The SustainableArchitecture
The SustainableArchitecture
The SustainableArchitecture
AR517GSustainableArchitecture
AnnouncementsandInformation
1. Submission of Ecological footprint due today 2. Make a team for Assessment of Sustainability
ODD Semester 2013 DCR University of Science & Technology Dept. of Architecture
Recapfromthepreviousclass
Energyandbuildings:Embodiedand operationalenergy IsConcretegreenmaterial? IsSteel S lgreenmaterial? i l? Whatisgreenmaterial? Twoextremeapproaches:Incasuspension bridgevs.Romanarchbridge
Sustainabilitydefinitionsstartwiththe
Dictionary(Collins,2ndEd1986)Sustainability
Sustain: to maintain or prolong to support physically to provide or give support to -esp. by providing necessities Sustenance: means of sustaining health or life: nourishment means of maintenance; livelihood
Sustainabledevelopmentaimsto balancethreeelements:
Economic:whatthingscost andhowtomakea businessoutofproviding infrastructure,goodsor services Environmental:what impactthosethingshave onnatureandtheearths supportsystems which arefinite Social:howthosethings servetheneedsand qualityoflifeofpeople andtheircommunities
Technologyisneithergoodnorbadinitself howwechoosetoapplyit determines whetheragoodbalanceisachieved.
TheEnvironmentalDimensionwithin SustainableDevelopment
Environmental:what impactprojectsand productshaveonnature andtheearthssupport systems whicharefinite Theneedtoprotectthe environmenthasbecome accepted almostthe establishmentview Butthehardpartisan addictiontogrowthona finiteplanet
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Summary
Threeelementsofsustainabledevelopment: environment,whichnurturessociety,which inventedtheeconomy Thesocialandenvironmentaldimensionsmust bebalancedwitheconomics TheWorld3 model,andwhatisenough?Do weneedlessmaterialconsumptiontoavoid collapse? Challengestochangeandwhatisthearchitects roleinthisleader,orfollower?
WhatisaSustainableSystem?
In humans systems it relates to the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, , economic, and social dimensions. Includes the concept of stewardship, the responsible planning and management of resources. Aesthetics???
Sustainabledevelopmenthas2widely agreedupondefinitions
Brundtland: meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Our Common Future, 1987
Whatissustainablebuiltenvironment?
The definition of a sustainable built environment is changing rapidly. While aiming for neutral or reduced p in terms of energy, gy, environmental impacts carbon, waste or water are worthwhile targets, it is becoming clear that the built environment must go beyond this. Built environment must have net positive environmental benefits for the living world.
BuildingsareNotPermanent
Stonepinnaclesof cathedralsare replaced~200years Buildingsarewaste intransit
GoalsofStructuralDesign
Efficiency Economy Elegance Butallmustconsiderthe environmentalimpactas well
The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering, by D.P. Billington
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19th CenturyDesignConcern
EFFICIENCYISIMPORTANT:Newmaterialsin construction,suchaswroughtironandsteel, leadtogreaterconcernforefficiency
20th CenturyDesignConcern
MAINTENANCE IS IMPORTANT: The initial design is important, though we must also design for maintenance throughout operating life
21st CenturyDesignConcern
ENDOFLIFEISIMPORTANT:Wastefromthe constructionindustryisavastconsumerof naturalresourcesonaglobalscale
DesignMatters
DesigningforMaintenance
Developamaintenanceplanforyour structure Design i componentswhich hi hareaccessible ibl and d replaceable Avoidtoxicmaterialswhicharehazardousfor futuremaintenanceoperations
Architectsandengineersaretheoneswho deliverthingstopeople
Wecanonlygetthere...ifthekeyprofessionalswho deliverthingstopeoplearefullyengaged...[architects andengineers],notthepoliticians,aretheoneswhocan ensurethatsustainabledevelopment:
isoperational ismadetoworkforpeople deliversnewwaysofinvestinginourinfrastructure,newways ofgeneratingenergyandprovidingabuiltenvironment deliversnewwaysofusingconsumerdurables.
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Whatrolecanarchitectsplayin sustainabledevelopment?
Whatrolecanarchitectsplayin sustainabledevelopment?
Sustainabledesignisgooddesign
Globalresponsibilityofarchitectsand engineers
DesignQuestionstoConsider
Inchoosingstructuralsystem(s):
Flexibilityofplan? Canyourbuildingbeadaptedforalternative layouts? Isthestructuralsystemeconomical? Doesitutilizelocalexpertise? Howdoesthesystemhelpwithnaturallighting, naturalventilation,orthermalperformance?
DesignQuestionstoConsider
Inchoosingmaterials:
Whatisthesourceforthematerials? Whathappensattheendoflifeofthematerials? Do Dothematerialscontributetoyourotherdesign goals?(transparency,thermalmass,etc.)
