. a training film is an outstandingly effective tool of management.
One of the important points to be covered in any training film would be an
introduction to the "points of reference" or items which would assist in detecting
the presence or potential presence of frauds in adjudication work. This film would
be an important first step for new employees in becoming aware of the fraud
problems Involved in passport wôrk. The failure to have such film requires all of
this preliminary work to be done in personal fraud seminars. While the fraud
seminars have been effective, they have been diluted by the necessity of covering
preliminary aspects which could appropriately be included in a training film. The
training film would thereby make it possible to concentrate the personal fraud
seminars on the more sophisticated aspects of fraud detection.
The Passport Ofiice is years behind other federal agencies in realizing benefits
that can be derived from a training film. INS. IRS. USIA. VA. AGRICULTURE,
FAA. POST OFFICE. CT'STOMS, AID AND FSI make wide use of training
filma. The Passport Office program is not dissimilar to these agencies. IRS, the
Post Office and Customs have a special orientation film for all new employees.
Most of the agencies listed above also use training films dealing specifically with
the job functions, area of assignment, etc., which are shown to selected groups of
employees as part of the orientation and refresher training programs. Addi-
tionally, these agencies use either a slide tape or video tape or both presentations
to supplement film showings.
Passport Office Legislative Proposals and Pills Introduced in Congress fob

THE Relief of the Passport Office 1956-1973
Since 1956 the Passport Office has consistently supported legislation which
would provide more eflScient and expeditious service to the public while maintain-
ing the reputation of the U.S. passport for integrity and security.
The most consistent and important piece of legislation of this nature has been
a proposal to establish a semi-autonomous United States Passport Service obtain-
ing policy guidance from the Department of State; operating with a revolving
fimd which would permit the Passport Office to use some of the revenue which it
returns to the Treasury each year to finance its operational and administrative
requirements.
The first such legislation was S-3340 introduced by Senator Hubert H.
Humphrey in the 84th Congress on March 1, 1956. Senator Humphrey, as a mem-
ber of the Cxovernment Operations Committee, had just participated with the
Director of the Passport Office. Miss Frances Knight and other areas of the
Executive Branch of Government in the complete modernization of Passport Of-
fice operations. New equipment and modern personnel and management pro-
cedures were introduced. This modernization moved the Passport Office from the
19th to the 20th Century. Senator Humphrey recognized that in order to keeii
up with the ever increasing volume of passport services required by I'.S. citizens
the Passport Office must be in a flexible position to update and modernize its
procedures to meet the challenge and requirements of the times.
j3;_3340 contained provisions for a T'.S. Passport Service and a revolving fund.
The Passport Office fully supported this proposed legislation, but the Department
of State bitterly opposed it on grounds that it interfered with their organizational
structure and their budgetary flexibility.
Similar bills. S-2()95 and IIR-54.55. were introduced on .Tune 3. 1959 and
March 9. 19.59 Ity Senator Karl Mundt and Congressman Thomas L. Curtis of
Missouri in the S6tli Congress.
A short version Passport Service Bill. S-718, was introduced by Senator John
L. McCellan in the 87th Congress on January 31. 1961. In the same Congress,
115
Congressman Thomas L. Curtis of Missouri reintroduced his Service Bill on

