Profile Maize
Profile Maize
Profile Maize
CONTENTS
Page No. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Origin 1.2 Importance PRODUCTION 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.0 Major producing countries in the world Major producing states in India Important varieties of maize grown in India 3 4 5
1 3
2.0
POST-HARVEST MANAGENENT 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Post-harvest losses Harvesting care Post- harvest equipments Grading 3.4.1 Grade specifications 3.4.2 Adulterants and toxins 3.4.3 Grading at producers lavel and under Agmark Packaging Transportation Storage 3.7.1 Major storage pests and their control measures 3.7.2 Storage structures 3.7.3 Storage facilities i) Producers storage ii) Rural godowns iii) Mandi godowns iv) Central Warehousing Corporation v) State Warehousing Corporations vi) Co-operatives 3.7.4 Pledge finance system 6 8 9 10 10 14 16 17 18 21 22 25 26 26 26 27 28 29 29 30
4.0
MARKETING PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS 4.1 Assembling 4.1.1 Arrivals 4.1.2 Dispatches Distribution 4.2.1 Inter-state movement Export and import 4.3.1 Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary requirements 4.3.2 Export procedure Marketing constraints 31 33 34 34 34 35 38 39 40
4.2 4.3
4.4 5.0
MARKETING CHANNELS, COSTS AND MARGINS 5.1 5.2 Marketing channels Marketing costs and margins 41 41 44
6.0 7.0
MARKETING INFORMATION AND EXTENSION ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OF MARKETING 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Direct marketing Contract marketing Co-operative marketing Forward and future markets
47 48 49 49
8.0
INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES 8.1 8.2 8.3 Marketing related schemes of Govt./Public Sector Institutional credit facilities Organisations providing marketing services 51 53 54
9.0
10.0 11.0
1.0
INTRODUCTION
aize is one of the most important Cereal Crops in the world. It is next to Rice, Wheat and Jowar in respect of Area and Production in India. The importance of Corn is due to its wide diversity of uses. It is used both as food for human and feed for animals. Corn is nearly directly consumed as feed and as an edible table vegetable. Green cobs are roasted and eaten by people with great interest. Corn is converted in to a variety of foods such as popped snack food and staple alkali-cooked Mexican foods. It is also fractionated by either dry or wet milling into food and industrial ingredients. The starch, the major constituent of the corn kernel, is used in its native form or after chemical or enzymatic modification, in foods and industrial products. The starch is also converted into glucose or fructose for use as food sweetness. Glucose can be fermented in to ethanol for fuel or beverages or into many other chemicals. Nutritional value of maize/corn is given in Table No. 1. Table No.1: Nutrition value of maize Content Starch Proterin Fat Fiber Sugar Minerals (ash) Percentage dry matter basis 71 - 72 9 - 10 4 - 45 9 - 10 2-3 1.4
Source: Technologies for processing speciality maize in India, Directorate of Maize Research, ICAR, New Delhi. 1.1 Origin: Central America and Mexico where many diverse types of maize are found are considered to be the primary center of origin. Its production in India probably occurred about the beginning of the seventeenth century, during the early days of the East India Company. Botanical Description : Maize (Zea mays) is an annual plant, which usually grows to a height of one meter to 3 meters or more in some cases. It belongs to family Gramineae and Genus Zea. Maize is normally a monoccious plant having two types of inflorescence, the female inflorescence which develops into an ear (Cob) and male inflorescence which contains the male flowers. The male flowers are borne in a cluster (tassel) on top of end of the stem as a terminal 1
panicle, while the female flowers are borne inside the young cobs which spring from the nodes on the stem usually located about midway on the stalk. Corn is divided into seven groups based on the character of kernels. Types of corn: 1. Zea mays indurata or flint corn :
Kernel is soft and starchy in the center and completely enclosed by a very hard outer layer. The kernels are usually rounded but are some times short and flat. Colour may be white or yellow. This is the type most commonly cultivated in India. 2. Zea mays indentata or Dent corn :
Kernels have both hard and soft starches. The hard starch extends on the sides and the soft starch is in the center and extends to the top of the kernels. In the drying and shrinking of the soft starch, various forms and degrees of indentation result. This is the most common type of maize grown in U.S.A. 3. Zea mays everta or Pop corn :
It possess exceptional popping qualities. Size of the kernels is small but the endosperm is hard. When they are heated, the pressure built up within the kernels suddenly results in an explosion and the grain is turned inside out. 4. Zea mays saccarata or Sweet corn :
Kernels possess a considerable amount of sugar, which absorbs water, making the cells turgid. On drying, these cells collapse, making the grains shrivelled or wrinkled. It has sweeter taste than other corns. 5. Zea mays amylacea or Soft corn :
Kernels are soft and of all colours, but white and blue are the most common. They are like flint kernels in shape. 6. Zea mays tunicata or Pod corn :
The pod corns are characterized by having each kernel enclosed within a pod or husk. It is a primitive type of corn, having less importance. 7. Zea mays Ceratina Kulesh or Waxy Corn :
The kernel when cut or broken gives a waxy appearance. It produces the starch similar to tapioca starch for making adhesive for articles.
