SAPTERP10
SAPTERP10
SAPTERP10
www.SapTerp10.com
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
1)
1)
ERP Basics / SAP ERP positioning SAP NetWeaver integration Lifecycle Data Management Procurement Cycle
2)
3)
5)
Material
Planning
7)
Manufacturing
Execution
9)
Sales
Order
Management
11)
ERP
Financials
Financials
Accounting
(FI)
15)
Management
Accounting-Controlling
-
CO
20)
Inventory
and
Warehouse
Management
/
Stock
Transfer
and
Transfer
Posting
23)
Enterprise
asset
management
and
customer
service
27)
Program
and
Project
Management
31)
Human
Capital
Management
/
HCM
Structures
35)
Business
Intelligence
/
Business
Information
Warehouse
Abbreviations
used:
Q
=
quantity
-
$
=
price
-
oo
1
(many
to
one)
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2013
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SEM
People Integration
Information
Integration
(SAP
Business
Intelligence)
Process
Integration
(SAP
Exchange
Infrastruct)
(SAP
Web
Applic.
Server)
Application Platform
Portal infrastructure Collaboration Multi channel Access Business Intelligence Knowledge Management Master Data Management Integration Broker Business Process Management Support J2EE Support JAVA DB & OS abstraction
The
central
component
of
the
Application
Platform
is
the
SAP
Web
Application
Server
(SAP
Web
AS)
Operating
System
and
DB
independence
Multilevel
architecture
Java
and
ABAP
environment
(open
environment)
Provides
basics
functions
for
almost
all
SAP
systems
High
scalability
The
functions
of
the
different
SAP
systems
(such
as
SAP
ECC,
SAP
CRM)
can
be
divided
into
two
categories:
Basis
functions:
are
very
similar
in
the
various
SAP
systems.
Are
provided
by
the
SAP
WebAS,
which
is
a
further
development
of
the
classic
SAP
Basics.
Application
functions:
are
different
in
the
various
SAP
systems
Advantages
of
SAP
NetWeaver:
1. Openness
and
Extendibility
(Microsoft.NET;
IBM
WebSphere)
2. Immediate
Integration
3. Lower
Total
Cost
of
Ownership
4. Clear
Roadmap
Organizational
levels:
represent
the
enterprise
structure
in
terms
of
legal
and/or
business-related
purposes.
Client
Company
Code
Controlling
area
Plant
Storage
Location
Sales
area
Purchasing
organiz
Is
the
highest-level
element
of
all
organizational
elements
FI
central
org.
element:
balanced
sheet,
legally
independent
Identifies
a
self-contained
organ.
structure
for
which
costs
and
revenues
can
be
managed
and
allocated.
It
represents
a
separate
unit
of
cost
accounting.
Prod. Planning, logistics: central org. element Inventory Management Combination of: sales organization Distribution channel division Each country in which plants operate has ONE purchasing organization. It purchase for all plant in the country.
Master
data
Master
data:
data
which
is
used
long-term
in
the
SAP
system
for
several
business
processes
and
ensures
NO
redundancy
of
data
in
the
system.
Master
data
has
an
organizational
aspect
as
the
information
is
organized
into
VIEWS
which
are
assigned
to
organizational
elements.
EX:
Customer
master
=
3
views:
(Client):
General
data
-
(Company
code):
Financial
Accounting
data
-
(Sales
Area):
Sales
data
Transactions: application programs which execute business processes in the SAP system such as creating a customer order; posting an incoming payment, etc. Document: a data record that is generated when a transaction is carried out. Every transaction creates a document which contains all relevant pre-defined information from the master data and organizational elements assigned. Reporting solutions OLAP: online analytical processing: optimized for query. (Informative environment) OLTP: online transaction processing: optimized for transaction processes. (Operating environment) SAP BW: enable the analysis of data from operative SAP applications as well as all other bus. applic. and external data sources such as databases, online servs, internet.
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4
components
of
Life
Cycle
Data
Management:
(DIPE)
1. Document
management:
integrate
external
files,
by
storage
of
the
original
documents
in
secure
storages
areas
or
links
to
other
objects.
2. Product
structure
browser:*
is
a
navigation
tool
to
manage
product
data.
It
displays
all
product-relevant
info,
such
material
master,
BOM,
routing,
class,
docs.
3. Integration:
of
most
CAx
solutions,
Office
application,
GIS,
Classification
system
using
PLM
interface
4. Engineering
Change
and
configuration
management
(ECM)*:
let
make
change
dependent
on
date,
serial
number.
Replications
of
product
data
is
a
method
used
to
run
a
separate
system
for
engineering
process
in
addition
to
a
production
system.
Document
is
made
up
of
a
document
info
record
and
the
original
that
belong
to
it.
Documents
Info
Record:
Functions:
Version
management,
Status
management,
Classification,
Secure
storage
areas
Purpose
:
Can
be
linked
to
other
objects
in
order
to
make
the
original
information
available
to
these
objects
(Material,
Equipment,
Functional
location,
Purchase
requisition,
Document,
WBS
element,
PRT,
QM
info
record,
Purchase
order,
Change
number,
Network
operation,
Production
order,
Customer,
Sales
document
item,
etc.)
Allows
to
view
and
manage
originals
Controls
the
process
flow.
Integration
in
ECC
through
object
links
*
Interfaces
to
external
systems
(PLM
interface
+
ArciveLink
interface)*
DMS
allows
easy
way
to
handle
documents.
PLM Interface: Third party CAD-CAx systems, Office appl, GIS, Class.System are connected to SAP ERP using PLM interface. Third party archiving systems are connected by using the ArchiveLink interface. Bidirectional data exchange with third party systems. Standard BAPI and RFC technology. Transfer data with or without a GUI: The Easy DMS interface is a tool for creating and changing docs without an SAP GUI. (SAP is invisible) (BAPI, RFC, Java connectors).
Classification
enables
flexible
searching.
Also
as
a
Variant
configuration
and
Batch
management
Create
characteristics
and
allowed
values.
Maintain
classes
and
assign
characteristics
to
them.
Create
objects
and
assign
classes
to
them
(also
assign
characteristic
values
for
this
object).
Search
for
objects
by
specifying
the
class
to
which
it
belongs
and
then
specifying
the
values
for
the
charact.
of
the
class.
The
classifications
take
place:
Directly
in
the
object
or
Indirectly
in
a
transaction
within
the
classification
system.
Configurable
material:
is
a
product
that
can
be
made
in
several
variants.
(is
not
a
finished
product)
Are
all
materials
in
a
BOM
always
used
to
produce
an
item
that
the
BOM
represents?
No.
In
the
case
of
configurable
materials,
the
BOM
mentions
all
the
materials
for
all
variants.
Thus
some
of
the
materials
will
be
used
only
in
some
variants.
Dependencies
is
a
feature
used
to
select
the
materials
and
operations
for
a
specific
variant
of
a
configurable
material.
*Product
Structure
Browser:
Is
the
central
navigation
and
information
tool
in
SAP
Life-Cycle
Data
Management.
It
displays
in
tree-structure
form
all
objects
that
belong
to
each
other
functionally,
such
as:
materials,
BOMs,
documents,
classes,
characteristics,
routings,
etc.
You
can
call
and
change
each
of
the
objects
from
the
browser.
The
Enterprise
Application
Integration
(EAI)
is
a
component
that
allows
the
direct
viewing
of
originals
in
the
product
structure
browser.
Engineering
Workbench
(EWB):
Is
used
as
a
maintenance
environment
for
product
structures
and
can
be
used
to
create
and
maintain
BOMs
+
Routings.
You
define
a
worklist
that
contains
selected
objects
copied
from
the
database
to
be
processed.
*Engineering
Change
management
(ECM):
Advantages:
Changes
that
belong
together
are
grouped
in
a
change
number
Monitoring
and
documentation
of
changes
Saving
multiple
change
statuses
for
an
object
Planning
and
realization
of
a
specific
effectivity
Integration
in
the
logistics
process
chain
Change
Number
Header
(general
info
--
date,
validity,
status)
(No
items)
Object
types
Object
management
records
(Actual
objects
affected)
Other
info
(accompanying
docs,
Classification
--
facilitates
search
for
changes,
alternate
dates
for
individual
objects)
The ECR/ECO unlike change master record has a status network that enables change processes to be requested, checked, and released.
Procurement
Cycle
Organizational
Levels/Units
represent
the
legal
and/or
organizational
views
of
an
enterprise.
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oo | 1
Organizational
Levels
oo
|
oo
1
|
1
Storage Location
Highest organizational element) (defined in the system by a 3 digit key Represents an independent accounting unit. Balance sheet and P/L statements, required by law are created at this level. Several plants can be affiliated with one company code, but a plant can only have one company code. Are completely independent org. units with separate Inventory Mgt (=>can belong to <> plants, you can use the same storage location number in more than one plant). No Org. Level included for a PO because its not necessary until good are not received. Negotiate the general condition of purchase for one or more plants or companies / Legally responsible for completing purchasing contracts (do not set price conditions). Buyer or group of buyers responsible for certain purchasing activities. No assign to a purchasing.
Plant-Specific Purchasing Organization Purch. Org. procures materials for only one plant.
Purchasing Organization Types * Cross-Plant Purchasing Organization Purch. Org. procures materials for all plants belonging to one company code.
Cross-Company-Code Purchasing Organization you cant assign a company code to the Purch. Org. in Customizing. When you create a purchase order you must enter the company for which you want to procure the material.
Master data in Procurement: Material Master Data/record: Used by all Logistic modules. (The integration of all material data in a single database object prevents the problem of data redundancy). its subdivided into information grouped by user departments (functions) that manage the modules, so each one has a different VIEW of the material master record and is responsible for maintaining the data to support their function. The data maintained within a view may be valid for more that on Organizational level. For example the Views: Vendor Master Data It contains information about a vendor from a Purchasing (Material Management) and Accounting (Financial Accounting) perspective. It controls how transaction data is posted and processed for a vendor. Also, it contains all the data you require to do business with your vendors. In Accounting, the vendor is regarded as the companys crediting business partner. The vendor master record is therefore maintained by Accounting + Purchasing Data is structured by organizational levels: CLIENT = GENERAL DATA: valid for the whole corporate group. (address, bank account, etc) COMPANY CODE = COMPANY CODE DATA: (ACCOUNTING data, payment transactions, tax) Each PURCHASING ORG = PURCHASING ORG. DATA (payment conditions, etc) Basic Data applicable to the entire company -> Client: product description, material #, material group, unit of measure Purchasing data for orders -> relevant to the Plant Inventory Mgt data for posting goods movements and managing physical inventory Accounting data for material valuation upon goods movements or in invoice verification.-> is relevant to the Company Code Materials Planning data for material requirements planning (MRP) and Execution (Work Scheduling) -> is relevant to the Plant
Purchasing
Info
Records
Contains
info
on
a
vendor
and
the
material
you
procure
from
this
vendor,
allowing
to
find
out
at
any
time
which
vendors
offer
a
particular
material
or
which
materials
can
be
procured
from
a
particular
vendor.
Purchasing
info
records
can
be
referenced
in
the
planning
process
to
predetermine
vendor
specific
information.
Info
store
and
maintain:
Current
and
future
prices
and
conditions
(freight
and
discounts)
Delivery
data
(planned
delivery
time,
tolerances)
Vendor
data
Texts
Conditions
Are
used
in
purchase
orders
to
determine
price.
Type
of
conditions
in
Purchasing:
In
a
Contract:
apply
to
all
contract
release
orders
created
with
reference
to
this
contract.
In
a
Purchasing
Info
record:
apply
to
all
purchase
order
items
that
contain
the
material
and
vendor
contained
in
the
purchasing
info
record.
Extended
conditions:
are
only
included
in
the
purchase
order
if
it
meets
certain
criteria.
They
are
flexible.
For
ex.
To
define
vendor
discounts
or
include
discounts
for
a
material
type.
SEE
PROCUREMENT
PROCESS
DIAGRAM
3
Reporting Standard reports enable evaluation of documents and master data. Parameters that control the information presented in a purchasing report list Selection criteria (ROWS) Selection parameter determines which purchasing documents are analyzed by the report (COLLUMNS) Scope of list parameter determines which data is displayed for a selected document List Viewer and ALV Grid Control: standardize and simplify the handling of lists Uniform design of all lists and tables Key elements Cross application, standardized function with uniform icons Simple creation and changing of layouts (display variants) Choose detail Set filter: display lines with certain criteria Sort: ascending; descending order Functions Add values create totals Create subtotals Layout: change the appearance of the list (LIS) Logistics Information System The following application-specific information systems are available under LIS SIS (Sales Information System) PURCHIS (Purchasing Information System) INVCO (Inventory Controlling) TIS (Transportation Information System) SFIS (Shop Floor Information System) QMIS (Quality Management Information System) PMIS (Plant Maintenance Information System) How Information Structures are organized The Purchasing Information System is based on information structure which contains 3 basic types of information: Characteristics: criteria used for collecting data on a subject (Ex: vendor; customer) Period unit: (Ex: day; week; month) Key Figures: are performance measures; quantitative information based on measurable facts and are updated for each characteristic combination and periodicity. Standard Analyses: Drill down list Analyses can be archived Graphically supported Flexible analyses: allow to determine the way in which data should be combined in an individual report procurement. Combine characteristics and key figures from different information structures in one list Use your own formulas to calculate new key figures from existing ones Choose between a variety of layouts
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Material
Planning
oo
|
1
oo
|
Storage
Location
1
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Organizational
Levels
oo
|
1
Highest organizational element) (defined in the system by a 3 digit key Represents an independent accounting unit. Balance sheet and P/L statements, required by law are created at this level. Several plants can be affiliated with one company code, but a plant can only have one company code. Are completely independent org. units with separate Inventory Mgt (=>can belong to <> plants, you can use the same storage location number in more than one plant).