July 6, 1961 as HR-i077 and again in the S9th Cousress on January 13, 1965
as HR-2596.
In its preliminary legislative program for 1969, the Passport Office proposed
a number of measures to the Department of State. One was an omnibus passport
bill includiug the establishment of a semi-autonomous U.S. Passport Service, a
revolving fund, establishment of self-supporting Passport Field Agencies when
and where needed and numerous other urgently needed procedural and manage-
ment improvements. Additional proposals included various pieces of the omnibus
legislation touching on such matters as criminal penalties for violation of geo-
graphical restrictions, an increase in the fee for execution of a passport applica-
tion acceptance function and a long overdue reclassification of the positions of
Director and Deputy Director of the Passport Office commensurate with their
responsibilities. All of these proposals were arbitrarily rejected by the Bureau
of Security and Consular Affairs, and to the best of our knowledge deleted from
any reports and papers bucked on to the upper echelons of the Department.
In 1970 the Passport Office submitted a preliminary legislative program to the
Department substantially similar to its 1969 proposals. These were again rejected
by the Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs. The Passijort Office recommen-
dations died at that Bureau level.
In 1970 in the 91st Congress, Congressmen Robert N. Giaimo and Lowell P.
Weicker, Jr. of Connecticut cosponsored HR-13123 which, while it did not provide
for a U.S. Passport Service, did provide for the establishment of Passport Field
Agencies when and where they were needed and a revolving fund for the Pass-
port Office. Seventeen identical companion bills were introduced, sponsored by
over 40 Congressmen. Hearings were held before a subcommittee of the House
Foreign Relations Committee. The Director of the Passport Office, Miss Frances
G. Knight, testified before the committee in support of the legislation but again
the Department of State opposed it offering stop-gap substitute measures such
as niirht shifts in some agencies and the acceptance of passport applications by
Post Offices. As a result, all these bills died in Committee. Time has proved
Passport Office predictions that these jury rigged measures were not a solution
to the overall problem. Indeed, they were nothing more than sugar-coated
pacifiers. Increasing acceptance facilities and temporary night shift measures
are not the type of long range solutions required for the management and pro-
duction problems of the Passport Office.
On April 7, 1970 in the 91st Congress, the late Senator Thomas Dodd. recog-
nizing the problems more clearly, introduced S-3684. This was an omniiius act
similar to previous U.S. Passport Service proposals with some additional re-
finements in the management area. The Department again opposed this legislation
for the same reasons it had given in the past.
In 1971 the Passport Office again submitted to the Department a preliminary
legislative program including an omnibus passport act and other proposals to
increase the passport fee and to provide criminal penalties for violation of
geographical area restrictions. The Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs
again deleted these proposals from the Department's program. No effort was
ever made to discuss these proposals with the Passport Office.
However, recognition of Passport Office problems and effective solutions,
similar to those in previous bills and Passport Office proposals, came during the
92nd Congress in the form of two bills S-1812 introduced by Senator John G.
:
Tower on May 10, 1971 and S-2769 introduced by Senator Hul>ert H. Humphrey on
October 28, 1971. These bills once again proposed the establishment of a U.S.
Passport Service and solutions similar to or identical with those spelled out in
former bills. The Department of State was consistent in its adamant opposition
to all these salutory measures.
In 1972 the Passport Office again submitted proposals to the Department for
omnibus passport legislation and these were again deleted by the Bureau of
Security and Consular Affairs without consultation.
Finally, in the 93rd Congress, four more U.S. Passport Service Bills were intro-
duced by legislators who recognized the urgency of problems and correctly
116
devined the solution. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey reintroduced his hill on

March 26, 1973 designated as 8-1363. Congressman Samuel L. Devine, for him-
self and Congressman Donald I). Clancy, introduced a similar bill, HR-918G
on July 11, 1973. Senator Strom Thurmond followed with S-2331 on August 2,
1973 and Congressman Devine introduced HR-9873 on August 3, 1973 for
himself and 10 other colleagues.
While there are some minor differences in these bills, they are basically
similar in that they continue to propose a semi-autonomous U.S. Passport Service,
a revolving budget, establishment of Passport Field Agencies when and where
necessary and other management reforms.
The Passport Office in submitting its legislative proposals in 1973 endorsed
8-1363, HR-9186, S-2331 and HR-9873 as providing the best possible solutions
to the problems of the Passport Office. These problems deliberately ignored by the
Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs and adroitly side-tracked from highei'
level consideration, have increased over the years and have now entered the
crisis stage in terms of national security and well-being.
It is of considerable significance that the basic U.S. Passport Service proposal:-
beginning in 1956 and continuing in the present Congress have been supported
by every spectrum of both major political parties in both the House and the
Senate. It has been a truly remarkable bipartisan recognition of the problems
which have beset the Passport Office.
Passpobt Office —Year End Report—Workoad and Accomplishments—Fiscal

Year 1972
Passport Office Workloads and Accomplishments —Fiscal Year 1972

In Fiscal Year 1972 the Passport Office issued a total of 2,605,321 passports.
This volume of passports issued represents an increase in workload of 12.1% over
the passports issued the previous year. Personnel utilization increased by 12.0%
in FY 1972 from 702 man-years utilized in FY 1971 to 786 man-years utilized
in FY 1972.
DuringFY 1972 the Passport Office collected an estimated $25,955,783 in pass-
port fees, an increase of 14.2% over FY 1971. Direct operating funds for FY 1972,
including pay for permanent personnel for which funds are not allocated to the
Passport Office, amounted to approximately $ll,3.sO,000, resulting in a surplus of
collections in excess of direct operating funds amounting to approximately
$14,570,000.
In addition to the basic workload of processing and issuing passports, the
Passport Office also furnished numerous other services and performed many
other significant and important work functions, studies and projects not directly
related to the processing and issuance of passports. These seldom discussed, but
nonetheless significant and substantial workloads, are summarized on the follow-
ing pages to provide a more detailed disclosure of the services performed, and
the multitude of work projects imposed on the component Divisions of the
Passport Office in FY 1972.
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION WORKLOADS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS —FISCAL TEAR 19T2

