TEAM REVIEW-ROUND 2

June 9th, 2023

LEXICO-GRAMMAR
PART 1
A. Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1/ The build-up of fumes in cities results in terrible __________ .
A. smog B. fog C. haze D. mist
2/ The car was __________speed.
A. gathering B. collecting C. consuming D. firing
3/ I have many business __________in Germany, but I don’t know them well.
A. allies B. friends C. companions D. associates
4/ He decided it wasn’t ___ reading the report as he’d been informed of all the changes recently.
A. worthy B. worthwhile C. valuable D. important
5/ The old man strolled down the quiet country __________ with his dog.
A. lane B. route C. way D. alley
6/ We spent a fortune ___________ the living room in our grandparents’ house.
A. repairing B. restoring C. renovating D. renewing
7/ The plumber changed into his ___________ before he started work.
A. suit B. overalls C. uniform D. costume
8/ Jake got up early and left quietly without__________ anyone.
A. bothering B. annoying C. upsetting D. disturbing
9/ His injuries seemed minor at first, but in the end they were__________
A. deathly B. lethal C. fathal D. terminal
10/ She really should get a new coat because the old one is so__________
A. messy B. untidy C. scruffy D. careless
11/ I remember the amazing mountain__________ from my holiday in Austria.
A. display B. spectacle C. sight D. scenery
12/ Somebody’s loss is often somebody else’s __________
A. win B. achievement C. gain D. rise
13/ Certainly medicines can now help to __________life.
A. delay B. prolong C. stretch D. expand
14/ A huge __________spread across her face when she saw her boyfriend.
A. grin B. giggle C. chuckle D. laugh
15/ I always clean the flat before my mom comes round, but she always finds at least one__________
of dust and says it’s filthy.
A. scrap B. gust C. speck D. blade
16/ We needn’t have made extra copies of the booklet. We have got plenty to _______ round.
A. circulate B. spread C. go D. suffice
17/ The hijackers have demanded a ___ to be paid for releasing the civilian hostages from the plane.
A. currency B. revenue C. deposit D. ransom (Ransom: an amount
of money that is paid to free sb who is held at a prisoner)
18/ To the best of my __________ that dentist’s name was Thomas Gerreth.
A. thinking B. recollection C. mind D. remembrance
19/ At the moment, the teacher got nervous seeing that whatever he said was __________on the
students who weren’t paying any attention to the lecture.
A. missed B. lost C. failed D. slipped
20/ My family has gone to Edinburgh to pay their last ______ to uncle Tony who died last Thursday.
A. sympathy B. respects C. love D. honors
21/ Ann’s encouraging words gave me _______ to undertake the demanding task once again.
A. a point B. an incentive C. a resolution D. a target
22/ Since the new machinery was purchased in 2001, the old type has fallen into ___________
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 A. decrepit B. damage C. disfunction D. disuse
23/ Albert was praised for having __________ with his research work in spite of terrible difficulties.
A. insisted B. lasted C. sustained D. persevered
24/ Has anyone managed to __________ the meaning of the declaration?
A. seize B. snatch C. grip D. grasp
25/ About further details of the language course will be sent on __________to all our subscribers.
A. appeal B. request C. plea D. wish (PLEA: an urgent emotional request )
26/ Why don’t they___________ their attention on scrutinizing the evidence instead of questioning
the passers-by?
A. attract B. devote C. focus D. draw
B. Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1. I’d like to make _______ for crashing your car. Let me pay for the repairs.
A. improvements B. correction C. amends D. adjustments
2. Thanks for lending me your umbrella; it really came in _______.
A. used B. handy C. handful D. needy
3. James never shows his emotions; no matter what happens, he always keeps a stiff upper ___.
A. mouth B. eye C. head D. lip
4. I got a new baseball _______ yesterday.
A. stick B. racket C. club D. bat
5. Eat your vegetables. They’ll _______ you good.
A. do B. make C. get D. help
6. Don’t drop your sweet wrapper on the floor, _______?
A. do you B. aren’t you C. will you D. won’t you
7. She may have missed the train, _______ she won’t arrive for another hour.
A. at the case B. all the case C. just in case D. in which case
8. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable, and _______ in a quiet position.
A. most of all B. above all C. first of all D. after all
9. I was disappointed that the restaurant had _______ flowers on the table.
A. false B. untrue C. artificial D. forged
10. _______ write with your left hand when you broke your arm?
A. Did you have to B. Had you have to C. Needed you to D. Must you
C. Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1. She swam strongly and_______ cross the river easily, even though it was swollen by the heavy rain.
A. used to B. was able to C. could D. was supposed to
2. The government has spent one million pounds on an advertising ______ to encourage energy
conservation.
A. campaign B. promotion C. operation D. competition
3. Toxic chemicals are one of the factors that lead wildlife to the ______ of extinction.
A. wall B. fence C. verge D. bridge
4. ______ the best of my knowledge, this system cannot work automatically.
A. For B. To C. Within D. In
5. The aim of ASEAN is to promote closer economic_______.
A. delegation B. integration C. reputation D. migration
6. The International Committee of the Red Cross is a private _______ institution founded
in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland.
A. human B. humanity C. humanization D. humanitarian
7. Affected by the Western cultures, Vietnamese young people's attitudes _____ love and marriage
have dramatically changed.
A. for B. with C. through D. towards
8. How do you speak the fraction 2/5?
A. two-five B. two-fifths C. second-fifths D. two-fifth
9. Don’t be late for the interview, _______ people will think you are a disorganized person.

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A. unless B. otherwise C. if not D. or so
10. You may borrow as many books as you like, provided you show them to ___ at the desk.
A. whoever B. who C. whom D. which
11. It is essential that your luggage _______ thoroughly before delivery.
A. to be checked B. being checked C. be checked D. should be checking
12. The reason why this game attracts so many youngsters is that ___________ other video games,
this one is far more interesting.
A. comparing to B. in compared with C. on comparison to D. in comparison with
13. Take the shortcut round the church _______ late for school.
A. in order not be B. in order that we won't be C. so that not to be D. so that we couldn't
14. A cooperative program between two companies building a famous ancient city, into a(n) _______
city has proceeded smoothly since it started in September last year.
A. friendly ecology B. ecology-friendly C. friendly-ecological D. ecological-friendly
15. Doctor Pike ______ the hospital after he ______an uneventful evening on duty. He ______ of his
day of rest.
A. was leaving / has had / thought B. left / had had / was thinking
C. will leave / had / will think D. is leaving / will have / thinks
16. Something _____ immediately to prevent teenagers from _____ in factories and mines.
A. should be done /being exploited B. we should do /exploiting
C. should do / be exploited D. should have done /exploited
D. Choose the best word from A, B, C, and D that fits each blank.
1. You look tired. Are you …………the weather?
A. on B. in C. under D. off
2. I showed the painting to an expert who …… it at about £500.
A. cost B. estimated C. assigned D. valued
3. He is very ill, and the doctors are not sure whether he will …… it through the night.
A. last B. survive C. endure D. make
4. She .......... modern art. She visits all the local exhibitions.
A. looks down on B. goes in for C. fixes up with D. comes upagainst
5. He did not share his secrets with many people, but he__________ in her.
A. confessed B. concealed C. consented D. confided
6. Of course I’ll play the piano at the party but I’m a little _______.
A. out of use B. out of reach C. out of turn D. out of practice
7 This museum has more visitors than ________ any other in the world.
A. really B. practically C. actually D. utterly
8. Her married name is Dawson, but Graham is her............. name.
A. maiden B. childish C. girlish D. virgin
9. The case for an increase in spending on education has been proved beyond the ____of doubt.
A. shadow B. hesitation C. suspicion D. shade
10. Her article on diet ______ many people into changing their eating habits.
A. surprised B. amazed C. startled D. shocked
11. This cloth ______ very thin.
A. feels B. touches C. holds D. handles
12. The upper levels of the Sun’s atmosphere are of very low .................. heats the gases there
tobeveryhightemperatures.
A. dense and solar B. density, solar activity
C. density, but solar activity D. density and activity of the Sun is
13. I don’t want to burden my daughter with my problems; she’s got too much ………………..
A. up her sleeve B. in her mind C. in effect D. on her plate
14. My English is progressing …………………………
A. leaps and bounds B. bounds and leaps C. odds and ends D. ends and odds
15. When John was arrested for drunken driving, he expected to lose his driving license, but he was
…………with a fine.
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A. let through B. let off C. let out D. let down
16. She relies ……………………on her parents for financial support.
A. profusely B. amply C. heavily D. severely
17. It goes ……saying that you’ll be paid for all this extra time you’re spending on the project.
A. for B. like C. with C. without
18. Unfortunately, I might have to leave for Boston …………….
A. for short notice B. under short notice C. at short notice D. to short notice
19. In spite of the fact that there is much written about Charlemagne, ……………………..
A. his character and personality are hard to visualize
B. is difficult to discover his character and personality
C. picturing his personality and character are hard things
D. you can’t figure out his personality and character
20. it’s all the same …………..me whether we go to Nha Trang or Vung Tau.
A. for B. on C. to D. As
E. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. According to the boss, John is the most ______ for the position of executive secretary.
A. supportive B. caring C. suitable D. comfortable
2. The children went _______ with excitement.
A. wild B. wildly C. wilderness D. wildlife
3. The sudden resignation of the financial director put the company in a very _______ position.
A. weak B. unsteady C. vulnerable D. collapsed
4. David: Would you like fish or meat? Mary: I _______ fish, please.
A. would rather B. would prefer C. suppose D. believe
5. Many teenagers show signs of anxiety and _______ when being asked about their future.
A. depress B. depression C. depressed D. Depressing
6. There was a huge decline _______ the number of tigers.
A. in B. for C. of D. out
7. I’d rather you _______ anything about the garden until the weather improves.
A. don’t make B. didn’t do C. don’t do D. didn’t make
8. A part – time job gives me the freedom to _______ my own interests.
A. pursue B. chase C. seek D. catch
9. The new road currently under _______ will solve the traffic problems in the town.
A. design B. progress C. construction D. work
10. - Daisy: “What a lovely house you have!” - Mary: “______.”
A. Lovely, I think so B. Thank you. Hope you will drop in
C. Of course not, it’s not costly D. No problem
F. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) which best completes each sentence.
1. Unless you give up smoking, you’ll ……………..the risk of damaging your health.
A. bear B. suffer C. make D. run
2. For a while I was at a ………………. to know what to say.
A. blank B. pain C. loss D. crisis
3. Some days of rest may help to ………….. the pressure of work.
A. reduce B. lower C. chop D. crease
4. This is the …………….. of the bicycle which was stolen.
A. detail B. description C. information D. example
5. Thang: “What do you think about the novel?” - Huong: “…………………..”
A. Yes, let’s B. I can’t agree with you more C. The best I’ve ever read D. I wish I could
6. The college will soon be ready to ……………… candidates for new courses.
A. enroll B. involve C. call D. recall
7. We bought some ………………glasses.
A. German lovely old B. German old lovely C. lovely old German D. old lovely German
8. It is a good idea to be …………….. dressed when you go for an interview.
A. finely B. boldly C. smartly D. clearly
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9. Turner: “Good morning. My name is Turner. I have a reservation.” - Mary: “………………..”
A. What do you want? B. Yes, a single room for two nights.
C. I haven’t decided yet. What about you? D. What do you like?
10. I can’t …………….. what he’s doing; it’s so dark down there.
A. see through B. make out C. look into D. show up
PART II
A. There are ten mistakes in the following passage. Find and correct them. Follow the example.
Example: Line 1: 0. which -> when
FAMILY HISTORY
In an age which technology is developed faster than ever before, many people are being attracted by
the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can make this is by investigating their own
family history. They can try to find out more about what their families came from and what they did.
This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly short history, alike Australia
and the United States.
It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to
investigate your own family’s past. It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully. It
is easy to set about it in a disorganizing way and cause yourself many problems that could have
avoided with a little forward planning.
If your own family stories say you that you are connected with a famous character, whether hero or
criminal, not to let this idea take over your research. Just treat it as an interesting possibility. A simple
system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one
may only get in your way. The most important thing, though, is to get starting. Who knows what you
might find?
B. There are TEN errors in the passage. Find and correct them.
The big majority of students who make well in the Cambridge Proficiency Examination have learnt
to use a Good monolingual dictionary effectively. Such Dictionaries provide informations, not just
about the Missings for the words but about their pronunciation and grammar as well.
A student who studies how to use a dictionary effectively will be able to work independently for
much of the time, and will gain considerable insight to the workings of the English language. He or
she will be able to confirm to the meanings for the words in a text where contextual clues are
insufficient, pronounce words accurately by studying the phonological transcriptions, and use words
accurately both when speaking and Writing. Make sure you make the room for at least one Good
monolingual dictionary on your bookshelf- and then make sure you use it at a regular basis!
C. The following passage contains 10 unnecessary words. Find and write the word(s) on your
answer sheet.
As you will see from my curriculum vitae, I have attended university, where I studied English and
Law. After finishing my course, I took a job in a travel agency in Paris and now I organise few hours
for people who wanting to go to Australia and the United States. Although I enjoy this very much, I
feel I need to get more experience and it would seems to me that working as a specialised tour guide
in England would help me for do that. I would rather work in an English-speaking country, as I need
to practise my English. I spend one year at London University, which it was most useful. I did much
conversation classes and at first I thought that I would find them difficult. However, they turned out
to be very enjoyable. I will have no any difficulty in coming to England for an interview if you will
let me know in plenty of the time. I enclose details of my present employer who will be too pleased
to send you a reference.
D. In each of the following sentences, the four words or phrases are marked A, B, C or D.
IDENTIFY the one underlined expression that is not correct and CORRECT it.
1. We all know that we have to work hardly to earn a living ourselves and support the family.
A B C D
2. There were too many books on the shelves that I didn’t know which one to choose.
A B C D
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3. He is the man that his novel won the Pulitzer prize last year.
A B C D
4. While preparing for your wedding, keeping in mind that this is just the first step in your
A B C
future lives of love together.
D
5. Species become extinct or danger for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the
A B
destruction of habitat by human activities.
C D
6. The Southeast Asian Games, also knowing as the SEA Games, is a biennial multi-sport
A B
event involving participants from the current eleven countries of Southeast Asia.
C D
PART III
A. Use the correct form of the word in capitals to fit each gap.
1. It was thanks to the ………………..of the medical staff that she recovered from her injuries.
(DEDICATE)
2. …………………the hole in the ozone layer has doubled in size this year. (ALARM)
3. It’s ………..to see the friendship and enthusiasm these kids display on the sports field. (HEART)
4. The fans’ bad behavior has resulted in the …………of their football team from the championship.
(QUALITY)
5 John works completely independently – he is ……..to nobody but himself. (ANSWER)
6. She runs so ……………as if it’s the easiest things in the world. (EFFORT)
7. Thanks to the operation my ……………..has improved considerably. I hope that after the next one
I won’t have to wear glasses at all. (SEE)
8. The English term café, borrowed from French, is ultimately a ………. of the Turkish kahve,
meaning coffee. (DERIVE)
9. Cats are not considered to be social animals in the sense that they have never ………………..
travelled in packs or adopted leaders. (HABIT)
10. I was overcome with great ……………………….when my invitation was rejected by most of
my friends. (BITTER)
B. Put each word in brackets into an appropriate form.
1. Different conservation efforts have been made in order to save _______ species.(DANGER)
2.There are some ______ and differences between the New Year in Japan and that in Vietnam.
(SIMILAR)
3. He resigned for a ___________________ of reasons. (VARIOUS)
4. We have to decide to interview only the best six __________ for the job. (APPLY)
5. Her son is always mischievous and ______, which annoys her very much. (OBEY)
6. Sugar is the_________ of healthy teeth. (DESTRUCTION)
7. What percentage of the city’s _______ live in poverty? (HOUSE)
8. When confronted with a mass of red tape, many people feel a sense of ______(POWER)
9. Mr. Pike has_________ his wife by three years. (LIVE)
10. I was a bit_______ by my performance in the first exam, but I decided (MORAL) to make an
extra effort in the ones left.
C. Give the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. The main goals of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are to promote peace and _________
in the region. (STABLE)
2. On my salary, we have to live as_________ as possible. (ECONOMY)
3. Different conservation efforts have been made in order to save_________ species. (DANGER) 4.
The security of the earth can be threatened by_________ groups. (TERROR)
5. It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat_________.
(DESTROY)
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6. He resigned for a _______ of reasons. (VARIOUS)
7. I don’t care if you had had too much to drink. Your behaviour last night was_________.
(DEFEND)
8. Her son is always mischievous and_________, which annoys her very much. (OBEY)
9. The Americans are much more concerned than the Indians and the Chinese with
physical_________ when choosing a wife or a husband. (ATTRACT)
10. You can never be sure what my sister is going to do. She is so_________. (PREDICT)
D. Give the correct form of the words in brackets.
Judo is a sport that has achieved great (1. popular) ____ in many parts of the world. It was (2. origin)
____ developed in Japan in the late 19th century based on ancient methods of self-defence. There are
two (3. fight) ____. Although they use physical violence against each other, they are respectful to
their (4. oppose) ____ and bow to each other before and after each contest.
Judo is an (5. expensive) ____ sport to take up because the only equipment you need is the special
loose-fitting suit. It is very suitable for (6. young) ____ if they join a club where the (7.instruct) ____
are properly qualified and pay enough attention to safety. Although Judo is a physically (8. demand)
____ sport which requires a lot of strength practice and skill, there are many people who find it
enjoyable as a mean of relaxation in their spare time.
E. Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word
that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning.
A woman living in the city centre has asked for (0) assistance to find a bigger house and 0. ASSIST
garden - so that her 112 pets can live in less (1) ………. conditions. Jennifer Symons, 1. CROWD
26, has always loved animals and now has a (2) ………. that includes twelve cats, seven
dogs, four monkeys, two horses and a (3) ………. of smaller creatures, including 2. COLLECT
hamsters, parrots and tropical fish. She also has a number of snakes, and although none 3.VARY
of them, she says, is (4)………., some of her neighbours in Lower Market Street remain
(5) ………. and are worried that they might escape. Generally, though, people seem to 4. POISON
like Jennifer's pets and are always (6) ………. towards her. All these animals, however, 5. CONVINCE
have to be looked after, and Jennifer has to get up at 5.30 every morning to start (7) 6. FRIEND
………. some of them. Cleaning and other tasks take up so much time that taking care
of them has now become almost her main (8) ………., leaving her with only her (9) 7. FOOD
………. from a part-time job at a local supermarket to maintain the 112 and herself. It
is hardly (10)…..…., therefore, that she can't really afford to move into a bigger house. 8. OCCUPY
9. EARN
10. SURPRISE

