List of Parasites of Humans - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
List of Parasites of Humans - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
List of Parasites of Humans - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parasites_of_humans
Contents
1 Endoparasites 1.1 Protozoan organisms 1.2 Helminths organisms (worms) 1.2.1 Tapeworms 1.2.2 Flukes 1.2.3 Roundworms 1.3 Other organisms 2 Ectoparasites 3 See also 4 References 5 External links
Endoparasites
Protozoan organisms
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Common name of organism or disease Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (eye infection) Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (skin infection)
Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Source/ Transmission (Reservoir/ Vector) contact lenses cleaned with tap water
Acanthamoeba
eye, brain
culture
worldwide
Balamuthia mandrillaris
brain, skin
culture
worldwide
Babesiosis
New York, Martha's Vineyard, Giemsa-stained Nantucket thin blood smear (different species have worldwide distribution) stool (diarrhea=ciliated trophozoite; solid stool=large cyst with horseshoe shaped nucleus) direct microscopy of stool (PCR, anti body) 2 - 20% of population[1]
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli
ingestion of cyst, zoonotic infection acquired from pigs (feces) eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal ingestion of oocyst (sporulated), some species are zoonotic (e.g. bovine fecal contamination) ingesting water or food contaminated with feces
Blastocystosis
Blastocystis
intestinal
Coccidia, cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium
intestines
stool
widespread
Dientamoebiasis
Dientamoeba fragilis
stool stool (fresh diarrheic stools have amoeba, solid stool has cyst)
up to 10% in industrialized countries areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions
Amoebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia
stool
widespread
ingestion of cysts in fecal contaminated water or food, can be zoonotic (deer, beavers)
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Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Isosporiasis
Isospora belli
stool
worldwide - less fecal oral route common than ingestion of sporulated Toxoplasma or oocyst Cryptosporidium
Leishmaniasis
Leishmania
Visceral leishmaniasisvisual Worldwide; identification of cutaneous, Cutaneous lesion or mucocutaneous, leishmaniasis microscopic stain or visceral Old World; with Leishman's Mucocutaneous or Giemsa's stain leishmaniasis New World
brain
culture
Nasal insufflation contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs
Malaria
Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale red blood cells, Blood film curtisi, Plasmodium liver ovale wallikeri, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi
Rhinosporidiosis
Rhinosporidium seeberi
nose, nasopharynx
biopsy
nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds ingestion of uncooked/undercooked beef/pork with Sarcocystis sarcocysts
Sarcocystosis
muscle biopsy
widespread
ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma widespread - up bradyzoites, ingestion to one third of of raw milk with all humans Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with
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Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Source/ Transmission (Reservoir/ Vector) oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old
Trichomoniasis
female microscopic urogenital tract Trichomonas vaginalis examination of (males genital swab asymptomatic) blood lymph and central nervous systems colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow
Sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
tsetse fly, day biting 50,000 to 70,000 fly of the genus people Glossina
Chagas disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Mexico, Central Triatoma/Reduviidae America, South "Kissing bug" Insect America - 16-18 Vector, feeds at night million
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Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Transmission/Vector
stool
Diphyllobothriasis Diphyllobothrium - tapeworm latum Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus
intestines, blood
stool (microscope) imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen
ingestion of raw fresh water fish as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, meal worms, cockroaches
Echinococcosis tapeworm
Mediterranean countries
Hymenolepis nana, [4] Hymenolepis Hymenolepiasis diminuta Beef tapeworm Taenia saginata Intestines stool worldwide distribution
Brain, muscle
stool, blood
Asia, Africa, South America, ingestion of undercooked Southern pork Europe, North America. Rare Contact with non human primates ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat faeces (humans: dead-end host)
Bertielliasis
Intestines
Stool
Sparganosis
Flukes
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Latin name (sorted) Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini|gall bladder ducts and inflammation of liver|ingestion of under prepared fresh water fish Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Transmission/Vector
Clonorchiasis
gall bladder
rare
ingestion of ants
stool
Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; freshwater snails Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails) ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water ingestion of undercooked or salted fish
Fasciolopsis buski
intestines
Metagonimus yokogawai Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis bile duct felineus, Clonorchis sinensis Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus;
stool
consuming infected raw, 1.5 million slightly salted or frozen people in Russia fish ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans
lungs
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Latin name (sorted) Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis
Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Transmission/Vector
Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East - 200 million people intestine, liver, spleen, stool lungs, skin kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin Africa, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East - 83 million people Africa, Middle East