The Administrative Division primarily responsible for providing personnel
is
and administrative support, technical services, equipment and supplies to all the
operating areas of the Passport Office. The Division's work functions are gen-
erally service oriented and, in the main, are not directly related to passport
processing. In several significant functions, however, such as mail processing,
filing of applications, accounting, and name clearances the workloads performed
in this Division are closely associated with passport processing.
During Fiscal Year 1972 the Administrative Division experienced increases in
all categories of support work, as well as increases in nonmeasured workloads
involving budget submissions, data for other agencies of government, special
studies, projects and services.
table lists the various categories of work performed by the Divi-
The following
sion which are either directly or indirectly involved in the processing and issu-
ance of passport books. The great increase in each work category must be
weighed in all future considerations of personal and budget requirements.
r
117
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION WORKLOADS AND ACCOWIPLISHWIENTS, FISCAL YEAR 1972
± Percent
fiscal year
Fiscal year— 1972 over
fiscal year
1971 1972 1971
Work category
Incoming mail handled 2,694,862 3,074,574 +14.1

Outgoing mail handled 109,533 116,134 +6.0
Correspondence section 1...
nH'ola oiatii. j-?4
Documents retrieved ,?5?'o.. , nnoSc? iiq?
Docun<enls processed and filed 3,444,254 3.902,761 +13.3
Passport books distributed 2,711,656 2,889,393 +6.6
Forms, brochures, etc., distributed 16, 528, 579 19, 007, 865 +15.0
Total items ot printing ordered. 11,444,257 20,363,018 +//.»
Clearances processed, foreign IJi-îS ^l^'.ci I'ol'i
U.S. insular clearances.... 13,820 17,460 +26.3
55,031 "*"
File searr'ês and Federal records center phone requests )!^'xli ? c
Computer updates._._ 28,737 28,295 -1.5
Requests tor birth and marriage records 7,307
i'f!i,
Emoloyer interviewing and counseling NA 1,044
110
Torn
Training of personnel
Personnel ac'jons .- 1,448
^10
1,656 lu 4
+14.4
Peak season employment --- „ 271
3/4
T, S"
+13.0n
Checks returned... .- ^ 2,700 3,050
Checks recovered 2,382 ^ j9J i-a. i
Waivers. 1.720 2,392 +39.1
I Includes only measured coorespondence prepared by a special activity whose principal function is to answer letters
from the public.

Revised.
DOMESTIC OPERATIONS DIVISION WORKLOADS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS, FISCAL

YEAR 1972
The Domestic Operations Division is primarily responsible for the issuance of
passports in the United Stiites and for the operations of the ten Pas.sport Field
Ai,'encies and the National Office in Washington, D.C.
In addition to its normal workload of issuing pas.sports to the general public,
the Division is also involved in numerous services and work functions as well
as staft and management duties which are not directly related to the processing
and issuance of passports to the general public. These signillcant and substantial
workloads are summarized in the following table. Diplomatic and Official pass-
ports are listed as additional workloads performed by the Domestic Operations
Division since they are handled as a special service for other government agencies.
DOMESTIC OPERATIONS DIVISION CASEWORK COMPLETED
± Percent
fiscal year
1972 over
Fiscal year Fiscal year fiscal year
1971 1972 1971
Amendments, extensions, renewals, etc., Washington and agencies 279,514 94,361 —66.2
Telephone inquiries:
Washington
,,. noo
144,033 m iot
131,727 — a8.b >;
Agencies (e'stima'te)::::::::::::'.::.: i,o86,oi4 1,091,014 +0.5

Locater and status cards filed: , „ ^ ,„, ^,„ ,
,^ -
VifashinHton 687,945 791,519 +15.9
Agencies (estima'te)."::::::::::::::. 2,200,000 2,400,000 +9.1
Correspondence, Washington and agencies (estimate). 151,988
10,434
^°I-},I
9,918
en
-b.
Visas obtained for diplomatic and official travel (Washington only)
Diplomatic passports issued 5,214 4,994
_i_uin n
Courtesy diplomatic passports issued 14
-, ,i, t c
Official passports issued 72,916 ^M5i Tn'
Aircrew certificates (Washington only)... 2,021
6,337
tÎq jZo? i
Duty officer services (Washington only) 'iX? «'i
Requests for validation of passports for travel to restricted areas 989 464 —53.1
Specially expedited passport applications:
Congressionals............ 86,295 91,807 +6.4
Washington (46,295) (64,405)
Agencies (estimate).. (40, 000) (27, 402)
General 400,104 404,714 +1.2
Washington (115,785) (80,032)
Agencies (284,319) (324,682)...
Post adjudication of insular applications (Washington only) 22,514 (0 re'n'A'o
Review of post office applications (Washington only) 53,895 399,244 +604.8
1 Not yet received.