PART IV
A. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. Bi Rain, together with 58 members of the South Korean National Military Symphony Orchestra
and 17 traditional musicians, (come) ……….. to Vietnam since yesterday.
2. Up to now, nothing (do) ……… to solve their problem.
3. He suggested that his son (be) …….. on time for the interview.
4. Tom will come home as soon as he (finish) …….. his test.
5. ASEAN (found) …….. in 1967 in Bangkok, Thai land.
6. In times of war, the Red Cross (dedicate) ………. to reducing the sufferings of wounded soldiers,
civilians, and prisoners of war.
7. Hardly our teacher (enter) ……….. the classroom when it started to rain.
8. In a few minutes' time, when the clock strikes six, I (wait) ……… for you here.
9-10. Living in a fast-paced and mobile society (create) ………. family stresses that (not imagine)
………… by our great grandparents.
B. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate form.
1. By the time the war is over, thousands of innocent people ( kill)_________.
32. Tom will never forget (send)______ to a boarding school when he was just 8 years old.
3-4. The accident (report)_______(cause)________ by a reckless motorist.
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35. Many people (invite) ______ to the party couldn’t come because it rained heavily.
6. In her report, she mentioned (treat) ______ at a hospital abroad last year.
37. Hardly our teacher (enter)________the classroom when it started to rain.
8. Bi Rain, together with 58 members of the South Korean National Military Symphony Orchestra
and 17 traditional musicians, (come)_________to Vietnam since yesterday.
9. The police are stopping all the cars. They (look) _______ for the escaped prisoner.
10. My uncle would rather that I (not leave) _________ yesterday.
___ The end___
READING PRACTICE

Date: June 9th, 2023 PRACTICE 1

Name:
Part 1: Read the following passage carefully, and then do the task below
The Fall of the Roman Empire
[A]At its peak in the year 106 AD, the Roman Empire consisted of 52 provinces and influenced or
controlled some 2.3 million square miles of territory around the Mediterranean Sea. [B]The Roman
army was efficient and well-organized, and the ruling classes in Rome, including the Emperor,
were the richest and most powerful men in the Western world. [C]Yet within three hundred years
the Empire was on the verge of collapse, and the reasons for its decline and fall have interested
historical analysts for centuries. [D]
[E]The seeds of the destruction of the Empire may have been sown in 44 BC, when Julius Caesar
appointed himself ‘dictator for life’. [F]The rapid growth of the Empire under this famous general
was based on conquest and plunder, and its economy depended on the taxes, slaves and treasure that
could be extorted from the new provinces. This one-way traffic had to come to an end when there
were no more lands to conquer within the reach of Rome, and the cost of protecting and
administering the provinces became too high. [G]In the later years of the Empire, the army was
spread too thinly to defend the Empire’s borders against attacks from Germanic barbarians to the
north and Persian invaders to the east, and relied more and more upon locally recruited mercenary
soldiers who lacked the patriotic pride and discipline of the Roman legionaries. [H]
The leadership of the Empire was often a cause of insurgency and discontent among the Roman
citizens and the Empire’s subjects in other countries. There were some good Emperors over the
centuries; but there were also a substantial number who were cruel, weak, insane or greedy. The
worst of these rulers imposed heavy taxes, passed insupportable laws and executed their enemies;
so there were always rebellions in the provinces, and the army was always dealing with a problem
somewhere in the Empire. Even at home, long periods of civil war were common, usually caused by
arguments over the right to the title of Emperor – in one year there were no fewer that 25 soldier-
emperors appointed as the army joined in the struggle for power.
The Empire eventually became too large to be ruled directly from Rome, and the Emperor Diocletian
divided his realm into two parts in 250 AD, each with its own Emperor and its own capital city; Milan
and Nicomedia, and later Ravenna and Constantinople. Partly as a result of epidemics of plague and
other diseases in the West, most of the population of the Empire lived in the East, so the old problems
of finding recruits for the Western army on its Germanic and Gallic borders continued.
In addition, the Western Empire had economic problems as gold became scarcer to find, making it
difficult to pay the soldiers and causing further unrest in the army. Meanwhile, the aristocracy of the
Empire continued to live their extravagant lifestyles which the failing economy could not support.
One interesting theory holds that a major cause of illness among the aristocracy could be traced to
their wine bottles, water pipes and even their cosmetics, all of which were made from lead and other

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heavy metals and simply caused unexplained deaths which we now know were due to lead poisoning
on a massive scale.
It is possible that the gradual spread of Christianity made the true Roman citizens more tolerant, less
belligerent and less inclined to force their way of life upon others, paving the way for the withdrawal
of their forces from the lands they had conquered. It is more likely that the army became so badly-
organized that they could not withstand the strength of the rebellions on all their borders, and the true
Roman soldierly spirit was diluted by the influx of barbarian or non-Roman mercenary recruits. One
of these mercenary chiefs, Odoacer, led a revolt in the year 476 caused by the Emperor’s refusal to
pay his men in land for their services, and met no opposition as he swept into Italy and overran what
remained of the Western Empire, deposing the true Emperor who fled and never returned. This event
is generally thought of as the end of the Roman Empire, although the Eastern Empire continued in
Constantinople for another thousand years.
1.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.
These analysts tend to agree that the start of the decline of the Empire may be attributed to Julius
Casear.
Where would the sentence best fit?
A.[A] B.[B] C.[C] D.[D]
2. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.
This one-way traffic had to come to an end when there were no more lands to conquer within the
reach of Rome, and the cost of protecting and administering the provinces became too high.
Where would the sentence best fit?
A.[E] B.[F] C.[G] D.[H]
3.According paragraph 1, which was true of the Saman Empire?
A.It declined and fell apart in the course of the 2nd century
B.Its government ruled the provinces ineffectively
C.It was a union of territories in Central Europe
D.It prospered during the early 2nd centuries A.D.
4.Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A.Rome had one of the largest and most useful armies in the world.
B.Rich and powerful men usually relocated from Western Europe to Rome in order to satisfy their
urge for Roman cuisine.
C.Rome had a formidable army which helped to make its citizens among the wealthiest in the world,
while other countries were weaker.
D.Roman soldiers were generally paid in land which was used for agriculture.
5. The word recruited in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.qualified B.dominated C. fired D.hired
6.The author mentions The worst of these rulers the passage in order to
A detail how the empire expanded rapidly
B provide an excuse for further discussion of emperors
9
C demonstrate the unique characteristics of Roman emperors
D illustrate one possible reason for the fall of the Roman Empire
7. The word his in the passage refers to
A Diocletian B Caesar C money D Rome
8. According to the passage, which of the following was NOT true of the Roman Empire?
A.The Empire was divided into two parts: East and West
B.The Empire was ruled by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
C.The Empire hosted many games and concernts
D.The Empire battled with the Germania the the West.
9. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the for about the
fall of the Roman Empire ?
A.There were many possible reasons.
B The introduction of Christianity was the key reason for the decline.
C. It was inevitable because of the decline
D The Roman Empire fell because it was bankrupted
10. Directions: An Introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that best express important ideas in
the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Several key events and circumstances led to the fall of the Roman Empire.
Answer Choices: * * *
1. The Roman Empire went from being the greatest power in Europe to almost nothing
in less than 500 years.
2. Barbarian mercenaries refused to fight their own countrymen.
3. The Empire was divided into two parts to make it easier to manage, but this ultimately weakened
it.
4. Roman citizens were not interested in foreign affairs.
5. Julius Caesar's victories helped make the Empire great
6. The Roman army became too strained to defend the borders of the Empire.
Your answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 10 10
Part 2: Read the following passage carefully, and then do the tasks below
Dyslexia

Dyslexia, also referred to as “specific reading disability,” predominantly affects a person's

ability to read and write. Dyslexics have difficulty connecting visual symbols (i.e., letters) with their
corresponding sounds. Many people who suffer from dyslexia also have trouble with enunciation,
organisation, and short-term memory. Dyslexia is the most common learning disability in children.
It is not related to intellectual ability, vision, or access to education. Approximately 5-10 percent of
school-age children in North America suffer from the condition, with each case varying in severity.

10
Children are generally diagnosed with dyslexia during the elementary school years when they are
learning how to read and spell.
Determining the definite cause of dyslexia is a difficult task since studies of the morphology of
the brain are generally conducted in an autopsy. One hypothesis suggests that dyslexic children suffer
from “strabismus," the tendency of the eyes to focus on two different points. When reading, for
example, one eye focuses on the beginning of the word and the other focuses on the end. This theory
could explain why dyslexics have difficulty reading. Many dyslexic children read letters and words
backwards, often mistaking a */b/* for a */d/* or reading */was/* instead of */saw/*. These reversals
are normal for children under the age of six, but indicate a problem if they persist beyond the early
elementary grades. Neurological research points to tiny flaws in the dyslexic brain called ectopias
and microgyria. These flaws alter the structure of the cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible
for connecting visual and audio processing. Genetic research, often in the form of twins studies,
shows that dyslexia may be passed on in families.
Though most children are not diagnosed with dyslexia until they enter the school system, there
are some early signs of the disability. Toddlers who talk much later than average, have difficulty
learning new words, or do not understand the concept of rhyming may develop other dyslexic
symptoms. As children begin school, teachers are trained to look for warning signs, such as an
inability to recognize letters or spaces between words on a page or difficulty following instructions
given with more than one command at a time. Properly screening children for dyslexia is important
since other factors can limit reading abilities, including vision or hearing impairment, anxiety, or
other neurological problems.
Dyslexia is a type of learning disorder that can often be compensated for with therapy and
provisional techniques. Phonological training, which involves identifying and separating sound
patterns, is the most common form of therapy used in the school system. Depending on the severity
of the disorder, dyslexic children are pulled from regular classroom activities in order to work one-
on-one with a language specialist. Studies have shown that activity in the right temporoparietal cortex
tends to increase after sufficient phonological training. Improvements in visual focus can sometimes
be achieved when students are given an eye patch to wear while they learn to read. Encouraging
children to use many senses while reading also has proven benefits. Some teachers find that having
students listen to a book on tape before reading the text can help with information processing as well.
Though it is properly classified as a learning disability, dyslexia is commonly mistaken for a
behavioural disorder. Dyslexic children often exhibit behaviour that seems abnormal but is caused
by frustration at their own inability to perform at the same level as their peers. Some studies show
that attention deficit disorder co-occurs with dyslexia in up to 50 percent of cases. In general,
behavioural problems decline as dyslexic students are diagnosed and begin to receive treatment.
Other learning disabilities are neurologically linked to dyslexia, including dyscalculia,
dysgraphia, and dyspraxia. People who suffer from dyscalculia can usually perform difficult
mathematical tasks, but have trouble with formulas or basic addition and subtraction. Dysgraphia
prevents people from writing in an organized manner. Dyspraxia impedes the performance of routine
tasks that involve balance and fine motor skills.
The earlier children are diagnosed with dyslexia, the more likely they are to overcome their
disabilities and progress to adult reading levels. Many studies show that children who are diagnosed
after grade three have a much lower chance of eliminating the symptoms of dyslexia. Some dyslexics,
especially those who are not diagnosed as children, naturally develop their own coping mechanisms
such as an increased visual memory. In some instances, dyslexics develop keen spatial and visual
abilities that prepare them for very specialised careers.
Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passage?
For Questions 1-7, choose:
11
 YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement disagrees with the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
1. Dyslexia is a disorder related to intelligence.
2. Dyslexia is usually diagnosed during a child's first years of school.

3. People with dyslexia often read in reverse.

4. There is a tendency for dyslexia between twins.
5. Scientists are looking for a drug treatment for dyslexia.
6. Dyslexia in children is often accompanied by behavioural problems.
7. People with dysgraphia have difficulty with math.
8-10.Which of the following are signs of dyslexia mentioned in the passage
choose THREE answers from the list A-F below.
Select one or more:
A. learning to talk at a later than normal age
B. trouble with new vocabulary

C. leaving big spaces between words

D. problems following directions
E. difficulty turning the pages of a book
F. inability to give commands
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use no more than three
words for each answer
11 . In the language centres of dyslexics brains, Dr Albert Galaburda discovered two sorts of ——
—-
12 . One abnormality in the dyslexics brains is the reduction in the cell size in the layers of the ——
–
13 . Dyslexia is behavioural problem and also a —————–
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13
Part 3: You are going to read an extract from an autobiography. Seven paragraphs have been
removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (1-7).
There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate
answer sheet.
EILBECK THE FEATURES EDITOR

12
I quickly got the hang of working at the Mirror. Every morning at eleven we would be expected to
cram into Eilbeck's little office for a features conference, when we either had to come up with ideas
of our own or suffer ideas to be thrust upon us. Some of Eilbeck's own offerings were bizarre to say
the least, but he did get results. I had got an inkling of his creative thinking during my initial interview
when he had invited me to match his scrawled impromptu headline with a feature.
1.-------
Some of these brainstorms came off the day's news, some off the wall. About half the ideas worked,
a few of them spectacularly. Following a spate of shootings, Eilbeck scrawled 'THIS GUN FOR
SALE' on his pad, together with a rough sketch of a revolver. Within hours a writer was back in the
office with a handgun and a dramatic piece on the ease with which (he did not mention the little help
he had had from the crime staff) he had bought it in Trafalgar Square.
2----
Mercifully, none of Eilbeck's extemporised headlines winged their way to me -at least not yet. The
pitifully small paper was grossly overstaffed, with half a dozen highly experienced feature writers
fighting to fill one page a day, and it was evident that my role was as standby or first reserve. Hanging
around the office, where the time was passed pleasantly in chit-chat, smoking and drinking coffee, I
was occasionally tossed some small task.

