Mobile Testing Theory-Ravinder
Mobile Testing Theory-Ravinder
Mobile Testing Theory-Ravinder
Description:
A mobile phone (also known as a wireless phone, cell phone, or cellular telephone) is a
short-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a
network of specialised base stations known as cell sites. In addition to the standard voice
function of a mobile phone, telephone, current mobile phones may support many
additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet
switching for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with video
recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video. Most current mobile
phones connect to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn
interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) (the exception is
satellite phones).
Cellular Systems:
Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations
fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or
building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled
communication.
Key technologies:
The key technologies used in cellular mobile radio include cellular frequency reuse,
analog cellular (1st generation), digital mobile radio (2nd generation), packet based
digital radio (2 ½ generation), and wideband radio (3rd generation).
Even before 3G networks are fully launched and utilized, various study groups are
considering the shape of the next generation of cellular technology, so called 4G. There is
no single global vision for 4G as yet but the next generation of network is likely to be all
IP-based, offer data rates up to 100 Mbps and support true global mobility. One route
towards this vision is the convergence of technologies such as 3G cellular and Wireless
LANs (WLANs).
Frequency reuse:
To conserve the limited amount of radio spectrum (maximum number of available radio
channels), the cellular system concept was developed. Cellular systems allow reuse of
the same channel frequencies many times within a geographic coverage area.
1G: First Generation cellular - analog.
2G: Second Generation cellular - digital cellular including TDMA, CDMA, and GSM
systems.
Most 2G digital phones are voice only phones, but some offer limited data capability.
2.5G: Enhanced data rate Second Generation - digital cellular systems with data rates of
28kbps - 384kbps.
3G: The term 3G refers to third generation wireless networks. These networks offer voice,
data transfer, and multimedia content at rates as high as 2 Mbps.
GSM: Global System for Mobile communications. GSM is used all over Europe, plus many
countries in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, South America, Australia, and North America.
GSM's air interface is based on narrowband TDMA technology, where available frequency
bands are divided into time slots, with each user having access to one time slot at regular
intervals.
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access; also known as IS-95. This is one of the newer
digital technologies in use in the US, Canada, Australia, and some southeastern Asian
countries (e.g. Hong Kong and South Korea). CDMA differs from GSM and TDMA by its use
of spread spectrum techniques for transmitting voice or data over the air. Rather than
dividing the radio frequency spectrum into separate user channels by frequency slices or
time slots, spread spectrum technology separates users by assigning them digital codes
within the same broad spectrum. Advantages of CDMA include higher user capacity and
immunity from interference by other signals. Used in either 800 MHz or 1900 MHz
frequency bands.
GSM was designed as a future proof standard, able to provide users with a range of
capabilities. The evolution began from 1982 when members of 11 telephone companies of the
European Telecommunications body - CEPT, formed a new standard group.
In 1988, after the signing of the GSM MoU by 17 countries the GSM work was transferred to
ETSI, a standards organization. Since then the membership of the GSM MoU has grown to 169
countries (401 Networks) across the World.
GSM is capable of operating at 3 frequency bands: 900MHz, 1800 MHz & 1900 MHz The last 2
are usually known as DCS1800 & PCS1900.
MS
VLR
Base Station Subsystem AuC
HLR
MS BSC
BTS
OMC
MSC
MS
BSC
BTS
Interfacing with external
networks (eg. PSTN) EIR
Comprises of the
- Mobile Station(MS)
The term refers to the physical equipment of the user. Comprises of 2 parts -
• SIM Card
Each Mobile equipment has a 15 digit International Mobile Equipment Identity number
(IMEI)
The SIM Card forms the second part of the MS. The subscriber related information is stored
in a non volatile memory of the SIM Card. The permanent data includes the-
• Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)
• SIM Type
• IC Card Identification - SIM Serial Number
• SIM Service table
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (IMSI)
• Personal Identification Number (PIN)
• Pin Unlocking Key (PUK)
• Authentication Key (Ki)
Once the SIM Card is switched on the following dynamic data is updated -
• Location Information
• Ciphering Key for encoding
• List of Carrier frequencies for cell selection during handover and call setup
• List of blocked networks
• Home network search
Base Station Subsystem
The BSS comprises of all radio related functions of the GSM network. Because of the
limited transmitter power of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS), coverage is provided only
within a specific geographical area within the network. Thus radio cells are created & the
entire network id distributed into cells. Hence the name Cellular Communications was
derived.
Base Station Subsystem Comprises of the
The BTS comprises of the transmitting and receiving facilities, including antennas and all
the signaling related to the radio interface. Depending on the type of antenna, the BTS
supplies one or several cells. The antenna are separated from each other by an angle of
120 degrees.