118
FOREIGN OPERATIONS DIVISION WORKLOADS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS, FISCAL YEAR 1972
Durinji FY 1972 the Foreign Operations Division received a total of 46,844

cases from the Foreign Service Posts and other areas throughout the world
which required action or advisory opinion. This represents an increase of 12.4%
over the 41,689 ca.ses received from the same sources during FY 1971. In FY
1972. 45,965 cases were completed as compared to 40,208 in FY 1971, an increase
of 14.3%.
The Foreign Operations Division performs a multitude of services and support
activities which are both directly and indirectly involved in the processing and
protluction of passports issued overseas.
The following table lists the various categories of work performed by the Di-
vision and the percentage of increase or decrease in work experienced in FY
1972 over FY 1971.
FOREIGN OPERATIONS DIVISION— CASEWORK COMPLETED
± Percent
Fiscal year— fiscal year
1972 over fiscal
Casework category 1971 1972 year 1971
Fraudulent naturalization 45 115 +156.0

Certificates of loss of nationality 1- 834 1,967 +7.3
Registration applications _ 3, 779 3,017 -20.2
Passport applications 11,431 +29.2
Consular reports of birtti ..- - -- 2,986 2,863 -4.1
Correspondence and consular letters _ 5.506 8,435 +53.2
Reactivated cases 395 268 -32.2
Appeals 87 66 -24.1
Advisory opinions 4,571 3,397 -25.7
Lost and found 12,157 14,406 +18.5
Total 40,208 45, 965 +14.3
LEGAL DIVISION WORKLOADS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS, FISCAL YEAR 1972

The Legal Division performs mainly service oriented work of a legal and quasi-
legal nature.These activities and services are not directly related to the process-
ing and Issuance of passports.
The following table lists the various categories of work normally performed
by the Legal Division v/hich are not related to passport issuance.
LEGAL DIVISION— CASEWORK COMPLETED
± Percent
fiscal year
Fiscal year- 1972 over
fiscal year
Casework category 1971 1972 1971
Travel control cases.. 1,594 2,589 4-62.4

Discretionary actions. 105 357 +240.0
Fraud cases 604 614 +1.7
Domestic 288 300 +4.2

Foreign.. 316 314 -.6
Criminal prosecutions 87 120 +??•?

Submitted 90 69 -23.3
Closed 53 37 -30.2
On hand 124 ^ 152 +22.6
Passports lost '20,620 22,902 +11.1
Passports found 3,458 3,968 +14.7
Mental cases 85 116 +35.5
Child custody cases 483 369 -23.6
Miscellaneous cases 1.584 1,986 +25.4
Circular outlooks - 426 887 +108.2
+300.0
Civil actions 2__ 8
Total 29^919 34^788 +16.3
' Revised.
INDEX
(Note. —The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee attaches no significance
to the mere fact of the appearance of the name of an individual or organization
in this index.)
A Paee
Abel, Colonel (Soviet spy) 58
Ackerly, Robert Dale 21, 26, 79, 83
Afghanistan 4, 5, 7, 13, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24
Government 24
Akron, Ohio 56
Al Fatah 80,81, 82
Alabama, State of 66
Algeria 37, 47, 48,80-82
Algiers 20,25, 80-83
Allen, Linda Pohl 79
Aman 81
Amelia (Dominican girl) 107
Amsterdam 19
Anderson, Jack 38, 90
Anderson, Ronald 108
Andrist, Robert Lee 21, 26
Andrist, Robert Lowe 31. 79, 84
Appropriations Committee, Senate 60
Arthur, David Alan 79, 84
Ashbrook, Travis Grant 27. 79, 84
Atlanta, Ga 48
Australia 40
R
Bank America
of 104
Barnes, State Agent 33
Bartels, John R 2-38
Basel, Switzerland 19
18.
Bates, Roger 84
Batista-Castro, Carlos Ramon (Chocolito) lOf?, 107
Becker, Dale Andrew 26, 79