Conclusion
Inchoosingastructuralsystemandthe materialsforabuilding,consider: 1. CONSTRUCTION 2 OPERATION 2. O O 3. DEMOLITION
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Conclusions
Eachmaterialhasenvironmentaladvantages anddisadvantages:gooddesignislocal Recycleorreusematerialstodecreasewaste Consider C id end dof flife lif in i the h initial i i i ldesign d i Historysuggestssustainablesolutions: Inka structures(temporary)andRomanstructures (permanent)canbothbesustainable
Conclusions
Constructionindustrygeneratesenormous wasteannually Individualdesignerscanreducethiswaste significantly Energyintensivematerialslikesteeland concretecanbeusedmoreefficiently Alternativematerialsshouldbeexplored
TheStructureoftheFuture?
Efficient:Materialsare recycled,reusable,or lowenergy Maintainable: componentscanbe replacedorimproved orreused Adaptable:Can respondtochanging needsandloads throughoutitslifetime Traversina foot Bridge, Jorg Conzett
JapanesePavilion,Germany,2000
Recycledpapertubes Minimalfoundations Recycledatendof the h Expo
Stansted AirportTerminal
Steeltubescanbe disassembled Modularsystemfor adaptation Canberecycledor reusedatendoflife
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Oryoucouldtreatarchitectureas sculpture
Theearthisfinite. naturalresourceshavealimitfinite
AssessmentMeasures
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 6. Malcolm Wells checklist (wilderness based)-Ruby+Swati Ecological Foot printing-Ruby+Swati Ove Arup SPeAR-Kriti+Ishani Life Cycle Assessment, ISO 14040/14044-Himanshi+Megha LEED-Neha+Bhawna BREEM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method)-Ankita2 7. CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency) Japan- Akshita+Abhilasha 8. GREEN STAR (Green Building Council Australia) Preeti+Sahil 9. DGNB (German Sustainable Building Council)Richa+Amisha 10. Passivehaus standard-Uttra+Kritika 11. Embodied Energy-Laveena+Aditi 12. GRIHA-Kapil + Neeraj
EcologicalFootprint
The area of land and water needed to sustain a person or population (including home, places of work and play, materials needed to build and maintain these places, vehicles and transportation systems, food, waste treatment, etc.) Somecriticisms
Focuses only environment Ignoresmultiplelanduses downplayspopulationissues
Widelyused
FirstAssignment:EcologicalFootprintQuiz
www.myfootprint.org (Earth Day 2002)
ImagecourtesyofKoberKmmerly+FreyMedia AG. Take the quiz. If time, explore sensitivity. Well discuss in class next week.
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LEEDGreenBuildingRatingSystem
Supported by the Indian (US) Green Building Council Consensus-based rating system, crafted by professionals in the building profession Originally geared towards new (office space) construction, but now piloting modified rating schemes for homes, commercial interiors, renovations, and neighborhood development Building that participate in the rating system attain Certified, Silver, Gold or Platinum status based on points earned
LEEDCategories
LEEDCriticism
Benefits
Raises consciousness of owners Encourages integrated design des g Facilitates discussions about the benefit of environmentally preferable building design strategies Easily navigated; accessible to all building professionals Constantly re-examined and updated
Limitations
Equivalent point values are given to non-equivalent design strategies and improvements Often Oft reduced d d to t a point i t optimization process Evaluation mechanisms are often overly simplified and therefore misleading Can only gain points for doing good, never lose points for inflicting harm
Anintroductiontobasicprinciples
LIFECYCLEASSESSMENT
LifeCycleAssessmentWhatisit?
Life cycle assessment is the process of evaluating the total effects that a product has on the environment over its entire existence starting with its production and continuing through to its eventual disposal. It is fundamentally a decision-making tool.
LifeCycleAssessmentWhatisit?
It accounts the energy and resource inputs, as well as the polluting outputs to land, water and air that result from the production of a product. It is an extremely complex environmental assessment tool that requires massive amounts of data which are p to p purchase. often hard to find or expensive It is still a method in progress:
There is no single method for conducting LCA studies. Organizations should have flexibility to implement LCA practically as established in this International Standard, based upon the specific application and the requirements of the user. (ISO 14040:1997)
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GoalDefinitionandScope
Whatisbeingstudied? Whoistheintendedaudience? Whatisthefunctionalunittobeexamined? Whatarethedatarequirements? Arethereanypotentiallycriticalassumptions tobemade?
Whatisbeingstudiedandforwhom?
LCAscanbeusedprivately,asadesigntoolwithin productdevelopment.
comparativeanditerative quick quickanddirty dirty
Establishingthefunctionalunit
The functional unit is the comparison criterion or metric used in LCA
It is a comparison of product functions instead of product types or brands. It often includes some indication of time.
LCAscanbepublishedforthepurposesofeco labeling.
attemptatabsoluteclassification(itisactuallya comparativeassessmentwithinalargerfield) requirebetterdataqualityandprecisecalculations
Life Cycle Assessment relies on wellformulated functional units to establish sensible comparative baselines against which to compare various product or project alternatives.