Material Master Data/record: Represents the central source for releasing material-specific data. Used by all Logistic modules. (The integration of all material data in a single database object prevents the problem of data redundancy). its subdivided into information grouped by user departments (functions) that manage the modules, so each one has a different VIEW of the material master record and is responsible for maintaining the data to support their function. The data maintained within a view may be valid for more that on Organizational level. For example the Views: Basic Data applicable to the entire company (Client): product description, material #, material group, unit of measure Purchasing data for orders -> relevant to the Plant Inventory Mgt data for posting goods movements and managing physical inventory Accounting data for material valuation upon goods movements or in invoice verification.-> is relevant to the Plant Materials Planning data for material requirements planning (MRP) and Execution (Work Scheduling) -> is relevant to the Plant
In the Views 1 to 4 we have the fundamental settings for Material Planning: MRP type: specifies how a material should be planned o MRP o Consumption based planning (strategy 40) o No planning Lot size (key): determines the lot size (quantity) of each of the procurement proposals. Procurement type: controls how a material is to be procured o In house production (internal) o External procurement o Internal and External In house production time: specifies how long procurement will last. Safety stock can be set Strategy group: control the behavior of planned independent requirements Availability check group: control of the Available to Promise (ATP) check. Production versions: defines the production procedure.
Material
type:
Raw
materials
Operating
supplies
Semi-finished
products
Finished
products
Its
the
most
important
value
assigned
to
a
material.
Materials
with
similar
basic
attributes
are
grouped
together
by
material
type.
This
means
you
can
manage
your
materials
according
to
their
business
requirements.
The
material
type
attached
to
product
identifies/determines/controls:
Business
process
and
functions
allowed.
Views
(Screens)
that
appear
in
the
Material
Master
record
Department-specific
data
that
can
be
maintained
Material
#
assignment
Procurement
types
that
are
allowed
(in-house
production
or
external
procurement)
GL-
general
ledger
accounts
that
are
updated
BOM:
The
BOM
contains
the
assemblies
or
components
that
are
to
be
included
in
the
production
of
a
material.
BOMs
are
used
in:
MRP,
production,
procurement,
product
costing.
A
BOM
consist
of
a
BOM
header
and
the
BOM
items.
The
base
quantity
in
the
BOM
header
specifies
to
which
amount
of
the
finished
product
the
item
quantities
refer.
An
item
of
a
BOM
can
itself
also
contain
a
further
BOM
In
this
way,
multilevel
production
is
described
using
the
single-level
BOMs
of
the
finished
product
and
those
of
the
assemblies
and
where
required,
using
the
BOMs
of
the
assemblies
of
and
so
on.
Does
SAP
directly
support
multi-level
BOMs?
No.
These
are
represented
through
several
single-level
BOMs
A
BOM
can
contain
documents
or
text
items.
5
BOM
structure:
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Header: settings that apply for the whole BOM o Material o Plant o Usage: determines the business applications for which a BOM can be used o Status: controls whether the BOM is active for particular applications o Description o Validity o Lot size area o Base Quantity (q of finished product the item q refers) Items: components necessary for the production of the finished product. o Item category: specifies what kind of item you are dealing with. Influence the processing of the component Stock item: executed in the warehouse and used in production / must have a material master Non stock item: directly assigned to a manufacturing order (not via the warehouse) / dont need material master (and its number) Variable size item Documents item (design or diagram) Text item Class item Intra material o Descriptions o Quantity o Control data Multi level BOM structure is exploded automatically by MRP and Product Cost Planning. Routings: Routings contain the steps that are necessary for production, that is: Operations, Operation Sequences Usage Time elements (and base quantity: for ex. 10 min. per 1 pc.) relevant for scheduling operations. Work Centers which these operations are to be executed. Component allocations
Routing can be transferred to SAP APO (Advanced Planning and Optimization) in the form of production process models (PPMs) A routing can be defined using the routing group and the group counter. SEE MATERIAL PLANNING DIAGRAM
Manufacturing
Execution
Production
types
supported
by
ERP
Operations:
Make
to
order
prod:
production
with
a
Production
Order
Process
Manufacturing:
production
with
a
Process
Order
Repetitive
manufacturing:
Period
and
Quantity-oriented
production.
Not
order-related.
Project
oriented
production:
with
production
lots.
Kanban:
Replenishment-controlled
using
stock
transfer,
external
procurement,
in-house
prod.
Via
self-controlled
control
cycle.
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Organizational
Levels
Highest
organizational
element)
(defined
in
the
system
by
a
3
digit
key
oo
Represents
an
independent
accounting
unit.
Balance
sheet
and
P/L
statements,
required
by
law
are
created
at
this
level.
|
oo
1
Several
plants
can
be
affiliated
with
one
company
code,
but
a
plant
can
only
have
one
company
code.
|
Are
completely
independent
org.
units
with
separate
Inventory
Mgt
(=>can
belong
to
<>
plants,
you
can
use
the
same
storage
location
1
number
in
more
than
one
plant).
Storage
Location
Master data for Manufacturing Execution Material BOM Work Center / Resource Task Lists (can be routings, rate routings, or master recipes. PRTs (productions Resources / tools
Material Master Data/record: Represents the central source for releasing material-specific data. Used by all Logistic modules. (The integration of all material data in a single database object prevents the problem of data redundancy). its subdivided into information grouped by user departments (functions) that manage the modules, so each one has a different VIEW of the material master record and is responsible for maintaining the data to support their function. The data maintained within a view may be valid for more that on Organizational level. For example the Views: BOM: Basic Data applicable to the entire company (Client): product description, material #, material group, unit of measure Purchasing data for orders -> relevant to the Plant Inventory Mgt data for posting goods movements and managing physical inventory Accounting data for material valuation upon goods movements or in invoice verification.-> is relevant to the Plant Materials Planning data for material requirements planning (MRP) and Execution (Work Scheduling) -> is relevant to the Plant
The BOM contains the assemblies or components that are to be included in the production of a material. BOMs are used in: MRP, production, procurement, product costing. A BOM consist of a BOM header and the BOM items. The base quantity in the BOM header specifies to which amount of the finished product the item quantities refer. An item of a BOM can itself also contain a further BOM In this way, multilevel production is described using the single-level BOMs of the finished product and those of the assemblies and where required, using the BOMs of the assemblies of and so on. Does SAP directly support multi-level BOMs? No. These are represented through several single-level BOMs A BOM can contain documents or text items.
BOM structure: Header: settings that apply for the whole BOM o Material o Plant o Usage: determines the business applications for which a BOM can be used o Status: controls whether the BOM is active for particular applications o Description o Validity o Lot size area o Base Quantity (q of finished product the item q refers) Items: components necessary for the production of the finished product. o Item category: specifies what kind of item you are dealing with. Influence the processing of the component Stock item: executed in the warehouse and used in production / must have a material master Non stock item: directly assigned to a manufacturing order (not via the warehouse) / dont need material master (and its number) Variable size item Documents item (design or diagram) Text item Class item Intra material o Descriptions o Quantity o Control data Multi level BOM structure is exploded automatically by MRP and Product Cost Planning. Work Center
An organizational unit that defines where and when an operation must be performed. The work center has an available capacity. Work centers can be: - Machines - People - Production lines Difference between cost center and work center Cost center is place where you incur your costs. Work center is a place where an operation is performed by a person/machine (group). Link between them: The activities performed at or by the work center are valuated using charge rates which are defined/determined by cost centers and activity types. The resource-related data is maintained on several screens views: Maintained on Plant level Name and description Person or group responsible for the maintenance of the master data of this resource Basic data Task list usage: specify the task list types (routing, master recipe, equipment task list, inspection plans) in which the resource can be used. Standard value key: are planned values for the execution of an operation. EX: setup time, machine time, personnel time. Standard values are used in costing, scheduling and capacity requirements planning in order to calculate costs, execution times and capacity requirements. For the operation to be executed at a resource. By entering default values you reduce the effort necessary in editing operations, since the values are stored centrally and you do not need to enter them in each operation. Default Control key: how an operation is to be processed in a task list. Examples of such keys and indictors are: Scheduling: If you set this indicator, the system carries out scheduling for an operation. Capacity planning: If you set this indicator, the system creates capacity requirement records for the operation. values Standard text key Wage data Is assigned to a resource to link the resource to cost accounting and can now carry out product and order costing. Cost center Activity types: define specific output for the resource. Formula key: to calculate costs, execution times and capacity requirements of phases carried out at a resource. available Calculate the execution of an operation during process order scheduling. Capacities Formula key: to calculate costs, execution times and capacity requirements of phases carried out at a resource. calculate the execution of an operation during process order scheduling Scheduling Formula key: to calculate costs, execution times and capacity requirements of phases carried out at a resource. People HR Positions assignment Qualifications Routings: Routings contain the list the sequence of steps for producing a material, that is: Operations, Operation Sequences Usage Time elements (and base quantity: for ex. 10 min. per 1 pc.) relevant for scheduling operations. Work Centers which these operations are to be executed. Component allocations Routing (and BOM) can be transferred to SAP APO (Advanced Planning and Optimization) in the form of production process models (PPMs) A routing can be defined using the routing group and the group counter. Routings and Work Centers: A work center is assigned to an operation. The standard value key in the work center specifies the time elements (standard values) that have to be taken into consideration during planning. EX: setup time, machine time, personnel time. Scheduling formulas stored in the work center define the duration from the allowed time elements in the routing.
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Routings and Bills of Material: Production is described via a routing and a BOM BOM components can be assigned to a certain operation Production resource tools (PRTs) can also be assigned in the routing. PRTs are operating facilities that are not location related, but that are necessary for production, such as a measuring instruments or a support.
Order Creation Options: Without BOM Routing With BOM Routing With Routing With Planned Order
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Organizational
Levels
Highest
organizational
element)
(defined
in
the
system
by
a
3
digit
key
Client
Represents
an
independent
accounting
unit.
Balance
sheet
and
P/L
statements,
required
by
law
are
created
at
this
level.
Company
Code
oo
oo
It
d efines
the
distribution
channel;
a
sales
organization
uses
to
sell
products
from
a
certain
division.
|
Each
SD
document
is
assigned
to
exactly
one
sales
area.
We
use
it
to
select
master
data
when
processing
sales
orders.
Also
select
$
+
discounts
|
1
Is
the
highest
level
organizational
elements
in
SD
(Logistics)
.
1
Sales
Sales
Org.
1-
oo
CC.
You
maintain
own
master
data.
In
sales
statistics,
is
the
highest
level.
oo
Organization
Is
responsible
for:
Sales
oo
Distributing
goods
and
services
Area
|
Negotiating
sales
conditions
|
1
combina tion
of
Distribution
Channel
oo
|
1
Plant
oo Division | oo
oo | 1
Product liability and rights of recourse Is the way in which sales materials reach the customer. Represents your strategies to distribute goods and/or services to your customer (ex. Wholesale, retail, internet) (1 or + Dist. Ch.) Its used to: Define responsibilities Achieve flexible pricing Differentiate sales statistics Represents a product line to group materials and services (pumps, motors, services) (1 or + Div) The system uses the division to determine the sales areas a material or a service is assigned to. Plant 1- oo Company Code. Plant and storage location are organizational levels that can be used by all logistic areas: <> points of views: MM: The plant is location where the material is kept. Production: represents a manufacturing facility Sales and Distribution: represents the location from which goods and services are distributed and corresponds to a distribution center. The relevant stocks are kept here. The plant has a central function: You have to create at least one plant in order to be able to use the sales and distribution module oo A plant must be uniquely assigned to a company code The assignment between sales organizations and plants does not have to be unique The plant is essential for determining the shipping point. | Are completely independent Org. units with separate Inventory Mgt (can belong to <> plants, it means that you can use the same storage location number in more than one plant). Its the highest level org. unit of shipping. It can be a loading ramp, a mail depot, etc You assign a shipping point at plant level oo A shipping point is a physical place and should be near the delivering plant. Shipping Point oo- oo Plant
Master data for SD Customer Customer-material Info record Material Output (mail, EDI, fax) Condition (EX: automatic pricing / customer discount)
Customer master: The customer master groups data into categories: (views) General data: relevant for the SD and for Accounting. Valid for all org. units (Client level). Sales Area data: relevant for SD. Valid for the sales area (sales org.-dist. channel-division). Here we store the mandatory partner functions for the customer master during the sales order processing: o Sold-to-party: places the order o Shipto-party: receives goods or services o Bill-to-party: receives the invoice for goods or services o Payer: is responsible for paying the invoice Company Code data: is relevant for Accounting. Valid for all org. units (CC level).