3------
Another of my little chores was to compose 'come-ons' for the readers' letters columns - invented,
controversial letters that, in a slow week for correspondence, would supply of eminent people's
interesting pastimes petered draw a furious mailbag. I was also put to work rewriting agency and
syndication material that came into the office, including, on occasion, the Sagittarius segment of the
astrology column.
4-----
Some years later, when he had directed his talents to another paper, I confessed to him one day that
I had been guilty of tampering in this way. He was in no way put out. It was serenely obvious to him
that I had been planted on the Mirror by destiny to adjust the hitherto inaccurate information.
5-----
For example, one afternoon I was summoned to Eilbeck's office to find him in a state of manic
excitement, bent over a make-up pad on which he had scrawled 'THE SPICE OF LIFE!' surrounded
by a border of stars. This, I was told, was to be the Mirror's new three-times-a-week gossip column,
starting tomorrow - and I was to be in charge of it.
6-----
Happily the delightful Eve Chapman was deputed to hold my hand in this insane exercise. The bad
news was that Eve, who went home nightly to her parents in Croydon, had never set foot in such a
place in her life. We were reduced to raiding the society pages of the glossy magazines and ploughing
through Who's Who in hopes of finding some important personage with an unusual hobby which
could be fleshed out to the maximum twenty-five words.
7-----
The Spice of Life column itself ground to a halt after our supply of eminent people's interesting
pastimes petered out.
Paragraphs
13
A. As a result, he wanted no item to be more than twenty-five words long, followed by three dots.
He was, at the time, heavily under the influence of Walter Winchell, Earl Wilson and suchlike night-
owl columnists in the New York tabloids that were air-freighted to him weekly.
B. Flattering though it was to be entrusted with this commission, there was a snag. It had to 'sizzle' -
a favourite Eilbeck word -with exclusive snippets about 'the people who really mattered' -to Eilbeck's
mind, anyone with an aristicratic title, or money to throw about in casinos and nightclubs.
Unfortunately, I did not have a single suitable contact in the whole of London.
C. This might be a review copy of some ghosted showbiz memoirs that might be good for a 150-
word anecdotal filler. One day Eilbeck dropped a re-issued volume on my desk - To Beg I am
Ashamed, the supposed autobiography of a criminal. It came complete with one of his headlines:
'IT'S STILL A BAD, DANGEROUS BOOK'. I asked him what was so bad and dangerous about it.
'I haven't read it,' the Features Editor confessed cheerfully. 'Two hundred words by four o'clock'.
D. On one desperate occasion, with the deadline looming yet again, we fell to working our way along
Millionaires' Row in Kensington, questioning maids and chauffeurs about the foibles of their rich
employers. This enterprise came to a stop after someone called the police.
E. This proved to be a foretaste of his favourite method of floating an idea. While the assembled
feature writers clustered around his desk skimming the newspapers and intermittently quoting some
story that might with luck yield a feature angle, Eilbeck would be scribbling away on his pad. Cockily
trumpeting his newly minted headline - 'WOULD YOU RISK A BLIND DATE HOLIDAY?' or
'CAN WOMEN BE TRUSTED WITH MONEY?' - he would rip off the page and thrust it into the
arms of the nearest writer - 'Copy by four o'clock.'
F. This was for the benefit of one of the paper's more irascible executives who was a passionate
believer in it. It had been noticed that when he was told he would have a bad day he would react
accordingly and his miserable colleagues would go through the day quaking in their shoes. My job
was to doctor the entry to give his colleagues a more peaceful ride.
G. My month's trial with the Mirror quickly expired without my having done anything to justify my
existence on the paper, but since Eilbeck didn't mention that my time was up, neither did I. I pottered
on, still trying to find my feet. Occasionally opportunity would knock, but it was usually a false alarm.
Not always, though.
H. But many of Eilbeck's madder flights of fancy had no chance of panning out so well - even I could
tell that. Seasoned writers would accept the assignment without demur, repair to a cafe for a couple
of hours, and then ring in to announce that they couldn't make the idea stand up.
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Part 4 Read the newspaper article about giving up work to go travelling. For questions 1-19,
answer by choosing from the sections of the article (A-E). Some of the choices may be required
more than once. Note: When more than one choice is required, these may be given in any order.
In which section(s) of the article are the following mentioned?
-----1.the view that going travelling does not represent escaping from something
-----2.a belief that going travelling provides a last opportunity for fun before leading a more
conventional life
-----3. anxiety as to how to deal with a practical issue

14
-----4-----5-----the feeling experienced immediately after giving up a job
-----6. regret at not having gone travelling
-----7. a feeling that the desire to travel may indicate immaturity
-----8. a feeling that older people may not fit in with other travellers
-----9. delaying the date of departure of a journey

-----10. a feeling shared by everybody who goes travelling later in life

-----11. losing self-respect by remaining in a job
-----12. considering the effect of going travelling on career prospects
-----13. the attitude of some employers to employees who go travelling
-----14. a belief that going travelling may result in greater flexibility as a person
-----15. the personal qualities required in order to decide to go travelling

-----16. the knowledge that permanent employment has become less usual
-----17. changes in life that prevent people from going travelling
-----18. having no strong desires professionally
-----19. looking forward more and more to going travelling
I may be too old for this lark, but here goes!
At 34, Tim Pozzi has left a good job to go backpacking. He ponders what has made him - and others
of his age - take the plunge.
A
This summer, I quit mv job and resolved to rent out my flat and go travelling in South East Asia for
a year You might think I'm lucky, but I'm 34 years old, and l m nervous.
It's not as if I haven't done the travelling thing before. After university. I spent two years backpacking
around North and South America, and when I returned. was determined to do it again some day, But
you know how it is ... I fell in love, embarked on a career, bought a Hat and got used to earning 'I
salary. But I gradually realised I had been sacrificing mv own sense of worth for my salary. When I
handed in that letter of resignation, it felt as though I'd taken charge of mv life again
I now have no tics. Many of my friends are now married with children and, while they wouldn't swap
places with me, they envy me my lack of responsibilities. I'm no longer in a relationship, and I have
no burning career ambitions. I feel almost obliged to make the most of that freedom - if only for mv
friends' sake'

B
Why am I so nervous) In the first place, 1t's a question of making the necessary arrangements. How
could I bear to have someone else living in mv 11Ome) And how would I go about organising the
letting? And apart from anything else, I had to decide where to go

15
I'm a shocking procrastinator. and am already several weeks behind mv intended schedule. ','"light
as well enjoy the summer in England,' I told myself. Then, 'Why not hang around for the start of the
football season?' Severing emotional ties makes it even more difficult.
I'm putting it off because, deep down, I wonder if I can still cope with backpacking. Will I be able to
readjust to a more basic way of life? Will I feel out of place among a community of backpackers fresh
out of school and university?
Perhaps nor. I've discovered it's increasingly common for Britons in their late twenties and thirties to
want to disentangle themselves from the lives they've made for themselves and head off for foreign
climes
C
Jennifer Cox, of Lonely PIanet guidebook publishers, identifies a growing awareness that adventure
is there for the raking: 'The penny's dropped. The sort of people who always say "I wish I'd had that
opportuniry" are realising that they can have it any time they want. They just have to be brave enough
and organised enough and confident enough to do it.'
-'0 I' Danny, a 30-vear-old accountant, and his girlfriend Tammy. a 28-vear-old teacher, it's a chance
to have a final fling before settling down. They have bought 'I round-the-world ticket for a year. 'I'm
prepared ((J sacrifice job security ((J have the trip,' says Danny. 'There's always a niggling thought
at the back of your mind that. "OK, I'm not moving up the career ladder, I'm going to be in the same
position I was in before when I come back," but I think it's a risk you have to take, When I left the
office, I threw my calculator into the river as a ceremonial act of defiance!'
For Matt, who'd just got out of the Army, the year he spent travelling amounted to a period of
metamorphosis. “When your’re in the military, there's a set way of doing things, a pattern to the way
you approach problems. I went away because I really needed to temper this, and get rid of this
approach in some cases, in order to have a reasonable existence as a civilian.'
D
While there are as many reasons to go travelling at mv time of life as there are travellers, there do
seem to be common factors. 'We have a much more flexible workforce today,' says Angela Baron of
the Institute of Personnel Development. 'There are more people working on short-term contracts and
so if your contract's just come to an end you've got nothing to lose.' Larger companies are even
adopting career-break policies. 'If you've spent a lot of time and money training someone, it's nice to
know they're coming back at some point rather than going to work for a competitor.'
For Dan Hiscocks, managing director of Travellerseye, a publishing company that specialises in the
tales of 'ordinary' travellers, an increasing number of thirty- sornethings are taking stock of their lives.
'If you're nor happy doing what you're doing - and many people aren't - it's no longer a question of
just seeing it through. Now people are aware that opportunities exist and that a job isn't "for life" any
more. Travel offers a chance to reassess, to take a step back and think about your life.'
E
Is giving in to wanderlust just another example of my generation's inability to come terms with
adulthood? Jennifer Cox thinks nor. 'It's a sign of a better educated, more stable society when we're
less concerned with paving the bills than wanting to live a balanced life. We're actually taking the
time to ask "Is this what I want?"
Ben, a 32-year-old picture researcher heading off to Central America for a year , does nor believe
he's running away. 'It's more a case of running towards something. It's trying to grab some things that
I want for myself' But he does feel some trepidation. 'It's the thought of what I'm leaving behind, that
16
comfortable routine - just the act of going into the office every day. saying "hi" to everyone and
sitting down with a cup of coffee.'
I share Ben's reservations about leaving behind an ordered life with few challenges and I'm nor sure
I'd be making this journey if [ hadn't found my boss so intolerable. As Jennifer Cox points out: 'This
is fairly typical. There's often a catalyst. like the break-up of a relationship or the loss of a job. Such
an event can push people to go and do it.'
It may have taken a helpful kick up the backside to get me moving, but I'm now approaching the next
12 months with a mounting sense of excitement. Whatever the outcome, I'll be able to take
satisfaction in having grabbed life by the horns. And in that I'm sure I speak for all of us ageing
backpackers
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Date : June 16th, 2023 PRACTICE TEST 2
Name:
Part 1. Read the following passages and circle A, B, C or D that best fits each numbered
blank.
GERARD MERCATOR: THE MAN WHO MAPPED THE PLANET
When Gerard Mercator was born in 1512, the geography of the globe still remained a mystery. It was
unclear whether America was part of Asia if there was a vast (1)______ of sea at the top of the world
or if Australia was connected to Antarctica.
Mercator’s childhood was spent chiefly in Rupelmonde, a Flemish trading town on the river, and it
was here that his geographical imagination was (2) ______ • by the ships which passed to and from
the rest of the world. Alongside imagination, he developed two very different skills. The first was the
ability to gather, (3) ________ and co-ordinate the geographical information provided by explorers
and sailors who frequented the margins of the known. He also had to be able to imagine himself (4)
_ ______ from the heavens, to achieve the visionary (5 )________ of gods in the skies, (6
)_________down on the world. The main reason why Mercator’s name is familiar to US is because
of the Mercator Projection: the solution he (7) ________ to represent the spheroidal surface of the
globe on a two-dimensional plane. It is less well known that Mercator was the first man to conceive
of mapping the (8)________ surface of the planet or that he (9 )___ _____the idea of multiple maps
being presented in bound books, to which he gave the name ‘Atlas'.
It is difficult for us now to be surprised by maps, so many are there, and of such detail and coverage,
but we should bear in mind that Mercator lived at a time when such knowledge was far from
(10)________ . He was the man who altered our worldview forever.
1. A. territory B. distance C. range D. expanse
2. A. raised B. reared C. supplied D. nourished
3. A. congregate B. amass C. assimilate D. construct
4. A.suspended B. located C. situated D. attached

5. A. inspection B. observation C. perspective D. assessment

17
6. A. glimpsing B. scutinizing C. watching D. gazing
7. A. invented B. contrived C. devised D. schemed
8. A.sheer B full C. entire D. utter
9. A. pioneered B. initiated C. lead D. prepared
10. A. typical B. common C. routine D. normal

Your asnwers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Part 2. Fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word.

KARAOKE FEVER
Karaoke is fast becoming the nation’s Number One party pastime. Public humiliation has (1
)________ been so fashionable. It’s 1 a.m. at an exclusive location in the heart of London. A major
pop singer has taken the stage but rather , than sing her latest hit, she treats the crowd (2 )________
a Michael Jackson song. What was (3)________ the party habit of teenagers is now favoured by
London's coolest crowd and everyone is having a (4 )________ . So why are so many of our young
celebrities queueing up to make fools of (5)________ in clubs and bars across the country? Maybe
it’s because (6)________ out a naff pop song to a public audience shows that even though you may
be a celebrity, you don ’t (7) • yourself too seriously. And if you are a big movie star, that's a good
message to get across. Nobody gets away without being laughed (8 )________ on a karaoke evening,
no matter how famous they are. T urning all, that's the whole point of the exercise. (9) ________ for
the musical experts among you, a word of warning: this isn’t about proving to the world that you
know all the lyrics to a serious song. It’s about expressing your inner performer. Don’t bother
(10)________ up at a karaoke night if you aren’t prepared to sing; you’ve got to put in the effort and
prove that you are one of the ‘in-crowd’. Break a leg!
Your asnwers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Part 3. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
How to make wise decisions
Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities. Although the
truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn't
an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all — in fact, the latest
studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.
`It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping
wisdom than previously imagined,' says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of
Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. 'Recent empirical findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and
personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically
across experiential and situational contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers
unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.'
It seems that it's not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our
ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors. 'It is impossible to characterize
thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors,' explains

18
Grossmann. 'In other words, wisdom is not solely an "inner quality" but rather unfolds as a function
of situations people happen to be in. Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.'
Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossmann and his colleagues have
identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is intellectual
humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of
perspectives wider than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations
is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.
Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom
in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though
giving advice to a friend. Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on
'the focal features of the environment' and when we adopt a third-person, 'observer' viewpoint we
reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and
impartiality. Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive
processes related to wise decisions.
What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or
negotiating a contract at work, that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that even
when we aren't able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different
perspectives.
For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession,
graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects. The students were instructed
to imagine their career either 'as if you were a distant observer' or 'before your own eyes as if you
were right there'. Participants in the group assigned to the 'distant observer' role displayed more
wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in
the control group.
In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an
unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective.
Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote
down their thoughts about it. Couples in the 'other's eyes' condition were significantly more likely to
rely on wise reasoning — recognizing others' perspectives and searching for a compromise —
compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.
`Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of
the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,' says Grossmann.
We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only
a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality
traits of openness and agreeableness. 'It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom
from one situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding
the relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to the
generalized "traits",' Grossmann explains. 'That is, knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given
situation is more informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to forgive [or] retaliate
as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise "in general".'
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 1-8,
write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
19
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. In the first paragraph, the writer points out a loophole in a basic assumption about wisdom.
2. Igor Grossmann suggests the importance of certain influences on the ability to make wise decisions
was overestimated.
3. Grossmann claims that the level of wisdom an individual shows can be greater than they assume
it is.
4. Students participating in the job prospects experiment could choose one of two perspectives to
take.
5. Participants in the couples experiment were aware that they were taking part in a study about wise
reasoning.
6. In the couples experiments, the length of the couples' relationships had an impact on the results.
7. In both experiments, the participants who looked at the situation from a more detached viewpoint
tended to make wiser decisions.
8. Grossmann believes that a person's wisdom is determined by their intelligence to only a very
limited extent.
Your answers:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Questions 9-13
Complete the summary using the list of words, A—J, below. Write the correct letter, A—J, in the
boxes provided.
The characteristics of wise reasoning
Igor Grossmann and colleagues have established four characteristics which enable us to make wise
decisions. It is important to have a certain degree of 9___________ regarding the extent of our
knowledge, and to take into account 10___________ which may not be the same as our own. We
should also be able to take a broad 11___________ of any situation. Another key characteristic is
being aware of the likelihood of alterations in the way that people relate to each other.
Grossmann also believes that it is better to regard scenarios with 12___________. By avoiding the
first-person perspective, we focus more on 13___________ and on other moral ideals, which in turn
leads to wiser decision-making.

