Fuel Capacity Fuel System Circle the type(s) of fuel system(s) in your aircraft: Gravity-fed Pump Driven Fuel-injected

ted Carbureted Total:

gal. Usable:

TIP:
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Some airplanes have long range and/or tip tanks. Make sure you use the correct usable fuel amounts for your airplanes endurance calculations.

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Fuel Capacity

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Fuel System

gal.

Fuel Drains and Locations Number of Drains: Locations:

Fuel Type and Weight Type (e.g., avgas, jet): Weight:

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Fuel Type and Weight

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Fuel Drains and Locations

lb./gal.

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Engine Make: Horsepower: Model: Max. rpm:

TIP:
Engine model numbers can tell you a lot. For example, a C172R has a Lycoming IO-360 engine. The I means fuel injected and the O means the cylinders are horizontally opposed. The 360 refers to cubic inches of displacement, describing the physical size of the engine.

Minimum: Maximum: Type:

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(Min./Max./Type)

Oil
Oil

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(Make, Model, HP, rpm)

Engine

Magneto Check Runup rpm: Max. rpm Drop:

Electrical System

Max. Difference Between Left and Right

Alternator Voltage: Battery Voltage: Alternator Amperage: Abnormal Indications and Warnings:
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TIP:
Question on how magnetos work? Check out the AOPA Air Safety Foundations Engine and Propeller online course at www.asf.org/courses.

TIP:

Electrical component amperage is listed on the faces of the circuit breakers. Turning OFF the components with the largest draw will lengthen the life of the battery following an alternator failure.

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Electrical System

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Magneto Check
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Antenna Locations
GPS Comm 1and 2 ELT Nav

Nosewheel Steering Steerable through

Free Castering
Sample aircraft antenna locations.

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ADF

Transponder

Marker Beacons

TIP:

TIP:
Aircraft antenna locations vary based on the aircraft make/model and equipment installed.

This is important when maneuvering the aircraft on the ground with a tug and/or tow bar. Look for markings on the nosewheel strut, wheel pant, or cowling that indicate the steering limit. This does not apply if the nosewheel is free castering.

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Nosewheel Steering

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Antenna Locations
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degrees

VNE - Never Exceed Speed

Maximum Ramp Weight

Maximum Takeoff Weight

TIP:
VNE is denoted by the red line.

TIP:

Maximum ramp weight usually includes the weight of fuel needed to taxi and complete the runup. This is why the maximum ramp weight may exceed the maximum takeoff weight in the normal category.

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Maximum Weights

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VNE

lb.

lb.

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VA - Maneuvering Speed At Max. Gross Weight:

VNO - Maximum Structural Cruising Speed

TIP:
NOT MARKED SEE POH
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VA is the maximum speed at which you may apply full control deflections without overstressing the airplane. It varies with weight. Pilots should fly below this speed in severe turbulence.

TIP:

VNO is shown where the green and yellow arcs meet. It should not be exceeded except in smooth air.

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VNO

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VA

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VX - Best Angle of Climb

VY - Best Rate of Climb

TIP:
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TIP:
NOT MARKED SEE POH

VX delivers the greatest altitude gain over a given distance.

VY delivers the greatest altitude gain over a given period of time.

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VY

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VX

NOT MARKED SEE POH

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VFE - Maximum Flap Extension Speed

VR - Rotation Speed Normal: Short-field: Soft-field:

TIP:
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TIP:
Flap operating range is shown on the airspeed indicator by the white arc. Often, the first flap extension speed is not included in the white arc.

This is not marked on the airspeed indicator and will change depending on the takeoff procedure.

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VR

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VFE

NOT MARKED SEE POH

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VSO - Stall Speed Landing Configuration 0 Bank 60 Bank

VS1 - Stall Speed Clean

TIP:
VSO is shown on the bottom of the white arc.

TIP:
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VS1 is shown on the bottom of the green arc.

Remember: VSO = Stuff Out, which means gear and flaps extended.

Remember: VS1 = Stuff In, which means gear and flaps retracted.

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VS1

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VSO

0 Bank 60 Bank

Normal Landing Procedures

Power Setting

Flap Setting

Airspeed

Normal Takeoff Procedures

Rotation Speed:

TIP:
Memorizing proper power settings and airspeeds for each segment of the approach will help stabilize the approach and landing.