Dataqualityrequirements
Timerelatedcoverage Geographicalcoverage Technologicalcoverage Precision,completenessand representativeness Consistency Clearlystatedsourcesandfactorsof uncertainty
Location
Criticalassumptions
Isthedatalocal,regional,worldwide?
Transportmechanism
Arematerialsbeingtransportedbytruck,ship,rail, air? Howfararematerialsbeingtransported?
Equipmentefficiency
Isthedatabasedonstateoftheartequipmentor averageperformingequipment?
Levelsofaggregationofdata
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ConstructingaProcessFlowChart
Helpsidentifyscopeofinvestigation
Locatescriticalprocesses Locateshiddenflows
GypsumProductionFlowChart
ConstructingaProcessFlowChart
Helpsidentifyscopeofinvestigation
Locatescriticalprocesses Locateshiddenflows
WastewaterTreatmentFacility Diagram
ConstructingaProcessFlowChart
Helpsidentifyscopeofinvestigation
Locatescriticalprocesses Locateshiddenflows
H Helps l id identify tif nature t and damount tof fdata d t requiredintheassessment Helpsidentifylogicalsystemboundaries
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Assigningprojectboundaries
In principle, the analysis boundaries should include all resource extractions and environmental emissions related to a product.
Practically, the boundaries of an analysis cannot capture the complete picture.
CollectingandProcessingData
Thisisthemosttimeandeffortintensive portionofanLCA. Allocationproceduresmustbeestablished whenlookingatsystemsthathavemultiple productflows. Thecalculationofenergyflowsandresulting extractionsandemissionsmusttakeinto accountthedifferentfuelsused.
DataSources
Eco-invent Database
Fees Extensive European data on full range of building products, energy production, transport, etc. Data manipulated within the SimaProuser interface Franklin database (US equivalent) currently under development
Athena CMI
Fees Canadian data with good range of building products The Athena Institute also provides a user interface for evaluation of data
BEES (NIST)
Free North American data on a small handful of building products Verylimited in scope
Classification
Classification categories Abiotic depletion
result of extraction of non-renewable raw materials
Characterization
Inventorydatainputsandoutputsassignedto relevantimpactcategories Characterization:componentsofeachimpact categoryareaggregatedtoonerepresentative type
Acidification
result of nitrogen and sulphuroxide releases into atmosphere Human toxicity
Ozone depletion
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CharacterizationEquivalencyFactors
Normalization
Which is more harmful?
Global warming potential = 250kg CO2 equivalent Nutrification potential = 149kg PO4-3(phosphate) equivalent
Normalization is a process by which the environmental index is scaled to some regional or global referent.
ValuationandInterpretation
Subjective weighing process
Affected by location, politics, interests, opinions
WhyuseLCA?
It is quantitative.
LCA provides an objective, scientific, numerical basis for decisionmaking. Enhances the reproducibility and consequent credibility of an environmental assessment.
End result is a single environmental index, which simplifies all of the data into one value
Loss of transparency Loss of specificity Gain in comparability
It is integrative.
By y looking g at a p product or p product function from cradle to g grave, , the LCA process avoids problem shifting. It encourages early interdisciplinary collaborations
EvaluatingtheBuiltEnvironment
(or,whypeopledonttendtouseLCAforbuildingsand infrastructure)
SomeChallengesofusingLCAto assesstheBuiltEnvironment
Comparableproductsmayhaveradically differentLCA outputsduetomethodofproduction,distancefromjob site,machineryusedinproductionandinstallation, etc.
Oftenproducersarereluctanttorevealdisaggregateddataasit mayrevealtradesecrets
Datadoesnotyetexistreliably inaggregatedform Themethodofconstructioncanaffectthelongevityand endoflifeoptionsofaproduct,therebypotentially renderinganLCAmisleading (ifitexistsatall) Manyofthesechallengescanbeaddressedtosomedegree byselectingappropriatescopeandassessmentboundaries thatminimize sensitivityanderror
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Example:Cork
Touted to be an environmentally preferable product in building
Flooring Insulation
Aquickexample LIFECYCLEASSESSMENT
Low density (lightweight) High elasticity Low thermal and electrical conductivity High resistance to wearing
Often combined with binders that have potentially negative effects on the environment.
SystemandDataBoundaries
DataAcquisition
(source:ecoinvent database)
Therearealittle over1000 emission categorieslisted perproduct! Emissions E i i toair i Emissionsto water Emissionsto land Resourceuse Landuse Waste generation Etc.
DataProcessing
Identify economic flows
Process products Goods and Services
Raw Cork, at forest road Transport truck Etc.
NextSteps
LCAassumeslinearity Input/outputaccountingresultsinasetof simultaneousequations
Aslongassomemechanismhasbeenimplementedto dealwiththeproblemofallocation,thereshouldbe asmanyequationsasthereareunknownvariables.
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SimpleMatrixFormulation
SimpleMatrixFormulation
SimpleMatrixFormulation
As = f
A is the Economic matrix s is the Scale vector f is the Economic flow vector
Bs = g
B is the Environmental matrix s is the Scale vector g is the Environmental profile
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