Beirut 81
BEL Task Force 22, 23, 73
Belgium '*
Belk, George 63
Bell, Herman 58, 104, 105
Bell, Jonas 105
Berkeley, Calif 18, 30, 47
Berry, Robert L 70
Bevan, Rick C 26,34,79,84
Bevan, Ronald 27, 79
Bidwell, Thomas Blake 79
Black Liberation Army 58
Black Panther Party 104
Black Panthers 47, 80. 81
BNDD (Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs) 3.61.62
Boston 91
Bowers, Walter O. (Buddy) 106
Bowyer, Chester Allen 80, 84
Braenden, Dr. Olav 1
II)
Page.
Brosan, George 90
Brotherhood of Eternal Love 1-4,
6, 8, 9, 12-14, 18-26, 29, 34, 38, 44-47, 61, 63, 64, 73, 74, 91-93, 97
Brotherhood of Eternal Love Inditees List of 79
Brotherhood Frauds (chart) 45
Brotherhood, The— Master List (Passport) April 18, 1973 (List of Brother-
hood members believed to have obtained one or more passports under
assumed names) 83
Brotherhood "Orange Sunshine" LSD Laboratory (photography) 17
Brussels, Belgium 22, 28
Bureau of Security 9
Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs 41, 76, 115, 116
Burke, Terry 3
Bureau of Vital Statistics 55
C
Cairo 80, 81, 82
California 3, 6, 7, 1^-24, 29, 47, 53
California Department of Justice 25, 26
California Franchise Tax Board 24
Canada 20, 40, 59
Caserta, Daniel Phillip 27, 63, 79, 84
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) 81
Central America 20
Central District of California 28, 32
Centur Printing 105, 106
Chastain, Eric 21
Chesimard, Joanne Deborah 104
Chicago 7 32
Chicago Sun-Times (nevpspaper) 108
China, People's Republic of 72
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 81
Clancy, Congressman Donald D 116
Clay, James Henry 79, 84
Cleaver, Eklridge 25, 47, 48, 80
Cohen. Leonard 83
Computer Sciences Corp 42, 64
Comparison of domestic frauds detected before issue in proportion to per-
centage of executed applications submitted by source —Fiscal year 1973
(chart) 57
"Confessions of a Hope Fiend" (book) 20, 35, 47, 70, 74
Congressional Record 44, 59
Connolly, Michael Stephen 84
"Contract Awarded for Passport Study" (newspaper article) 43
Cook County Jail 108
Cosa Nostra 6
Costa Rica 7,23
Costan, James 104
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 11
Crawford, Ronald Ray 79
Crittenden, James Leroy 79
Curtis. Congressman Thomas L 114, 115
Customs 10, 12, 18, 90
D
Dale, James Howard 85
Daley, Donald D 69, 71
Dallas Police Department 98
Damascus 81
Daniels. Robert Lewis 106
Davis, Angela 32
Daw. John Robert 26, 79
Decker, Jacob 106
DeJarette Jon Jay 85
—
Ill
Page.
Delaney, Calvin Larry 79

Denver ^
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Division of Vital Sta-
tistics — ———^ — __«.—— — — vX
Department of Justice 2, 53, 90, 94
Department of State 2,
8, 9, 32, 39^1, 42, 46, 48, 50, 60, 61, 67, 72, 73, 75, 77, 92, 97, 106, 111,
112, 114, 115
Budget Office 41
Devine, Congressman Samuel L 116
District of Columbia 54, 56
Dodd, Senator Thomas 115
Doerge, Keith --— - g
Dohrn, Bernardme -î <>J-. o». o^
Dohrn, Jennifer 24, 80
Dominican Republic ^2
Drivers License Guide Co £3
Druce, Charles 23, ^, <9
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) 2, 3, 7, 8, 20, 22, 33, 38, 62, 63, 90
Drury, Donald Karl ^''''-^'31^
Duggan, William E 2, 38, 39, 43-50, 53-64, 69, 70, 73, 93, 96
Dutchess County, N.Y 15, 18
Dylan, Bob *^
E
Eastland, Senator James O l~i^
Eden Press. 52
'11 Arrested in Phony ID Raids in Dade" (newspaper article) 105
Elliot, Gary -_- 3, 28
Escanaba, Mich 5, 15, 16
Europe 24, 51
Eveready Business Forms Division of Safeguard Industries, Inc 108
F
Familla-Tobal, Francisco 107
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 37, 61, 70, 82, 104, 106
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 14
Federal Government 3
Feldman, Martin E 105
Foerster, Werner . 104
Folsom Prison 23
Formanek, Kenneth 108
Foster, Gregory 104
France 7, 32, 40
Fraud statistics (chart) 95
Friedman, Lester 23, 79
Friend, John Christopher 85
Fuller, Lester Samuel 85
G
Gaczyna Spy School, Soviet 59
Gale, John Charles 79
Gallinghouse, Gerald 105
Garcia, Rafael 108
Garrison, Gary Allen 85
Garrity, Michael Thomas 28
Geneva, Switzerland 1
Gentile. G. Marvin 70, 72, 73, 75
German, Lyle Paul 27, 79
Germany 40
"Getting High With Jennifer" (newspaper article) 80
Giaimo, Congressman Robert N 115
Golden Triangle 18
Good Times (newspaper) 25,80
IV
Page.
Government Operations Committee 114
Government Printing Office 64
H
Haiti 107
Haislip, Gene R 2, 12-15, 18, 31, 34
Hall, David Alan 27, 79
Hambarian, Donald Alexander 20, 21
Hanna, Richard Keith 105
Harper, James M 104
Harrigan, Russell Joseph 27, 79
Harrington, John Joseph, Jr 27, 29
Harvard University 18
Hashish and hashish oil statistics (chart) 87
Hashish removed (chart) 87
Hawaii 20, 22, 23, 29
Hayhanen, Mr 58
Heard, Sgt. J. W 98
Hendrix, Jimi 83
Hialeah, Fla 105
Hitchcock, William Mellon 15, 18, 79
Hoffman, Judge 48
Holland, Michael 106
Honduras 7
Hotel Victoria 107
Humphrey, Senator Hubert H 114-116
Hutton,J. Bernard 59
Immigration and Naturalization Service 65,90,92