A opinions B confidence C view

D modesty E problems F objectivity
G fairness H experiences I range J reasons

Your answers

9 10 11 12 13
Part 4. For questions 14-23, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D
that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.
New ways of looking at history

20
Though few modern readers are familiar with LP Hartley’s novel The Go-Between, many will know
the novel’s often quoted opening line: ‘The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.’
In Hartley’s novel, published in 1953, the remark indicates the distance that separates an early
narrator from the dramatic events of his youth. But the phrase has since been gleefully adopted by
historians hoping to dramatise the gulf between present and bygone ages. This remoteness makes the
past both alluring and incomprehensible. It is the natural hurdle all historians must overcome to shed
lights on earlier times. Since the days of Herodotus, the father of history who lived 2500 years ago,
it has had them scrambling for new ways to acquaint today’s audiences with yesterday’s events.
Amid the current mass of works of popular historical non-fiction, the question of how to bring history
to life seems more pressing than ever. The historian Ian Mortimer takes a literal approach: if the past
is a foreign country, then a foreigner’s guidebook might help. His book The Time Traveller’s Guide
to Medieval England is exactly that, offering ‘an investigation into the sensations of being alive in
different times’. The resulting portrait of the era is as lively and entertaining as it is informative. Yet
it is worth considering his claims about his own approach. ‘In traditional history, what we can say
about the past is dictated by the selection and interpretation of evidence.’ It would be foolish,
however, to suppose that Mortimer’s own text has not relied on precisely this kind of selection.
Mortimer presents events as if they were unfolding, putting the facts in the present tense. Yet the
illusion of first-hand historical experience is shattered the moment we are thrown 50 years backwards
or forwards in order to provide context. Mortimer’s refusal to commit to a temporal point of view
undermines the immediacy he attempts to convey.
Unlike Mortimer, Philip Matyszak, author of Ancient Rome on Five Denarii a Day, does not claim
to tread new historiographical ground. His aim is to inform and amuse, and in this he succeeds. The
light-hearted approach pays off, though it occasionally descends into juvenile and anachronistic
humour: Oedipus is referred to as ‘he of the complex’. This raises the question of what readership
the book is really aimed at. Also, the problem with time-travellers’ guides is that they often say more
about the people who wrote them than about the people they describe. Mortimer’s avowal that
‘climate change is another factor affecting the landscape’ in 14th-century England reflects worries
more modern than medieval. While Matyszak’s assertion that ‘it is a common misconception among
visitors that the Acropolis is the Parthenon’ sounds more like a complaint about the ignorance of
today’s tourists.
‘Understanding the past is a matter of experience as well as knowledge,’ Mortimer declares. This
may well be the manifesto for those who, not satisfied with virtual tours of history, take history into
their own hands. Historical re-enactors - yes, those individuals whose idea of fun is to dress up and
stage mock battles - provide the most literal interpretation of history as experience. Humorist Tim
Moore set out to explore this world in his book I Believe in Yesterday. In Berne, Switzerland, he
suffers in the name of ‘utter authenticity’ during the restaged siege of Grandson, circa 1474. In the
US he endures a stint of ‘relentless and uncompromising immersion with re-enactment’s seasoned
elite,’ revisiting 1864’s battle of Red River during the American Civil War.
Moore’s quest for ‘my inner ancient’ is fuelled by his anxieties about our modern inability to deploy
the skills that came naturally to our ancestors. More often, he finds, it is a ‘refreshingly simple
impulse to get away from it all’ that gets people into period attire. Many civil war re-enactors seek
redress: ‘History is written by the winners but reenactment gives the losers a belated chance to
scribble in the margins.’ For others it’s ‘a simple and truly heart-warming quest for gregarious
community’.
Perhaps re-enactment is the closest we can get to Mortimer’s ideal of what history should be: ‘A
striving to make spiritual, emotional poetic, dramatic and inspirational connections with our
forebears’. Interestingly, Mortimer quotes the poet WH Auden, who remarked that to understand
your own country it helps to have lived in at least two others. Perhaps the same applies to historical

21
eras. The central question, for popular historians and historical re-enactors alike, is not how to
animate the past but how to make it cast light on us today.
14. The quoted opening line of The Go-Between:

A. accounts for the unfamiliarity of readers with the novel

B. serves as a figurative barrier separating the past and the present
C. encapsulates attempts made by historians
D. instills historians with a disrespect for remoteness
15. According to the passage:
A. All historians have presented carefully selected historical events to laypeople.

B. The matter of enlivening history has been of more urgency recently.

C. Historians have adopted traditional methods to introduce bygone events to readers for ages.
D. Being impenetrable to outsiders renders history somewhat humdrum.
16. The writer suggests that Mortimer’s approach is flawed in the sense that:
A. It heavily relies on the process of comprehending events.
B. It completely runs counter to his claims, which results in confusion.

C. It entails events to be illustrated as if they were happening.

D. It fails to stick to a time-related perspective.
17. Which of the following nouns best reflect the writer’s attitudes towards the books by Mortimer
and Matyszak?
A. appreciation and criticism B. disregard and hostility

C. reverence and admiration D. acknowledgement and castigation

18. As indicated by the author, a shared characteristic of the books by Mortimer and Matyszak is that:
A. They include inappropriate use of humour to convey the ideas.
B. They are written from a viewpoint which remains unchanged throughout.
C. They are clearer manifestations of the authors’ concerns than of the topics.
D. Their target audience is left open to question by readers.
19. The writer’s choice of words in the fourth paragraph suggests that regarding activities in the field
of historical re-enactment, the author harbours feelings of:
A. cynicism B. skepticism C. enthusiasm D. optimism
20. As mentioned in the text, a driving force behind the appeal of historical re-enactment to some
people is:
A. the ability to envision themselves as famous historical figures

22
B. the possibility of corroborating their beliefs
C. the investigation into counterfactuals regarding life in the past
D. the chance to pretend to influence historical outcomes
21. All of the following reasons are given to explain the act of animating the past with the exception
of:
A. a sense of inferiority B. a form of escapism
C. a feeling of dissatisfaction D. a method of networking
22. What can be said about the historian Ian Mortimer?
A. He attaches little importance to abridging the distance between us and our ancestors.

B. His book lends itself well to edu-taining his readers.

C. He believes that comprehension of the past does not require one to experience it.
D. He leads an expedition into the world of historical re-enactment in his books.
23. The writer comes to the conclusion that history as Mortimer, Matyszak and historical re-enactors
see it:
A. shares many characteristics with literary writing
B. marks another important development which will be a fad.
C. can enrich our understanding of modern society.
D. may well be the way forward for historians in general.
Your answers

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 24-30, read the
passage and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra
paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box
provided
LIVE FOR TODAY
When an Australian nurse, called Bronnie Ware, most of whose career has been dedicated to caring
for elderly people on their deathbeds, decided to start keeping a record of her patients' dying thoughts,
little could she have known the level of interest her blog, Inspiration and Chai, would generate.
However, it has proven remarkably popular with readers and has developed quite the following.
Pointedly, it was this that prompted her to do the once unthinkable and consider writing a book to
share her, or her patients' to be more precise, wisdom with the wider world, which she did by penning
the aptly named The Top Five Regrets of the Dying. So what would people do differently if they
could live their lives over again? Well, apparently, the most common lamentation is when people feel
that they haven't stayed true to themselves and followed their dreams. Nearly all Ware's patients
wished that they had paid less heed in life to the expectations and perceptions of others and, instead,
had had the courage to live exactly how they themselves had wished.
24.---------

23
Another common regret amongst males in particular was the extent of time and effort they had
expended on work and work-related issues throughout their lives. Although women also echoed this
sentiment to an extent, the likely reason why fewer did is simply down to the fact that in past
generations women were less inclined to be breadwinners. In other words, they were employed at
home doing the household duties rather than at the coalface, as it were.
25.--------
What they missed most was not playing a bigger part in their children's lives. However, they also
lamented the fact they had somewhat neglected their partners, too, and not afforded them nearly
enough attention.
26.--------
The next most common regret is hardly a revelation either. However, it is certainly one I think we
can all readily relate to: not expressing your true feelings often enough. As the saying goes, say it
before its too late. This is certainly sage advice can vouch for, as I personally regretted not telling my
parents how much I loved and appreciated them before the chance was gone.
27.-------
Though it was not only positive feelings the patients wished they had been more expressive of.
Basically, they just wished they had told the truth more often. It seems that this secrecy and lack of
honesty causes more relationship trouble than its worth in the long run, even if it placates people and
makes life easier from a very short-term point of view.
28.------
Another regret related to close loved ones was the failure to properly keep in touch with them. Patients
deeply regretted letting their old friends fall out of the loop and not making a greater effort to stay in
contact. Friendships, after all, need constant attention and if you don't devote the appropriate time
and effort to grooming them, you inevitably lose touch.

29.-------
That, perhaps, explains the next regret Ware highlights, which is that people hadn't allowed
themselves to be happier in life. We are, it seems, ruled by fear; fear of change from the familiar and
routines, and much else besides, and this handicaps our capacity to be happy and grasp our chances
when they arrive. We end up stressing too much and not enjoying life or allowing ourselves to partake
in the excitement of living. Unsurprisingly, therefore, patients thought they ought to have allowed
themselves to let their hair down and enjoy life more often: to simply laugh and be silly and make
light of their and the world's problems.
30.------------
So perhaps it was a little premature of me earlier to imply that little in Ware's book came as a
revelation, though this was not, in any case, intended as criticism. It certainly gave me food for
thought, and the sense I came away with most is how important the urgency of living in the now is,
with sincerity and an appetite for fun, for tomorrow it just might be too late. And, then, what was the
point of it all anyway?
Paragraphs
A. What I find most curious about this, of course, is that, as children, this is precisely what we do.
We have fun and we don't take things too seriously. Somewhere along the way, as adults, we,

24
therefore, must forget how to do this. Then, ironically, we go full circle again in old age and realise
just how important it is, though not before it's, sadly, too late to act on this compulsion.
B. This, though, begs the question: should we not be asking ourselves is all the effort worth it or for
nought? After all, these traditional breadwinners and sloggers that were the men she interviewed,
people who toiled day-in-day-out throughout their working lives, although having done so with the
best of intentions — wanting to support their families — recognised that what they sacrificed was
simply unwarranted; the end did not justify the means.
C. Pointedly, perhaps, this lack of communicative openness and freedom not only resulted in deep
regrets, but, in many cases, Ware notes, also contributed to more serious health-related problems.
People literally made themselves sick from bitterness and pentup frustration; from bottling everything
up rather than venting their concerns and vexations.
D. At this point, I should add that what struck me most about reading the revelations in Ware's book
was how little of the content came as any sort of revelation whatsoever. After all, isn't it oh so obvious
that we ought to be devoting more time to our personal lives and our personal satisfaction rather than
simply spending hour upon hour grinding out a living every day? Perhaps putting in the overtime will
move us slightly ahead and enable us to extract a little more success from our careers; this is not
really up for debate. But at what cost?
E. Indeed, to me, this is the most important thing to take away from the book; that sense of urgency;
the necessity of telling people you care about exactly how you feel. I would almost suggest that you
cease reading on and do so immediately if you have left such sentiments for someone you know
unspoken for too long.
F. What I found particularly interesting, though, and contrary to my expectations was that rather than
look back on life through rose-tinted glasses, the elderly seem to reflect very honestly on things,
focusing on missed opportunities and what they should have done differently.
G. However, it is hard to ignore such problems and one often feels the weight of the world on one's
shoulders. The bigger question, therefore, is how to lift that weight and find true happiness.
H. Sadly, it seems, the realisation that life should be guided by personal motives rather than exterior
influences comes upon us far too late, though, by which time we lack the health and freedom to realise
our neglected personal ambitions. Father Time has already caught up with us then.
Your answers

24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Part 6. The passage below consists of four sections marked A, B, C and D. For questions 31-40,
read the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers (A, B, C or D) in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Thinking of studying history?

We asked four graduates to talk about directions they have followed?

A. On graduating, I challenged conventional notions that teaching is the only feasible option open to
history graduates and chose to become an art crime investigator with the police. The job involves
conscientious research on my part to track down works of art stolen from sites, museums and
churches, which are particularly vulnerable and cannot always safeguard their treasures. The loot is
smuggled abroad with the sole intent of being sold to the highest bidder. A collection of sculptures,
once constituting a single entity, may be shamefully fragmented and just scattered across the world,
so art crime squads in different countries constantly exchange information on illicit trafficking. A
recent case of mine involved the repatriation of three paintings taken from an Italian church. Seized
25
during a raid on a London hotel where dealers in illicit antiquities were meeting, these paintings were
returned to their rightful owners. In my experience, I'd estimate some of the priceless art in museums
may have been acquired under dubious circumstances, and some could actually be forgeries!
Retrieving stolen art is a long, drawn-out process. This is painstaking and not always rewarding, so
I'm under no illusions about happy endings. In the worst-case scenario, thieves try to destroy the
evidence before we can confiscate it, often causing irreversible damage. Sometimes, sadly, pieces are
lost forever
B. Studying for a history degree taught me to gather, assess and collate information — skills which
are invaluable in many walks of life. And having been fascinated by programmes on the History
Channel, I made what seemed like a natural choice and became a television research assistant.
Creating a historical series requires meticulous study, and that's where I come in. Above all, it's
essential that I examine and verify the factual background on costumes, furniture and jewellery. I
also skim through images to provide inspiration for the scenery and props. Researchers conflict
original ideas to expand on the life of a character such as Thomas Cromwell in WolfHall or Queen
Victoria. I'm not an authority on any particular period, but I do a lot of reading. My work requires a
high degree of accuracy and I pay strict attention to detail to avoid glaring errors - like double parking
lines in a 19th-century village!
Historians have discredited certain series for "fudging" the facts, yet they do spark an interest in
history, even if they stray into the realm of fiction on the odd occasion' Period dramas like Vikings
are in many respects deemed historically accurate. The Viking hairstyles and clothing are as authentic
as possible -- inspired by medieval manuscript.
C. There's an acute shortage of people choosing to study history. I think this is probably the result of
the misguided assumptions that it leads nowhere career-wise. Nothing could be further from the truth,
though. History develops your competence to research and present information coherently in a range
of formats, from brochures and guidebooks to informative films. Such skills can pave the way for
many careers, including mine. As a heritage manager, I am responsible for developing interest in
ancient monuments and historic buildings, such as Highclere Castle, which is a prime example of
19th century architectural style. One important task of mine is to market the building with events and
tours to increase visitor numbers. All our activities have to be profitable to support the building's
conservation. Another aspect of the job is to do research and provide information for a reference book
or an official history of the site. It's astounding how misinformed many people are, often having
learned their history from highly inaccurate sources like Hollywood films.
D. People often confuse the work of a historian with that of an archaeologist. First and foremost, a
historian's work involves investigating and analysing data in written form — from stone engravings
to books and letters — in order to validate information alleged to be facts. As an archaeologist, I try
to understand the legacy of the ancient world by excavating physical relics, such as coins or statues.
Despite what is often assumed, much of my work is done not on site, but in a lab, where we determine
the age of artefacts and their place of origin, using scientific techniques like carbon dating. At a dig,
we use cameras, 7 tablets and laser scanners to digitally record the site and every find. Another
intrinsic part of my work is to catalogue every item carefully in order to comply with local laws. It
may sound tedious, but sometimes it is actually a welcome relief from digging.
Archaeology and history have a reciprocal relationship. While I try to make a valid case about the
culture of a preceding civilization, I rely on a historian to verify my hypothesis or prove it untenable
by using a vast array of written evidence. But conversely, for example, when the lost remains of
England's King Richard Ill were unearthed, it would have been impossible to confirm they were
indeed his without the methods we archaeologists utilize, even though his reign was fully
documented.
Which person
26
31. expresses gratitude for aspects of work that nurture their innovative ideas?
32. censures the reckless manner in which antiquities are sometimes handled?
33. clarifies a misconception about the nature of their work?
34. confesses unpleasant aspects they sometimes stumble in their work?
35. explains that finding flaws is a feature of their work?

