Summary of Structure II

Passive Voice
John swept the floor. The floor was swept by John. S V O S V by-phrase The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of passive sentence. Only transitive verb can be used in passive form. By-phrase is not used in passive form when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action. From the example above, we can conclude that passive voice is SENTENCE IN WHICH THE SUBJECT UNDERGOES THE ACTION OF VERB BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
General form of passive voice:
BE can be any of its forms: am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, etc. Example: (+) The dean phones me. (-) I am phoned by the dean. (+) The children played football. (-) Football was played by the children. (+) The postman has brought my letter. (-) My letter has been brought by the postman. (+) Rosita will visit her aunt. (-) Rositas aunt will be visited. (+) Andreas is going to buy that car. (-) That car is going to be bought by Andreas. (+) The secretary is typing some letters. (-) Some letters are being typed by the secretary. (+) Someone was building a new bus station. (-) A new bus station was being built.
Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech : Used to reproducing another persons exact words. Quotation marks () are used. Indirect Speech : Used to reproducing the idea of another persons words. Not all of the exact words are used. Quotation marks are not used. My mother said, I am hungry. My mother said that she was hungry. Changes of Tenses in Direct to Indirect Speech: a) Simple Present Simple Past. b) Present Progressive Past Progressive. c) Present Perfect Past Perfect. d) Simple Past Past Perfect. e) Simple Future Past Future. Example: a) Joko said, I work hard. ------------------- Joko said that he worked hard. b) Joko said, I am working hard.-----------Joko said that he was working hard. c) Joko said, I have worked hard. ---------- Joko said that he had worked hard. d) Joko said, I worked hard. ---------------- Joko said that he had worked hard. e) Joko said, I will work hard. -------------- Joko said that he would work hard.
(+) Ana told, I need to talk to you. (-) Ana told me that she needed to talk to me. Tell or told is followed immediately by a pronoun object then by a noun clause. (+) Ana said, I am hungry. (-) Ana said that she was hungry. Say o said is followed immediately by a noun clause. (+) Ana said to me, Are you sleepy? (-) Ana asked me if I was sleepy. Ask is used to report yes/no question. If is used after ask to introduce a noun clause. (+) Ana said to me, Are you hungry? (-) Ana wanted to know whether I was hungry. Wanted to know has same meaning with ask. Whether is has same function with if.
Past Habit
Used to/would expresses a past habit that no longer exists at present. Form Used To/would + the simple form of verb
Example: I used to live with my parents. Now I live in my own house. I used to be shy, but now Im not. My family used to live in village before we moved to this city. When I was child, my mother would read a story to me before I sleep.
Be used to/be accustomed to expresses a past habit that still exists at present. Form Be + Used To/accustomed to + Verb + ing
Example: I am used to eating in the canteen. I am not used to sleeping alone. We are accustomed to sleeping after 11 at night. My brother is accustomed to drinking beer.
Could expresses ones ability in the past. Form Could + the simple form of verb
Example: When I was young, I could run 3 km without stopping. My father could drive for a long distance when he was in Jakarta.
Be able to expresses ones ability to do something in one particular time. Form Be able to + the simple form of verb
Example: In the tournament, Santi was able to beat Retno easily. The mount climbers were able to reach the top of the mountain yesterday.
Conditional Sentence
Conditional sentence is sentence with an if-clause and result-clause. Type I II III Fact Situation Possibility True Contrary to Fact in the Present Contrary to Fact in the Past If-Clause Simple Present Simple Past Past Perfect Result-Clause Will/can + Simple Form Would/could + Simple Form Would have/could have + Past Participle
Example: (+) If I have enough money, I will buy a ticket to the rock concert. (-) Maybe I will have enough money, so I can buy a ticket to the rock concert. (+) I can drive to Parangtitis beach if I buy that motorcycle. (-) Maybe I will buy that motorcycle so I can dive to Parangtritis beach. (+) If Tono studied harder, he would get better grades. (-) Tono doesnt study hard, so he doesnt get better grades. (+) If money grew on trees, all of us would be rich. (-) Money doesnt grow on trees. (+) I would have got you a present if I had known it was your birthday yesterday. (-) I didnt know it was your birthday yesterday, so I didnt get you a present. (+) If I had studied harder a week ago, I would have succeeded in the final exam yesterday. (-) I didnt study hard a week ago, so I didnt succeed in the final exam. People also use wish when they want reality to be different from the true situation. The True Situation Simple Present Simple Past Example: (+) I cant speak Danish. (-) I wish I could speak Danish. (+) We arent in Brazil. (-) I wish we were in Brazil. (+) I have to write a composition. (-) I wish I hadnt to write a composition. (+) Nia didnt tell me the truth. (-) I wish Nia had told me the truth. (+) I didnt go to class yesterday. (-) I wish I had gone to class yesterday. The Wish Simple Past Past Perfect
Infinitive and Gerund

Gerund is the ing form of a verb which is used as a noun. Common Verb Followed by Gerund: a. Enjoy I enjoy working in my garage. b. Finish Susan finished studying at midnight. c. Stop It stopped raining a few minutes ago. d. Quit My father quit working. e. Mind Would you mind turning on the fan. f. Postpone I postponed paying my school fee. g. Put off I put off doing my homework. h. Keep Keep searching, dont stop! i. Consider Im consider going to Pangandaran Beach. j. Discuss They discussed robbing a new bank. k. Talk about My friends talked about watching a rock concert. Gerund in negative form: Not + gerund. l. I considered not going to class.
An Infinitive is to + the simple form of a verb Common verb Followed by Infinitive: a. Plan Im planning to visit Banjanegara next week. b. Decide Ive decided to buy a new apartment. c. Promise John promised not to come late for the wedding. d. Forget I forgot to buy some milk when I went to the store. e. Need I need to finish my homework tonight. f. Expect What time do you expect to go to Cilacap? g. Refuse Toni doesnt like melon. He refuses to eat it. h. Start Eni started to talk about her problem. i. Offer Tom offered to lend me some money.
Some verb usually followed by either an Infinitive or a gerund. Common Verb Followed by Either a Gerund or an Infinitive: a. Begin It began to rain It began raining. b. Start My mother started to search for her lost earrings. My mother Started searching for her lost earrings. c. Hate Some children hate to go to school. Some children hate going to school.
Subjunctive
Subjunctive is the simple form of the verb which is used after certain verb indicating that someone has to do something. In this construction, the use of that is obligatory. The Verb Usually Followed by Subjunctive are: a. Advise b. Ask c. Decree d. Command e. Demand f. Insist g. Move h. Order i. Prefer. Example: 1. I advised that my sister apply for job. 2. We asked that the chairman postpone the meeting. 3. The dean has decreed that regulation be abolished. 4. The instructor commanded that I get on the truck. Subjunctive is also used after Impersonal Expressing which has the same meaning the verb. The Verb Commonly Used are: a. Advised b. Mandatory c. Proposed d. Obligatory e. Required f. Suggested g. Urgent. Example: 1. It is Important that the government improve the community welfare. 2. It is urgent that the victim be sent to the nearest hospital. 3. It is necessary that all of the students attend the lectures regularly. 4. It is Obligatory that the students wear a uniform in the school.

Summary of Structure II

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Summary of Structure II

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Passive Voice

General form of passive voice:

Direct and Indirect Speech

Infinitive and Gerund

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