Material
master:
views:
Customer-material
Info
Record
master:
Basic
data1:
Sales
org.
data:
Sales
plant
data:
Purchasing:
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is relevant for the entire company (Client): product description, material #, material group, unit of measure is relevant for SD. It is valid for the respective Sales org. and the Dist. Ch. is relevant for SD. It is valid for the respective Delivery plant. is relevant for MM. It is valid for the Delivery plant.
You can use the customer- material information to record data for a combination of certain customers and materials when processing a document (order, delivery). It is not obligatory for Sales. The data that can be maintained are: Cross-reference from your customers material number to your material number and the customers material description. Specific shipping information for this customer and material (such as delivery tolerances, specifying if the customer accepts partial deliveries or the default delivering plant).
Definition of customer group: Customer Group identifies a particular group of customers for the purpose of pricing or generating statistics.
Output master: is information that is sent to the customer using various media (mail, EDI, FAX). In this master data you define: Output Types: (Quotation, Order confirmation, Invoice) Partner functions: (Sold-to-party, Shipto-party, Bill-to-party, Payer) Transmission medium: (Printer, Tlex, Fax, Mail, EDI) Time (at which output is sent): (Immediately when saving, Using standard program)
The definition can be found by placing the cursor on the field and choosing the F1 function key or pressing the Help icon; or the definition can be found in the glossary.
Condition master: Prices Surcharges & Discount Freight Taxes Order to cash business process SEE SALES ORDER MANAGEMENT DIAGRAM Reporting and analysis tools SIS - Sales Information System belongs to SD. With SIS, you can compress data from sales docs. to obtain information which will help you make strategic business decisions. SIS contains standard analyses as well as flexible analyses to help you evaluate statistical data. Lists and reports: 2 categories: Online list (provide data from documents / display documents / allow to review and change documents) Worklists (display work that needs to be processed / allow to organize tasks into efficient work unit) Information structures: (where data is stored) Characteristics Time unit Key figures Standard analyses: Helps create sophisticated presentations and analyses for the data. The analysis is based on the information structures. In the first step, you select the required data scope according to the characteristics and the period of the info structure. This data is displayed in an initial list. A variety of drill-down features are available in the lists. Each analysis can be saved. Tools to analyze data include: ABC analyses Correlation Classification Dual classification The analyses can be: Printed Download as a file to your local PC Downloaded into a spreadsheet program Sent to one or employees using the SAP workplace component
10
Tasks
in
Financial
Accounting:
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The
General
Ledger
is
managed
at
company
code
level
and
from
this
the
Balance
sheets
required
by
the
legislator
as
well
as
the
P/L
statement
are
compiled.
The
assets
of
a
company
are
listed
in
the
Balance
sheet,
divided
into:
Assets
-
(application
of
funds)
Liabilities
-
(source
of
funds)
The
business
transactions
that
are
entered
in
MM
(material
stock)
or
in
Treasury,
flows
into
Balance
sheet
in
real
time.
The
component
Treasury
(TR)
focuses
on
functions
such
as
payment
means,
Treasury
Management,
loans
and
Market
Risk
Management.
The
aim
of
recording
business
transactions
is
to
create
a
Balance
sheet
and
P/L
Statement
in
the
sense
of
a
report.
Financial
Accounting
VS
Management
Accounting:
Goal
External reporting purposes - legal reporting. Balance sheet and P/L accounts are Internal management information regarding cost and revenues. created in FI with general accounting standard (US-GAAP or IAS) Defined by law for compliance. Legal reporting will be different for each country. Cost and Revenues at a higher level (across countries) Level Additional account assignment with specification of the assignment object Integration Direct Relation. Invoice verification accounts payable and purchasing // GI to prod. Order-GL accounts
Reconciliation
Accounts
and
Sub-Ledgers:
The
Reconciliation
account
can
post
only
through
a
subledger
account
(not
directly).
This
ensures
real-time
integration
of
a
subledger
account
with
the
general
ledger.
Benefits
of
the
New
General
Ledger:
-
Extended
data
structure:
allows
additional
fields.
-
Real
time
Document
split
(online
split)
(a
single
invoice
can
be
posted
to
multiple
segments).
-
Real
time
Integration
(Reconciliation)
between
CO
and
FI.
-
Parallel
accounting.
Multiple
books
can
be
maintained.
-
Contains
functions
that
unify
the
conventional
general
ledger
with
the
special
ledgers
components.
Posting
Key
(PK):
has
a
controlling
function
for
the
documents
item.
Each
document
line
item
contains
one
posting
key.
It
specifies
the
following:
Account
Type
:
(Balance
sheet
or
P/L)
Debit
or
Credit
posting
Field
Status:
SUPRESS,
REQUIRED,
DISPLAY,
OPTIONAL
.Which
fields
of
the
line
item
may
have
or
require
an
entry
In
the
new
ENJOY
transaction
(FB50);
you
no
longer
need
to
enter
the
posting
key.
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Account Information: The balance display and line item display are provides to display the account data. The balance display is an overview of the saved transaction figures of an account. From the line item list, you can drill down to the document overview.
Accounts
Payable
(Cuentas
por
pagar)
(Integration
of
procurement
cycle
(Procure-to-Pay
Process)
with
account
payable)
Vendor Master Record: contain all data about a vendor, this controls how transaction data is posted and processed.
Vendor
Level stored
Level stored
Level stored
Client
Specific
information,
such
as
name,
address
CC
how
particular
CC
will
process
transactions
Purch.
Org.
Specific
data
to
purchasing
Procurement process from the accounting view - Integration with Materials Management
MM Doc
FI Doc
FI Doc
Purchase order
Goods Receipt GR
Invoice IR 2
Pay 3
Storage location
105
103
101
MM Doc
F Q X
Documents generated
MM Doc
FI Doc 1
CO Doc
Balance sheet
Consumption Raw Stock Raw Bank-Cash GR / IR
Vendor Reconciliation
Vendor Subledger
300
1
3000
1
3300
3
3300
2
3300
1
3300
3
3300
2
3300
3
3300
2
A
Financial
document
is
created
when
goods
are
received
and
when
the
invoice
is
received,
but
not
when
the
purchase
order
is
created.
Effects of Goods Receipt Material document is created (quantity) Accounting document is created (value) Purchasing (Purchase Order History is updated) Quality Management (Inspection lot is created) Warehouse Mgt (Transfer Req. is created) Output may be generated (GR slip
Effects of Invoice Verification Accounting document is created The provision in the GR/IR clearing account are reversed PO history is updated Open Item is created in the vendors account
Account Posting 1. Good Receipt : Debit Stock, Credit GR/IR 2. Invoice Receipt: Debit GR/IR, Credit Vendor 3. Pay Vendor: Debit Vendor, Credit Bank/Cash
If the invoice $ differs from the PO $, the stock value and the current mov. price is recalcul. and updated in the material master, for a material valuated with moving aver. $
AP
Invoice
/
Credit
Memo
Entry:
You
create
and
post
a
vendor
invoice
or
credit
memo
using
a
one
screen
transaction.
This
type
of
invoice
entered
directly
in
A/P
is
a
miscellaneous
invoice,
without
reference
to
a
purchase
order.
The
A/P
entry
screen
is
divided
into
4
areas:
Work
templates
Header
and
vendor
data
Line
item
information
Information
area
Elements
of
the
Payment
process:
The
standard
system
contains
common
payment
methods
and
corresponding
forms
that
have
been
defined
separately
for
each
country.
During
the
payment
run,
the
system
does
the
following:
Posts
payment
documents
Clears
open
items
Prepares
data
for
the
printing
of
payment
media
12
Accounts
Receivable
(Integration
between
order
to
cash
cycle
and
accounts
receivable)
Level
stored
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Customer master record: contain data that controls how transaction data is posted and processed.
Customer
us
Level stored
Level stored
Client
specific
information,
such
as
name
address
CC
how
particular
CC
will
process
transactions
Sales
area
(Sales
org-Dist.Ch.-Div)
The organizational unit for credit control is the credit control area. Can be assigned to individual company codes (decentralized organization) or to a group of company codes (centralized organization). A credit control area is generally managed by a separate credit department, which is divided into a number of credit representative groups, with each group consisting of several credit representatives.
Credit
Management
master
record:
The
credit
dept.
sets
up
a
separate
credit
mgt
master
record,
which
is
an
extension
of
the
customer
master
record,
so
that
data
relevant
to
credit
management
can
be
maintained
and
monitored.
The
credit
management
master
record
consists
of
the
following
sections:
General
data
(customers
address,
communication
data)
Credit
Credit
control
area
data
(credit
limit,
customers
risk
category)
Customer
Overview
(which
contain
the
most
important
data
from
all
sections)
Mgt
us
Credit
Control
Process:
us
When
the
order
is
placed,
a
check
is
run
(credit
control)
to
see
whether
the
customers
credit
limit
would
be
exceeded
if
the
order
were
to
be
accepted.
If
this
is
not
the
case,
the
sales
process
can
be
carried
out
the
usual
way.
If
the
credit
limit
is
exceeded,
the
order
is
blocked,
and
the
credit
department
has
to
act.
The
responsible
credit
representative
can
either
be
notified
automatically
via
mail.
Or
can
use
a
report
to
check
list
of
all
blocked
orders.
The
credit
representative
then
clarifies
the
situation,
either
by
using
credit
information
system,
or
by
calling
the
customer.
Once
clarification
has
been
made,
the
credit
representative
releases
the
order,
and
the
transaction
can
be
processed
in
SD.
If
the
credit
representative
decides
not
to
release
the
order,
the
order
is
rejected.
Warehouse
Transfer Order Pick Quantity TO Transfer Request
Delivery/ Shipping
10
Goods Issue
Invoice/ Billing
Receive Payment
Inventory Change 4000 1 Inventory 4000 1 Cash/Bank 10000 3
Documents generated
FI Doc
1 Revenue 10000 2
Shipping Outbound delivery (SD) Transfer order (picking) Goods issue (MM) (FI)
Account Posting
1. Goods Issue : Credit Inventory, Debit Cost of goods sold (Inv. Change) 2. Billing a customer : Credit Revenue, Debit customer (Reconc+Subdledger) 3. incoming Payment: Credit Customer(Reconc+Subdledger), Debit Bank account
On
the
day
of
shipping,
an
outbound
delivery
documents
is
created.
At
this
stage
the
effects
in
accounting
start
to
appear.
The
goods
to
be
delivered
are
posted
as
a
goods
issue.
A
GI
doc
is
created
in
MM,
When
the
billing
document
is
created
in
SD,
an
FI-accounting
document
that
debits
the
customer
and
credits
revenue
is
automatically
created
so
that
the
goods
issue
is
posted
to
the
correct
G/L
accounts.
The
accounting
documents
debits
cost
of
goods
sold
and
credit
inventory.
13
The last stage in the sales process is billing. A billing document is created in SD, and a printed invoice is sent to the customer. At the same time, a document is created in FI so that the receivable and revenue can be posted to the correct accounts. The accounting document debits the customer and credits revenue.
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Fixed
Asset
Accounting
Asset
class:
The
asset
class
is
the
main
criteria
for
defining
the
asset.
Each asset has to be assigned to an asset class. Ex. Building: Accounts for building. Machinery: account for machinery. In the asset class, you can define certain control parameters and default values for depreciation and other master data. You can create asset classes for intangible assets and leased assets. The application component PM (Plant Maintenance) is used for the technical management of assets. The application component TR (treasury) is used for managing financial assets.
Asset
Transactions:
can
be
posted
in
various
ways.
In
FI-AA
you
can
post
the
following
ways:
Without
a
vendor
or
a
purchase
order
To
a
vendor,
but
without
reference
to
a
purchase
order
Via
materials
management
using
the
MM
functions
(purchase
order,
goods
receipt
and
invoice
receipt)
Transaction
type:
is
necessary
to
enable
the
asset
to
be
correctly
listed
in
the
asset
history
sheet.
Asset
explorer:
gives
a
clear
overview
of
the
activity
for
an
asset
per
depreciation
area
and
fiscal
year
for
planned
value,
posted
transactions,
posted
amounts,
posted
and
planned
depreciation,
and
depreciation
parameters.
Depreciation
Areas:
Often
asset
balances
and
transactions
need
to
be
valuated
differently
for
various
purposes.
To
keep
more
than
one
valuation
basis,
depreciation
areas
are
kept
in
the
system.
Depreciation
Run:
Only
after
the
depreciation
posting
run
has
been
completed
is
the
depreciation
actually
posted
in
asset
accounting
and
in
the
GL.
The
depreciation
is
posted
to
the
corresponding
depreciation
accounts
in
the
general
ledger
and
to
the
assigned
CO
cost
object
assigned
to
the
asset
master
record.
The
run
can
be
in
direct
or
batch
mode.
Prepare
Financial
Statements
To
support
legal
reporting
requirements,
currently
several
reports
meet
country-specific
requirements.
Company
code
financial
statements
Business
area
financial
statements
Operating
chart
of
accounts
Country
specific
chart
of
accounts
The
Financial
statement
version
determines
the
structure
of
a
Balance
sheet
and
income
statements
as
far
as
which
accounts
map
to
which
line
items
on
the
report.
When
a
transaction
is
posted
in
FI,
it
automatically
appears
on
the
Balance
sheet.