The BSC is responsible for the management of the radio interface through the BTS,
namely for reservation and release of radio channels as well as handover management.
It also performs the tasks of Paging and signaling functions.
One BSC generally manages several BTS’s and is linked via the MSC.
Network and Switching Subsystem
Acts as a gateway between the radio network and other networks like the PSTN etc.
Comprises of the -
The MSC is responsible for all the signaling required for setting up, terminating
and maintaining connections as per the CCSS7 standard (Roaming).
Home Location Register
The HLR is the store for all important information of each mobile subscriber. It stores all
information including
Telephone Number
IMEI Number
Authentication Key
Location area Identifier
Equipment type
Subscription basis
Supplementary services
Each mobile subscriber & his related data are registered only once in the HLR, in which all
billing and administrative tasks are carried out. There is usually only one HLR in a
network.
The VLR is also responsible for the allocation of the MSRN & TIMSI. Location area
update and call setup functions are performed by the HLR & VLR. A special process keeps
the VLR updated of the mobile users movement within the MSC area or change of MSC.
The VLR avoids frequent interrogation of the HLR.
Operation Subsystem
The functions of the OSS are allocated into 3 areas of responsibilities.
- Subscription Management
- Network Operation and maintenance
- Mobile Equipment Management
OSS Comprises of -
Subscriber Data is stored & managed in the HLR; information relating to data security in
the AuC.
Call Charging: The mobile radio user is charged for services on the basis of call-tickets.
These are used for billing irrespective of where the call is made in the network. Billing
location can be the MSC where the user is located or the Gateway MSC, where the
communication is connected to the external network. HLR stores only call related data.
Call billing is handled by the OSS Subscriber management. Tariff data is transmitted
between the MSC and the HLR over the signaling link.
OSS - OMCS &R
The OMC centrally monitors & controls the network elements and ensures the best
possible service quality for a network.
OMCR - Looks after the radio network related operation & maintenance.
AuC
The AuC contains all the information required to protect the subscriber’s identity, his
mobile communication against eavesdropping and his right to use the radio services.
Authentication algorithms and encryption codes are stored in the AuC, and strict rules
apply for the access to this information.
Equipment Management - EIR
Management of mobile equipment concerns information about owner and equipment
identity. It also coordinates the movement of the equipment including roaming, handover
and paging.
EIR is a central database in which subscriber and equipment numbers are stored. The
database contains a white, grey and black list. The White list contains all the valid IMEI
numbers, the Black list contains the list of stolen or suspended IMEI numbers and the Grey
list contains the list of IMEI’s of malfunctioning equipment that is not receiving any
services.
Call Connect Procedure
Network to Mobile
Paging Request
Channel Request
Immediate Assignment
Paging Response
Network Mobile
Authentication
Authentication Response
Setup
Confirmation
Connect
Connection Acknowledgment
Mobility Management
Network to Mobile
• Allocation of new TIMSI - ensures that identity of mobile user is kept confidential.
• Authentication - to check whether the identity of the mobile user is valid.
• Identification - The mobile gets a request from the network to send an identification
parameter - IMSI or IMEI
• IMSI Detach - Removal of IMSI, when SIM is removed from the mobile or mobile is
switched off
Mobile to Network
VLR HLR
4
8 7 2
5
11 12
9 9
6 1
10 BSS 10 MSC GMSC PSTN
13 13
Call Setup Procedure
Mobile to PSTN
VLR HLR
3 4
1 2
5
BSS MSC GMSC PSTN
7 6
GSM Services
Bearer Services - Packet Data Network service
Tele service
Basic Telephony (Diverts, Barring, Closed User Group)
Emergency Calls
Supplementary Services
- CLIP/ CLIR
- Call Forwarding
- Call Holding
- Call Conferencing
- Closed User Group
- Call Barring
What is MMS?
Multi media messaging with which we can send images, audio and video clips with text
messages.
To use GPRS, users specifically need:
Features :
1. Speed : 8 kbps.
2. Immediacy : facilitates instant connections whereby information can be sent or received
immediately as the need arises, subject to radio coverage. No dial-up modem connection
is necessary
Class B
Mobile phone can be attached to both GPRS and GSM services, using one service at a
time. Class B enables making or receiving a voice call, or sending/receiving an SMS during
a GPRS connection. During voice calls or SMS, GPRS services are suspended and then
resumed automatically after the call or SMS session has ended.
Class C
Mobile phone are attached to either GPRS or GSM voice service. You need to switch
manually between services.
