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RTP
RTCP

RTP

IGMP

IGMP

RTP

IGMP

RTCP

RSVP Path Message

RTP

User B
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Session Message
Users Application
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RSVP

RTP

Quality of
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s=Multimedia Seminar

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session ID and version timestamp
originating host
title

i=A Seminar on Internet Multimedia

information about the session

u=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk

url for more information

e=mjh@isi.edu (Mark Handley)

email address to contact

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ISI

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east.isi.edu
INVITE eve@isi.edu
100 TRYING
isi.edu

301 Moved Temporarily

Contact: eve@east.isi.edu
INVITE eve@isi.edu
180 RINGING

200 OK
Contact: eve@east.isi.edu

ng
Ri ing
R
answers call

ACK eve@east.isi.edu
talking
hangs
up

Audio and Video Data

talking

BYE eve@east.isi.edu

call finishes

200 OK
ACK eve@east.isi.edu
time
&H649
0
3

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0
63
A
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INVITE sip:mjh@north.east.isi.edu SIP/2.0

Via:SIP/2.0/UDP east.isi.edu
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP isi.edu
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP chopin.cs.caltech.edu
To: sip:mjh@isi.edu
From: eve@cs.caltech.edu
CSeq:1
ContentType: application/sdp
ContentLength: 214

request header and URL

second relay
first relay
originating host
destination user
caller
command sequence no.
format of payload
length of payload

v=0
o=eve 987329833 983264598 IN IP4 128.32.83.24
s=Quick call...
...

payload: an SDP
description of the
session this call
is trying to set up

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INVITE eve@isi.edu
m=audio, m=video

isi.edu

mobile27.isi.edu

INVITE eve@mobile27.isi.edu
m=audio, m=video

606 UNACCEPTABLE
606 UNACCEPTABLE
Contact: eve@mobile27.isi.edu
Contact: eve@mobile27.isi.edu m=audio
m=audio
INVITE eve@mobile27.isi.edu
m=audio
ng
Ri ing
R
180 RINGING
200 OK
Contact: eve@mobile27.isi.edu

answers call

ACK eve@mobile27.isi.edu
talking

Audio Data

talking

3547698
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SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP isi.edu
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP chopin.cs.caltech.edu
To:sip:mjh@isi.edu
From:eve@cs.caltech.edu
Contact:sip:mjh@north.east.isi.edu;tag=76fa98
CSeq:1
ContentType: application/sdp
ContentLength: 214

Response header and code

Via header for "east" already
removed by responding server
Refers to request "from"
and "to", not message from
and to

v=0
o=eve 987329833 983264598 IN IP4 128.32.83.2
s=Quick call...
...

payload specifying
the relevant addresses
and ports on the callees
machine

Where the callee was found.

Command sequence no.
echoed from request

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Sender chooses a random key, and a mask

appropriate for the size of the conference.
Receivers also choose a random key.
Sender
1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Key
Mask

Each round, the sender reduces the mask by one,

and sends the key/mask pair again.

1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Round 2

1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Round 3

1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Round 4

1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Round 5

1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Round 6

1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Receiver 1
10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Key Matches

Round 7 - Receiver 2 matches key

Receiver 2

1 0 1 1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

Receiver 3
1 1 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0

Receiver 2 can now request a retransmission

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Site 1

Site 2

change 1
change 2
change 3

Changes 1 and 3 prevail. Change 2 is seen briefly at site 2, then disappears.

Site 1 never sees Change 2 - it is already too old when it arrives at site 1.

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Site 1

Site 2

change 1
change 2

change 1 results in a line being split in two, creating a modified line and a new line.
change 2 modifies the original line.
In a simple scheme, the new line from change 1 and the modfied original from
change 2 remain. This is most likely with a network partition, but could also occur
due to simple transmission delays.

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Lines added in our partition

Lines added in the other partition.
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null

DELETED

b
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Lines added in other partition

Line deleted in our partition

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Xo{

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null

DELETED

Q)

b
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null

Lines added in our partition

Lines added in other partition
Line deleted in our partition

Partition resolves to an inconsistent state

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