Cajem

Cajem
Cajem (Jos Maria Bonifacio Leiva Perez)

Cajem in April 1887, while under arrest Born Died Allegiance 1835 Pesiou (Hermosillo) 1887 Tres Cruces de Chumampaco Yaquis

Yearsof service 1854-1887 Rank Battles/wars Captain in the Mexican Army Franco-Mexican War War of Reform Yaqui Wars

Cajem / Kahe'eme (Yoeme or Yaqui Language for "the one who does not stop to drink water"'), born Jos Maria Bonifacio Leiva Perez (also spelled Leyva, and Leyba) was a Yaqui leader who lived in the Mexican state of Sonora from 1835 to 1887.

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Biography
Jos Maria Bonifacio Leiva Perez was born on May 14, 1835 at Pesiou (the Yaqui name), Sonora, also known as Villa de Pitic (Pitic is also derived from the Yaqui word "Pitiahaqum," meaning "place surrounded by streams"), and currently called Hermosillo. Although his foremost biographer, Ramn Corral, had stated that Cajem was born in 1837 (Corral, 1959 [1900]), and this date had been used by others since then. However, the baptismal record shows that this was incorrect (Iglesia Catlica, 1835). Also, in the initial newspaper article released by Ramn Corral in Sonora's official State newspaper La Constitucin (Corral, 1887), Jos Maria Leiva's father is identified as Fernando Leiva (born about 1816 at Huirivis, Sonora), and his mother as Juana Maria Peres (born about 1817 at Potam, Sonora), as does the baptismal record. However, in the biography of Cajem later published by Corral (1959 [1900]), Corral calls Jos's father "Francisco," and this name has continued to be used since then.

California Gold Rush

At the age of 14, Jos accompanied his father Fernando, and others Statue of Cajeme erected in Ciudad Obregon in from Sonora, in the 1849 "Gold Rush" to Upper California, and 1985 returned to Sonora about two years later, having learned English, as well as having his first experience in defending himself against armed conflict (Corral, 1959 [1900]). His father evidently did well in the gold fields, as Jos was enrolled in an exclusive private school, the only school at the time in Guaymas, and one of only 20 schools in the State of Sonora (Molina, 1983). This was the Colegio Sonora operated by Cayetano Navarro, Prefect of Guaymas. Jos subsequently learned to read and write Spanish. Interestingly, Corral does correctly state that Cajem was 16 to 18 years of age during his time in school, reflecting the 1835 date of his birth (Corral, 1959 [1900]).

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Military Experience
Jos Maria Leiva had his first taste of battle in 1854, while serving with the "Urbanos," the local militia of Guaymas organized by his teacher, Cayetano Navarro. This occurred when a plot to seize control of Sonora was carried out under the leadership of Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, who two years earlier had tried to seized the city of Hermosillo by force, and was repelled. At 14:30 hours on July 13, 1854, the battle began, with the Count's forces attacking the defenders of the Guaymas town square. The attackers numbered more than 350 French, Germans and Chileans under the Count's leadership. After fighting the Mexican forces for about two hours, the invaders began to retreat. Seeing all of the men that Raousset-Boulbon had lost in the fighting, the French vice-consul came to request his intervention to make peace. Under the command of General Jos Mara Yez, the Urbanos and the other Mexican forces in Guaymas were victorious. Raousset-Boulbon surrendered his army, asking for no other condition than to respect their lives. The surrender took place at 6 pm the same General Ramn Corona, c. 1888, under whom day, giving 313 prisoners being counted among them Count Cajem began his military service Raousset-Boulbon. The Mexican Army collected 310 rifles, 10 shotguns, 7 swords, 6 flags, a campaign banner and a forge. The losses suffered by both sides included 48 dead and 78 injured foreigners, with 19 dead and 57 wounded Mexican patriots. Gaston Rausset-Boulbon was sentenced to death. The execution took place in Guaymas, on August 12, 1854, in an area located in the north of the town square. Captain Francis M. Espino led the firing squad (Berber, 1958. See also de Collet La Madelne, 1876, pp.266304).[1] Now 18 years of age, Jos looked for new opportunities in life, and traveled to Tepic, where he worked for a short time as a blacksmith. Later, he was caught up in the draft for soldiers to serve in the regular army, the San Blas Battalion, but deserted after only three months of service. Jos fled to the mountains near Acaponeta, Nayarit, and worked for a while as a miner. With the Federal army still searching for him, Jos traveled to Mazatln and joined a battalion comprising Pimas, Yaquis, and Opatas, that was part of the ranks of Pablo Lagarma, who had declared for constitutional restoration. Not long afterward, Jos began service in as a trooper in the army of General Ramn Corona. Due to his previous military experience, and the ability to speak three languages, Jos was appointed aide-de-camp to General Corona. Jos ended up participating in the War of Reform, and against the forces of the French Intervention of Emperor Maximilian. It was General Corona that accepted the sword of surrender from Emperor Maximilian at Queretaro on 15 May 1867 (Vandervort, 2006, pp.230231, 297). Eventually, Jos came to serve in the forces under Ignacio Pesqueira, who came to value Jos as a competent, well educated and trilingual officer, and who eventually commissioned Jos as a captain in the cavalry.

