The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
: 2319 1805
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------recently, multi agent system was developed intelligent techniques through polygamy with Fuzzy logic (FL), Artificial neural network (NN) and genetic algorithm(GA) therefore, a combination has led to the emergence of Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN) and Genetic Fuzzy System (GFS), and has a hard challenge because these polygamy design of intelligent systems from different aspects. Each agent uses a multi stage process of learning direct, decision making mechanism and update, adapt their knowledge base, Knowing that he mechanisms learning form the basis for adaptive systems. FNN is a has advantages of both fuzzy expert system become capable of learning (fuzzy reasoning) and artificial neural network become more transparent (self-adapting, self-organizing and self-learning). Compared with traditional control methods for traffic signal find better resolution for optimize is a genetic algorithm. The genetic learning process aims at designing and optimizing the knowledge base. The genetic process is the result of the interaction between the evaluation, selection and creation of genetically encoded candidate solutions, which represent the contents of the knowledge base (KB). The traffic signals control, there are a number of diverse criteria or control objectives, such as maximize safety, minimize delays and minimize environment disadvantage.
KEYWORDS:Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm, genetic fuzzy systems .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission:, 13, july 2013 Date of Publication: 30.july 2013 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. INTRODUCTION Increase the owners of cars and population expansion leading to an increase in intersections and the rate of the vehicles on the roads. Then a danger of the vehicles has appeared and they began Collision and left many victims. Human mind began thinking of way that can decrease the accidents by organizing the movement of vehicles and pedestrians on the roads. Then it came the birth of the first scientific method, it was the traffic light. conventional methods for traffic signal control but most of them sometimes fail to deal efficiently with the complex, time-varying traffic conditions and controller cant satisfy real -time character for traffic signal [8].They are modelled based on the preset cycle time to change the signal without any analysis of traffic situation. It gives the orders to drivers by three lights, red, orange, and green. The red Colour means the Drivers of Vehicles must stop. The orange Colour means the Drivers of Vehicles must ready that the colour will change from red to green. The green Colour means the Drivers of Vehicles must go. The automotive industry has flourished and the national product output increased to states .The level of income of the individual increased and became one of ten people has a vehicle or perhaps more. The roads are filled with pedestrians and vehicles, and the traffic light became unable to organize them because of congestion. So this congestion has forced some states to give up the traffic light in the congested places and resorting to build tunnels and elevated bridges .This solution faced many obstacles in some states and it cannot be applied inside them. And they are: Firstly, it needs a lot of money that it is costly to their budget. Secondly, it is very dangerous in states that are known of earthquakes .Thirdly, it is very dangerous in states that their roads are above natural sites such as rivers. But we can overcome these obstacles by developing the traffic light that make it work on the agent. Sometime lanes are empty of vehicles at the intersection of roads while the other lanes are filled by them according to the working hours and direction. For example: In the morning, the lane which is heading to the work that is standing on the traffic light is too long line, but another lane is empty. And the same thing In the evening At the end of work .If we are able to make the traffic light interacts with congestion by opening congested lanes for a longer time .This way will achieve a great achievement in this
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 39
II.
Fuzzy logic is easy, very suitable for non-linear processes and ability to take decision even with incomplete information, such as traffic police man can lead traffic quickly and effectively. Fuzzy logic allows the manipulation of linguistic data (Large, Medium and Small) and inaccurate, as a useful tool in the design of signal timing. In this paper, function of Membership is analysis variable of fuzzy for two inputs and one output as it is shown: 1) Variable of Input AVi is the numbers of the vehicles when they arrive at the crossroad (Arrival).2) Variable of Input QGi is the number of the queue of vehicles (Queue). 3) Variable of Output is the Extension of Time in the current green phase, it is symbolize by ( T) [9]. The graphical representation of the linguistic variables is presented as it is shown in Figure 3. we can see the Degree of membership of fuzzy variables on y-axis and the universe of discourse it is also called the reference super set on x-axis (Time second) . Fuzzy Variable of Output which is existed in x-axis it is called the universe of discourse is the length of time to extend it (seconds). linguistic values are divided into different fuzzy subsets: 1)AVi = {VS, S, M, L, VL}.2) QGi= {VS, S, M, L, VL}.3) T= {D, C, I}. VS is Very Small, S is Small, M is Medium, L is Large, VL is Very Large, D is Decrease, C is Constant, I is Increase. i refers to the sequence number of the signal current phase. the linguistic control strategy that is decided by if-then-else statement .The basic function of The Basic Rules of Fuzzy is representation the expert of knowledge in a form of IF-THEN a structure of the rules combine AND/OR operators. We have 25 fuzzy rules, IF the number of vehicles which are waiting in line or queuing (Q) is medium AND the number of vehicles which arrive or arrival (A) is small THEN the allocated time for the green light (T) decreases [13]. Inference Engine divides into two classes: the first class is an assignment of the Inference and the second class is mechanism of action Inference. An assignment of the Inference, it reduces time of the total delay and waiting of vehicles as well as to avoid traffic congestion and synchronization of the local traffic controller with its neighbours. The green lights will be extended and the next phase is continued with notice the density of the vehicles at any junction. The mechanism of action Inference, the fuzzy inference evaluates the stored rules in the basic rules of fuzzy and then sending it to Defuzzification. Its job is process of input functions of Membership (AVi, QGi) to convert (retranslate) values the fuzzy output (T) to become real crisp values. Fuzzy logic cannot be learning, adaptation, and parallel computing, while these effects exist in neural networks. Because lack of flexibility of neural network interaction and representation of knowledge using fuzzy logic.