Name based: User can store and view multiple telephone numbers,
emails, URLs and addresses under one name (contact)
- First Name and Last Name replaced Name
Category support
- Support of picture and ring tone
Launching pad for several communication application – Calling, messaging, MMS, email and
Browser.
Synchronization of phone memory contacts via Sync ML, from inside phonebook
Voice dial and Voice tag management for Speaker dependant call.
• Minimum case occurs when every single field in every contact is filled with maximum number
of allowed characters
• Maximum number of contacts depends on usage, thus legacy definition of maximum number
of contacts supported no longer applies. Memory allocation within phonebook is dynamic
SIM Contact USIM Contact
Name Name
1 phone number Nickname
Main Number (without type)
Up to 3 Additional Numbers (with
support for types)
Up to 2 e-mail addresses
Category
Fields of categories
Name, members, Ringer ID, Picture ID
E-mail and message distribution lists are supported
Setup option
By default, it is Off
SIM contact
- No picture
Add/Replace/Modify
Stores on NVM/SIM based on Storage device
setting
Supports storing following information
Phone Numbers (Calling, SMS/MMS/EMAIL,
Browser)
Email (SMS/MMS/Email)
URL (Browser)
Picture (Camera, Pictures)
Ring Tones (Audio)
Quick Form
• Phonebook as a launch pad for other communication application
– Telephony, messaging, e-mail, browser, post card app and
camera can be launched directly from phonebook
– Single or multiple contacts can be selected to initiate
communications
– User can act on highlighted piece of information in summary or
detailed view
• Contacts can be sent and received via MMS, E-mail, Bluetooth and
IRDA.
- Contacts are exchanged as vCards
- Support for single vCard exchange (receive and send)
- Incoming vCards are always stored as new contact, even if
another contact with same Display Name exists
- Selection (pickers) of contacts is optimized to guide the user
through the process and provide information as to what is stored in
each contact
Speaker independent
Options
UI behavior
Inbox Folder (Messages Full)
ATTENTION!!
This is a special situation when there
are messages available in the SIM
card. In this case, there were 25
messages available in the SIM card
(999 + 25 messages).
Feature ID Name Remark
There are others Places in Mobile Testing where a Tester is needed apart from the
above areas.
Supported Applications, Browsers, Games, etc are developed and installed on Mobiles
which needs to be tested before they are released/deployed to the clients.
During the Next Phase, Test Cases will be developed based on the Test Case Design
Document. Developed Test Cases will be reviewed internally within the Team. The
Test Cases, if required, will be modified based on the Internal Review, and will be sent
to the FA Lead for Review and Approval. Based on the final review comments, if
required, the test cases will be modified, and moved to the Production Branch from
the Development Branch. Finally, the New Work CR will be moved to closed state.
The next phase of Development will be validating the developed Test Cases. A
Validation CR will be raised for validating the Test Cases Developed. Test Cases
developed based on the SUIS/TRS will be validated in the Testing Phones. Validator
will raise a Test ware CR after getting the approval from the Test Case Developer, in
case, if modification is required in the Test Case. A product CR will be raised by the
Validator if a defect is found in the Software during the Validation Phase. Finally, the
Validation CR will be moved to closed state.
Analysis of SUIS/TRS for the new feature and estimation of test case to be developed.
Preparation of Test case Design document for the new feature.
Developing test cases for the identified new feature.
Involved in Reviews and Inspections for test cases developed for the new feature.
Validating the new feature, once it gets implemented on the product.
System test automation phase involves Analysis, Scripts Development & Maintenance.
During initial phase, the TRS / Test Plan / Test Case is analyzed for the feasibility of
automation on the grounds of complexity, time required for execution, repeatability
and maintainability of scripts. Once the Analysis Report is approved by our Project
Lead, then the Test Cases will be picked up for Automation.
Next Phase starts with script development which includes Coding, Validation,
Inspection, Inspection rework and Final Release. The released scripts are to be run
using automation tool like PTF & STAT.
Types of testing conducted during automation execution process are Regression
Testing, Stress Testing, Stability Testing and Performance Testing. Using STAT, Test
cases will be picked up from Test Central and Results will be entered accordingly.
From the logs provided by STAT, the Test Engineer will analyze, and report the bugs
found out, if any, in DDTS with relevant severity & priority. The logged bugs are
tracked until it gets closed appropriately.
Validating and executing the test scripts using PTF and STAT automation tool.
Analyzing the failure of the scripts from the logs provided by STAT Tool.
Involved in executing the test scripts by conducting Stress testing, Stability testing
and Performance testing on the product.
Interacting with client for issue discussion and reporting bugs on weekly basis by
either Tele Conference or Net meeting.
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