(The
account
must
be
assigned
to
an
appropriate
line
item
in
the
financial
statement
version
used
when
running
the
Balance
sheet.
Otherwise,
the
posting
will
appear
at
the
end
of
the
financial
statement
in
a
category
called
accounts
not
assigned).
14
Comparison
of
Financial
and
management
Accounting:
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Organizational
Levels
Is
the
basic
organizational
unit
in
CO-Management
Accounting.
Is
a
closed
entity
used
for
cost
accounting.
You
can
allocate
costs
only
within
a
controlling
area.
These
allocations
cannot
affect
(CO-OM/CO-PC/EC-PCA)
objects
in
other
controlling
areas.
oo
Multiple
Assignments:
You
can
assign
more
than
one
CC
to
a
controlling
area.
This
enables
controlling
across
company
codes.
The
controlling
area
and
its
company
code
must
use
the
same
operating
chart
of
accounts
and
the
same
fiscal
year.
|
Represents
the
structure
of
external
segments
for
the
enterprise.
You
can
assign
several
controlling
areas
to
each
operating
concern
Operating
Concern
(CO-PA)
so
you
can
analyze
them
together.
Profitability
analysis
(CO-PA)
is
used
with
Operating
Concern.
Company
Code
oo
1
Is
an
independent
accounting
unit.
Financial
and
P/L
statements
are
prepared
at
company
code
level
to
meet
legal
reporting
requirements.
Can
be
used
to
group
strategic
business
units
for
reporting
P/L
and
financial
statements
(not
suitable
for
auditing,
suitable
for
Business
Areas
|
reporting
purposes
only).
Business
areas
can
also
be
cross-company
code.
Represents
a
production
unit
and
is
the
central
organizational
unit
in
Materials
Management
and
Production
Planning.
Plant
(MM/PP)
1
A
Plant
is
assigned
to
a
company
code.
Is
an
organizational
unit
used
Materials
Management
Purchasing.
Purchasing
Organ.
(MM-PP)
Is
an
organizational
unit
used
in
Sales
Order
Management.
Sales
Organ.
(SD)
Controlling Area
In cross-company code cost accounting, the controlling area and the company code can have different currencies. You can use 3 currencies in CO: Controlling area currency Company Code currency or object currency (by default) Transaction currency (used for posting a document to Management Accounting)
15
Cost
Center
Accounting
G/L
Accounts
and
Costs
Elements:
As
we
know
the
chart
of
accounts
is
created
in
FI.
CO
FI
All
expense
accounts
are
groups
in
one
class
(class
4)
and
all
revenue
accounts
in
another
(class
8)
Expense
accounts
-
class
4
Primary
cost
element
Expense
accounts
to
which
costs
are
posted
for
cost
accounting
purposes
must
also
be
created
as
cost
Revenu
accounts
-
class
8
Revenu
element
elements
in
CO-Management
Accounting.
This
ensures
that
all
postings
to
this
type
of
expense
account
always
arrive
in
CO
at
the
same
time.
Primary
cost
elements:
(material
cost,
personnel
cost,
energy
cost)
give
a
direct,
one
to
one,
correspondence
with
GL
account
in
FIto
allow
costs
to
flow.
Secondary
cost
elements:
(production
costs,
material
overheads,
production
overheads)
are
created
only
in
CO
and
are
used
for
internal
cost
allocations,
overhead
calculation,
settlement
transaction
and
do
not
have
any
corresponding
GL
account
in
FI.it
does
not
flow
to
FI
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Standard
hierarchy
represents
all
Cost
Centers
per
Controlling
Area:
Only
1
standard
hierarchy.
The
cost
center
is
an
organizational
unit
in
a
Controlling
area
representing
a
clearly
delimited
location
where
costs
occur.
Cost
Center
Accounting
answers
the
question
of
where
costs
occur.
ABC
-Activity-based
Costing
answers
the
question
of
why
(for
what
purpose)
costs
occur.
Cost
centers
can
be
defined
according
to
several
different
design
approaches
(Ex:
low
level
unit
that
has
responsibility
for
managing
costs
/
geographic
location
/
activities
or
services
provided),
but
whichever
approach
is
selected,
it
should
be
consistent
throughout
the
enterprise.
Activity
Types:
Classifies
the
activities
performed
or
produced
by
a
cost
center
(ex.
Machine
Hour
Rate).
The
costs
of
these
resources
need
to
be
allocated
to
the
receivers
of
the
activity.
Activity
types
serve
as
tracing
factors
for
this
cost
allocation.
Activity
Document:
Activity
type,
Q.
(ex.
Consulting,
10
hs)
Relationship
between
Cost
Center/Activity
Type:
In
an
internal
direct
activity
allocation,
you
need
to
enter
Activity
type
Cost
center
Quantity
Unit
$
(is
calculated
based
on
the
$
of
the
activity
+
Q)
and
generates
a
debit
to
the
receiver
and
a
credit
to
the
sender
for
both
the
quantity
and
costs.
Internal
activity
is
allocated
using
secondary
cost
elements,
which
are
store
in
the
master
data
types
as
default
values.
You
can
restrict
the
use
of
the
activity
type
to
certain
types
of
cost
centers
by
entering
the
allowed
cost
center
categories
in
the
activity
type
master
record.
You
can
enter
up
to
eight
allowed
cost
center
categories
in
the
activity
type
master
record,
or
leave
the
assignments
unrestricted
by
entering
an
asterisk
(*).
Statistical
Key
Figures:
Are
a
measurable
quantity
that
can
be
assigned
to
Cost
Centers,
Activity
types,
Overhead
Orders,
Business
Processes,
and
Profit
Centers.
(EX:
total
number
of
employees
in
a
cost
center,
minutes
of
long
distance
calls)
You
can
use
statistical
key
figures
for
cost
allocation
as
a
Tracing
Factor
in
overhead
cost
allocations.
Types:
Fixed
value
is
useful
for
statistical
key
figures
that
tend
to
remain
constant
over
time
(EX:
number
of
employee)
Totals
value
must
be
entered
for
each
individual
period
and
is
useful
for
values
that
tend
to
change
each
period
(EX:
Kilowatt
hour
of
electricity
consumption).
You
can
also
transfer
statistical
key
figures
values
from
the
Logistics
Information
System
(LIS)
by
linking
key
figures
from
LIS
with
SKFs
in
CO.
Master
Data
Groups:
When
you
use
master
data
groups
in
reporting,
each
hierarchical
level
can
produce
automatic
totals
of
the
levels
beneath
it.
The
value
(cost
center,
cost
element,
activity
type,
etc.)
is
represented
only
once
in
the
group.
Each
value
can
be
used
in
more
than
one
group.
Each
controlling
area
must
have
a
unique
standard
hierarchy.
The
name
of
a
master
data
group
has
to
be
unique
for
a
client-CC,
even
if
there
are
to
CC
for
a
Client
(=>2
names)
Cost
Center
Planning
Process:
Imputs:
Manual
entries,
formulas,
HCM-Assests
?
Steps:
SOP,
Production
planning,
Cost
center
planning,
Product
cost
plann.
Planned
values
(such
as
planned
personnel
costs
and
planned
depreciation)
can
also
be
transferred
automatically
to
the
Cost
Centers
from
HR
and
Assets
Accounting
(FI-AA).
Both
fixed
and
variable
costs
can
be
planned
for
each
area
of
responsibility
(Cost
Center).
It
is
the
aim
of
Cost
Center
Planning
to
calculate
planning
costs
to
define
deviations
later
and
to
prepare
the
allocation
to
cost
bearers.
The
activity
type
planning
is
an
important
step
in
Cost
Center
Planning,
as
the
planned
activity
amounts
can
influence
planned
costs.
CO-PA
Sales Plan
HR
Assets Accounting
values Activity Scheduled Cost Center Plan can In the Sales Information System (SIS), the company can plan sales quantities for depreciation Sales & Operation Yes Requirements be met? Activities Planning vs (created in SOP) Planning a product or product group level for the following year. Similarly, sales quantity planning can be accomplished in Profitability Analysis. The sales plans can be Production Product Plan Activity Plan Activity Cost Cost Resources compared with one another so that a single forecast can be transferred to SOP. Cost prices Quantities Planning Center Planning A capacity-based comparison of plan quantities with production resources then Additional takes place in SOP. If the plan cannot be met, additional resources must be Internal activity Orders planning obtained or the sales plan must be changed. Routing BOM The activity requirements can then be created in SOP or Long Term Overhead Cost Requirements (LTP) and transferred as scheduled activities to cost center Controlling planning. In cost center planning, the plan activity quantities are created on the basis of scheduled quantities from SOP. Cost planning is performed for cost centers and internal orders, as well as additional activity planning for Overhead Cost Controlling. Planned costs from HR and Assets can be transferred to cost center planning. Plan activity prices are then calculated. The calculated plan activity prices go to Product Cost Planning, which estimates the production costs of the planned products by using BOM and Routings. The costs of goods manufactured that were calculated on the basis of the sales plan are then transferred to CO-PA. These costs are used, alongside the forecasted revenues, to create a profit plan. You can use the results of this plan to make adjustments to the original sales plan, which then initiate the complete integrated planning process again.
Planned
16
Activity
allocation
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Posting
from
FI
to
a
Cost
Center:
Activity
allocation
When
a
journal
entry
is
created
in
FI
that
includes
an
expense
line
item,
that
expense
can
be
posted
to
CO
as
a
cost
if:
A
primary
cost
element
has
been
created
in
CO
that
corresponds
to
the
expense
account
used
in
the
FI
journal
entry.
A
valid
controlling
object
(such
as
cost
center)
is
referenced
in
the
FI
line
item.
As
a
result
is
created
(each
document
has
a
unique
document
number):
1
FI
document
1
CO
document.
When
an
FI
documents
is
created
that
posts
to
an
expense
or
revenue
account
Having
a
corresponding
cost
element,
A
valid
controlling
object
(such
as
cost
center)
is
referenced
for
the
expense
line
item,
As
a
result
is
created:
1
CO
document.
This
CO
document
has
its
own
unique
number
and
contains
the
following
details:
Controlling
object
posted
to
Cost
element
used
Amount
When
a
primary
cost
is
initially
posted
to
in
CO,
it
is
treated
as
a
one-sided
journal
entry,
unlike
a
conventional,
balanced
financial
accounting
journal
entry.
Any
transactions
that
create
cost
movements
within
Management
Accounting
are
balanced
entries.
When
a
cost
is
moved
from
one
controlling
object
to
another,
such
as
from
one
cost
center
to
another,
the
sending
object
is
credited
and
the
receiving
object
is
debited
for
the
same
amount.
Posting
from
MM
to
a
Cost
Center:
Goods
issue
for
material
consumption
transactions
posted
in
the
MM
can
be
assigned
to
a
cost
center.
Also,
you
must
enter
a
movement
type
to
differentiate
between
the
various
categories
of
goods
movements.
As
a
result
is
created:
1
FI
document
that
debits
material
consumption
account
and
credits
material
stock
(inventory)
account.
The
cost
center
is
debited
with
the
value
of
the
goods
issued
using
a
primary
cost
element.
Direct
activity
Allocation:
Deals
with
the
measurement,
posting,
and
allocation
of
an
organizational
activity.
You
need
to
create
the
corresponding
(measurable)
tracing
factors,
known
as
activity
types
in
Cost
Center
Accounting.
For
a
direct
activity
allocation,
the
following
info
is
needed:
Sender
cost
center
credited
(Cost
center
that
provides
the
activity
(using
secondary
cost
element)
Receiver
debited
(Object
that
receives
the
activity
(using
secondary
cost
element)
Activity
type
Quantity
of
the
activity
provided.
Periodic
Allocations
with
sender/receiver
relationships
techniques
(examples):
Periodic
Reposting
(use
original
cost
element)
Distribution
(use
original
cost
element)
Assessment
(use
secondary
cost
element)
Indirect
Activity
Allocation
Template
Allocation
Internal
Order
Is
a
cost
collector
that
allows
a
better
view
of
costs
that
could
not
be
itemized
in
detail
in
a
cost
center.
Useful
for
planning,
monitoring,
alloc.
of
costs
and
reporting.
4
types/categories:
Overhead
orders:
used
to
monitor
overhead
costs
incurred
for
a
particular
purpose,
such
as
conducting
a
trade
fair,
or
tracking
costs
for
mainten.
and
repair
work.
Investment
orders:
used
to
monitor
costs
incurred
in
the
production
of
a
fixed
asset,
such
as
building
a
storage
facility.
Accrual
orders:
used
to
offset
postings
of
accrued
costs
(costs
calculated
in
CO)
to
cost
centers.
Orders
with
revenue:
used
to
replace
the
cost
accounting
parts
of
SD
customer
orders
if
SD
is
not
being
used,
so
that
both
costs
and
revenues
can
be
tracked;
or
to
monitor
revenues
not
affecting
the
organizations
core
business
(miscellaneous
revenue).
Internal
Orders
-
Cost
Planning:
Costs
are
normally
planned
for
orders
that
have
a
long
life
cycle.
Orders
with
a
short
life
cycle,
such
as
for
unexpected
small
repairs,
are
normally
not
planned.
3
options/ways
for
planning
cost
on
internal
orders:
Overall
Planning:
is
the
simplest
level
for
planning
order
costs.