III. THE GENETIC ALGORITHM (GA) AND GENETIC FUZZY SYSTEMS (GFS)
Genetic algorithms (GAs) try to perform an intelligent search to find a solution from a nearly infinite number of possible solutions by creating new generations. It is obtained from Darwin's Theory which means the law of the jungle (survival of the fittest). Genetic algorithms)GAs( are able to explore a large space , find better offspring (children) in complex search spaces during successive generations by a new generation and it has to be better than the previous generation. Genetic algorithms (GAs) processes for selecting solutions consist of three operators and they are: reproduction, crossover and mutation where all of them are existed in genetics. www.theijes.com The IJES Page 40
Figure 1: (A), General Scheme of Evolutionary process in genetic with Fuzzy (GFS). (B), Example of genetic with Fuzzy (GFS) and rule selection.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 41
4.2. The Second layer Membership function layer consists of ten nodes. Each node in this layer represents the membership function of a linguistic value associated with an input where linguistic variable is {VS, S, M, L, VL}.The output of each node in the interval [0, 1] Gaussian function [4] is used to divide the output signal of each node is:
(2).
Where jk and bjk are parameters that control the centre and the width of the Triangle , respectively. Parameters will be adjusted in back propagation. wijk represents the weight associated with the path connecting the jth element of the ith layer to the kth element of the (i + 1)th layer. Show appendix I. 4.3. The Third Layer Fuzzy rules are the relationship between ex ante and ex post , and each action is a set of fuzzy rules organized and composed Fuzzy 25 of the rules. Node of the third layer of computing fire combiner rule is interpreted in accordance with the rules as proposed minimum operator Zadeh [5]. Result of this layer can be represents as N3p =Min (Njk) (3).
Where p=1...25. p is the number of rules; we have 25 rules in our work. 4.4. The forth layer The relationship between third and fourth layers is fully connected, so that all possible fuzzy rules, the embedded network structure. The weight p (1p25) of an input link in the layer represents the certainty factor of a fuzzy rules. These weights are adjusted fuzzy rules to learn the knowledge. We choose the maxoperator suggested by Zadeh [5] the results of this layer. N4j=Max(p.Np) ,where j=1,2,3. (4) .
4.5. The fifth layer This layer is called defuzzification [6]. Node in this layer is the output linguistic variables and performs defuzzification . We chose the final product of the correlation and fuzzy defuzzification focus position and function of the output node is defined as follows: N= / (5).
Where aj and bj are the area and centroid of the membership function of the output linguistic value respectively.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 42
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 43
Figure 4: Comparison of Fuzzy Systems (FS), Neural Networks (NN) and Genetic Algorithms (GA).
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 44
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper multi agent system demonstrates clearly superior performance for the 24-h .we applies the Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN) model to traffic signal controller. The most popular approaches to machine learning are artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. Machine learning mechanisms form the basis for adaptive systems. So machine learning involves adaptive mechanisms that enable computers to learn from experience, learn by example and learn by analogy. Artificial neural fuzzy network models can be powerful predictors of the timing of traffic on intersection. Genetic algorithms are able to evolve predictive equations, either randomly synthesized or in the framework of existing process equations. We use genetic algorithm for learning process and choose the best filter coefficients in ADPCM By the learning of the neural network, we can tune the fuzzy model and optimize systems parameters. The research results have proved feasibility and validity of the proposed FNN algorithm.
REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Agoston E. Eiben, J.E. Smith. (2003) .Introduction to evolutionary computation. Alcala R, Gacto MJ, Herrera F, Alcala-Fdez J. (2007). A multi-objective genetic algorithm for tuning and rule selection to obtain accurate and compact linguistic fuzzy rule-based systems. Arit Thammano and Sirinda Palahan .(2006).Time-Series Forecasting Using Fuzzy-Neural System with Evolutionary Rule Base . Cordon O, Herrera F, Villar P. (2000).Analysis and guidelines to obtain a good fuzzy partition granularity for fuzzy rule-based systems using simulated annealing. Darin Akin and Blent Akba .(2010).A neural network (NN) model to predict intersection crashes based upon driver, vehicle and roadway surface characteristics. F.Daneshfar,J.RavanJamJah, F.Mansoori,H.Bevrani,B.Zahir.(2009).Adaptive Fuzzy Urban Traffic Flow Control Using a Cooperative Multi-Agent System based on Two Stage Fuzzy Clustering. Ibeje, A.O.,Okoro, B.C.(2013).Short-Term Forecasting Of Dadin-Kowa Reservoir Inflow Using Artificial Neural Network. L.Zang, L. Jia, Y. Luo.(2006). An Intelligent Control Method for Urban Traffic Signal Based on Fuzzy Neural Network. Lin Zhang,Honglong Li, Ph.D,Panos D. Prevedouros, Ph.D.(2004).Signal Control for Oversaturated Intersections Using Fuzzy Logic. Mitsuo Gen, Runwei Cheng.(2000).Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Design . Oscar Cordon, Francisco Herrera, Frank Hoffmann, Luis Magdalena. (2001). Genetic Fuzzy Systems: Evolutionary Tuning and Learning of Fuzzy Knowledge Bases. R.Alcala,Y.Nojima,F.Herrera,H.Ishibuchi.(2007).Multiobjective genetic fuzzy rule selection of single granularity-based fuzzy classification rules and its interaction with the lateral tuning of membership functions. Sandeep Mehan.(2011). Introduction of Traffic Light Controller with Fuzzy Control System. Sung-Bae Cho. (2002).Fusion of neural networks with fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm. Valluru B. Rao. MTBooks .(1995).C++ Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic . IDG Books Worldwide.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 45