SUDHANSHU KR DUBEY

Notes of Ch 6 Manufacturing Industries Class

10th Geography
Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Importance of Manufacturing
→ Agriculture and Industry
• Contribution of Industry to National Economy
• Industrial Location
• Classification of Industry
→ Agro Based
♠ Textile Industry
♠ Cotton textiles
♠ Jute Textiles
♠ Sugar Industries
→ Mineral Based Industries
♠ Iron and Steel Industry
♠ Aluminium Smelting
♠ Chemical Industries
♠ Fertiliser Industry
♠ Cement Industry
♠ Automobile Industry
♠ Information Technology and Electronics Industry
• Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
• Control of Environmental Degradation

Introduction

• Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw

materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

• Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.

→ The economic strength of a country is measured by the

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→ The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries.

Importance of Manufacturing

• Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of

development in general
and economic development because:

→ It help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of

our economy.
Also, reduce the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by
providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

→ It helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty from the

country.

→ Export of manufactured goods brings foreign exchange.

→ It helps in transforming raw materials into a wide variety of

furnished goods of
higher value.

Agriculture and Industry

• Agriculture and industry are dependent on each other.

→ Industries gives a major boost to agriculture by raising its

productivity by providing their tools and products such as fertilisers
etc.

→ Industry depends on agriculture for raw materials and sell their

products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides,
plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.

Contribution of Industry to National Economy

• The contribution of Industry in the GDP is very low in India as

compared to East Asian economies.
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compared to East Asian economies.

• The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has

been set up by the government to take appropriate policy measures
to improve the productivity of manufacturing sector.

Industrial Location

• Industrial locations are influenced by the availability of raw

material, labour, capital, power and market.

• After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows.

• Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking,

insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to
the industry.

• Many industries tend to come together to make use of the

advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration
economies.

Classification of Industry

• On the basis of source of raw materials used:

→ Agro based
→ Mineral based

• According to their main role:

→ Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw
materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper
smelting.
→ Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by
consumers – sugar, toothpaste.

• On the basis of capital investment:

→ Small scale industry: Such industry which requires the maximum
investment up to rupees one crore. It employs a small number of
labourers.
→ Large scale indutsry: If investment is more than one crore on any
industry then it is known as a large scale industry.
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industry then it is known as a large scale industry.

• On the basis of ownership:

→ Public sector: Industries which are owned and operated by
government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
→ Private sector: Industries owned and operated by individuals or a
group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
→ Joint sector: Industries which are jointly run by the state and
individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly
owned by public and private sector.
→ Cooperative sector: Industries are owned and operated by the
producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

• Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
→ Heavy industries such as iron and steel
→ Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light
goods such as electrical industries.

Agro Based Industries

• Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc.
industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry

• It contributes 4 percent towards GDP.

• It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and

complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest
value added products.

• It is the second-largest employment generating sector in India after

agriculture (directly employing 35 million persons.)

Cotton Textiles

• India producing cotton textiles since ancient times with hand

spinning and handloom weaving techniques.

• After the 18th century, powerlooms came into use and traditional
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• After the 18th century, powerlooms came into use and traditional
industries suffered a setback.

• The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

→ In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in

the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
♠ This was due to Availability of raw cotton, market, transport
including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc.

→ Spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and

Tamil Nadu however weaving is highly decentralised to provide
scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in
cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.

→ India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies

low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn
produced in the country.

→ India exports yarn to Japan.

→ The country also export cotton goods to U.S.A., U.K., Russia,
France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and
African countries.
→ India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles (tool
used in spinning) in the world, after China.
→ India have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn,
about one-fourth of the total trade.
♠ However, our trade in garments is only 4 percent of the world’s
total.

Problems that Cotton textiles industry facing nowadays:

→ Irregular supply of eletricity

→ Old and outdated machinery
→ Low output of labour
→ Tough competition with the synthetic fibre industry

Jute Textiles

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→ India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.

→ Most of the jute mills in India are located in West Bengal, mainly
along the banks of the Hugli river.
♠ The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.

→ Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:

♠ Presence of the jute producing areas

♠ Inexpensive water transport
♠ Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and
waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills
♠ Abundant water for processing raw jute
♠ Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar,
Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
♠ Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and
port facilities for export of jute goods.

→ Challenges faced by the jute industry:

♠ The stiff competition in the international market from synthetic

substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil,
Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.