1.2
Importance :
Maize is grown all over the world, in more than 100 countries. It is one of the major crops in America, Africa and Asia. United States of America is the major producing country. India also cotribute major share to to the production of maize. It is grown in almost all states of the country. Important states growing maize are Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Bihar.
2.0 PRODUCTION
2.1 Major producing countries in the world
It has been reported that during the year 2004, area under cultivation of maize in the world was 1,45,142 thousand hectares, with the production of 7,05,293 thousand tonnes. Share of important countries in world production was U.S.A. (42.28%), China (18.69%), Brazil (5.95%), Mexico (2.84%), India (1.98%), Romania (1.88%), Argentina (1.84%), Indonesia (1.61%), South Africa (1.18%). India stood at fifth position with area of 68 lakh ha., and in production, it stood at 6th position with production of 140 lakh tonnes during the same year. In case of productivity U.S.A. was having the highest productivity of 10,052 Kg/ha followed by France (8,766 Kg/ha), Argentina (6,247 Kg/ha), China (5,154 Kg/ha), and Romania (4,410 Kg/ha). Yield in India was 2,059 Kg/ha. Area, production and average yield in major producing countries is given in Table No.2. Table No. 2: Area, production and average yield of maize in the major producing countries
Country Area (000 ha) Production (000 tonnes) Yield(Kg/ha)
2002 1. U.S.A. 2. China 3. Brazil 4.Mexico 5.India 6.Nigeria 7.Indonesia 8.S. Africa 9.Romania 10.Argentina 11 Others World 28050 24661 11751 7120 6662 4490 3127 3350 2895 2432 43880 138418
2003 28789 24093 12957 7781 7000 4700 3355 3350 3119 2323 45925 143392
2004 29668 25584 12437 8000 6800 4700 3353 3200 3000 2081 46319 145142
% to world 20.44 17.63 8.57 5.51 4.69 3.24 2.31 2.20 2.07 1.43 31.91 100
2002 228806 121497 35933 19299 10300 4934 9654 10076 8400 15000 138095 60194
2003 256905 115998 47988 19652 14720 5150 10910 9705 9577 15040 134419 640064
2004 298234 131860 41947 20000 14000 5150 11359 8311 13231 13000 148201 705293
% to world 42.28 18.69 5.95 2.84 1.98 0.73 1.61 1.18 1.88 1.84 21.02 100
2002 8157 4927 3058 2711 1546 1099 3088 3008 2902 6168 3147 4349
2003 8924 4815 3704 2526 2103 1096 3252 2897 3070 6475 2927 4463
2004 10052 5154 3373 2500 2059 1096 3388 2597 4410 6247 3200 4859
Source : Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Production Year Book 2004.