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Appointment as Alcalde Mayor

Having successfully served in the Mexican military in the war against the French occupation, Jos Maria Leiva's service proved so exemplary that in 1872 he was appointed to the office of "Alcalde Mayor" of the Yaqui by then Sonora Governor Ignacio Pesqueira. Expected by Pesqueira to assist in pacifying the Yaqui people, he instead united the eight Yaqui pueblos into a small, independent republic and unexpectedly announced he would not recognize the Mexican government unless his people were allowed to independently govern themselves. Restructuring and disciplining Yaqui society to provide economic security and military preparedness, Jos instituted a system of taxation, external trade control, revived the practice introduced by the Jesuits of community work on commonly held lands, and institutionalized tribal tradition of popular assemblies and decision-making bodies, all the while storing up war material.

The Rebellion of 1876

Due to Mexican government opposition to Yaqui self-government, Jos Maria Leiva led the Yaqui in a war against the Mexican state and those who sought to control and confiscate the traditional Yaqui lands. The war was long-lasting due to the skill of the Yaqui in battle under Jos Maria Leiva's leadership, and was particularly brutal, with atrocities on both sides, but much larger-scale slaughter by part of the forces of the Mexican government of President Porfirio Daz (see Zoontjens and Glenlivet (2007) for additional factors behind the rebellion). In 1885, one of Cajem's lieutenants, Loreto Molina, sought to gain control of the Yaqui people. With the support of the Mexican authorities, Molina developed an assassination plot to kill Cajem at Cajem's own home, at El Guamuchli, near Ptam. On the evening of 28 January 1885, Molina and twenty-two (some accounts state 30 or more) other Yaquis set out to kill Cajem, but Cajem was not at home, having left for the Mayo River with his bodyguard the day before. Molina ran off Cajem's family and burned his house to the ground instead, and reportedly abused his family. After Molina failed to kill Cajem, the Mexican Government sent a force of three columns of 1200 men each to occupy the Yaqui territory. This force was originally under the command of General Jose Guillermo Carbo (18411885), who had been appointed in 1881 as Commander of the First Military Zone comprising Sonora, Baja California, Sinaloa, and Tepic (Diccionario Porra, 1970). It President Porfirio Diaz - c. 1887 was thought that this was an advantageous time to move against the Yaquis, as the situation was relatively calm. A military report on the first of September stated that Cajeme had dissolved his troops, and many indigenous people were approaching ranchos near the Yaqui River in search of work, while raids on ranchos had stopped (Garcia, 1885). Also, there was optimism that the potential for disagreements between Cajem and Anastasio Cuca, Cajem's second in command, would increase, and that it wouldn't be remote if a split occurred between them ("no sera remoto se pudiera conseguir dividirlos" Otero, 1885). However, before Carbo could lead the government forces into an engagement, he died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage on October 29, 1885. Following this, General Angel Martinez ("El Machetero") was placed in control of these three columns.

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General Angel Martinez, c. 1900, who fought against the Yaquis