36. underscores the practical need to appeal to the general public?

37. explains the role of myriad devices in their work?
38. questions the authenticity of certain artefacts?
39. comments on the scarcity of graduates in their field?
40. mentions the need to follow existing regulations?
Your answers

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
rd
Date : June 23 , 2023 PRACTICE TEST 3
Name:

Part 1. Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space.
Plants are(1) ______ to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have
evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be
divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and (2)______ or active systems. Passive
plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as
bacteria, or (3) ____ _ tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in
addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as
trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect (4)______ .
Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and (5) ______ insects. If the physical
barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant
tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins,
glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective(6) ______to insects that feed on plants.
The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its
high tolerance(7)______ alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical
defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment
of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that
degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi. Active plant defense
mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and
molecular bases are(8)______ different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion.
implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most
dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the
hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die —
after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself (9)__________ ceases to grow and is therefore
restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been (10)______ to explain
the bases of hypersensitive resistance.
1. A. likely B. inclined C. flexible D. subject
2. A.inducible B. causative C. influential D. medicinal
27
3. A. convert B.render C. alternate D. reimburse
4. A. embryos B. larvae C. larva D. caterpillars
5. A. immobilize B. demobilize C. deactivate D. depreciate
6. A. hindrances B. repellents C. deterrents D. expurgations
7. A. to B. for C. within D.under

8. A. efficaciously B. phenomenally C. fundamentally D. originally

9. A. following B. substantially C. procedurally D. subsequently
10. A. brought about B. worked out C. put forward D. laid down
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Part 2. Fill in each gap with ONE suitable word.

ALTERNATIVE FAST FOOD
It is generally agreed upon that fast food is a great solution to the problem of what to eat. However,
it’s (1)_____as less nutritional than a healthy meal, which is what growing children need. For years,
nutritionists have been trying to get children into the (2)------- of eating healthy food. Without a
doubt, this has not been easy, getting in (3)_____ that they have to compete with numerous fast food
restaurants which are very popular with young people.
Nutritionists have lately come up with an idea which could (4)_____ to be successful. This involve
(5)____ children how to cook and in the process to enjoy the taste of fresh food. In the long (6)_____
, this may keep them off fast food. There are already a number of school projects throughout Britain
that are experimenting with the idea. They begin making vegetarian pizza - both the dough and the
topping. Many children were impressed with their own homemade pizzas. (7 )____ they compared
their pizzas with ready-made ones, the differences were noticeable. They found the (8) ______ greasy
and not as delicious as the homemade ones. Throughout the lesson, the children learn about the
quality and become skillful in the different techniques involved in cooking.
They become interested in cooking and in no (9)______ they even learn how to look after themselves
by eating nutritious food.’ Finally, nutritionists would like to get children cooking at home, too. It
may be messy, but, it's also an (10)______ for parents to spend quality time with their children.
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Part 3. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
THE PSYCHOLOGY IN HAPPINESS
A. In the late 1990s, psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania urged
colleagues to observe optimal moods with the same kind of focus with which they had for so long
studied illnesses: we would never learn about the full range of human functions unless we knew as
much about mental wellness as we do about mental illness. A new generation of psychologists built
up a respectable body of research on positive character traits and happiness-boosting practices. At
28
the same time, developments in neuroscience provided new clues to what makes us happy and what
that looks like in the brain. Self-appointed experts took advantage of the trend with guarantees to
eliminate worry, stress, dejection and even boredom. This happiness movement has provoked a great
deal of opposition among psychologists who observe that the preoccupation with happiness has come
at the cost of sadness, an important feeling that people have tried to banish from their emotional
repertoire. Allan Horwitz of Rutgers laments that young people who are naturally weepy after
breakups are often urged to medicate themselves instead of working through their sadness. Wake
Forest University’s Eric Wilson fumes that the obsession with happiness amounts to a “craven
disregard” for the melancholic perspective that has given rise to the greatest works of art. “The happy
man” he writes, “is a hollow man.”
B. After all people are remarkably adaptable. Following a variable period of adjustment, we bounce
back to our previous level of happiness, no matter what happens to us. (There are some scientifically
proven exceptions, notably suffering the unexpected loss of a job or the loss of a spouse. Both events
tend to permanently knock people back a step.) Our adaptability works in two directions. Because
we are so adaptable, points out Professor Sonja Lyubomirsky of the University of California, we
quickly get used to many of the accomplishments we strive for in life, such as landing the big job or
getting married. Soon after we reach a milestone, we start to feel that something is missing. We begin
coveting another worldly possession or eyeing a social advancement. But such an approach keeps us
tethered to a treadmill where happiness is always just out of reach, one toy or one step away. It’s
possible to get off the treadmill entirely by focusing on activities that are dynamic surprising, and
attention-absorbing, and thus less likely to bore us than, say, acquiring shiny new toys.
C. Moreover, happiness is not a reward for escaping pain. Russ Harris, the author of The Happiness
Trap, calls popular conceptions of happiness dangerous because they set people up for a “struggle
against reality”. They don’t acknowledge that real life is full of disappointments, loss, and
inconveniences. “If you’re going to live a rich and meaningful life,” Harris says, “you’re going to
feel a full range of emotions.” Action toward goals other than happiness makes people happy. It is
not crossing the finish line that is most rewarding, it is anticipating achieving the goal. University of
Wisconsin neuroscientist Richard Davidson has found that working hard toward a goal, and making
progress to the point of expecting a goal to be realised, not only activates positive feelings but also
suppresses negative emotions such as fear and depression.
D. We are constantly making decisions, ranging from what clothes to put on, to whom we should
marry, not to mention all those flavors of ice cream. We base many of our decisions on whether we
think a particular preference will increase our well-being. Intuitively, we seem convinced that the
more choices we have, the better off we will ultimately be. But our world of unlimited opportunity
imprisons us more than it makes us happy. In what Swarthmore psychologist Barry Schwartz calls
“the paradox of choice,” facing many possibilities leaves us stressed out— and less satisfied with
whatever we do decide. Having too many choices keeps us wondering about all the opportunities
missed.
E. Besides, not everyone can put on a happy face. Barbara Held, a professor of psychology at
Bowdoin College, rails against “the tyranny of the positive attitude”. “Looking on the bright side
isn’t possible for some people and is even counterproductive” she insists. “When you put pressure on
people to cope in a way that doesn’t fit them, it not only doesn’t work, it makes them feel like a
failure on top of already feeling bad.” The one-size-fits-all approach to managing emotional life is
misguided, agrees Professor Julie Norem, author of The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. In her
research, she has shown that the defensive pessimism that anxious people feel can be harnessed to
help them get things done, which in turn makes them happier. A naturally pessimistic architect, for
example, can set low expectations for an upcoming presentation and review all of the bad outcomes
that she’s imagining, so that she can prepare carefully and increase her chances of success.

29
F. By contrast, an individual who is not living according to their values, will not be happy, no matter
how much they achieve. Some people, however, are not sure what their values are. In that case Harris
has a great question: “Imagine I could wave a magic wand to ensure that you would have the approval
and admiration of everyone on the planet, forever. What, in that case, would you choose to do with
your life?” Once this has been answered honestly, you can start taking steps toward your ideal vision
of yourself. The actual answer is unimportant, as long as you’re living consciously. The state of
happiness is not really a state at all. It’s an ongoing personal experiment.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? Choose
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. Martin Seligman suggested that a deeper insight into mental problems than mental wellness would
equip humans with a thorough understanding of their entire functions.

2. Eric Wilson demonstrates a disregarding attitude towards happy men.

3. Human adaptability may render the acquisition of happiness an unattainable scenario
4. Richard Davidson deems the hope of success as a means of overcoming unhappy feelings.
5. People have a distorted understanding that the wide varierty of alternatives they are presented with
in life would boost their level of happiness.

6. Barbara Held advises against taking a positive stance.

7. The example of an architect shows that pessimism can also become a contributory factor to success.
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Questions 8-13
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for
each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
8. With a view to gaining an insight into the working process of people’s mind, Martin Seligman held
the view that research should consider our most positive ------------------------- as thoroughly as it does
our psychological issues.
9. There are some ___________ to mankind’s ability to recover after tragedies.
10.After arriving at a ___________ in their lives, people become acquainted with their attainments
and move their goalposts. 11.In a research, pessimism is ___________ by people with great anxiety
as a stimulus to strive for the target.
12.A ___________ is thought to be more likely to deal with a presentation successfully.
13.Happiness is not stationery but an incessant ___________ by oneself.

30
Your answers

8 9 10 11 12 13

Part 4. For questions 14-23, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D
that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.
A dancer’s lot
All across London, they emerge from underground stations and buses; bags slung over their shoulders
and taut stomachs beneath thick winter overcoats. Nobody recognises them, as they head for freezing
upstairs rooms in tatty gymnasiums or slink into backstage theatre doors, even though they appear
regularly in sold-out musicals and favourite television shows. They earn precious little, even those
who perform live with famous singers, and have no real prospects, doing what they’re doing, despite
having hustled and sweated themselves to the heights of one of Britain’s most demanding professions.
But still they go, every morning, to their grim upstairs rooms in gyms and their backstreet, backstage
doors, to dance.
Most have left behind worried parents in faraway towns and villages; made repeated promises to look
after themselves and taken trains, in their late teenage years, for London. There’s much to despise
about the city, where talent and a reptilian grade of resilience, although prerequisites, provide no
guarantee of success. Even auditions are becoming rare. Conscious of deadlines and financial
constraints, choreographers call in talent from the blessed pool of their own chosen. If you aren’t the
right height, don’t have the right face, hair or sartorial style, then don’t expect a look in. Although
choreographers occasionally seek out the beautiful, they’re mostly instructed to hunt the bland: those
least likely to outshine the stars. And, as many dancers will tell you, it’s getting to the point where
mediocrity is acceptable; there’ll be someone over there out of sync, someone over there who can’t
hold her arm still.
And if they get a part, increasingly dancers are turning up for jobs where the choreographer just
stands there and works them endlessly, fingers clicking: ‘Again, again, again’ As one dancer, Melanie
Grace says, ‘You dance for the love and the passion, and keep your mouth shut because you
don’t want to get a reputation.’ It’s not always easy, though. You think the television shows provide
changing rooms for dancers? Even the big budget ones have them disrobing in a corner of the canteen
– and the pay’s lousy. But you have to ignore it, keep your head down. You’re in London now. You’re
one of many, one of nothing. The sooner you accept that, the better you’ll get on. Of the fleets of
talented dancers who try, only a quarter make it, the rest simply can’t process the ruthlessness – to
dance in London is hard on the soul.
Yet most of the dancers have agents, who you might think would negotiate a better fee or conditions
for their dancers, but no. You’ll never meet a dancer who thinks their agent deserves their twenty
percent cut of the fee. Mostly you’ll just get a text or email notifying you of an audition and a single
agent might have as many as two hundred dancers on their books. As Melanie says, ‘It’s catch-22,
because you won’t hear about the auditions without one.’ Here’s the job, take it or leave it, and if you
leave it, they’ll just hire someone straight out of college and pay them even less.
Oh, the annual churn of the colleges. The dancers hear it constantly, the sound of the machine in the
distance, its ceaselessly grinding gears that, with every coming year, push out hundreds of new
dancers, each one younger and hunger and less jaded than you. And with every release of fresh limbs
into the stew of the city, things get harder. The worst thing the kids can do is accept a job for no pay.
They do it all the time. One website has become notorious for television and pop-video production
companies scrounging for trained people to work for nothing but ‘exposure’ And if the youngsters
are fresh out of dance school, despairing of their blank CV and craving the love of those ranks of

31
sparkleeyed strangers, they’ll leap at the chance. It’s the reason things are getting harder. How to
describe the London dance scene today? The word Melanie chooses is ‘savage’
14. Which of the following adjectives best describe the profession of dancing?

A. taxing but rewarding B. exacting and thankless

C. soul-destroying and gut-wrenching D. unmistakable and strenuous
15. In delineating the job of dancing, the writer:
A. compares their gains with the efforts dancers have to make
B. belabours the point that dancers suffer in the name of ‘noted artists’
C. juxtaposes the lives of dancers with those of well-known singers

D. elucidates the avenues open to dancers regarding their positions within the industry
16. According to the passage, which of the following is true about dancers?
A. The majority of them hail from deprived backgrounds.
B. Fulfilling the requirements is not a bulwark against abortive attempts for them.
C. Usually, those who are nice-looking are given preference during recruitments.
D. They are expected to meet higher standards by choreographers.

17. It can be implied from the passage that:

A. Auditions are becoming less popular as a result of worries about stars being overwhelmed.
B. The dancers who stand out from the crowd have a high chance of being recruited.
C. Financial burden inhibits choreographers to employ talents from their chosen ones.
D. A lower level of quality may soon be allowed within the industry of dancing.
18. The statement: “‘You dance for the love and the passion, and keep your mouth shut because
you don’t want to get a reputation.’” best underscores:
A. the importance of remaining unrecognisable B. the passion required in the profession
C. the need to be obedient D. the destructive power of silence
19. From the passage, we can deduce that it is advisable for dancers to:
A. accept the harsh realities and get the hang of surviving in the industry

B. abandon their expectations and never overlook the demerits of the job
C. be self-esteemed and bring the dismal side to light D. insist that they have a specifically designated
space to change clothes
20. It is suggested in the passage that agents:

A. are willing to pay high prices to their dancers.

B. devote their time and energy to several dancers at a time.
32
C. are indispensable from their dancers’ perspectives.
D. are unconcerned whether dancers accept twenty percent cut of the fee
21. The author makes use of the sound of the machine in order to underline:
A. the attitudes of training institutions towards post-graduate dancers.
B. the constant and abundant supply of new talent.

