Cricket

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players each on a field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard
long pitch. Each team take s its turn to bat, attempting to score runs, while the other team fields. Each t urn is known as an innings. The bowler delivers the ball to the batsman who attempts to hit the ball with hi s bat away from the fielders so he can run to the other end of the pitch (which is counted as one run) without getting run out (the event in which the fielder t hrows the ball directly onto wickets or to a player who is near to wickets so he can dislodge them from the ground before the batsman or the nonstriker has reac hed the crease). Each batsman (the other is called non-striker) continues battin g until he is out. The batting team continues batting until ten batsmen are out or specified number of overs(6 countable balls bowled is 1 over) have been bowle d, at which point the teams switch roles and the fielding team comes in to bat. In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six bowling deliveries per side to Test cricket played over five days. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cri cket Club (MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals.[1] Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed to be the national sport of England. The expa nsion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid19th century the first international match was held. ICC, the game's governing b ody, has 10 full members.[2] The game is most popular in Australasia, England, t he Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa. History Main article: History of cricket Early cricket was at some time or another described as "a club striking a ball ( like) the ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball".[3] Cric ket can definitely be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England. Written evidence exists of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I (Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 1301[4] and there has bee n speculation, but no evidence, that this was a form of cricket. A number of other words have been suggested as sources for the term "cricket". I n the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598,[5] it is called creckett . Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch[6] krick(-e), meaning a stick (crook ); or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff.[7] In Old French , the word criquet seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.[8] In Samuel Joh nson's Dictionary, he derived cricket from "cryce, Saxon, a stick".[9] Another p ossible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool use d for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.[10] According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for h ockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick chase").[11] Dr Gillmeister b elieves that not only the name but the sport itself is of Flemish origin.[12] The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859 The earliest definite reference to cricket being played in England (and hence an ywhere) is in evidence given at a 1598 court case which mentions that "creckett" was played on common land in Guildford, Surrey, around 1550. The court in Guild ford heard on Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date, equating to the year 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) from a 59 year-old coroner, John Derrick, who gave witn ess that when he was a scholar at the "Free School at Guildford", fifty years ea rlier, "hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play [on the common land] a t creckett and other plaies."[13][14] It is believed that it was originally a ch ildren's game but references around 1610[14] indicate that adults had started pl aying it and the earliest reference to inter-parish or village cricket occurs so
on afterwards. In 1624, a player called Jasper Vinall was killed when he was str uck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex.[15] During the 17th century, numerous references indicate the growth of cricket in t he south-east of England. By the end of the century, it had become an organised activity being played for high stakes and it is believed that the first professi onals appeared in the years following the Restoration in 1660. A newspaper repor t survives of "a great cricket match" with eleven players a side that was played for high stakes in Sussex in 1697 and this is the earliest known reference to a cricket match of such importance. The game underwent major development in the 18th century and became the national sport of England. Betting played a major part in that development with rich pat rons forming their own "select XIs". Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and large crowds flocked to matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury. T he single wicket form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match. Bo wling evolved around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rollin g or skimming it towards the batsman. This caused a revolution in bat design bec ause, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern s traight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape. The Hambledon Club was fou nded in the 1760s and, for the next 20 years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's Old Ground in 1787, Hambledon was both the game's greatest clu b and its focal point. MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custo dian of the Laws of Cricket. New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw).

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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players each on a field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard

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