You
can
plan
overall
values
and
annual
values
irrespective
of
the
cost
elements.
Primary/secondary
cost
and
revenue
planning:
can
be
used
if
you
have
detailed
information
about
an
internal
order.
For
manual
planning
purposes,
primary/secondary
cost
and
revenue
planning
comprises
the
planning
of
primary
costs,
activity
inputs,
and
revenues.
Unit
costing:
can
be
used
to
carry
out
more
detailed
planning
than
is
possible
on
costs
elements.
Posting
to
an
Internal
Order:
can
be
real
or
statistical
(information
postings
only).
Commitments
(future
costs):
Identifies
costs
which
be
incurred
in
the
future
for
materials
and
services
requested
or
ordered.
By
recording
commitments,
as
well
as
actual
costs,
you
can
compare
the
funds
you
have
allocated
to
your
planned
or
budgeted
costs
to
determine
funds
availability.
Are
created
in
the
Purchasing
function
of
Materials
Management.
Is
recorded
automatically
when
you
assign
an
overhead
order
to
a
purchase
order.
17
You
reduce
the
commitment
by
posting
a
goods
receipt
against
a
purchase
order.
Actual
costs
are
posted
to
the
internal
order.
This
process
continues
until
the
purchase
order
is
closed
and
the
commitment
is
reduced
to
zero.
You
must
have
activated
commitment
management
in
Management
Accounting
for
each
controlling
area.
Order
Settlement:
Internal
orders
are
usually
used
as
an
interim
collector
of
costs
and
an
aid
to
the
planning,
monitoring,
and
reporting
processes.
When
the
task
is
complete,
the
costs
have
to
be
passed
on
to
their
final
destination
(cost
center,
fixed
asset,
profitability
segment,
etc.).
This
is
called
settlement.
It
is
another
form
of
periodic
cost
allocation.
Settlement
can
occur
periodically,
or
at
the
end
of
the
orders
life,
depending
on
the
type
of
order
and
its
business
purpose.
A
settlement
rule
must
be
defined
for
each
order.
This
rule
is
defined
in
the
order
master
record.
Profit
Center
Accounting
internal
focus
(EC-PCA)
Profit
Center
Accounting
Measure
profitability
of
areas
of
responsibility
within
the
organization.
reflects
the
success
of
a
given
profit
center
at
meeting
the
profitability
goal
for
which
it
was
given
responsibility.
Internal
controlling
purposes.
Comparison:
If
you
divide
your
enterprise
into
profit
centers,
you
can
analyze
the
areas
of
responsibility
and
delegate
responsibility
to
distributed
units,
which
then
become
companies
within
the
company.
Typical
questions
in
Profit
Center
Accounting:
What
is
the
operating
profit
of
a
profit
center?
Which
fixed
asset
value
is
assigned
to
a
profit
center?
www.sapTerp10.com
Profit
centers
set
up
according
to:
Products
(product
lines,
division)
Geographical
factors
(regions,
offices,
or
production
sites)
Functions
(production,
sales)
Profit
Centers
are
not
real
account
assignment
objects
CO
linked
to
Profit
Centers:
Controlling
objects
master
data
contain
a
profit
center
field.
This
is
the
link
to
debits
and
credits
posted
to
those
controlling
objects
Profit
Centers
Planning
Is
an
integral
part
of
overall
business
planning.
2
steps:
1. Transfer
of
planning
data
from
cost
centers,
internal
orders,
CO-PA,
product
cost
planning.
2. Modification
of
these
planning
data
directly
in
the
profit
centers.
Profitability
Analysis
(CO-PA)
external
focus
You
can
use
Profitability
Analysis
(CO-PA)
to
analyze
the
profitability
of
segments
in
your
external
market.
These
segments
can
be
defined
by
product,
customer,
geographical
area,
or
other
characteristics,
and
by
your
internal
organizational
units,
for
example:
Company
Code,
Business
Area.
The
aim
of
Profitability
Analysis
is
to
provide
the
board
of
directors,
SD,
marketing,
planning,
and
other
groups
in
your
organization
with
market-oriented
decision
support.
Typical
questions
in
CO-PA:
How
successful
was
the
last
marketing
campaign
for
a
certain
product
line?
Who
are
the
largest
customers
and
who
has
the
strongest
growth?
What
effect
does
a
price
determination
strategy
have
on
a
customer
group?
Profitability
Segment
(the
affected
market
segment):
Is
the
combination
of:
Characteristics:
answer
the
question:
about
what
aspect
do
I
want
to
report?
EX:
divisions,
regions,
products,
customers.
Characteristics
values:
are
the
key
figures,
answer
the
question:
what
values
can
I
have
for
the
characteristics?
EX:
Region
south,
Region
north.
Value
field:
provide
a
view
of
a
segment
of
the
business.
Answer
the
question:
which
key
figures
do
I
want
to
track
and
analyze?
EX:
gross
sales,
discounts,
cost
of
sales.
Product
Cost
Accounting/controlling
(CO-PC)
Its
concerned
with
all
aspects
of
planning
the
cost
of
producing
products
or
services,
as
well
as
tracking
and
analyzing
the
actual
costs.
3
step
process:
1. Product
Cost
Planning:
used
to
estimate
the
costs
to
produce
goods
or
services.
-If
a
quantity
structure
(BOM
and
Routing)
is
available
in
Manufacturing
Planning,
then
the
system
can
automatically
create
a
cost
estimate
based
on
this
data.
-If
no
quantity
structure
is
available,
then
you
can
either
enter
the
costing
items
manually
with
the
unit
costing
tool
or
transfer
them
automatically
from
a
non-SAP
system
using
batch
input.
2. Costs
Object
Controlling:
collects
costs
incurred
during
production
of
a
product
or
service
using
cost
objects
(such
as
production
orders,
sales
orders,
process
orders,
production
cost
collectors).
It
focuses
on
simultaneous
costing
and
the
period-end
closing,
in
order
to
compare
planned
and
actual
costs.
3. Actual
Costing
and
Material
Ledger:
provides
actual
costs
for
each
material
at
the
end
of
the
period.
When
you
create
a
cost
estimate
with
a
quantity
structure,
you
must
enter
costing
variant
material
plant
lot
size
18
The dates proposed from the costing variant specify the following: The period of validity of the cost estimate (costing date from/to) The selection date for the BOM and routing (quantity structure dates) The pricing data for the material components and activities (valuation date)
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The costing results can be saved and displayed as Itemizations: (shows detail detailed information about the origin of the costs, such as quantities and prices of the materials and internal activities used). Cost element itemizations: (groups the individual costing items into cost elements) Cost component split: (groups the cost elements into cost components Cost Rollup in Product cost Planning: Its used to ensure that the costs of goods manufactured, material and production costs, of all materials in a multilevel BOM are included in the cost estimate of the higher-level material. This is achieved by assigning the costs in a cost estimate to cost component. Standard Price Update: 3 steps 1. Analyze the costs 2. Marking 3. Releasing Effects of Marking and releasing a standard cost estimate Standard prices in material master is updated. Inventory is revaluated. The following prerequisites must be met before a standard cost estimate can be marked or released: Standard cost estimate must be free of errors (status KA, costed without errors) The marking and release must be allowed When you release the standard cost estimate, these future prices are updated as the current standard price. You can release a standard cost estimate only once per period, unless you delete the previously released standard cost estimate from the database. The standard or moving average prices used to valuate inventory is determinate in the Price control setting in material master. Material Master: prices: Planned Prices 1, 2, 3: can be used for raw materials and purchased parts, and to valuate the materials in the cost estimate. Tax based and commercial prices: are entered for purchased parts in inventory costing for values such as the determination of lowest value. An inventory cost estimate can use these prices for valuation, and then update the costing results for finished and semi finished products in these fields. Price control: indicator that controls which price is used to valuate the inventory of a material. The following option are available: o Standard price o Moving average price These prices are used to valuate goods movements within SAP ERP and to valuate inventories. A standard cost estimate can be used to update the standard price. You can branch from the accounting and costing views to the results of standard cost estimates these results update the standard price.
Price control plays a crucial role in material valuation. When the price control indicator is set to S, the inventory is valuated at standard price. In addition, goods movements are valuated directly in the System using a price selected in accordance with the price control indicator. If the standard price was updated by a standard cost estimate, it can be used in Cost Object Controlling. The system can use the itemization of standard cost estimates to determine the target costs for manufacturing orders. The difference between target cost and actual cost can be analyzed at the level of variance categories, such as quantity or price variances. The saved itemization provides the basis for the variance calculation. In Profitability Analysis, you can use standard cost estimates (or other material cost estimates) to compare the revenues of the billed quantity with the cost component split of the product. A standard price is also required in the Material Ledger to determine the actual price.
19
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Good
issue:
is
a
goods
movement
in
which
a
material
withdrawal,
goods
issue,
material
consumption,
or
goods
shipment
is
posted
to
a
customer.
A
goods
issue
leads
to
a
decrease
of
warehouse
stock.
A
stock
transfer/transfer
posting
consists
of
goods
issue
from
the
issuing
point
and
a
goods
receipt
at
the
receiving
point.
Stock
transfer:
is
a
removal
of
materials
from
a
particular
storage
location
into
another
storage
location,
within
the
same
plant
and
between
two
plants.
With
stock
transfer
there
is
always
a
physical
movement
of
goods.
(1
and
2
step
procedures
possible).
Example:
Stor.
Loc
to
stor.
Loc,
Plant
to
Plant,
Company
Code
to
Company
Code
Transfer
posting:
results
in
a
change
in
the
stock
ID
number
or
the
stock
category
of
a
material.
Transfer
postings
need
not
involve
an
actual
physical
goods
movement.
(Additional
material
movement
is
possible).
Example:
Stock
to
stock
(quality
inspection
to
unrestricted
use),
Material
to
material,
Consignment
to
warehouse
Same
Plant
stock
transfer
Storage
Loc.
Its
carried
out
within
the
same
plant.
to
Advantage
:
you
enter
a
single
transaction
in
the
system.
Storage
Loc
Docs
generated:
stock
transfer
1
MM
material
doc,
containing
2
items
for
each
item
entered.
1
item
for
the
removal
(goods
issue);
1
item
for
the
placement
(goods
receipt).
1
step
No
FI
accounting
document
because
the
transferred
material
is
managed
in
the
same
plant,
and
therefore
has
the
same
posting
data.
There
is
an
accounting
procedure
document
if
the
material
is
split-valuated
and
the
valuation
type
changes
in
the
course
of
the
transfer.
Advantage:
enables
to
monitor
stocks
that
are
in
the
process
of
transferring
from
one
place
to
another.
Storage
Loc.
Once
the
goods
issue
is
posted
from
the
issuing
point,
the
quantity
is
booked
out.
The
stock
is
regarded
as
in
transfer
at
the
receiving
point
to
In
the
case
of
stock
transfer
between
two
plants,
the
two
step
procedure
is
necessary
if
users
have
authorizations
only
for
their
own
plant
in
each
case.
Storage
Loc
At
the
time
of
physical
inventory,
you
should
not
have
any
stocks
in
transfer
because
you
cannot
inventory
such
stocks.
stock
transfer
Restriction:
only
transfer
material
from
(F)
unrestricted
use
stock
at
the
issuing
location
to
(F)
unrestricted
use
stock
at
the
receiving
storage
location.
2
steps
Docs
generated:
procedure
2
MM
material
docs:
1
at
the
time
of
goods
issue
(removal
from
storage),
and
the
2
at
the
time
of
goods
receipt
(placement
in
storage).
No
FI
accounting
document.
There
is
not
valuation.
Cross-plant
stock
transfer
(plant
to
plant
in
the
same
CC
or
diff
CC)
The
plants
between
which
material
is
transferred
can
belong
either
to
the
same
CC
or
to
diff.
ones.
1
step
procedure
2
steps
procedure
Can
only
be
booked
out
of
(F)
unrestricted
use
stock
.
1
MM
material
doc,
2
MM
material
Docs
generated
(also
affects
MRP)
containing
2
items
When
removing
the
material
from
MM
-->
(GR-GI)
storage,
you
must
specify:
Plant
to
Plant
1
FI
(if
the
2
plants
are
assigned
to
a
diff.
valuation
areas).
-
the
material
-
Update
in
the
stock
accounts.
-
the
receiving
plant,
-
The
stock
transfer
is
valuated
at
the
valuation
price
of
the
material
in
the
issuing
plant
-
the
issuing
organiz.
level
(no
valuation
if
the
2
plants
are
assigned
to
the
same
valuation
area)
Valuation
takes
place
at
the
time
of
the
Docs
generated:
first
step.
CC
to
CC
2
MM
2
FI:
one
for
each
CC.
Stock
Transport
Order:
A
stock
transfer
using
a
stock
transport
order
has
the
following
advantages
compared
with
a
stock
transfer
without
a
stock
transport
order:
Integration
with
MRP
Can
plan
GR
for
shipping
and
receiving
Can
manage
transportation
and
freight
(delivery
cost/carrier)
Can
post
(GR)
to
Consumption
Can
receive
goods
into
all
stock
types
(F,Q
,X)
Can
monitor
transport
with
PO
history
The following statements are correct: A stock transfer between storage locations is not relevant to accounting You can enter stock transfers using the transaction MIGO
20
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Transfer
order:
is
the
document
with
which
all
material
movements
in
the
warehouse
are
executed.