Increases in Legal Division Permanent Personnel Rquests and Authoriza-
tion Compared to Passport Ofl3ce Totals (chart) 61
India 5, 19, 40
"Inside Report on America's Passport Lady" (newspaper article) 46
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 22.24,56
International Civil Aviation Organization 40, 41
Interpol 41
Italy 6, 18
J
Johnson, Gordon Fred 21, 79
Johnson, Robert D 71
K
Kabul 47
4, 7, 22, 34,
Keel, agent 28
Kelly (code name) 36,37,48
Kelly. David B 104
Kennedy Airport 19
Kennedy, Michael 31, 32. 33. 34
Kenner, Marty 81
Kenya 40
Khartoum 72
Kim II Sung 80,83
Kimball, Robert Richardson 85
Knight. Frances G 2,38-43,46,64-70,72.73,75-78,91.96
Koreans, North 80
Kucharski, Edmund J 108
Kuehl. Douglas 3
L
Laredo, Tex 10
Laguna Beach, Calif 18, 20, 21, 32
Police Department 33
Lange, Edward Jeffrey 79, 85
Page.
Las Vegas 24
19-
Laurie, Roceo 104
Leary family 6, 21, 38, 61, 63
Leary, John 10
Leary, Mrs. Rosemary 47, 49, 70, 72-74, 80. 83
Leary, Susan 10, 11
Leary. Timothy 2,
3, 9-11, 15, 18-20, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 35, 37, 47-50, 55, 70, 72-74,
79-83, 85, 91
Lebanon 5, 19, 20, 30, 80, 81
Lehman, William 106
Lombard, Auota Mara 106
Lombard, Dana Gene 106
LorTng7i;;::::::::::::::::::::iiiiii-iiii"""--------X^^
Los Angeles Free Press (newspaper) 51
Lynd. Glenn Craig 1^' '^
Mc
McAdams, Brian Kendall J^
McAdams, Yonica Menne *^
McCarran Airport j^
L ii^
McClellan. Senator John
McCreedy, Margaret Ann 4', 49
McGaffin. S.vlvia Edith (alias of Rosemary Leary) 70, n, i6
McKelvey, William
McLean, Judge Edward C
^
1^^
McMillan, William — ^°' tr,
McNeills. William John (alias of Timothy Francis Leary) <0, 7-, i6
M
Madrid ^|
Mafia ---•-
r
^
"Man on Most Wanted List Captured in New Orleans" (newspaper)
article) IJ^
Mantel, David Lee -^
Mantell, David Leigh T%
Marihuana or Hashish Oil Laboratory (photograph) lo
Marihuana Tax Act- 11
Martin, David
85
^
Martino, David Russell (Leary's son-in-law)
Martino, Dennis John 37, 85
Maru (code name) 36,37
May, Edward Joseph 26, 79
"Meet the Passport Lady She Worries About You" (newspaper article)—
: 76
Memorandums concerning passport fraud case of Timothy Francis Leary
alias William John McNeills and Rosemary Leary alias Sylvia Edith
McGaffin ; delinquent passport fraud investigations 70, 72, 73, 75
Memorandum concerning passport fraud, fugitives 69
Mexico 4, 7, 10, 18, 92
Mexico City 7
Miami 51
Miami News (newspaper) 105
Middle East 80, 81, 82
Miles, Steven Louis 86
Milgram, James 106
Millbrook, X.Y 10, 18
Monier, Donald 3
Montreal. Canada 41
Morrell, Walter David 86
Morro Bay 37
Mosley, Christopher 91
Mosley, John 91
Mosley, Kathy 91
VI
Page.
Mosley, Paula 91
Mosley, Richard 91
Muhaiumed Ali 81
Mimdt, Senator Karl 114
Murphy, Patrick V 104
Murray, Dennis 91
Murray, John 91
Murray, Kathy 91
Murray. Peter 91
Murray, Richard 91
N
National Crime Information Center TO
National Institute of Mental Health 14
Nebraska 91
Neilan, Edward 46, 76
Nelson, Daniel 108
New Jersey 58, 91
New Jersey Turnpike 104
New Orleans 58, 104, 105
New York 10, 19, 22, 28, 51, 73, 80, 82, 83, 96, 104, 106, 107
New York Municipal Court TJ
New York Times (newspaper) 42,72
Newman, James Carroll III 86
Newsweek (magazine) 81
Norpel, John R., Jr 1
Nichols, Lee Allen 86
Nigro, Fred 108
Nixon administration 90
Oakland, Calif 37, 105