General Marcos Carillo - Circa 1887

Under General Martinez, the Mexican forces moved on the Yaqui River pueblos. Hubert Howe Bancroft relates (1888) how one of the columns was led by general Leiva (no relation to Cajem) and General Marcos Carillo, and traveled west towards the Yaqui River Valley, carrying two mitrailleuse (the first machine gun used in major combat). Another was led by General Camano, and came from the south-east with two howitzers. A heavy body of cavalry came from the town of Buena Vista, from the north-east. General Martinez personally directed the occupation of the strategic Yaqui pueblo of Torm and other areas of the Yaqui River Valley from his headquarters at Barojica. General Bonifacio Topete eventually took control of a large part of the force and attempted to overrun a major fortification that the Yaqui built near Vicam. The fort, "El Ail" (The Indigo), was the first use of defensive warfare by Cajem, and consisted of fences, parapets, and a moat surrounding the fortification. Although Topete's infantry force used cannons against the Yaqui forces in the attack, Topete was defeated with a loss of 20 men. Following this successful repulsion of the Mexican forces, Cajem gave the order to his forces to fortify other locations and to fight only while behind trenches. In April 1886, the Mexican forces occupied the Yaqui town of Ccorit; and on May 5, 1886, a major siege was begun by the Mexican army at El Ail. By May 16, the Mexican army destroyed the fortification at El Ail, which was a major defeat for the Yaquis (see also Hernndez, 1902).

General Bonifacio Topete, c. 1890, defeated by Cajem

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Betrayal
Eventually betrayed by a Yaqui woman whose sympathies lay with Loreto Molina and other Yaquis opposed to resisting Mexican authority, Cajem was finally captured while visiting family in the pueblo of San Jos de Guaymas (about 8 miles north of the Port of Guaymas) on April 13, 1887. Cajem was kept under house arrest by General Angel Martinez. He was treated with all of the respect and courtesy accorded to a defeated leader of a country while under arrest. Cajem was extensively interviewed by Ramn Corral, who was elected Vice-Governor of Sonora on April 25, 1887 (N.Y. Times, 1887), later becoming Governor of Sonora, and eventually rising to the office of Vice-president of Mexico under Porfirio Diaz. It was during this time that Cajem's famous saying was recorded: "Antes como antes y ahora como ahora. Antes ramos enemigos y pelebamos, Ahora est Todo concluido y todos somos amigos ( Before was before and now is now. Before we were enemies and we fought; now everything is concluded and all can be friends)" (Corral,1959 [1900]). Cajem in April 1887, photo taken during his arrest At least two photos were taken of Cajem during his arrest, in both traditional Mexican campesino garb (as shown in the first photo), as well as in a dark blue military jacket that he was known to wear when fighting. In both photos he is seen holding a Winchester Model 1873 Carbine, and carrying a white-handled Colt revolver.

Execution
Following his interview, Cajem was taken across Guaymas bay by the steam-powered gunboat "Demcrata" to the Yaqui River port of El Mdano, near Ptam. Cajem was then paraded through several of the Yaqui pueblos along the river, showing the people that the leader of the Yaqui had been captured. At eleven in the morning, on the return trip to Guaymas, a pretense was made that Cajem was trying to escape his guard. He was shot seven times, causing his death at Tres Cruces de Demcrata - Circa 1897 Chumampaco. An American reporter for the Tucson Daily Citizen (1887) visited the site of his death, and found Cajem's hat was nailed to a tree, and a wooden cross inscribed with the following: "INRI, aque [sic] fallecio General Cajem, Abril 23, 1887, a los 11 y 5 la manaa" (INRI [Latin for Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews] Here died General Cajem, April 23, 1887 at 11:05 in the morning).

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7 Cajem's body was given to Toms Durante, leader of the Yaqui people residing at Ccorit, and those Yaqui loyal to Cajem reverently buried him at Ccorit. Following this incident, General Martinez ordered an investigation of the actions of his young Lieutenant, Clemente Patio (born November 1861 [2]), who was in charge of the detachment that had escorted Cajem (Troncoso, 1905).

Events Following Cajem's Death

On May 20, 1887, Anastasio Cuca, Cajem's second in command, was captured at Tucson, Arizona. He was extradited to Sonora at the request of Sonora Governor Trres and executed. Afterward, Juan Maldonado Waswechia [Beltran] (28 August 1857 [Iglesia Catlica, 1857] - 9 July 1901.), also known as Tetabiate ("Rolling Stone"), took over in leading the fighting, becoming Cajem's successor in June 1887 (Troncoso, 1905). The devastation to the Yaqui population along the Yaqui River was great. At the direction of the Government of Sonora, a count was taken of the number of indigenous inhabitants still living in the Yaqui Pueblos of Ccorit, Trin, and El Mdano in late 1887. There were only 1784 men and 2200 women left in the towns (Hernndez, 1902).
Tres Cruces de Chumampaco in 1895, where Cajem was killed

For many years following Cajem's death there were strenuous efforts by the Mexican government to kill or remove all the Yaqui from the state of Sonora. Much of the Yaqui nation was enslaved and sent to work as slave laborers in the Yucatn Peninsula, in the Quintana Roo, where thousands died laboring in the henequen plantations (Turner, 1911). Many more were simply killed. Many Yaqui fled to neighboring Mexican states, submerging their identity with that of other Indian groups. Quite a few Yaqui fled to Southern Arizona, the traditional Northernmost region of their territory, where their descendants live today.