2.2
India is one of the major producing countries of maize. It is grown in almost all states of the country, prominently northern and western states. In the year 2002-03, Madhya Pradesh occupied the highest position in production of maize with 1.50 thousand tonnes of production (14.56%). Share of other states in production was Andhra Pradesh (14.47%), Karnataka (13.69%), Rajasthan (8.45%), Uttar Pradesh (8.16%), Gujarat (7.67%), Maharashtra (7.18%), Himachal Pradesh (4.66%), Jammu & Kashmir (4.56%), and Bihar (4.37%). In regards to Area under Maize, during 2002-03, Rajasthan ranked first with 0.98 thousand hectares (15.58%), followed by Madhya Pradesh (13.51%), Uttar Pradesh (12.08%), Karnataka (10.33%), Andhra Pradesh (8.43%), Gujarat (7.31%), Maharashtra (5.88%), Jammu & Kashmir (5.15%), Himachal Pradesh (4.77%), and Bihar (4.13%). While productivity is concerned during 2002-03, Andhra Pradesh ranked first with 2825 Kg/ha, followed by Karnataka (2164 Kg/ha.), Punjab (2039 Kg./ha), Maharashtra (2004 Kg./ha.), West Bengal (1996 Kg./ha.). National Productivity was 1642 Kg./ha. Area, production and average yield in major producing states is given in Table No.3. Table No. 3: Area, production and average yield of maize in the major producing states during 2000- 2001, 2001-2002 & 2002-2003
Area (000 hectares) Name of State Rajasthan U. P. M. P. Bihar Karnataka Gujarat A. P. J & K. Maharashtra H.P. Punjab Tamil Nadu Jharkhand W.B. Others l India
2000-01 200102 2002-03 %
Yield Kg/ha)
2001-02 200203
0.97 0.91 0.84 0.62 0.67 0.38 0.53 0.33 0.33 0.30 0.17 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.35 6.61
1.02 0.94 0.86 0.60 0.58 0.44 0.43 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.37 6.58
0.98 0.76 0.85 0.26 0.65 0.46 0.53 0.33 0.37 0.30 0.15 0.12 0.13 0.03 0.37 6.29
15.58 12.08 13.51 4.13 10.33 7.31 8.43 5.17 5.88 4.77 2.38 1.91 2.07 0.52 5.91 100
1.02 1.47 1.22 1.50 2.14 0.29 1.58 0.53 0.30 0.68 0.46 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.51 12.04
1.48 1.52 1.68 1.49 1.45 0.88 1.46 0.54 0.59 0.77 0.45 0.12 0.21 0.09 0.43 13.16
0.87 0.84 1.50 0.45 1.41 0.79 1.49 0.47 0.74 0.48 0.31 0.20 0.24 0.06 0.45 10.30
8.45 8.16 14.56 4.37 13.69 7.67 14.47 4.56 7.18 4.66 3.01 1.94 2.33 0.58 4.37 100
1047 1622 1149 2413 3193 753 2994 1592 920 2293 2794 1717 1267 2501 -1822
1454 1628 1968 2504 2504 1995 3404 1648 1804 2550 2721 1616 1495 2595 -2000
885 1101 1766 1662 2164 1706 2825 1412 2004 1613 2039 1677 1799 1996 -1638
Source : Agricultural Statistics at a glance, 2003 & 2004, Department of Agril. & Co-op. New Delhi.
2.3
In India considerable work has been done for development of speciality corns such as sweet corn. pop-corn, baby-corn, quality protein maize with high lysine and tryptophan, greeneared corn, high oil corn, waxy-corn, fodder maize, etc. A list of the varieties released in each of these speciality corn types is given below in Table No. 4. Table No. 4 : Varieties of maize released in speciality type of corn Type of corn Sweet Corn Pop Corn Baby Corn Green-eared Corn Quality Protein Maize High Starch Corn High Oil Fodder Maize Varieties developed and released in India Madhuri, Priya Sweet Corn Amber Pop Corn, VL Pop Corn Co 1, Him 123, Early Composite, VL 64, PEHM-1 & PEHM-2 etc. Harsha, Ashwini, Varun, Rohini, Megha Shakti-1, Shktiman-1, and Shktiman-2. Ganga 111, Histarch, Deccan 103, Deccan 105,Trishulata, Sheetal, paras. HOP-1, HOP-2. African tall, PFM-66, J-1006.