In
Logistics
Execution,
there
are
2
ways
of
modeling
GR
and
GI:
you
can
create
either
a
delivery
or
an
inventory
management
posting
(generally
with
reference
to
a
preceding
document)
at
the
beginning
of
the
process.
The
following
overview
shows
the
document
flow
and
the
posting
process
for
each
of
these
methods:
If
deliveries
are
used,
the
warehouse
management
activities
(creating
and
confirming
a
transfer
order)
are
completed
before
the
inventory
management
posting.
This
posting
always
refers
to
the
delivery.
The
terms
shipping
or
shipping
process
are
often
used
in
conjunction
with
deliveries.
These
actually
only
describe
outbound
goods
movements,
the
original
delivery
process
that
relates
to
an
order.
Shipping
is
also
the
name
given
to
the
department
responsible
for
the
logistical
process
of
delivery
handling
(picking,
packing,
loading).
Since
the
delivery
document
can
also
be
used
in
other
areas,
we
refer
to
deliveries
related
to
sales
documents
as
outbound
deliveries.
Organizational
Levels
in
LE
|
Transportation
|
1
Planning
Point
oo
1
1
Plant
oo
|
Shipping
Point
oo
|
|
oo
Storage
Location
Warehouse
Number
oo
Highest organizational element) (defined in the system by a 3 digit key Is an independent accounting unit. Financial and profit loss (P&L) statements are prepared at company code level to meet legal reporting requirements. Can be linked with only one company code (necessary because of the shipment cost calculation and settlement). Represents a production unit and is the central organizational unit in Materials Management and Production Planning. A Plant is assigned to a company code. Highest level org. unit of shipping . Its a physical place and should be near the delivering plant, It can be a loading ramp, a mail depot, You assign a shipping point at plant level Are completely independent Org. units with separate Inventory Mgt . Storage Loc. enables Inventory mgt. Linking it to a warehouse allows warehouse mgt. Is always linked with at least one combination of plant and storage location. Several plant-storage locations combinations can be lined with one warehouse number. It is not possible to assign a plant-storage location combination to two or more warehouse number.
Interim storage area: serve as the link between Inventory and Warehouse Mgt (GR and GI areas)
Storage type-category (F, Q, X) Storage areas (or storage section) are created within storage types for further separation of storage spaces. Picking Area: (same hierarchy level as the storage section) is used to divide storage type area for technical stock removal purposes. Unlike the storage section, picking area is optional. Storage bins are master data that you create within a storage section.
Transfer
requirement
doc
Material
is
booked
into
the
goods
receiving
area/section
(interim
storage
area)
Transfer
requirement
is
created
(in
a
put
away
process)
the
destination
storage
type
and
the
storage
section,
storage
bin
are
determined
A
Warehouse
Mgt
tab
appear
in
the
items
section
of
a
PO
You
enter
a
GR
against
a
PO.
Quality
inspection
is
required.
Where
can
this
stock
type
be
entered?
On
the
purchase
order
document
On
the
material
Master
record
On
the
goods
receipt
transaction
Physical Inventory Procedures The physical inventory has 2 reasons: MRP: correction of incorrect stock quantities Accounting: determination of material stocks for current assets Its carried out on the basis of Stock Management Unit (a non-divisible part of stock of materials): is uniquely defined by: Material Plant- Storage location Stock type (F,Q,X) Batch Special stock
21
The
physical
inventory
process
comprises
3
phases:
1. 2. 3. Creation
of
physical
inventory
(PI)
documents
Entry
of
counts
Posting
of
inventory
difference
Combining physical inventory steps: you have the option of combining individual phases and performing them in a single step: 1. Enter count without PI document 2. Enter count and post PI difference 3. Enter count without PI document and post inventory difference
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PI document: Is created per plant-storage location Can be for special stocks: per plant, storage loc, special sock, vendor or customer or project You can specify the storage bin or the material group as grouping values (the items are then all assigned to a material group or a storage bin) You can specify a physical inventory number in the document header (different from the number of PI doc) to facilitates the selection of the PI doc to be process during entry of the count data, posting of diff and in evaluation. The status of an item indicates if the item has been: processed, counted, posted, or recounted. Changes allowed in the PI doc Header: Change the planned count date Set or Unset the posting block freeze book inventory Create or change the physical inventory number In a item still to be counted (no count yet) o Change the stock type o Change the count unit of measure o Set the Deletion indicator Enter new items, as long as no count has taken place Delete the document Blocking Goods Movements and Freezing Book Inventory You can block all goods movements relating to a stock management unit for the purposes of a physical inventory by means of the posting block indicator in the PI document header (shows the value X). If it is not possible to block the goods movement for organizational reasons, you can freeze the book inventory in the PI document at the time of the count. Entering physical inventory count: 1. You must print out the PI doc and forward it to the persons responsible for the count. 2. When entering the physical inventory count, you can enter a percentage variance of the count quantity from the book inventory, above which the system issues a warning message. 3. When the entered data is saved, the system determines the book inventory in the system. The difference between the count result and this book is the Inventory difference. You can analyze the difference via the list of differences. The list of differences contains the following information on each item: Contains the following information on each item You can perform the following functions with the list of differences Quantity counted - Q Enter, change, display count Book inventory - Q Post difference (via List of Diff. or via separate transactions) Difference quantity Diff Q Display or change document Difference amount - Diff $ Recount documents or item Posting of Inventory difference: either via the list of differences or via separate transactions, the system creates: MM doc that correct the stock figures, FI doc recording the necessary account movement. The system fixes the posting period of FI doc automatically. You can specify a reason for the inventory difference discovered for each item, EX theft. If a document exceeds the document tolerance defined for the user group, a user who is assigned to the physical inventory tolerance group may not post an inventory difference for this document. If the total value of the documents lies below the document tolerance, but certain items exceed the maximum amount per item, the user may not post the differences for these items, he can process the other items. The fiscal year is set as a result of specification of the planned count date when the PI documents is created. You have created a physical inventory documents. At what point are the inventory count adjusted? When the differences are posted ABC Analysis of the Cycle Counting Inventory The cycle counting indicator is used to group the materials together into various cycle counting categories (for example, A, B, C, and D). A cyclic count indicator A or B or C or D is allocated to material in the material master based on either consumption or forecast value. The item with more consumption value are classified as A, and with minimum as D. A indicator items will be counted frequently (say every month), D will be less frequently (say every 6 months or every one year). There is an option in SAP to have a fixed indicator for a material say A for a material which does not have a high consumption value but it is important to count it every month, then the material can be marked as A indicator in material master with indicator fixed. Options: Consumption Analysis: The system uses the consumption quantities and valuation price based in the master data of the specified plant. Requirement Analysis: The system determines the total value of the requirement of the material from: Indp. Req, Dep. Req., Sales Orders, Stock transp. orders and the Valuation Price of the material.
22
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Maintenance
Plant
Location
Maintenance
Work
Centers
Maintenance
Plant:
Plant-specific
planning:
maintenance
plant
=
(maintenance)
planning
plant.
In
most
organizational
structures,
the
maintenance
requirement
is
planned
in
the
same
plant
where
it
occurs.
Cross
plant
planning:
Multiple
maintenance
plants
are
assigned
to
a
planning
plant,
which
does
the
maintenance
planning,
order
execution,
spare
parts
storage.
Other
constellations:
The
planning
of
a
plants
requirements
(plant
1300)
as
well
as
the
spare
parts
procurement
takes
place
in
another
plant
(1000),
however,
the
tasks
are
performed
by
workshops
available
locally.
Maintenance
Work
center:
WC
is
an
organ.
unit
within
an
operational
system.
It
can
be:
Machine,
Group
of
machine,
Person,
Group
of
people
Used
for:
Main
functions:
Contain:
Main
WC
in
the
Master
Data
for
the
Costing:
determine
the
costs
of
an
internal
activity
by
a
product
unit.
Default
values
for
task
list
and
ordes
equipment
or
functional
locations
Scheduling:
determine
the
dates
when
operations
should
be
Costing
data
Main
WC
in
a
maintenance
item
performed
Scheduling
data
Main
WC
in
the
order
header
Capacity
planning:
the
capacity
requirements
for
the
operations
in
Available
capacity
Main
WC
in
the
task
list
header
the
orders
are
determined
and
compared
with
the
available
capacity
Performing
WC
in
the
operations
for
an
order
defined
in
the
work
center.
Performing
WC
in
the
operations
for
a
task
list
Service:
Organ.
level:
service
center
are
defined
as
plants
Plant
Planning
plant:
is
a
plant,
in
which
the
services
are
planned
and
scheduled.
The
planning
plant
need
not
be
the
plant
that
performs
the
services.
Planner
group
Work
center
Employee
Technical
objects
(4
types)
Functional
locations
(places)
Functional
locations
Are
hierarchically
(not
network)
ordered
structures
that
represent
a
technical
system,
building,
or
part
thereof
in
which
objects
can
be
installed.
The
aim
is
to
structure
a
technical
system
or
building
into
units
that
are
relevant
for
Plant
Maintenance.
Criteria
/
Reasons
to
justify
a
Functional
locations
Master
Data
Structures
criteria
Structure
indicator
system
structure
(Views)
Building
1,
building
2
The
identification
for
funct.loc.
is
created
using
the
G
eneral
Spatial
Execution
of
maintenance
tasks
structure
indicator.
It
consists
of
two
input
fields:
Pieces of Equipment
Serial Numbers #
BOM
Technical
Functional
(process-oriented)
Coding template: which characters may be used for identification (Alpha-Numeric-Alphanumeric) Technical data has to be store and evaluated over a O rganization Hierarchy levels: How many levels the structure long period of time may contain Costs of maintenance tasks need to be monitored. S tructure Effects of the usage conditions on the installed equipment have to be analyzed.
L ocation
Differences: - Equipment can be managed with inventory functions while functional locations cannot. - Functional locations are arranged hierarchically while equipment is not. Pieces of Equipment Are individual physical objects maintained as an autonomous unit. The usage list displays all the pieces of equipment that have been installed in chronological order Criteria / Reasons to justify a Piece of Equipment Installation / dismantling of Equipment: Master Data (Views) (bis) structure G eneral Equipment can be installed and dismantled at functional locations. Management of individual data You can monitor the installation times for a piece of equipment from both L ocation Recording of maintenance tasks the functional location view and the equipment view. O rganization Object-based recording of costs S t ructure Evaluation of technical data Recording of usage times
23
Serial Numbers # Is a number that is assigned to an individual material item in addition to its material number. The combination of material number and serial number is always unique. Serial numbers enable you to track individual items for a given material number. This in turn enables you to perform inventory management. You can assign as many numbers to a material number as is necessary. The same serial number may occur for different material numbers. An equipment master data is created for each serial number. Maintenance BOM Are used to structure functional locations and pieces of equipment in more detail. The maintenance BOM differs from other BOMs in that it only contains items relevant to plant maintenance. Material BOMs are always used in Plant Maintenance if a number of similarity constructed objects have to be maintained. This is indicate in the Structure view of the technical object (construction type field). The aim is to create just one BOM for several same technical objects. 3 important functions Structuring of the objects Spare parts (piezas de repuesto) planning in the order Spare parts planning in the task list 3 categories of maintenance BOM Material BOM Equipment BOM Functional location BOM
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Cost
analysis
in
maintenance
order:
can
be
performed/display
in
2
ways,
at:
Cost
element
level
(controlling
view)
Value
category
level
(maintenance
view)
24
Order release: Effects of order release: Reservation becomes effective, can be withdrawn Printing of papers Confirmation becomes possible Goods movement becomes possible The Document Flow allows a view of that. Documents Printed with an order Job ticket: is a document which gives the person executing the maintenance work a complete overview of the order. If connected to DMS can print graphics Operation control ticket: shows the maintenance engineer responsible a complete overview of the maintenance order. Material pick list: Shows the warehouse clerk which materials have been planned for each operation in this order. Object list: Shows an overview of the objects (technical objects, notifications) involved in the order. Time ticket: contains the standard time and duration, and is only printed for operations with the corresponding control key. Confirmation slip: used by workers an entry sheet for their work times. Material withdrawal slip: authorizes the person executing the maintenance work to take the materials required for the order from the warehouse. Order Confirmation: times/activities: There are 4 different ways to confirm the time required for work on a maintenance order: 1. Individually entry of times for each order operation 2. Collective entry by direct entry or using an operation list 3. Overall completion confirmation: times, activities, measurement values, and so on, on a collective screen 4. Entry using the cross-application time sheet (CATS) Completion confirmation: Contains the following info Time, Material, Measurement documents Technical Completion: TECO can then only be changed online as follows: It can be locked or unlocked The deletion flag can be set Post cost to order (even after Teco) - Location and account assignment data for an order is determinate by the date of the order creation (not date entered during TECO). -Cost Center info can be updated if there are changes after order creating using Update reference object data Document flow: Docs. Available: Notification Completion confirmation Goods movement Purchase requisition Purchase order Reporting and Analysis Reports available Maintenance history o Completed notifications and orders o Historical orders Material usage o Material where-used list (material withdrawals planned-unplanned Standard Analyses Action log: Changes to notifications, orders, equipment, and functional locations are displayed in chronological order in an action log. This enables you to track who has changed the data or status of which fields and when. Automatic activities after TECO If there is no settlement rule, one is created automatically PRs for which there are no POs are marked for deletion Close the open capacities Close open requisitions Reverse techn. completion: UNTECO: Effects Order becomes modifiable Status becomes RELeased Location and account assignment data are re-copied from object Open purchase requisitions are recompiled Open reservations are recompiled Open capacities are recompiled Material withdrawal: Manual workers withdraw materials from the warehouse to perform maintenance tasks. There are two types of withdrawal: The report called Material Where-used List enables to see which one was used. Planned withdrawal of stock material Unplanned withdrawal of stock material Materials can also be procured externally The Document Flow allows a view of the maintenance order goods movements
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25
Structure Header data (Customer, Service data, Responsibility, Dates, Reference object) Operations: Who should do what when? Components: Which materials are required / PRTs? Costs: Estimated, planned & actual costs, revenues Partners: Internal and external Objects: Technical objects and notifications (object list)
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Service
Order
Creation
Option:
Notification
Service
Direct
entry
(with
order
type
and
planning
plant)
Service
Order
From
a
service
notification
Notification
From
several
notification.