C. the hostility of seniors within the profession of dancing.

D. the exploitation of young talents for the sake of financial gains.
22. A reason given for the increasingly harder industry of dancing is that:
A. Trained dancers are harnessed by online platforms to work without any gains but experience in
the profession. B. Chances, although unrewarding, are seized by graduates who are blissfully ignorant
of the harsh realities involved in the profession of dancing.
C. Recent graduates are eager to grab any opportunity offered to them, regardless of how beneficial
the chance is.
D. Inexperience and a craving for attention drive college graduates to join the ranks of sparkle-eyed
strangers.
23. In what sense can the word ‘savage’, used by Melanie to describe the London dance scene today,
be understood?
A. involving fierce criticism B. aggressive and violent
C. mind-boggling and mysterious D. destructive and competitive
Your answers

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Part 5. You are going to read a magazine article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the
article. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap (24 - 30). There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use.
SOCIAL CHANGE DOWN IN BLACK AND WHITE
We are increasingly being led to believe that advances in communications technology have brought
us to the threshold of the paperless society, one in which the book may be seen as a museum piece.
However, for many of us, our progress down this path may involve much dragging of heels.
24.-----
As soon as people discovered the secrets of paper-making, the communication of ideas and values
really took off in an unprecedented way. Scientific theories could be explained to a wider audience,
knowledge could be more readily accumulated by scholars, and literature, which had relied on oral
tradition, gained a new lease of life in an everexpanding role.
25.------
Within a thousand years, China well outstripped Europe in wealth. This was not only achieved
through paper-making, but also by virtue of other Chinese scientific achievements like gunpowder

33
and developments in astronomy and navigation, which helped the Chinese become the leading
military and trading power.
26.-------
Such was the importance of paper to the wealth and power of the Chinese emperors that they were
determined to keep the process of paper-making a closely guarded secret. But, as with other profitable
knowledge, it was just a matter of time before the secret became known, and other countries were
then empowered to flourish through the spread of knowledge and ideas that paper could facilitate.
27.------
The principles of printing had, in fact, been known in China for several hundred years before the
European 'invention' of printing. The Chinese had been working with clay, but found that this wore
down, so printers constantly had to make new type. From there, they went on to wooden type. In fact,
they did proceed to metal type, but were at a disadvantage, due to the complexity of their language,
which required many different types for the characters.

28.------
It did not take long for this invention to catch on as the modern means to spread knowledge and ideas.
By the end of the fifteenth century there were sixty paper mills in Germany to satisfy the demands of
the printing presses and printing had been introduced to other European countries.
29.-------
As a result, books and knowledge were more accessible to the less well off and, accordingly, the
importance of literacy was more widely recognised. This became the impetus for a virtuous cycle:
with the availability of cheaper books, education and literacy grew, and with the increase in the
literate population there was a further rise in the demand for books.

30.------
None of the social or intellectual revolutions of the past few hundred years would have taken place
with such rapid success had it not been for paper. Likewise, paper and cheap printed material are
responsible for the increasing growth of education and the ascendancy of democratic principles. It is
therefore no exaggeration to state that paper has played a major role in shaping the modern world.
Missing Paragraphs
A. No sooner did this cultural advantage find its way into western hands than its exploitation began
to be realised. The first paper mill in Germany was set up towards the end of the fourteenth century,
and it didn't take long for the church to appreciate the potential role of paper in the expansion of its
activities and teaching. From producing paper, it didn't take long for Europeans to make the next
great leap that would open the floodgates to advances in civilisation.
B. The next consequence was the use of paper and printing to fuel revolution and social upheaval.
The availability of cheap printing technology enabled the Protestant Reformation to take off, with the
publication of hundreds of thousands of copies of Martin Luther's writings. Recognising the power
of the printed word, the Catholic church resorted to desperate retaliatory action by attacking
booksellers and destroying works that they did not approve of.
C. This should come as no surprise. After all, we have had over a thousand years to form a strong
emotional attachment to paper, which has, along with writing and printing, comprised the basis for
the development and progress of society.

34
D. It was not long afterwards that William Caxton, an English merchant, retired from his business
and went to Germany to learn about printing. He took part in producing the first book to be printed
in English, which was printed on a Flemish press, and he went on, in 1477, to publish the first book
printed in England.
E. However, such inventions and discoveries can not, in themselves, account for the phenomenal
growth of Chinese power and influence. Credit for this progress must go to those tools at the disposal
of the Chinese which enabled them to exploit their discoveries and build on them: writing paper and
another Chinese invention, block printing.
F. The massive surge in the production of books which followed as a result of the change from writing
books by hand to printing them enabled Europe to overtake China as the most advanced civilisation.
Knowledge which had previously been in the hands of the church, rulers and a handful of scholars
soon became more widely available.
G. At the forefront of this great step towards civilisation were the Chinese. Around 105 AD, they
invented paper and, from the time of that crucial achievement, their civilisation developed in leaps
and bounds. With the secret of paper-making in their hands, the Chinese soon had the most advanced
civilisation and China enjoyed hundreds of years of prosperity.
H. This lost knowledge was not only rediscovered when Johannes Gutenberg invented the type mould
in the middle of the fifteenth century, but vastly improved upon. His press used metal type, and was
not only a revolutionary invention, but was also one of the earliest precision instruments. The letters
were of a uniform shape and size and could be locked together in neat, even lines of text. It was a
fairly straightforward matter to set up and print a few pages then rearrange the type and use it again
for other pages.
Your answers

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Part 6. The passage below consists of five paragraphs marked A-E. Read the passage and do the
task that follows. Write your answers (A-E) in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
A. Manchester
We kick off with Manchester. Despite a severely depleted squad, with much of the first team hit by
a mysterious ailment midweek, manager, Noel Harriot, remains upbeat about his team’s prospects
this weekend and has appealed for his squad players to stand up to and be counted, and to grasp the
opportunity by seizing the moment and cementing their first-team place. However, in Doncaster, they
will go up against a side undefeated in twenty-eight games, which is a record run for the club, and
this will undoubtedly represent their stiffest challenge to date. Harriot, though, is hopeful that new
star signing, Gregor Dmitri, can inspire his side to defy the odds and emerge victorious in Sunday’s
midday kick-off. While the title appears to be out of reach for Manchester now, a string of good
results could yet see them finish in the coveted top four sports, but they are clearly up against this.

B. Doncaster
And now to their opponents on Sunday, Doncaster will hope to continue building on the momentum
of a string of successive victories, which sees them flying high at the top of the table. Their coach,
Yale Edwards, is understandably in confident mood ahead of Sunday’s match-up; however, in
Manchester, they face a team known for their resilience and battling qualities, as evidenced last year,
so a win is not as simple as it may seem on paper. The victory, though, put them nearly out of reach
of their rivals and a step closer to the title. Indeed, they are now odds-on to claim the crown for a
35
second successive season with most bookmakers. Their pragmatic style of play may not have won
them many fans without the club, but the club faithful remain united and steadfast in their support,
and so long as the unprecedented success continues, this is unlikely to change. It is, after all, not how
but how many that counts at the end of the day.
C. Liverpool
Liverpool must tear up the formbook if they are to come away from Saturday’s clash with Brighton
with more than a draw. Considering last year’s notoriously leaky defence, their record in that
department is incredibly impressive this season. However, their problems now are in front of goal.
They are playing the kind of a football that has fans salivating at times, but they simply cannot convert
their chances. Indeed, this no doubt explains why manager, Alain Jerome, is coming under increasing
pressure. There have long been rumours of boardroom dissatisfaction with the team’s results, but as
long as Jerome had the backing of supporters, his position was considered safe. There are growing
signs, however, that they are losing faith in him and this will only add to the pressure this weekend
to get a result. This season has for Jerome, sadly, been a case of style over substance so far. Can their
swashbuckling approach finally pay dividends?
D. Brighton
Midseason, Brighton was top of the list of team analysts thought likely to be in the relegation fight,
facing demotion. They have defied the odds and their position in the league is already secure with
five games to go. This must surely be a weight off manger Landon Grieg’s shoulders. The commotion
of the early season has died down now and fans are no longer calling for his head. In this fickle game
that is football, Grieg has somehow managed to win them over. The secret to Brighton’s success
doesn’t lie in their defensive resilience or attacking prowess, though. They are average at best in all
departments. However, Grieg has somehow galvanized his squad of mediocre players and
transformed them into something far more than the sum of their parts. Anything less than a draw on
Saturday against Liverpool would be a disappointment; that is how far they have come. It has been a
turnaround not without trials, tribulations and setbacks, but it has been one, nonetheless, of epic
proportions.
E. Leicester
Leicester have had a season beset by misfortune, with the squad ravaged by injury for much of the
first half, which stifled any momentum they could have hoped to build. They are now, as a result, in
a battle for their lives, where every game or every point won or lost could mean the difference
between survival and being cast off into the abyss of the lower leagues. Manager, Thomas Waylander,
cut a despondent figure at the press conference earlier today, admitting that the odds are stacked up
against them now (which, incidentally, is quite remarkable considering they were many experts’ pre-
season pick as title favourites and have been serious contenders in each of the last two seasons).
However, he did see one dim ray of light at the end of this long and very dark tunnel; suggesting that,
with the squad more or less returned to full fitness, if they could claim an unlikely victory on Saturday
against Northampton, then that could be the momentumbuilder to spur them on to a miraculous
escape.
According to the analyst, which team
31. has the performance that exceeds expectations?
32. has already shown great resilience this reason?
33. has played exciting football but not got the deserving results?
34. prioritizes victory over stylish playing?

36
35. manager looks on the bright side regarding formidable obstacles they face for the rest of the
season?
36. is in pressing need of decent results to hope for a magical survive?

37. manager has seen a shift to more approving attitude of fans towards him?
38. lacks the presence of some important first-time players?
39. managers wants certain players to utilize their good fortune?
40. does not appeal to neutral fans?
Your answers

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Date : June 30th, 2023 PRACTICE TEST 4

Name:
Part 1. Read tile text below and decide which answer best fits each space.
INDUSTRY 4.0
Digitally connected manufacturing, often (1)______ “Industry 4.0” , (2 )____ a wide variety of
technologies, ranging from 3D printing to robotics, new materials and production systems.
A move towards Industry 4.0 would benefit the private sector. Large, integrated manufacturers would
find in it a way to (3) _____ and shorten their supply chain, for example via flexible factories. A more
digitalized manufacturing would also open new market ( 4 )_____ for SMEs providing such
specialized technologies as sensors, robotics, 3D printing or machine-to machine communications.
For developed nations, Industry 4.0-a term initially (5) _ ____ in Germany-could be a way to regain
manufacturing competitiveness. This is particularly relevant in the case of Western Europe, which,
unlike the US, does not currently enjoy reduced energy costs.
As for (6) ______ markets, Industry 4.0 could provide the much-needed route to moving up the value
chain, something that has become increasingly important to achieve in the ( 7 )_____ _ of rising labor
costs. For example, Chin a’s new ten-year plan, issued last May and (8) ________ named “Made in
China 2025”, targets key sectors such as robotics, information technology and energy (9 )_____
turning the country from a “manufacturing giant” into a “world manufacturing power.
As promising as it is, much more work remains to be done to make Industry 4.0 a large scale reality.
On the regulatory side, for instance, policy makers will have to ensure that data—the (10) ______ of
Industry 4.0— can move freely and securely throughout the supply chain, including across borders.
This is an effort that is likely to take some time.

1. A. deferred to as B. referred to as C. deferred to D. referred to

2. A. involves B. supports C. encompasses D. necessitates
3. A. optimize B. maximize C. customize D. legitimize
4 .A. chances B. possibilities C. opportunities D. places
5. A. yielded B. pieced C. lauded D. coined
6. A. novel B. emerging C. premature D. immature
37
7. A. loop B. teeth C. feat D. wake
8. A. aptly B. particularly C. unwittingly D. distinctively
9. A. in the interests of B. in lieu of C. in awe of D. in the hope of
10. A. pins and needles B. nuts and bolts C. root and branch D. part and parcel
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Part 2. Read the texts below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE WORD
for each space.
BRAIN GEL
Scientists have developed a gel that helps brains recover from traumatic injuries. It has the (1)______
to treat head injuries suffered in combat, car accidents, falls, or gunshot wounds. Developed by Dr.
Ning Zhang at Clemson University in South Carolina, the gel is (2)______ in liquid form at the site
of injury and stimulates the growth of stem cells there.

Brain injuries are particularly hard to repair, since injured tissues swell up and can cause (3)______
damage to the cells. So far, treatments have tried to limit this secondary damage by lowering the
temperature or (4)______ the pressure at the site of injury. However, these techniques are often not
very effective.

More recently, scientists have considere5 (1)______ donor brain cells into the wound to repair
(6)______ tissue. This method has so far had limited results when treating brain injuries. The donor
cells often (7)______ to grow or stimulate repair at the injury site, possibly because of the (8)______
and scarring present there. The injury site also typically has very limited blood supply and connective
tissue, which might prevent donor cells from getting the nutrients they require.

Dr. Zhang’s gel, however, can be loaded with different chemicals to stimulate various biological
(9)______ at the site of injury. In previous research done (10)______ rats, she was able to use the
gel to help re-establish full blood supply at the site of brain injury. This could help create a better
environment for donor cells.

Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Part 1. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
Love stories
“Love stories” are often associated – at least in the popular imagination – with fairy tales, adolescent
day dreams, Disney movies and other frivolous pastimes. For psychologists developing taxonomies2
of affection and attachment, however, this is an area of rigorous academic pursuit. Beginning in the
early 1970s with the groundbreaking contributions of John Alan Lee, researchers have developed
classifications that they believe better characterise our romantic predispositions. This involves
examining not a single, universal, emotional expression (“love”), but rather a series of divergent
behaviours and narratives that each has an individualised purpose, desired outcome and state of mind.
Lee’s gritty methodology painstakingly involved participants matching 170 typical romantic
encounters (e.g., “The night after I met X…”) with nearly 1500 possible reactions (“I could hardly
get to sleep” or “I wrote X a letter”). The patterns unknowingly expressed by respondents culminated

38
in a taxonomy of six distinct love “styles” that continue to inform research in the area forty years
later
The first of these styles – eros – is closely tied in with images of romantic love that are promulgated
in Western popular culture. Characteristic of this style is a passionate emotional intensity, a strong
physical magnetism – as if the two partners were literally being “pulled” together – and a sense of
inevitability about the relationship. A related but more frantic style of love called mania involves an
obsessive, compulsive attitude toward one’s partner. Vast swings in mood from ecstasy to agony –
dependent on the level of attention a person is receiving from his or her partner – are typical of manic
love.
Two styles were much more subdued, however. Storge is a quiet, companionate type of loving –
“love by evolution” rather than “love by revolution”, according to some theorists. Relationships built
on a foundation of platonic affection and caring are archetypal of storge. When care is extended to a
sacrificial level of doting, however, it becomes another style – agape. In an agape relationship one
partner becomes a “caretaker”, exalting the welfare of the other above his or her own needs.
The final two styles of love seem to lack aspects of emotion and reciprocity altogether. The ludus
style envisions relationships primarily as a game in which it is best to “play the field” or experience
a diverse set of partners over time. Mutually-gratifying outcomes in relationships are not considered
necessary, and deception of a partner and lack of disclosure about one’s activities are also typical.
While Lee found that college students in his study overwhelmingly disagreed with the tenets of this
style, substantial numbers of them acted in a typically ludic style while dating, a finding that proves
correct the deceit inherent in ludus. Pragma lovers also downplayed emotive aspects of relationships
but favoured practical, sensible connections. Successful arranged marriages are a great example of
pragma, in that the couple decides to make the relationship work; but anyone who seeks an ideal
partner with a shopping list of necessary attributes (high salary, same religion, etc.) fits the
classification.
Robert J. Sternberg’s contemporary research on love stories has elaborated on how these narratives
determine the shape of our relationships and our lives. Sternberg and others have proposed and tested
the theory of love as a story, “whereby the interaction of our personal attributes with the environment
– which we in part create – leads to the development of stories about love that we then seek to fulfil,
to the extent possible, in our lives.” Sternberg’s taxonomy of love stories numbers far more, at
twenty-six, than Lee’s taxonomy of love styles, but as Sternberg himself admits there is plenty of
overlap. The seventh story, Game, coincides with ludus, for example, while the nineteenth story,
Sacrifice, fits neatly on top of agape.
Sternberg’s research demonstrates that we may have predilections toward multiple love stories, each
represented in a mental hierarchy and varying in weight in terms of their personal significance. This
explains the frustration many of us experience when comparing potential partners. One person often
fulfils some expected narratives – such as a need for mystery and fantasy – while lacking the ability
to meet the demands of others (which may lie in direct contradiction). It is also the case that stories
have varying abilities to adapt to a given cultural milieu and its respective demands. Love stories are,
therefore, interactive and adaptive phenomena in our lives rather than rigid prescriptions.
Steinberg also explores how our love stories interact with the love stories of our partners. What
happens when someone who sees love as art collides with someone who sees love as a business? Can
a Sewing story (love is what you make it) co-exist with a Theatre story (love is a script with
predictable acts, scenes and lines)? Certainly, it is clear that we look for partners with love stories
that complement and are compatible with our own narratives. But they do not have to be an identical
match. Someone who sees love as mystery and art, for example, might locate that mystery better in
a partner who views love through a lens of business and humour. Not all love stories, however, are

39
equally well predisposed to relationship longevity; stories that view love as a game, as a kind of
surveillance or as addiction are all unlikely to prove durable.
Research on love stories continues apace. Defying the myth that rigorous science and the romantic
persuasions of ordinary people are incompatible, this research demonstrates that good psychology
can clarify and comment on the way we give affection and form attachments.