National Jute Policy 2005

→ National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005 with the objective of

increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to
the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare.

Sugar Industry

→ India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world and first
largest producer of gur and khandsari.

→ In 2010-11 there were over 662 sugar mills in the country spread
over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
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Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
♠ Sixty percent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

→ In recent years, mills are shifting to the southern and western

states, especially in Maharashtra because
♠ The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
♠ The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
♠ The cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Mineral based Industries

• Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called
mineral based industries.

Iron and Steel Industry

→ The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry as it provides all
types of machinery to run all the other industries.

→ Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods,

construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific
equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
♠ Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the
index of a country’s development.

→ India ranked 4th among the world unrefined steel producers and
largest producer of sponge iron.

→ China is the largest producer of steel and also the world’s largest
consumer of steel.

→ In 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel

Why Iron and steel is a heavy industry?

→ Because all the raw materials, as well as finished goods, are heavy
and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.

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→ Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of
iron and steel industries.

→ India not able to perform to its full potential in production of iron

and steel because:
♠ High costs and limited availability of coking coal
♠ Lower productivity of labour
♠ Irregular supply of energy
♠ Poor infrastructure

→ Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have given a

boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

Aluminium Smelting

→ Second most important metallurgical industry in India.

→ The raw material used in the smelters is called Bauxite.

♠ It is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.

→ It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat,

mallable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
♠ Used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.

→ It has gained popularity as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc and

lead in a number of industries.

→ are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar

Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Chemical Industries

→ The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.

→ It contributes approximately 3 percent of the GDP.

→ It is the third largest industry in Asia and twelfth largest in the

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→ It is the third largest industry in Asia and twelfth largest in the
world in term of its size.

→ It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.

→ Organic and inorganic sectors of Chemical industry are rapidly

growing.
♠ Organic chemicals include petrochemicals (used for manufacturing
of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and
pharmaceuticals).

♠ Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture

fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dye-stuffs),
nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps
and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.

Fertiliser Industry

→ Mainly centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers

(mainly urea), phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP)
and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N),
phosphate (P), and potash (K).

→ India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.

→ The fertiliser industry in India:

♠ 57 fertiliser units for nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous
fertilisers.
♠ 29 for urea
♠ 9 for producing ammonium sulphate
♠ 68 other small units produce single superphosphate.

→ Main states having this industry are: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, U.P.,
Punjab and Kerala.
♠ Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Cement Industry
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Cement Industry

→ Cement is used for construction activity such as building houses,

factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial
establishments.
→ This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like
limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
→ The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat.
→ The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.

→ Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy

reforms led the cement industry to make rapidstrides in capacity,
process, technology and production.
→ This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export.

Automobile Industry

→ This industry provides vehicles for quick transport of good services

and passengers.
→ The industry had experienced rapid growth in last 15 years.
→ Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned
the industry with global developments.

→ The Automobile industry in India:

♠ 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles
♠ 9 of commercial vehicles
♠ 14 of the two and three-wheelers.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

→ The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from

transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers,
telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments
required by the telecommunication industry.

→ Bangalore is considered as the electronic capital of India.

♠ Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi,
Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

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Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

→ The major IT industry concentration is at Bangalore, Noida,

Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.

→ The IT industry has employed a mass number of people.

→ This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last
two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes
Outsourcing (BPO) sector.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

• The growth of industries contribute significantly to India’s

economic growth and development but also causes serious problem,
the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting
degradation of the environment.

• Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:

(a) Air
(b) Water
(c) Land
(d) Noise

• Air pollution: It is caused by the presence of high proportion of

undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
♠ Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and
small factories that ignore pollution norms.
♠ It adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and
the atmosphere as a whole.

→ Water Pollution: It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial

wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.
♠ Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major
solid wastes in India.

→ Thermal pollution: It occurs when hot water from factories and

thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

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thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

→ Noise pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery,

factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric
drills also make a lot of noise.
♠ It causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood
pressure among other physiological effects.

Control of Environmental Degradation

• Some suggestion to reduce the industrial pollution of fresh water

are:
→ Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in
two or more successive stages
→ Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
→ Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers
and ponds.

• Measures to control air pollution:

→ Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke
stacks to factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
→ Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in
factories.

• Measures to control noise pollution:

→ Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be
fitted with silencers.
→ Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of
earplugs and earphones.

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