Combine
several
notifications
in
one
order
Sales
Order
From
a
sales
order
item
Item
Automatically
from
a
maintenance
item
Maintenance
Item
Value
flow:
The
3
service
order
type
controls
whether
the
service
order
is
revenue-bearing
or
not.
When
posting
confirmation,
cost
and
revenue
are
posted
to
the
service
order.
without
assignment
to
a
sales
order
item
revenue
bearing
The
result
of
this
difference
is
charged
to
the
settlement
receiver
of
the
service
order.
When
posting
confirmation,
cost
and
revenue
are
posted
to
the
superior
sales
document
item
or
with
assignment
to
a
sales
order
item
non
revenue-bearing
Service
order
for
returns
and
repair
processing
non
revenue
bearing
the
service
order.
The
result
is
charged
to
the
settlement
receiver
of
the
sales
doc
item.
Service External: Process Flow: (we buy a service in this case) External operation Purchase requisition Purchase order Order release Goods receipt Invoice receipt.
Service External with service sheet or specifications: Process Flow: External operation Purchase requisition Purchase order Order release Service entry (services performed) using service entry sheets Service accepted (serv. order is debited with the order value Invoice receipt
Order
release:
Effects
of
order
release
When
you
perform
the
function
put
in
process,
the
shop
papers
can
be
printed
and
the
order
is
released
(status
RELEASED)
and
saved
at
the
same
time.
The
function
release
is
used
to
release
the
order
without
a
printout
and
without
saving
automatically.
Printing
of
shop
papers
Posting
costs
to
the
order,
time
confirmations,
material
withdrawals,
goods
receipt
postings,
and
so
on.
Revenue
postings
to
the
order
by
generating
billing
documents
Technical
and
business
completion
of
the
order.
Order
Confirmation:
All
relevant
information
that
has
been
created
during
execution
of
the
order
is
entered
during
order
confirmation.
You
can
use
overall
conf.
Working
time:
internal
activity
External
services
(Goods
receipt,
Service
entry
sheet)
Activities
(Activity
reports,
Completion
confirmation
texts)
Material
postings
(Planned
withdrawals,
Unplanned
withdrawals,
Goods
receipt
for
purchase
order)
Object
changes
Measurement
values
/
counter
readings
Travel
expenses
Resource-related
Billing:
During
billing,
the
system
generates
dynamic
items
from
the
information
about
the
expenses
involved.
The
billing
request
is
a
special
form
of
sales
order
and
forms
the
basis
of
the
billing
document.
Billing
documents
Order
settlement:
Settlement:
further
allocation
of
costs
and
revenues
for
an
order
to
the
settlement
receiver(s).
These
are
located
in
the
settlement
rule.
This
can
be
automatically
determined
based
on
the
order
header
data
entered
Manual
changes
to
the
settlement
rule
are
possible.
Prerequisites
for
the
settlement
of
a
service
order:
The
order
must
be
released
A
settlement
rule
must
exist
The
order
must
contain
costs
or
revenues
that
have
not
been
settled.
Possible
settlement
receivers
are:
G/L
account,
cost
center,
order,
WBS
element,
asset,
material,
network,
profitability
segment,
sales
order,
and
business
process.
A
profitability
segment
is
a
combination
of
account
assignment
features,
such
as
company
code,
sales
organization,
division,
and
article.
Cost
and
Revenue
Analysis
in
the
service
order:
Costs
and
revenues
are
collected
and
displayed
on
the
order
header
level.
Revenues
are
only
posted
to
the
order
if
the
order
type
is
classified
as
revenue
bearing.
There
are
two
views
for
costs
and
revenues:
By
value
category
a
value
category
contains
one
or
more
cost
elements
By
cost
element
26
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27
Project
Planning
Project
planning
board:
Objects:
(based
on
Gantt
chart)
Is
a
graphical
interface
you
can
use
to
create
and
edit
all
the
data
for
a
project:
Project
definition
WBS
elements
Six
typical
areas
of
focus
for
project
planning
Activities
Project
structures
Relationship
Dates
Milestones
Payments
Documents
Resources
PS
text
Materials
Materials
Basic
Dates
Basic
Dates
for
WBS
Elements:
You
can
plan
dates
for
individual
WBS
elements
as
well
as
you
can
enter
outline
dates
for
your
project
in
the
project
definition.
Resource
Planning:
You
use
activities
in
a
network
to
plan
the
resources
required
for
a
project.
The
Project
System
draws
a
distinction
between
the
following
resources:
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Internally Internally processed activity determines the output to be provided by machines or personnel in order to complete the activity. You can evaluate the capacities of the various work centers involved, reschedule these capacities as necessary, and distribute work among employees. You must enter work data for an activity so that the system can plan capacities for a project and calculate costs for activities. You need to specify the amount of work (machine or personnel) involved and the work center that is to perform the work. Work centers (where activity is carried out): contain data for costing activities, scheduling, capacity.
Externally Externally processed activity Services activities to specify the necessary services to be are also used to procure services externally. The difference between provided by other companies in order to service activities and externally processed activities is that, if you use complete the activity. External service activities, you can draw up service specifications and set value processing is carried out via the limits for any unplanned services. The purchasing department carries purchasing department. out service processing: entry of services + acceptance of services Steps in externally processed activity: Purch. Req. -> Bid invitation -> Quotation Entry -> Vendor selection -> PO processing -> PO monitoring -> Goods Receipt GR -> Invoice verification (In GR or Invoice verificatin actual costs are posted) Goods Receipt for services involves 2 steps : 1. Entry of services performed 2. Acceptance of serv. performed
Materials in projects: Materials establish the link between the Project System (PS) and Sales and Distribution (SD), Materials Management (MM), Production Planning and Control (PP). Actual data is posted to the project by business transactions from various SAP components including: Material Management (purchase order, goods receipt for materials and services) Inventory Management (goods issue) Sales and Distribution (billing of the sales order) Production Planning (confirmation of assigned production orders) Plant Maintenance (confirmation of assigned PM orders) Controlling (internal activity allocation, assigned CO orders) Financial Accounting (down payments, Payments, journal entries) Asset Management (settlement to assets) Human Resources (entry of work for persons, posting of activity confirmation) Cost Planning in projects: Overall (cost) planning (hierarchical planning) Cost element planning Unit costing Easy cost planning: is an easy to use tool for planning costs in WBS elements, you access from the project builder. Cost planning using activities / network costing o The resulting plan can be copied to new projects o If parts of the project are shifted, cost planning is shifted automatically along with the activities. o Planning using network activities is by cost element and period. Project: Assignment of Orders: You can assign various orders to a project: Internal orders, Production orders, Maintenance orders, Network, etc and then evaluate them. Depending on the order type and the plant, networks can be header assigned or activity assigned. Activity-assigned network are used where costs are gathered in each activity. Header-assigned networks are only significant for sales order.
28
Project budgeting Cost planning and budgeting: 1. Bottom up extrapolation 2. Overall plan value 3. Cost planning 4. Requested budget 5. Approved budget 6. Budgeting 7. Top down distribution Project costs must be estimated as accurately as possible during cost planning, it is in the approval phase that funds are assigned in the form of a budget. The budget differs from the project cost plan in that it is binding. It is the device by which management approves the anticipated development of project costs over a given period of time. Budgeting overview: Maintain original budget transaction is used to assign funds for the project and its parts. In the budget profile: you can specify whether funds are to be assigned as overall values, or distributed by year instead. Budget release function is used to make funds available at various pints within a fiscal year. Budget carry forward function is used to transfer any funds not used up in the previous year to the budget of the new fiscal year. Assigned funds and availability control: When a project is being executed, the available funds are committed to various places. These so called commitments are created, and actual costs are incurred. Together with the costs of apportioned orders, both these forms of fund commitments result in what are referred to as assigned funds. The funds overview can be regarded as passive availability control. However, the Project System also supports active availability control (certain events can be triggered if certain tolerance limits are exceeded). The corresponding assigned funds are calculated and checked against the budget. The assigned funds can be found in the budget bearing WBS element and in the lower level assignable WBS elements. If certain tolerance limits are violated (shortfall in budget, budget exceed), this can trigger various system responses. In customizing for the tolerance limits, you can specify which response is to be triggered and when. Project Execution Confirmation Documents the processing status of activities and activity elements in a network, and enable you to make forecasts as to how the project will progress. Transactions that are triggered automatically by confirmations: Posting actual costs, Actual dates, Actual labor (work) Changing activity status You can create confirmations in the following ways: Individually for each network, activity, activity element, or individual capacity Collectively Using the SIS - Structure information system Using CATS (Cross-Application Time Sheet): is an integrated function for entering actual time data important in HR, PS, PM, CS, and CO. Via the Internet Using Palm Pilot Via the PDC interface PeriodEnd Closing
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Schedule Manager Its a tool to carry out Period-end closing, that is period-related commercial transactions. You use it to ensure that all data belonging to a period is determined and that data is available for enterprise controlling purposes. Period-end closing procedures are performed periodically in the background, usually once every period. The procedures are generally carried out for the previous month at the start of the next month.
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Settlement: Debit and Credit Actual costs and actual revenues arise in a project or order as a result of: Material withdrawals and goods receipts Vendor invoices Customer billing Internal activity allocations, transfers, cost distribution, process costs, overheads Confirmation of network activities In settlement, Costs/revenues are transferred to: FI-Financial Accounting (G/L account) AA-Asset Accounting (fixed assets) CO-Cost Accounting/Profitability Analysis (order, cost center, profitability segment) PS-Project system (WBS elements, networks, activities) You need a settlement rule to carry out settlement which is defined in the sender object. The settlement rule contains the distribution rules and the settlement parameters for a sender object. Multi-Level Settlement Direct Settlement: Direct settlement, each object (WBS elements, networks, orders and activities) in a project is settled directly to a cost object not included in the project, such as a profitability segment. Its used for the settlement of PS structures to receivers other than those specified below. Multi-level settlement, each object (WBS elements, networks, orders and activities) are first settled to the higher-level WBS elements in the project. The top element then settles the costs collected. Its used for settlement to WBS elements of other projects or internal orders.
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Information System Information Systems: Overview You can use the following information systems to evaluate important key figures for your project: Structure information system (SIS): not only a tool for displaying info, also you can create and change project structures from the reports. Cost/revenue/payment (Controlling) information system, with hierarchy reports, cost element reports, and the SAP List Viewer for line items. Capacity analysis Order report, lists of reservations, purchase requisitions, purchase orders pertaining to the project, ProMan Stock/requirements overview Progress analysis, progress tracking SAP Business Information Warehouse The following reports and systems are available, in particular for cross-project evaluations: Project summarization SAP Executive Information System Profit center Accounting reports Profitability Analysis Reports Cost Element Report: Display costs by cost element. In a navigation panel in the cost element reports, for example, you can go to a structure and choose the object whose costs you want to analyze or call up an appropriate list and choose the object whose costs you want to analyze or call up an appropriate list and choose the period you want to evaluate. You can use sort and filter functions here, as well as different currencies to display the data.
30
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When you enter data for an employee in infotype 0001, Organizational Assignment the employee is assigned to: A company code - A personnel area - A payroll area - A position This result in the employees assignment to: An organizational unit - A job - A cost center. If Personal planning and administration are integrated, positions can be entered in infotype 0000
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Infotypes:
organ.
Assignment
0001
Employee
Records
Are
logical
groupings
of
data
fields,
like
Individual
information,
such
as
name,
first
name
and
date
of
birth.
Data
fields
are
groups
into
data
groups
or
information
units
according
to
their
content.
In
HR,
these
information
units
are
called
information
types
or
infotypes
for
short.
Infotypes
have
names
and
4
digit
keys.
Each
infotype
record
has
a
validity
period
or
a
key
date
Infotypes
Maintenance
3
ways
of
processing
infotype
records:
single
screen
maintenance
(individual
infotype
maintenance)
personnel
actions
(1
person
many
actions)
fast
entry
(1
action,
many
persons)
Initial
entry
screen
for
Infotype
Maintenance:
Infotypes
that
are
most
frequently
used
are
grouped
together
by
subject
matter
and
assigned
to
static
menus.