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Normal Takeoff Procedures

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Normal Landing Procedures

Short-Field Landing Procedures

Short-Field Takeoff Procedures

Power Setting

Flap Setting

Flap Setting: Rotation Speed: Climb Speed: Flap Retraction:

TIP:
The objective of the short-field landing is to transfer the aircrafts weight from the wings to wheels as soon as possible. Touch down as slowly as possible, while simultaneously applying maximum braking.

TIP:

The objective of the short-field landing is to transition from the takeoff roll to best-angle-of-climb speed as quickly, efficiently, and safely as possible. This generally means using minimal runway length, neutral elevator for low drag, proper flap setting, and avoiding lifting off too soon.

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Short-Field Takeoff Procedures

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Short-Field Landing Procedures

Soft-Field Landing Procedures

Soft-Field Takeoff Procedures

Power Setting

Flap Setting

Climb Speed: Flap Setting: Flap Retraction: (airspeed or altitude)

TIP:

TIP:
The objective of a soft-field landing is to have the wings support the aircraft's weight as long as possible, which helps minimize the chance of sinking in the soft soil. Touch down as softly as possible, hold the nosewheel off the ground, and avoid unnecessary braking. You may need to add power in the flare to avoid a hard landing.

Dont forget these soft-field takeoff techniques: Hold full aft elevator while taxiing into position and avoid unnecessary stopping or braking. After rotation, remember to fly in ground effect until reaching the proper climb speed. In many light general aviation aircraft you may need to push forward on the yoke to stay in ground effect while building up airspeed.

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Soft-Field Takeoff Procedures

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Soft-Field Landing Procedures

Best Glide Speed

Max. Demonstrated Crosswind Component

TIP:
Most light general aviation aircraft will glide about two miles for every 1,000 feet of altitude. Usually youll want to extend the glide as long as possible by strictly maintaining the best glide speed and keeping the aircrafts configuration clean (e.g., gear and flaps up, feathered prop).
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TIP:
NOT MARKED SEE POH

This is the maximum crosswind in which the aircraft was tested during certification. Although it is not technically a limitation, it should be treated as one.

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Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind Component

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Best Glide Speed

Types of Operations Emergency Procedures: Engine Failure

Night IFR Known Icing

TIP:
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Even if an aircraft has deice or anti-ice equipment, it may not be certified for flight into known icing conditions. In fact, few light general aviation aircraft have this certification.

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Types of Operations

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Emergency Procedures:

Engine Failure
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Yes Yes Yes

No No No

Emergency Procedures: Engine Fire in Flight

Emergency Procedures: Engine Fire on Start

Memory Items:

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Engine Fire on Start

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Engine Fire in Flight

Emergency Procedures:

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Emergency Procedures: Inadvertent Icing Encounter

Emergency Procedures: Electrical Fire in Flight

Memory Items:

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Due to lack of anti- or deice equipment, most light general aviation aircraft are not approved for flight into icing conditions. If the aircraft is not equipped and certified for icing, you MUST exit icing conditions immediately. If you have an inadvertent icing encounter in an aircraft without windshield anti-ice, adjust the defroster setting to provide maximum heat to help keep a portion of the windshield clear. Turn off the cabin heat, if that will provide more heat to the windshield. For more information, visit www.asf.org/advisors and select the Aircraft Icing Safety Advisor, and take the Weather Wise: Precipitation and Icing online course at www.asf.org/courses.

TIP:

Electrical fires are usually smelled long before they are seen.

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Emergency Procedures:

Electrical Fire in Flight

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Emergency Procedures:

Inadvertent Icing Encounter

Spin Recovery

Memory Items:

www.asf.org
The AOPA Air Safety Foundation is dedicated to making flying easier and safer for general aviation pilots. For information on free live seminars, online courses, and print materials visit www.asf.org.
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TIP:

Some pilots commit to memory the PARED acronym, which means Power-reduce, Ailerons-neutral, Rudder-full opposite, Elevator-forward to break the stall, and Dive-recover.

Edition 2 3-09 403002

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Emergency Procedures:

Spin Recovery

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www.asf.org