intestinal schistosomiasis
Schistosoma mansoni
skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Biomphalaria fresh water snails skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Bulinus sp. snails
urinary schistosomiasis
Schistosoma haematobium
urine
skin exposure to water China, East Asia, contaminated with Philippines infected Oncomelania sp. snails skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neotricula aperta - fresh water snails ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates)
Far East
Swimmer's itch
Roundworms
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Diagnostic specimen
Transmission/Vector
stool
Angiostrongylus intestine costaricensis Anisakis allergic reaction Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Lffler's syndrome Intestines, liver, lungs, brain
biopsy
stool
Roundworm Baylisascariasis Roundworm-lymphatic filariasis Dioctophyme renalis infection Guinea worm Dracunculiasis
Baylisascaris procyonis Brugia malayi, Brugia timori Dioctophyme renale Dracunculus medinensis Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii
rare: North America tropical regions of Asia Rare South Sudan (eradication ongoing) widespread; temperate regions
blood lymph nodes samples kidneys (typically the Urine right) subcutaneous skin tissues, blister/ulcer muscle intestines, anus stool; tape test around anus
Pinworm - Enterobiasis
Halicephalobiasis
Halicephalobus brain gingivalis blood Connective (Giemsa, tissue, lungs, haematoxylin, eye eosin stain) subcutaneous layer of skin skin, eye, tissue bloodless skin Africa, Yemen, snip
soil contaminated wounds rain forest of West Africa - Tabanidae - horse fly, 12-13 million bites in the day people insect Simulium/Black fly, bite during the day
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Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers
Transmission/Vector
stool, blood
skin penetration
Thelaziasis
Eyes
ocular examination
Asia, Europe
Toxocariasis
liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis Toxocara canis, blood, ocular worldwide Visceral Toxocara cati examination distribution larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans) Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa
pica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken
Trichinosis
more common in developing countries due to improved ingestion of feeding undercooked pork practices in developed countries. accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces
Whipworm
stool (eggs)
common worldwide
ElephantiasisLymphatic filariasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
lymphatic system
Other organisms
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Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Transmission/Vector
Archiacanthocephala, Gastrointestinal Faeces, Acanthocephaliasis Moniliformis tract, worldwide parasite itself moniliformis peritoneum, eye
ingestion of intermediate hosts ingestion of raw or undercooked lymph nodes (e.g., meat from infected camels and buffalos)
nasopharynx
physical examination
Mid East
Myiasis
dead or living tissue Subcutaneous tissue Subcutaneous tissue physical examination physical examination Central and South America Central and South America Mosquitoes and biting flies
Chigoe flea
Human Botfly
Dermatobia hominis
Ectoparasites
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Diagnostic specimen
Prevalence
Transmission/Vector
visual visual identification under magnification visual identification under magnification (Vagabond's disease)
Worldwide
Common worldwide
head-to-head contact
Worldwide
skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
Pthirus pubis
visual pubic area, identification eyelashes under magnification Microscopy of eyelash or eyebrow hair follicle
Worldwide
skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
Demodex Demodicosis
Pandemic, worldwide
prolonged skin-to-skin contact skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
Scabies
Sarcoptes scabiei
skin
Screwworm, Cochliomyia
Cochliomyia hominivorax
visual
North America (eradicated), direct contact with fly Central America, North Africa
Flea, Siphonaptera
Pulex irritans
skin
Worldwide
environment
Tick
Worldwide
See also
List of human parasitic diseases
References
1. ^ Amin OM (2002). "Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66 (6): 799803. PMID 12224595 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12224595).
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2. ^ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy (http://www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/EID/vol10no10/04-0273.htm) Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009 3. ^ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical University Domachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972044-overview) eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009 4. ^ Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998498-overview) eMedicine; updated Feb 2008 5. ^ Ylmaza, Hasan; Gdekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey (http://www.sciencedirect.com /science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T1R-4D1DKPB-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c& _acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=64aec259af5ebeea983f6d60aa2bec05) doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actatropica.2004.04.009) 6. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDX/HTML/Fasciolopsiasis.htm) 7. ^ Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998278-overview) eMedicine, updated Feb 2008 8. ^ Anisakiasis (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Anisakiasis.htm)
External links
A List of Human Intestinal Parasites (http://www.gitract.info/articles/intestinal-disorders/intestinal-parasites.php) accessed May 2008 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_parasites_of_humans&oldid=599516774" Categories: Parasitic diseases Parasites of humans Lists of diseases Foodborne illnesses This page was last modified on 14 March 2014 at 00:52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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