You
can
use
the
tabs
pages
or
make
a
direct
entry
(search
directly
for
the
word
or
phrase)
The
green
ticks
next
to
the
menu
list
of
infotypes
indicate
that
these
records
already
exist
for
the
selected
personnel
number.
Personnel
File:
Lists
all
of
the
infotypes
for
which
records
have
been
created
for
a
personnel
number.
Organizational
Assignment:
After
you
save
the
personal
data
(0002)
infotype,
the
system
automatically
displays
the
organizational
assignment
(0001)
infotype.
The
following
fields
are
already
filled
by
the
organizational
assignment:
Company
code
Personnel
area
Personnel
subarea
Business
area
Employee
group
Employee
subgroup
The
position
entered
and
its
existing
relationships
to
a
job,
organizational
unit,
and
cost
center
are
imported.
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HCM Process Human Capital Management Process: 1. Recruitment 2. Hiring 3. Training and Personnel Development 4. Managing Work Time 5. Compensation and Benefits 6. Payroll Administration 7. Travel Planning 8. Personnel cost planning and reporting 9. Employee Self-Services Recruitment Process: from the vacancy to hiring an Applicant: 1. Vacancy 2. Advertisement 3. Applicant 4. Profile matchup 5. Hired as an employee When you hire an applicant, you can transfer the applicant data recorded in Recruitment to Personnel Administration. The system adopts all data you enter in the Recruitment infotypes as default values in Personnel Administration. Managers can use the Managers Desktop tool to carry out their recruitment processes. Jobs openings can be advertised online (web based browsing) (display and apply) Externally: web based application called Employment Opportunities Internally: the employee self-service solution Job Advertisements Personnel Development and Qualifying Actions: The Personnel Development function can help you maximize the value of your employees for your enterprise. You can plan and implement specific personnel and training measures to promote the professional development of your employees. Management can determine the personnel development needs by comparing current and future working requirements with existing qualifications and the development preferences of the employees: Identifying the need an employee can be transferred to a specific post. Retaining or enhancing existing employee skills and abilities You can group qualifying actions (training courses or job rotation) into development plans You can assign qualifications to employees and positions. When related with employees, we refer to them as qualifications, when related with positions; we refer to them as requirements. Personnel Development: All qualifications and requirements are stored centrally in a catalog. Both refer to the same object but from a different perspective Training Proposals for Training Deficits: If Personnel Development is integrated with Training and Event Management, you can use the Generate training proposals function. In this case, the system proposes training courses (business events) that can provide any missing qualifications. You can book employees for courses directly, or alternatively prebook them for business event types. The system proposes only business events and development plans that result in the same or a higher level of proficiency at the qualification.
32
4 main processes: 1. The business event preparation: creation of master data: time sched., event locations, resources 2. Create the business event catalog 3. Carry out day-to-day activities 4. Recurring activities phase
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Career and Succession Planning: Has 2 goals 1. Encourage the professional development of employees in a company 2. Ensure that there is always sufficient headcount Career Planning involves identifying possible career goals for employees, and planning their professional development. Succession Planning involves looking for suitable candidates to fill open posts. Time Management: overview: Displays and records working times flexibly Information on working times is used to calculate gross wages in Payroll Several options are available for recording working times: Time Managers workplace Central time sheet Online menus Time recording systems Employee Self-Service (ESS) applications. You can manage time accounts (such as leave, flextime) manually or automatically. Working times can be used for activity allocation in Controlling: costs generated by working times can be assigned according to their source in Controlling. Information in time management is used in Logistics to determine employees availability for capacity requirements planning. You can determine work requirements for the enterprise and plan employee shifts. Types of Time Data Valuation and remuneration of employee working time is based on time data recording. Deviations or exceptions of an employees work schedule are recorded in the Time Managers Workplace. This info is stored in the appropriate infotypes. Example of time data are: hours worked, leave, illness, overtime, substitutions, and business trips. CATS - Cross Application Time Sheet Is another form of Employee Self-Service. You can use it to record the actual working times of individual employees. The CATS-Cross-Application Time Sheet offers the following advantages: Cross-application standard screens for entering working times Ease of use for all users Default values and data entry templates Integrated approval process Support for corrections Flexibility in the definition of authorization checks, plausibility checks, and default values. CATS Business Process: steps Create account assignment Record times Release times Approve times Transfer data to follow-on processes Compensation Management: The Compensation Management component controls and manages remuneration policy at an enterprise. 4 areas: Job pricing: determine the internal value of jobs and positions at your enterprise to ensure that you remain competitive. Budgeting: you assign budgets to organizational units. Compensation administration: distribute salary increase, shares and so on. Long-term incentives (stock options plans): supports 5 types: o Incentive stock options o Nonqualified stock options o Performance shares o Performance units o Restricted stock
Integration with other Application Components: Sales and Distribution Billing of attendance fees Materials Management Generation of purchase requisitions and material reservations Personnel Development Check for and transfer of qualifications Time Management Recording and checking of attendance Organizational Management Use of organizational units as attendees and organizers of business events Personnel Administration Use of persons from the HR Master Data as attendees and instructors Appointment Calendar Automatic generation of entries in the Appointment Calendar SAP Knowledge Warehouse Display of information material from the Knowledge warehouse Cost Accounting Internal activity allocation of attendance fees and instructor costs
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Benefits: In many countries, employees generally participate in benefit plans offered by their employers as part of their compensation package. There are 6 international plan categories define in the system: Health Insurance Savings Stock Purchase Credit Miscellaneous Personnel Cost Planning and Simulation: Its integrated with other applications. You can take payment info from different sources and planned compensation data for positions and jobs to generate personnel cost plans. You can perform scenario specific cost planning runs. This enables you to simulate the effect of certain planning assumptions on your future cost situation. It as a web based interface. You can export generated cost plans to SAP Business Intelligence for analysis. After you have released the plan, SAP HR users can use the data to: Generate the salary budget for Compensation Management Create training budgets for Training and Event Management You can also transfer the data to Accounting. Payroll Accounting: Its the calculation of payment for work performed by each employee, also includes a number of subsequent activities, for example: Transfer of payroll results to Financial Accounting Various evaluations, such as evaluating the payroll account Transfer of payments to third parties, such as taxes. Calculation of Remuneration Elements: The remuneration elements for an employee are formed from individual wage and salary types that are used during a payroll period. Remuneration elements: Basic pay, Gratuities, Illness, Bonuses, Leave, Overtime, Shift Work Bonuses Overview of the payroll Process: During the payroll run, master data and time data changes that affect the payroll past and payroll present are not permitted. The payroll program reads the master data and time data infotypes, so changes made during the payroll run could put in risk the accuracy of the payroll results. It also means that you must not run the payroll during master data maintenance. Travel management This component includes all necessary functions for dealing with business trips: travel request, approval, settlement, and if needed corrections and retroactive accounting. Travel Management is interfaced with FI / CO / HR and non SAP systems. Travel expenses: The Travel Expenses settlement program lets you settle all trips with the status approved/to be settled. The trips must end before the end date of payroll period in order to be settled. Employee Self Service (ESS) Is a set of applications that empower employees to view, create and maintain data in the SAP system via the Intranet. Components: Office Time Management Payment Benefits Personal Information Training and Event Management Qualifications Appraisals (evaluations) Highlights: Extensive functionality beyond basic HR functionality, including travel management and purchasing Inherent integration between SAP system business scenarios, SAP ESS, and workflow ESS functionality that leverages the strengths of underlying SAP infrastructure Global capabilities Enabling access from any platform at anytime from anywhere Easy to use Personalized
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Reporting
and
Analysis
HCM
You
can
access
Standard
Reports
from
the
SAP
Easy
Access
Menu
or
using
general
report
selection.
The
Human
Resources
Information
System
(HIS)
starts
all
HR
reports
within
Structural
Graphics.
Ad
Hoc
Query
enables
you
to
create
reports.
Its
integrated
into
SAP
Query.
Managers
Desktop:
consists
of
the
6
theme
categories
and
their
function
lists:
Employee,
Organiz,
Cost
and
Budget,
Recruitment,
Special
areas,
Workflow
inbox
The
Business
Warehouse
is
an
independent
system
in
which
analyses
can
be
performed.
34
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Key
figures
are
performance
measures;
quantitative
information
based
on
measurable
facts:
sales
volumes,
net
sales,
costs
Characteristics
describe
the
affiliation
key
figures.
InfoCube:
The
central
data
stores
that
form
the
basis
for
reports
and
analyses
is
SAP
BW
are
called
InfoCubes.
They
contain
key
figures
and
links
to
its
associated
characteristics
(master
data)
Master
data
in
the
BW
system
consists
of
attributes
of
a
characteristic,
as
well
as
hierarchies
and
texts
of
a
characteristic.
An
InfoCube
consists
of
several
database
tables
that
are
linked
according
to
the
star
schema.
Each
InfoCube
has
1
fact
table
and
a
maximum
of
16
dimensions
tables
Each
fact
table
can
contain
a
maximum
of
233
key
figures
A
dimension
can
contain
up
to
248
freely
available
characteristics.
InfoCubes
are
stored
in
structures
called
InfoAreas.
(folders
to
store
infocubes)
InfoProvider:
Is
an
object
or
view
that
you
can
use
to
create
reports
in
Business
Explorer
(BEx).
InfoProviders
deliver
data
that
can
be
analyzed
using
a
query.
There
are
two
types
of
data
stores:
Physical
data
stores
include:
o BasicCubes
o ODS
objects
o InfoObjects
Logical
views
of
physical
data
stores
include
o InfoSets
o RemoteCubes
o VirtualInfoCubes
o MultiProviders
Operational
Data
Store
(ODS):
An
ODS,
is
a
data
store
that
stores
data
at
the
basic
level
(document
level).
It
is
normally
used
to
resolve
and
consolidate
datasets.
These
datasets
are
often
from
various
data
sources
and/or
source
systems.
Administrator
Workbench
(AWB):
Is
a
workplace
for
SAP
BW
administrators.
AWB
functions
are
used
to
configure,
control,
and
administrate
SAP
BW
elements.
OLAP
technology
permits
multi-dimensional
analysis
according
to
various
business
perspectives.
The
Business
Explorer
(BEx)
component
provides
users
with
extensive
analysis
options.
Reporting
in
Business
Warehouse
Business
Explorer
-
BEx
is
the
SAP
BW
component
that
provides
flexible
reporting
and
analysis
tools
that
you
can
use
for
strategic
analysis
and
supporting
the
decision-making
process
in
your
company.
Employees
can
analyze
historical
and
current
data
at
differing
levels
of
detail
and
from
different
perspectives.
BEx
allows
multiple
ways
to
access
to
information
into
SAP
BW:
BEx
Analyzer
Web
Application
Formatted
Reporting
(using
Crystal
Reports)
Mobile
Intelligence
SAP
BEx:
choose
Query:
Using
the
SAP
BW
reporting
functions,
you
can
evaluate
a
dataset
from
an
InfoProvider
according
to
various
characteristics
and
key
figures.
To
do
this,
you
define
a
query
for
your
chosen
InfoProvider
in
the
BEx
Query
Designer.
By
selecting
and
combining
the
InfoObjects
in
a
query,
you
determine
the
way
in
which
data
from
the
chosen
InfoProvider
is
evaluated.
35
Query
Designer:
Once
you
have
selected
the
InfoProvider,
the
query
Designer
is
divided
into
6
subareas:
1. Directory
tree
of
the
selected
InfoProvider:
all
available
objects
(dimensions,
key
figures,
structures)
are
displayed.
2. Columns:
define
the
columns
of
the
report
3. Rows:
define
the
rows
of
the
report
4. Free
Characteristics:
those
characteristics
are
transferred
5. Filter:
characteristics,
key
figure
or
combination.
6. Preview
Using
Drag
&
Drop,
drag
the
selected
objects
of
the
InfoProvider
tree
to
the
appropriate
subarea
(rows,
columns
or
free
characteristics).
Filtering
Data
in
the
Query
Definition:
It
is
often
necessary
to
restrict
(filter)
characteristics
to
specific
characteristics
values
in
the
report.
You
can
restrict
the
characteristics
value
of
characteristics
in
the
rows,
columns,
free
characteristics
and
filter
areas
of
the
of
the
query
designer.
2
ways
of
restricting
characteristics:
By
selecting
a
characteristic
from
the
InfoProvider
of
the
characteristic
and
double
clicking
on
the
value
icon.
Call
the
context
menu
of
an
already
included
in
the
definition
and
chose
restrict.
Including
Text
Elements
in
BEx
Analyzer
Reports:
You
have
the
option
of
displaying
different
text
elements
as
additional
information
in
a
query
(EX:
the
author,
last
changed
by,
InfoProvider)
these
text
elements
are
referred
to
as
the
header
information
of
the
query.
Finding
a
query:
To
find
a
query
for
which
you
already
know
a
part
of
the
description
or
other
info,
choose
find.
In
the
search
for
queries
dialog
box
enter
the
technical
name
or
descr.
query.
Web
query:
To
publish
the
query
on
the
web,
save
it
and
choose
display
Query
on
the
Web.
The
query
displays
in
a
standard
Web
template.
You
can
change
the
stan.
Web
temp,
if
require.
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