Source : Directorate of Maize research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi . In India, Maize is cultivated through out the year in different parts of the country. The varieties suitable for different agro-climatic conditions have been developed and are grown in various states as Kharif, Rabi or Summer crops. Varieties grown in various states are given in Table No. 5. Table No. 5: Varieties grown in various States Sl. No. State 1 Andhra Pradesh 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Assam Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Varieties Ashwini, Harsha, DHM-15, Varun, DHM-103, Trashulata, Amber, Popocorn, Madhuri. Vijay, Navjot, NLD, Kishan, Ganga-5, Rajendra, Macca-1. Vijay composite, Ganga white-2, Ganga-5, Rajenndra HYV, Diyara Composite Gujarat Maize-1, Gujarat Maize-2, Gujarat Maize-3, Gujaratsafed-2, Ageti-6, Ganga-5. Early Composite, Paravati, Naveen Composite, Him 123, Sartaj, Popcorn. Maize GS-2, HIM 123, Apna Makka, Pioneer Series, Kanchan series, Navjot, Mansor, C-6, C-8, C-15. Agsun-126, AP-407, AB 2001-2002,Deccan 103, CMH6644, Ganga 11, MMH 3816, VMH-108, Laxmi-4950, Vijay, INH-666, Kanaka, Swarna, VMH-869, G.K.Series, MH Series, VMH Series, Kaveri Series, Pioner. 5
Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Ganga (White)-2, Ganga 5 & 11, Macca-101, 103. M.D.II, M-103&105, Chandan M-3, Navjot, Pusha 2, Mopset, Surya-11, Jawahar Maize-81 MSSC-1100 Bijay, Ganga-1, Ganga-5, Ganga-101,Kishan,Vikaram. F-9572-A,Paras,Prabhat,Kesari,Punjab Sathi. K1, K2, Col, COH-I, COH-2 ,COH(M)4, Ganga-5, DECCAN, COBC1. Ganga-2, Ganga-11, Tarun, Naveen, Kanchan, Sweta, D765, Surya, Azad, Utlam, Nav Jyoti, Mahi Kanchan, Meerut Pili, Jaunpuri, Sartaz, Prakash, Dacan, Prabhat, Gaurav. Bijay, Ganga-2, Ganga-5, Ganga-101, kishan, Vikaram.
3.0
3.1 Post-harvest losses:
It is estimated that about 2.45 percent of maize is lost at farmers level during harvesting, threshing, winnowing, transportation and storage. Estimated post-harvest losses at producers level is given in Table No. 6. Table No.6: Estimated post- harvest losses of maize at producers level Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Operations Transport from field to threshing floor Threshing Winnowing Transport from Threshing floor to storage Storage at farmers level Total Losses ( percent to total production) 0.58 0.80 0.53 0.19 0.35 2.45
Source : Marketable Surplus and Post Harvest Losses of Maize in India, 2002, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection, Nagpur.
To minimise post harvest losses, the following measures should be followed. Maize cultivated for obtaining kernels (grains) should be harvested when the kernels are matured with 25 to 30 percent moisture. Use proper method of harvesting. Dry the cobs Immediately before threshing and kernels should be dried sufficiently before storage. Losses in threshing and winnowing should be avoided by using proper machineries. Follow sanitation during drying, packing and handling to avoid contamination of kernels and protect from insects, rodents and birds etc. Use proper techniques for cleaning and further processing. Adopt grading practices for proper evaluation and obtaining better price. Use strong, and free from infestation packaging material for storage and transport. Use proper scientific technique in storage for maintaining optimum moisture content. Use pest control measures (fumigation) before storage. Provide aeration to stored grain and stir grain bulk occasionally. Use proper techniques while handling (loading & unloading), good and fast transport to avoid losses during transport.
3.2
Harvesting Care :
Maturity period for harvesting of maize: Varieties Long duration Days after planting 100-110 days more 85-95 days 80-85 days 75-80 days Where grown/suitable areas or Areas where irrigation for early sowing is available or rainy season starts early. Where late sowing is done and irrigation is available. Where sufficient rain fall is available or grown as intercropping. River side areas where sudden floods are caused. Very short duration
Source : Kharif Maize (Kharif Makka) by Directorate of Maize Research, I.C.A.R.New Delhi. The following harvesting care should be taken :