Questions 27-34
Look at the following statements and the list of styles in the box below.
Match each statement with the correct term, A–F.
Write the correct letter, A–F, in the boxes provided. NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. My most important concern is that my partner is happy.
2. I enjoy having many romantic partners.

3. I feel that my partner and I were always going to end up together.

4. I want to be friends first and then let romance develop later.
5. I always feel either very excited or absolutely miserable about my relationship.
6. I prefer to keep many aspects of my love life to myself.
7. When I am in love, that is all I can think about.
8. I know before I meet someone what qualities I need in a partner.

List of Love Styles

A Eros
B Mania
C Storge
D Agape
E Ludus
F Pragma

Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Questions 9-13 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading
passage ? In boxes 9-13, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
9. Some of our love stories are more important to us than others.
40
10. Our love stories can change to meet the needs of particular social environments.
11. We look for romantic partners with a love story just like our own.
12. The most successful partners have matching love stories.
13. No love story is more suited to a long relationship than any other.
Your answers

9 10 11 12 13
Part 2. For questions 14-23, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D
that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided. Undercover journalism
Journalism is too small or too distant a word to cover it. It is theatre; there are no second takes. It is
drama – it is improvisation, infiltration and psychological warfare. It can be destructive in itself
before any print has seen the light of day. It is exhilarating, dangerous and stressful. It is the greatest
job. It is my job.
I am an undercover reporter. For the past year or so, I have been a football hooligan, a care worker,
a bodyguard and a fashion photographer. It is a strange life and difficult one. In the course of a day,
I have assumed four different personalities, worn four different wardrobes and spoken four different
street dialects, and left a little of me behind in each of those worlds. More important than this, though,
are the experiences and emotions I’ve taken away with me. It’s hard to put a label on them. They
have seeped in and floated out of my psyche, but somewhere in the backyard of my mind the
footprints of this strange work are left behind.
I have as yet no real notion as to what, if any, long-term impact they will have. For the moment, I
relish the shooting gallery of challenges that this madness has offered me. In the midst of all these
acting roles and journalistic expeditions, I have endeavoured not to sacrifice too much of my real
self. I have not gone native and I am still sane. At least for the moment.
In the course of any one investigation, you reveal yourself in conversation and etiquette, mannerism
and delivery – of thousands of gesticulations and millions of words – and cover yourself with the
embroidery of many different disguises. If one stitch is loose or one word misplaced, then everything
could crash, and perhaps violently so.
Certainly, as a covert operator, the journalistic safe line is a difficult one to call. Every word you utter
is precious, every phrase, insinuation and gesture has to be measured and considered in legal and
ethical terms. Even the cadence of your voice has to be set to appropriate rhythms according to the
assumed role, the landscape and the terrain of your undercover patch.
The golden rule is this: as an undercover reporter you must never be the catalyst for events that would
not otherwise have occurred, had you not been there. The strict guidelines within broadcasting
organisations about covert filming mean that, every time I go into the field, a BBC committee or
compliance officer has to grant permission first. It’s a strange but necessary experience for someone
like me, who operates on instinct and intuition, but it’s a marriage that works well.
The undercover reporter is a strange breed. There is no blueprint that exists. It is your own
journalistic ethos and within those parameters you try to tread a safe line, both in terms of your
journalism and personal safe-keeping. And of course, there’s a high price you pay for this kind work,
home is now a BBC safe house. The only visitors to my bunker are work colleagues. It’s not a pleasant
lifestyle, but I have taken on all the stories in the full knowledge of the risks involved.

41
Though I embarked upon my journey with enthusiasm and determination, the climate in which we
undertake this journalistic and documentary mission is an increasingly hostile one. It is one in which
covert filming has come under scrutiny because of concerns about fakery and deception and the
featuring of hoax witnesses. Issues concerning privacy, the use of covert filming techniques across
the media – from current affairs to the tabloid newspapers – and the way journalists work with these
tools have been rigorously appraised. I personally welcome this scrutiny.
Hi-tech surveillance equipment allows me to tell the story as it unfolds, surrounded by its own props,
revealing its own scars and naked sinews, and delivered in its own dialect. There is no distortion and
only one editorial prism – mine. While the sophisticated technology allows a visual and aural
presentation of events, mentally I rely on the traditional method of jotting things down to rationalise
my thoughts and gain a coherent picture of all that I was involved in. This is my delivery system –
how I narrate.
Inevitably the spotlight has shone on me but those who have worked on either paper trail
investigations in newspapers or in television will know that it will fade. I am happy to return to the
career of a desk journalist because I recognise that the tools we have used are tools of last resort. I’ll
be returning to the more usual journalistic methods: telephone and computer notebook rather than
secret cameras and hidden microphones. But the aim will be the same: to shed light into the darker
corners of society where the vulnerable are most at risk.
14. Which of the following does the writer NOT suggest about his job in general?
A. Journalism is not truly a word to represent it.
B. Those involved hail from various occupations.
C. It entails people to act in different roles.
D. It has a miscellaneous collection of characteristics.
15. As implied by the author, what distinguishes undercover journalism from regular kinds?

A. the range of subjects it touches on B. the effects of its destructive power

C. the degree of spontaneity in it D. the harm that it can cause
16. What does the writer suggest about his attitude towards his job?
A. He has a recollection of most emotions triggered by it.
B. He attaches much of his own personality to the roles he assumes.
C. His interest in the job has been retained.

D. He abominates the ordeals involved in it.

17. What does the writer imply about undercover investigators?
A. They are required to be circumspect so as not to conceal their identities.
B. They have to be cautious in order not to cling to a preplanned set of actions.
C. They should try not to be factors causing changes in events.
D. They need to be observant to the reactions of other people while conducting tasks.

18. The writer suggests that undercover investigators:

42
A. have to live with the consequences of exposing themselves.
B. resent sticking to rules laid down by their employers.
C. tend to be a similar kind of person. D. operate according to a similar code of conduct.
19. As indicated by the writer, tribulations arise within the profession because
A. the application of cutting-edge technologies is conducive to attempts to falsify information.

B. covert filming has been put into question following worries about the effects of documentaries.
C. deceptive testimonies have emerged to degrade the quality of covert filming.
D. how journalists make use of their equipment has come under scrutiny.
20. Regarding the harsher working environment in his profession, it can be implied that the author:
A. harbours feelings of repulsion at it. B. displays embrace of it.
C. finds it rather disconcerting. D. expresses insouciance towards it.

21. What can be inferred about the method used by the author while working as a reporter?
A. He embellishes the stories with details not clearly reflecting what happened
B. He allows technology to cater for every stage of the process.
C. He uses writing as a way of brainstorming ideas and approaching what he would like to include.
D. He lets the events speak for themselves with the aid of modern technology.
22. What does the passage suggest about the author’s intentions for the future?

A. He will adopt the more traditional work as a journalist.

B. He will make attempts to return to normalcy after all events.
C. He will have recourse to the tools used when there are no alternatives.
D. He will go to some lengths to direct the limelight away from him.
23. The writer sees the primary aim of journalism as:
A. combating the corruption within the society.
B. enlightening people about the disadvantage of the weak.

C. highlighting causes of present-day issues. D. unraveling the mystery of criminal cases.

Your answers

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Part 3. You are going to read an extract from an article about mental health. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the extract. Choose from paragraphs A—H the one which fits each gap
(24-30). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
A Pill For Everything

43
The world of psychiatry is questioning conventional wisdom regarding mental health and society's
reaction to people who suffer from mental health problems. It is not, as you might expect, about the
stigma attached to those with impaired mental health, but about definitions, and the treatment of those
who seek psychiatric help.
24.----------
Diseases and illnesses are treated by giving the patient medication, but how can the same treatment
be meted out to those suffering from anxiety, depression and conflict? The mind is not the brain, and
mental functions are not reducible to brain functions. Likewise, mental diseases are not brain
diseases; indeed, mental diseases are not diseases at all. In the strictest terms, we cannot speak of the
mind as becoming diseased.
25.----------
Regardless of these difficulties, if pundits are to be believed, one in five American children have a
'diagnosable mental illness', whilst more cautious government officials estimate that 9-13% of
American children suffer 'serious emotional disturbance with substantial function impairment.' The
number of people in the USA being treated for clinical depression rose from 1.7 million in 1987 to
6.3 million a decade later. This number continues to rise.
26.-------
Unsurprisingly, in the infamous school shootings, those who fired on their fellow pupils were found
to have been undergoing treatment, taking mood-altering drugs at the time of their murder sprees. It
is hard to say whether the drugs contributed to the violence or whether the violence was committed
in spite of the treatment.
27.----------
Granted, other treatment options are available. Psychosurgery is a possibility in extreme cases, talk
therapies have often proved effective, and electric shock treatment has made a somewhat worrying
return. But there's no doubt that many of the powerful new psychiatric drugs do appear to alleviate
depression, mood swings and a variety of other conditions.

28.--------
Today, we continue to try to find a way to make everyone 'normal'. Governments, foundations,
professional guilds and global pharmaceutical companies are convincing us that normal human
emotions can be 'cured' and so should be treated as diseases. Isn't this simply a variation on the
zombie-making approach? We continue to try to make everyone equally but artificially happy.
29.-------
If we believe that normal emotional responses which are not pleasant should be eradicated, we are
denying ourselves opportunities for growth, learning and improving both the human and personal
conditions. These are the long-term benefits of pain and hardship, and we need not seek to eliminate
them.
30.-------
Of course, some serious mental disturbances have a biological cause and can be controlled by using
medication. What is dangerous in today's society is our somewhat surprising eagerness to label a
natural urge or function and, having labelled it, add it to the growing list of syndromes which are
'recognised' by the medical establishment as mental illnesses. The number of abnormal mental
conditions, as defined by a professional body, has mushroomed from 112 in 1952 to 375 at the

44
beginning of this millennium. These include 'oppositional defiant disorder rebellion against
authority), 'caffeine use disorder' (drinking too much coffee) and 'feeding disorder of infancy or early
childhood' (fussy eating). Because those with a mental 'illness' can claim diminished responsibility,
we hear of people who claim'the voices in my head made me do it' and professional women who state
that mental illness (albeit a temporary aberration) caused them to shoplift designer label products.
Surely it is time to stand back and reassess our thinking and beliefs about what defines a mental
disorder
Missing Paragraphs
A. Equally, there are problems in defining the word diagnosis, which the dictionary defines as: 'the
identification of a disease by means of its symptoms; a formal determining description.' In the case
of bodily illness, the clinical diagnosis is a hypothesis which can be confirmed or disproved through
an autopsy. However, it is not possible to die of a mental 'illness' or to find evidence of it in organs,
tissues, cells or body fluids during an autopsy, so how can we ever hope to be sure about a diagnosis?
B. Such incidents raise the question of cause and effect: which came first, the chicken or the egg?
Can a chemical in the brain cause a mental condition? Might the mood-altering drugs used to 'cure'
the 'disease' cause the release of chemicals in the brain triggering a real mental disorder which could
last a lifetime and have damaging physical effects?
C. This, according to the health establishment and the media, proves that psychiatry has become a
bona fide science, which has shaken off its early roots in guess-work, shamanism and Inquisitorial
cruelty.
D. Some magazine accounts of 'clinical depression' begin, 'My husband died, my son had an accident
which left him paralysed...and then my doctor prescribed a new wonder drug.' Or, 'Jim's wife left
him, he lost his job and he was diagnosed with depression.' These situations are genuinely misery-
inducing and crushing, but they can only be defined as illnesses if we believe that anyone in the midst
of such tragedies can be happy.
E. Pharmaceutical companies have a vested interest in fostering our belief that drugs can help us to
feel better, but it's time we realised that if we are numb, complacent, compliant zombies then we are
not independent, thinking and critical. They like it better when we are dependent on them and content
with our lot. They want us to be happy in the same way that Huxley's Soma-fed, tranquillised,
corporate citizens of 'Brave New World' were happy; mere clones, without critical faculties.
F. However, we can gain valuable insight into the implications of drug use if we look back to previous
types of 'treatment'. Once, surgeons removed 'the stone of madness' from the heads of lunatics. In
more recent times, frontal lobotomies and electroconvulsive therapy (electric shock treatments)
became the answers. Even after it was obvious that lobotomy 'cured' people by turning them into
zombies, it remained a worldwide tool for controlling unmanageable children and political
opponents.
G. The question of identifying and labelling is a serious one as, ultimately, it affects treatment. Is
someone suffering from a mental health problem suffering from a mental disorder or a mental illness
(where 'disease' and 'illness' are interchangeable)? The dictionary definition of 'disease' is: 'a
condition of the body, or some part or organ of the body, in which its functions are disturbed or
deranged; a morbid physical condition'. Given this definition, shouldn't the term 'mental illness' be
replaced by 'mental disorder'?
H. Such figures mean that psychiatric drugs which have been widely promoted have brought many
more sufferers into the medical fold. However, these drugs, touted as 'miracle cures', do little more
than dull the senses and inhibit normal brain function. At worst, they can cause crippling conditions
like Parkinson's disease, 'helping' victims by giving them real diseases which put them in wheelchairs.
45
Less powerful drugs can cause emotional disorders as bad as those they treat: jangled nerves,
hallucinations, lethargy, depression, memory loss and paranoia.
Your answers