Jos Maria Leiva's Family

It is known that Jos Maria Leiva was married at least two times. Jos Maria Leiva's first spouse was Maria Salgado Ramires. It appears that Anastasio Cuca - Circa May 1887 this was a traditional Yaqui marriage, at it does not appear to be recorded in the Catholic Church records. Jos and Maria had two children, both born in Hermosillo: a son, Sotero Emiliano Leiva Salgado, born in 1863 (Iglesia Catlica, 1863), and a daughter, Victoria Leiva Salgado, born in 1866 (Iglesia Catlica, 1866). Mexican newspaper articles mention Cajem's son fighting along-side his father in the year 1885. His last appearance in the historical record that has been located is on May 4, 1889, where Emiliano Leiva is listed as a Padrino at the baptism of his sister, Victoria Leiva's, first child (Iglesia Catlica, 1889). Victoria was in 1885 noted as the daughter of Cajem (Newark Daily Advocate, 1885). She was able to escape the later persecution of the Yaqui people, traveling first to the state of Chihuahua shortly after her father's death in 1887, and in 1900 entering the United States of America at El Paso, Texas. Victoria died on August 5, 1946, in Los Angeles, California, living long enough to see four children, and four grandchildren born. The second marriage was to Maria Jesus Matus, whom Jos Maria Leiva married on June 14, 1878, at San Fernando, Guaymas, Sonora (Iglesia Catlica, 1878). There were at least two children born to the union, the oldest being a son ("joven," see Corral, 1959 [1900]). This family appears to be the one that Loreto Molina and his followers ran off, burning their home near Ptam in 1885.

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Notes
[1] This excellent account by de Collet La Madelne of Count Raousset-Boulbon's attempt at occupying and controlling Sonora, the battle at Guaymas, and the events following the battle, deserves to be translated for those English-speaking readers interested in the fascinating history of Sonora, Mexico. [2] Clemente Patio Morales was Christened on November 26, 1861, at the Catholic Church at Ocotln, Jalisco, Mexico (Iglesia Catlica, 1861). The Church records state he was the son of Jose Patino and Bicenta Morales. He was married on June 17, 1881 to Maria Jesus Garcia, at the San Francisco Parish, Tala, Jalisco, Mexico (Iglesia Catlica, 1881).

References
Bancroft, H. H. (1888). History of Mexico, Vol. VI. (http://books.google.com/books?id=k_dAAAAAIAAJ& pg=RA1-PA659&dq="history+of+mexico"++VI#PPR3,M1) San Francisco: The History Company. p.462 Berber, Laureano Calvo. (1958). Nociones de historia de Sonora. Mxico City: Libreria de Manuel Porrua, S A. Corral, Ramn. (1887). Jose Maria Leyva Cajeme: Apuntes Biogrficos. A serial article published in several issues of La Constitucin (Peridico oficial del gobierno del estado libre y soberano de Sonora), beginning with the issue of April 22, 1887 (Tomo IX, Num. 16), and ending July 8, 1887 (Tomo IX, Num. 28). Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Corral, Ramn. (1959 [1900]). Biografa de Jos Mara Leyva Cajeme. In Obras histricas. Resea histrica del Estado de Sonora, 1856-1877; Las razas indgenas de Sonora. No. I. Hermosillo, Sonora,Mexico, Retrato del autor. (Biblioteca Sonorense de Geografa e Historia) [Note: This is the second printing of this book, which was originally published in 1900. It was republished in 1959 as part of a State series on the geography and history of Sonora] Diccionario Porra de Historia, Biografa, Geografa de Mxico, 2 Vols. (1970) Mexico: Porra. Vol. 1, p.360. de Collet La Madelne, Joseph Henri. (1876). Le comte Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, sa vie et ses aventures: d'pres ses papiers et sa correspondance. Paris: Charpentier et Cie, Libraires diteurs. Garcia, Lorenzo. (1885). Carta de Lorenzo Garcia a Porfirio Diaz, Hemosillo, 1 de Septiembre de 1885. Archivo Porfirio Diaz, legajo 10, caja 19, documento 009,024. Hernndez, Fortunato. (1902). razas indgenas de Sonora y la guerra del yaqui. (http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/ 1080013243/1080013243.html''Las) Mexico: J. de Elizalde. Iglesia Catlica. (1835). Libro de Bautistos 1835, Registro 1433, Catedral De La Asuncin Metropolitana; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico [Note: The volume containing this record has not yet been microfilmed]. Iglesia Catlica. (1857). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos Bautismos 1857-1860, La Asuncin; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 671285," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asuncin fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la dicesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealgica de Utah, 1968. Iglesia Catlica. (1861). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1853-1866, Ocotln, Jalisco, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 280864," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealgica de Utah, 1958. Iglesia Catlica. (1863). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1860-1865, La Asuncin; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 671286," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asuncin fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la dicesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealgica de Utah, 1968. Iglesia Catlica. (1866). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1865-1869, La Asuncin; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 671288," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asuncin fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la dicesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealgica de Utah, 1968.