O'Dowd, John 2, 39, 61, 62, 64
Office of Security 9, 44, 68-72, 74, 75, 91-93
O'Leary, Jeremiah 106
Oliphant, George 20
OMB (Office of Manpower and Budget) 75, 112
"Operation BEL" 21-24
Orange County, Calif 21,22,26,30,73
Orange County grand jury 28
Oregon 22
Otto, Daniel 108
Otto, Jimmy Gregg 79
P
Pacific Coast Highway 32
Padilla, Gerald James 26, 79
Page, Ralph 105
Palentchar. Robert 1(>4
Palma, Franklin 80
Panther Defense Fund 81
"Paper Trip, The" (book) 50-55
Paris 7, 41
Park Plaza Hotel 107
"Passjiort Change Is Under Study" (newspaper article) 43
Passport Office 2 .
9, 3(J-42, 48, 50, 53, 54, 59, 53~-^5, 67-71. T3-76, 91-94. 96, 111-110
Budget data HI,
Legal Division 3<j
53, 70, 74, 92, 93, 96, 97
Legislative Proposals and Bills Introduced in Congress for the Relief
ot the Passport Office 1950-73 114
Ta.sk Force
~_~
64
Year-end report I 116
VII
Page.
Pennsylvania
Petacque, Art ^*^°^
Philadelphia 'J
Philadelphia Sunday Bulletin (newspaper) 46, <6
Plavboy magazine 9
Pohl, Gerald 80
Pooley, Michael Lee 21,80
Port au Prince, Haiti lOT
Portland, Oreg 21
Postal Seryico 39, 40, 57
Pratt. Jill Barnett 27,80
Pratt. Stanford Leon 27, 80, 86
President, the 42
Puerto Rico 92, 107
Purvis, Carl Edward 106
R
Randall, Michael 23
^—
.
Randall, Michael Boyd 21,22,28,29,31-34,79,86

Reagan, Governor 82
Reddy. David Mark 80
Redwood City, Calif 53
Ritchie, Jame.s 71
River.side County, Calif 28
Rudd, Mark 83
S
St. Louis, Mo 6, 15, 17
Salt Lake City 48
Samples of fraudulent documents of identification obtained and used by
members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love 97
San Francisco 19, 22, 23, 28, 29, 32, 47, 72, 73, 74, 104, 105
San Luis Abispo, Calif 73
Sand. Nicholas 6, 13, 23, 27, 32, 34, 79
Sandoz Chemical Works 18,19
Santa Cruz. Calif 23
Santo Domingo 107
Schaffer, Robert Yerne 105,106
Scott, Charles Frederick 27, 79
Scroggs, Raymond 71
Scully, Robert Timothy _ 79
Scully, Timothy 23
Seale, Bobby 80
Sear, Moray 104, 105
Seattle 9 32
Secretary of State 32
Sexton, Gordon Albert 27, 79
Shipley, Mrs. Ruth B 111
Shakur, Zayd Malik , 104
Sicily .6
Sifly, Raymond-- : : . 1
Simmons, Peter David 26
Sinclair, John 48
Sinclair, Loyd 2-4, 7-14, 18-25, 28-32, 34, 46
"Slaying of Informer Linked to Latin Passport Fraud" (newspaper ar-
ticle) 106
Smith, Bernice Lee 86 26, 79,
Smith. Joe 106
Sourwine, J. G 1-78
Southeast Asia 7, 18
Springfield, Mo 11
Stanton, Mark Patrick 26, 79
Stark, Ronald Hadley ^ 14,22,79
Statement of Legal Division Personnel Requests Over the Past Several
Tears 60
VJII
Page.
Strange, Ernest Donald 2, 3, 8, 9, 12, 19, 22, 28-35, 37, 83
Stevens, James Robert 86
Stone, John Leroy 86
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 20
•'Subverters, The" (book) 59
Summary of Passport Frauds Committed by Brotherhood of Eternal Love
(chart) 109
Superioi- Court Division of Orange County 32
Supreme Court 11
Sweden 40
Switzerland 20, 47
T
Tanenbaum, Robert 104. 105
Tarabochia, Alfonso 1
Tarr, Dr. Curtis W 72,75
Tarte, Alden Sanford 105
Tennessee 98
Texas 10
"Three Arrested in Breakup of Fake Driver License Ring" (newspaper
article) 108
Thurmond, Senator Strom 44, 59, 71
Thurston. Craig Don 87
Tiemey, Robert Edward 27. 79
Tigar, Michael 31. 32, 34
Tokhi, Amanullah 24.27, 79
Tokhi brothers 4
Tokhi, HayatuUah 24, 27, 79
Torres, Juan Miranda 107
Tower, Senator John G 115
Treasury Department 10, 90
Trjtjoli 81
"Trooper. Militant Die in N.J. Clash" (newspaper article) 104
Tucker, William 105
Tucson, Ariz 48
Tunis 81
Turkey 7, 18
V
U.N. Narcotics Laboratory 1
Union Corse 6
Unione Siciliano 6
United States 2,
4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 40, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59,
65, 66, 68, 70, 78, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 106, 107, 113
Attorney 46, 63, 64, 70
Government 66, 67
University of California 29
UPI (United Press International) 81
"U.S. Driver's License Gi;ide" 53
"U.S. Losing Drug Smuggling War" (newspaper column) 38,90
"U.S. Orders a Study of Pa.ssport System" (new.spaper article) 42
V
Vancouver, British Columbia 21
Vietnamese, North 80
W
Walt, Gen. Lewis W 1,28
Walters, Saul 87
Washington 9, 28, 46, 65, 76
Wa>shington Merry -Go-Round (newspaper column) 38
Washington Passport Agency 56
Washington Post (newspaper) 38,54,90,104
Washington Star (newspaper) 43,106
IX
Page.
, 104
Affairs 83
Weather underground -^ 24 30~31,37. 48
.-,q
Weathermen _"_'_r_'__-—' 115