Cajem Iglesia Catlica. (1878). Registros parroquiales: Matrimonios 1877-1951 , San Fernando; Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 671288," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealgica de Utah, 1968. Iglesia Catlica. (1881). Registros parroquiales: Matrimonios 1869-1889, San Francisco; Tala, Jalisco, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 233402," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealgica de Utah, 1959. Iglesia Catlica. (1889). Registros parroquiales, 1709-1957, Bautismos 1884-1893, Iglesia Catlica. Sagrario; Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 162671," Microfilme de manuscritos en el Archivo Historico de la Arquidiocesis de Chihuahua. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealgica de Utah, 1957. Molina, Jos. (1983). Historia de Hermosillo antiguo: En memoria del aniversario doscientos de haber recibido el ttulo de Villa del Pitic. Mxico DF.: Fuentes Impresores S.A. Centeno 109. Newark Daily Advocate. (1885). A Troublesome Indian race. Newark, Ohio. June 10, 1885. See also: A Troublesome Indian race. The Mitchell Daily Republican. Mitchell, South Dakota. June 26, 1885. [Note: this was a widely syndicated article at the time. The two citations given are among the easiest to locate.] N.Y. Times. (1887). The Sonora Election. (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract. html?res=9F01E0DB1E38E033A25754C2A9629C94669FD7CF) April 27, 1887. Otero, Jose. (1885). Carta de Jose Otero a Porfirio Diaz, 10 de Septiembre de 1885. Archivo Porfirio Diaz. legajo 10, caja 19, documenta 009,379. Troncoso, Francisco P. Francisco de Borja del Paso y Troncoso (1905). guerras con las Tribus Yaqui y Mayo del estado de Sonora, Mexico. (http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080012546/1080012546.html''Las) Mexico: Tipografia del departamento de estado mayor. Tucson Daily Citizen.(1887). May 25, 1887. Turner, John Kenneth. (1911). Mexico: An Indictment of a Cruel and Corrupt System. (http://books.google. com/books?id=-7VmAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=barbarous+mexico''Barbarous) Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company. [Note: This is probably the best and most famous English language expos of the Yaqui situation in Mexico during the early 20th century.] Vandervort, Bruce. (2006). Indian wars of Mexico, Canada and the United States, 1812-1900. New York: Routledge. Zoontjens, Linda, & Glenlivet, Yaomi. (2007). brief history of the Yaqui and their land. (http://www. sustainedaction.org/Explorations/history_of_the_yaqui.htm''A)

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File:Cajem.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cajem.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Frank C. Mller, Himasaram, Themightyquill, Walden69, Yoemem, 5 anonymous edits File:CajemeStatue.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CajemeStatue.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: . Original uploader was Yaquifox at en.wikipedia File:Ramon Corona.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ramon_Corona.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Esteban Zissou File:Daiz-circa-1887.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daiz-circa-1887.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown photographer File:AngelMartinez-1900.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AngelMartinez-1900.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Yaquifox File:MarcosCarillo-1887.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MarcosCarillo-1887.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Yaquifox File:General Bonifacio Topete.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:General_Bonifacio_Topete.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lzaro Pava File:Cajeme2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cajeme2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Photo by Fernando Llaguno. Commissioned by Ramon Corral. File:VaporDemocrata.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VaporDemocrata.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown File:Tres Cruces de Chumampaco.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Townsend, James File:Anastacio Cuca 1887.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hernndez, Fortunato

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