Weicker, Congressman Lowell P ^2
White House, the "IIIIIIIIIIII I— 38,90
Whitten, Les 87
Wilenchik, Mitchell Allen "~_
gy
Wilson, Robert David, Jr 3^
World War II
Y
106
Yrguarte, Tiffany
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRap
3 iilii^^^^^^
3 9999 05995 244
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HASHISH SMUGGLING AND PASSPORT

SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

HASHISH SMUGGLING AND PASSPORT

SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

For sale by the Superintendent Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfBce

ry FRANKLIN PIERCE LAW CENTER

Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Intebnal

Ernest Donald Strange, special agent, DEA »

William" E.' Duggan,' Chief,' Legal Division, Passport Office 43

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1973

analvst: Ravmond Siflv, minority counsel; John R. Norpel, Jr., re-

It is myunderstanding that the testimony this mornms: will focus

In today's hearing we shall be dealing with the past activities of

Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration Gene R. Haislip,

counsel. Drug Enforcement Administration; Lloyd Sinclair, group

O'Dowd, Attorney-Advisor, Legal Division, Passport Office.

TESTIMONY OF JOHN R. BARTELS, JR., ACTING ADMINISTRATOR,

identifying the Federal Government's enforcement arm will be used

Mr. SouRwixE. Go ahead, sir.

achieved complete international mobility. Dunno: the

others or were there other minor sources ? •

;Mr. Bartels. There may have been other sources of

Mr. Bartels. Yes. sir.

Mr. Soi-RwixE. Ninety percent purity is extremely high, is it not (

Marihuana—or hashish—oil was encountered in February 1972.

inside a truck in Denver in 1967 and the arrest of Xicholas Sand.

investigation of the brotherhood activities proves no drug producing

ISIr.Bartels. Yes, he was.

however, to the provisions of 18 U.S.C. 4208(b), and was ordered committed to

Mr. SouRwiNE. You are behind the 1972 rate, then.

cause of the attention given to them. At first none of it was seized. It

Mr. Haislip. I have a figure on that based on the reports of our

Mr. Bartels. Yes.

Mr. Sixclair. A small part of it, sir. There are approximately 30

Mr. SouRWiNE. Is any other organization producing it now that yo"

Marihuana or Hashish Oil Laboratory, Escanaba, Mich.

Brotherhood "Orange Sunshine" LSD Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo.

Mr. SouRWixE. I am not a laboratory technician or expert and un-

Mr. SouRwiNE. Does hashish oil have the characteristic cannabis

to be the first 125 pounds of nearly 24 tons of hashish smuff^led into

Mr. Sinclair. That is correct, sir.

On August 5, 1972, at 6 a.m., Operation BEL agents executed

On January 19, 1973, brotherhood chemist Nicholas Sand was ar-

[The information requested follows :]

Mr. SouRwiXE. And with regard to the diversion of raw materials,

[The information requested follows :]

Timothy Leary and Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers in October of 1970.

CA-LIKORNIA. DEFA-RTMENT OF JUSTICE

Dafgp - r«ghi Itg