24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Part 4. The passage below consists of five sections marked A-E. For questions 31-40, read the
passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers (A-E) in the corresponding numbered
boxes provided.
Targeting Teens
A. Today, we are surrounded by advertising. We see adverts on TV, on billboards, at sporting events,
in magazines and on social media. And although advertising has been around for many years in one
form or another, in recent years, we have seen a worrying trend in the aggressive targeting of younger
consumers, who tend to lack media awareness. In fact, advertisers spend more than $12 billion per
year just to reach the youth market alone. Ads aimed at teens are incredibly sophisticated. Clever
slogans coupled with striking images are part and parcel of many ads. Many ads also have catchy,
upbeat music or memorable jingles. The constant repetition of such ads means that when shopping,
teens are drawn to that specific soft drink, hamburger or sports shoe. According to Peter Logan, who
works for a is watchdog agency committed to protecting the consumer, "There is a whole battery of
sales techniques used by companies to get adolescents to purchase their products."
B. Youth advertising is aimed at creating a need. Teens often claim not to be swayed by ads, but the
truth is they may not even realize why they think something is cool. As Helen Davis, an adolescent
psychologist explains, "This type of advertising works subtly to instill insecurity about your
appearance, whether it's body shape, skin condition or weight. You are then told a certain product
can go a long way towards correcting the problem. Teens are subjected to a constant barrage of
messages suggesting which products will enhance their appearance and help them look cool or feel
confident, thereby guaranteeing their popularity." Celebrity endorsement of some of these products
by stunning young teen icons or social influencers on the Internet strengthens the message still
further. Such ads shamelessly play on adolescent anxieties, with the overall message being that you
become the person you want to be by making the right purchase. The fact that teenage girls in the US
spend $9 billion a year on make-up and skin products alone is testament to this.
C. Emphasizing brand names is another technique directed at young people, who are attracted to the
prestige that brands confer. According to school counsellor Andrea Haines, "As the average teenager
engages in the difficult task of carving out their identity, the issue of fitting into a peer group becomes
paramount. Brands have become badges of membership in a social group." Marketing executives are
keen to establish brand recognition in teens, and even pre-teens, in order to win their loyalty to a
product. In a recent survey, three-year-olds could match logos to brands — McDonalds being the
most recognized fast food. Companies are increasingly exploiting digital media in their advertising
campaigns to do this. "Manufacturers can reach greater so numbers of adolescent consumers by
tapping into peer relationships on social networking sites," explains Peter Logan. "Teens don't grasp
that sharing a video or meme of a brand they have 'liked' provides free advertising for the
manufacturer."
D. According to Helen Davis, psychologists specializing in teenage behaviour are often consulted by
advertising agencies targeting young people. "These experts share their knowledge of teenage
anxieties, fantasies and emotional and social needs with the advertising industry," she explains. "It's
a practice seen by many of my contemporaries as morally questionable." With the help of these
insights into the teenage psyche, manufacturers are developing ever more sophisticated marketing
strategies to reach young people. Apple's iPod ads are a case in point. They don't ask teenagers which

46
iPod they prefer, but instead pose a more thought-provoking question: "Which iPod are you?" Thus
they deliberately blur the line between self-image and product.
E. All of this begs the question as to whether teens have their own taste or whether it is being dictated
to them. Many parents and educators feel that teens should become more savvy regarding advertising.
"Young people have to be made aware of how their preferences are being manipulated," says Andrea
Haines. "They could be encouraged to spot product placement, for example, the Benetton shirt on the
hero in their favourite TV series or the Nike shoes in an action film, both of which register with them
almost without their realizing " Analysing their desire for a certain product could help teens see
whether it really reflects their taste or not, and whether they really need it. After all, being a discerning
consumer means not being manipulated by clever advertising into buying something you don't really
need and which is unlikely to make you any happier.

Which section
31. questions the work ethics of company advisors?
32. includes a specific figure to underscore the success of one marketing strategy?
33. calls for greater media awareness among young consumers?
34. provides insights into a typical preoccupation of teens?
35. mentions the increase in ads directed at a certain sector of the population?
36. gives examples of hidden advertising?
37. harshly criticizes advertisers for their lack of conscience?
38. describes advertisers’ approaches to understanding the adolescent mind?
39. elucidates the effectiveness of some common features found in advertisements?
40. mentions how young people assist advertisers without realizing it?
Your answers

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Date : July 7th, 2023 PRACTICE TEST 5
Name:
Part 1. Read the text below and decide which answer best Fits each space.
Lee Kuna Yew was appointed as the first prime minister of Singapore in 1959 when the nation
became a self-governing state. At that time, Singapore per (1 )______ income was only about USD
400. When Lee (2 )_________ down in 1990. the figure was USD 11,000 and in 2014 it went up to
over 56,000, even higher than that of its former (3 )_______ , Great Britain. In his (4 )________
published in 2000, he wrote ‘They laughed at US, but I was confident that we would have the last
laugh.'
Born into a middle-class Chinese family in Singapore, Lee was (5 )_______ by the language and
institutions of the British rulers. He was (6 )_________ to go to the UK to study law, but the Second
World War broke out and he had to go to the local Raffles College where he learnt some economics.
It was not until 1946 when he talked his way to Cambridge and graduated three years later with a
starred first. It was during this time that he nurtured ambitions ( 7 ) ______ starting a legal career
back home.
47
As a prime minister, he has always been described as an efficient and inventive person. He was one
of the greatest statesmen who proved to the whole world that human (8 )______ , not natural
resources, is the essential element of prosperity. Lee is also believed to be very (9) _______ . When
Singapore gained independence in 1965, he decided to keep English as the main language to increase
economic benefits. Although many of his policies are still considered (10 )______ , they helped
Singapore to overcome many obstacles and become one of the most admired international business
and financial centers around the world.
l.A . personal B. capita C. capital D. national
2. A. sat B. settled C. stepped D. passed
3. A. colonizer B. colonial C. colony D. colonization
4. A. journals B. agenda C. autography D. memoirs

5. A. rooted B. affected C. influenced D. educated

6. A. scheduled B. ordered C. made D. pushed
7. A to B. beyond C. over D. of
8. A. ability B. sources C. intelligence D. ingenuity
9. A. open-minded B. innovative C. forward-looking D. imminent
10. A. skeptical B. disbelieving C. controversial D. contradictory

Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Part 2. Read the texts below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE WORD
for each space.
Sunday May 4th will be World Laughter Day. Dr Madan Kataria, who introduced this annual event,
says we need more laughter in our lives to (1 )_________ the global rise of stress and loneliness. But
surely that strange sound that we make periodically can ’t be the ( 2)_____ to such problems.
If an alien were to land on our planet and (3 )_____ a stroll among a crowd of earthlings, it would
hear a lot of ‘ha-ha’ noises. It might wonder what (4 )_____ this strange habit served. If we ask
ourselves what (5 )_____ a good laugh, the obvious answer is that it is a response to something funny.
But one scientist, Robert Provine, says humour has surprisingly little to do with that. Instead, it lies
at the (6 )_____ of such issues as the perception of self and the evolution of language and social
behaviour.
Provine realised that you cannot capture (7 )_____ laughter in the lab because as soon as you (8
)_____ it under scrutiny, it vanishes. So, instead, he gathered data by hanging around groups of
people, noting when they laughed.
He collected 1,200 laugh episodes - and episode being defined as the comment immediately
preceding the laughter and the laughter itself. His analysis of this data revealed some important facts
about laughter. “It's a message we send to other people - it (9 )___________ disappears when we’re
by ourselves,’' he says. “And it's not a choice. Ask someone to laugh and they 'll either try to (1 0)
_____ a laugh or say they can't do it on command.”
Your answers

48
 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Part 3. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
The accidental rainforest According to ecological theory, rainforests are supposed to develop slowly
over millions of years. But now ecologists are being forced to reconsider their ideas.
When Peter Osbeck, a Swedish priest, stopped off at the mid-Atlantic island of Ascension in 1752
on his way home from China, he wrote of ‘a heap of ruinous rocks’ with a bare, white mountain in
the middle. All it boasted was a couple of dozen species of plant, most of them ferns and some of
them unique to the island.
And so it might have remained. But in 1843 British plant collector Joseph Hooker made a brief call
on his return from Antarctica. Surveying the bare earth, he concluded that the island had suffered
some natural calamity that had denuded it of vegetation and triggered a decline in rainfall that was
turning the place into a desert. The British Navy, which by then maintained a garrison on the island,
was keen to improve the place and asked Hooker’s advice. He suggested an ambitious scheme for
planting trees and shrubs that would revive rainfall and stimulate a wider ecological recovery. And,
perhaps lacking anything else to do, the sailors set to with a will.
In 1845, a naval transport ship from Argentina delivered a batch of seedlings. In the following years,
more than 200 species of plant arrived from South Africa. From England came 700 packets of seeds,
including those of two species that especially liked the place: bamboo and prickly pear. With sailors
planting several thousands trees a year, the bare white mountain was soon cloaked in green and
renamed Green Mountain, and by the early twentieth century the mountain’s slopes were covered
with a variety of trees and shrubs from all over the world
Modern ecologists throw up their hands in horror at what they see as Hooker’s environmental
anarchy. The exotic species wrecked the indigenous ecosystem, squeezing out the island’s endemic
plants. In fact, Hooker knew well enough what might happen. However, he saw greater benefit in
improving rainfall and encouraging more prolific vegetation on the island.
But there is a much deeper issue here than the relative benefits of sparse endemic species versus
luxuriant imported ones. And as botanist David Wilkinson of Liverpool John Moores University in
the UK pointed out after a recent visit to the island, it goes to the heart of some of the most dearly
held tenets of ecology. Conservationists’ understandable concern for the fate of Ascension’s handful
of unique species has, he says, blinded them to something quite astonishing – the fact that the
introduced species have been a roaring success.
Today’s Green Mountain, says Wilkinson, is ‘a fully functioning man-made tropical cloud forest’
that has grown from scratch from a ragbag of species collected more or less at random from all over
the planet. But how could it have happened? Conventional ecological theory says that complex
ecosystems such as cloud forests can emerge only through evolutionary processes in which each
organism develops in concert with others to fill particular niches. Plants co-evolve with their
pollinators and seed dispersers, while microbes in the soil evolve to deal with the leaf litter.
But that’s not what happened on Green Mountain. And the experience suggests that perhaps natural
rainforests are constructed far more by chance than by evolution. Species, say some ecologists, don’t
so much evolve to create ecosystems as make the best of what they have. ‘The Green Mountain
system is a man-made system that has produced a tropical rainforest without any co-evolution
between its constituent species,’ says Wilkinson.
Not everyone agrees. Alan Gray, an ecologist at the University of Edinburgh in the UK, argues that
the surviving endemic species on Green Mountain, though small in number, may still form the

49
framework of the new ecosystem. The new arrivals may just be an adornment with little structural
importance for the system.
But to Wilkinson this sounds like clutching at straws. And the idea of the instant formation of
rainforests sounds increasingly plausible as research reveals that supposedly pristine tropical
rainforests from the Amazon to south-east Asia may in places be little more than the overgrown
gardens of past rainforest civilisations.
The most surprising thing of all is that no ecologists have thought to conduct proper research into this
man-made rainforest ecosystem. A survey of the island’s flora conducted six years ago by the
University of Edinburgh was concerned only with endemic species. They characterised everything
else as a threat. And the Ascension authorities are currently turning Green Mountain into a national
park where introduced species, at least the invasive ones, are earmarked for culling rather than
conservation.
Conservationists have understandable concerns, Wilkinson says. At least four endemic species have
gone extinct on Ascension since the exotics started arriving. But in their urgency to protect endemics,
ecologists are missing out on the study of a great enigma.
‘As you walk through the forest , you see lots of leaves that have had chunks taken out of them by
various insects. There are caterpillars and beetles around,’ says Wilkinson. ‘But where did they come
from? Are they endemic or alien? If alien, did they come with the plant on which they feed or discover
it on arrival?’ Such questions go to the heart of how rainforests happen.
The Green Mountain forest holds many secrets. And the irony is that the most artificial rainforest in
the world could tell us more about rainforest ecology than any number of natural forests.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
Choose

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. When Peter Osbeck arrived at Ascension, barring its flora, there was no other form of life which
was existent on the island.
2. The first ecological system on the island was proven to form in the wake of the introduction of
alien species into it.

3. There are ecologists who opine that the island bears the brunt of the invasion of nonnative species.
4. From the perspective of Hooker, it paid to coat the island with foreign plants, even though there
are tradeoffs.
5. The theory that ecosystems can develop without the interconnectivity between their components
has been castigated mainly because it challenges the pre-existing idea.
6. Exotic plants brought to the island are given favourable treatments by the powers that be on the
island.

50
 7. It is stated that the protection of species peculiar to Ascension has subdued ecologists’ ability to
explore the mystery.
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
For questions 8 and 9, answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
taken from the passage. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
8. According to the passage, what may have been the factor behind the state of Ascension’s vegetation
before the planting and afforestation program took place?
9. In the reading passage, what phrase best describes the exotic species introduced into the island
when seen from the viewpoint of Wilkinson?
Your answers

8 9
For questions 10-13, complete the following paragraph by filling each blank with NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS taken from the passage.
As a result of the scheme proposed by Hooker, an artificial forest appeared on the island of Ascension,
with exotic species introduced. This outcome has provoked mixed feelings and opposing views.
Ecologists dread to think about what they consider (10) _____________________, while the brain
behind has thought highly of the forested island. The matter has also blazed the trails for a different
concept which stems from the fact that the Green Mountain prospers with no (11)
_____________________ between the species inside the system. While this theory has been
furthered by the finding which suggests the origin of unspoiled forests may well have been (12)
_____________________, it is challenged by the idea of the (13) _____________________ of exotic
plants to the formation and reinforcement of the system.
Your answers

10 11 12 13

Part 2. For questions 14-23, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D
that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided
At home with books
In an age when literature is increasingly going digital, books hold a curious role in some people’s
homes. There are few purchases which, once used, are placed on proud display and carted around as
families move from place to place. And yet that’s precisely what sometimes happens with books,
despite the existence of a digital equivalent. After all, both the music industry and other aspects of
the print media have felt the heat of virtual competition – why not books? Part of the explanation for
this may lie in the fact that, when it comes to the crunch, nosing around someone’s bookshelves is
interesting. ‘You can tell a lot about someone by their collection of books,’ says Doug Jeffers, owner
of a London bookstore.
It’s not just the quantity of titles on display, however, that speaks volumes; generation, occupation,
political leanings, leisure pursuits (even where they go on holiday) – clues to all of these abound, if
you care to analyse the contents of someone’s bookshelves, and even casual visitors aren’t slow to
form judgements. Evidence of this manifested itself when the President of the USA made an informal
call on the English Prime minister at home recently, and for some reason the pair posed for photos in
51
the kitchen. One of the snapshots was subsequently released to the press, and widely published. There
then ensued much speculation as to how the complete works of Shakespeare had ended up on the
shelf in the background rather than a cookery book.
Household stylist Abigail Hall agrees. ‘I often style houses for sale and you’d be amazed how
important the contents of the bookcase can be.’ Apparently, people use such clues to form judgements
about the type of person who lives in a property that’s up for sale, and this may affect how they feel
about going ahead with the purchase. Perhaps we all seek out others whose tastes in such matters
match our own, and we can imagine living happily in a space that like-minded people have made
homely. And even if we’re not thinking of putting our home on the market, instinct tells us that
however much they were enjoyed, paperbacks read on the beach might be better put away in a
cupboard, whilst the unopened classics are destined for display.
For the interior designer, however, the art of reputation-management-via-bookshelf is not the only
issue. Books can also become an interactive display tool. ‘They can almost be sculptural in that they
offer a physical presence,’ explains Abigail Hall. ‘It’s not just about stacking them on a bookcase,
it’s how you stack them. I’ve seen books arranged by colour, stacked on top of each other. Once I
saw a load of coffee-table books piled up to become a coffee table in themselves. Books define a
space, if you have some books and a comfy chair, you’ve immediately created an area.’ It’s a trick
of which countless hotels, cafés and waiting rooms for fee-paying clients are only too aware. Placing
a few carefully-chosen books atop coffee tables is about creating an ambiance. No one actually
engages with the content.
And this principle can be transferred to the home ‘I’ve not actually read any of the. I just love the
bindings.’ So said the actress, Davinia Taylor, earlier this year when she decided to put her house on
the market – complete with its carefully-sourced collection of classic books. Rarely removed from
their perch on a bookcase in the living room, their primary purpose was to disguise Taylor’s walk-in
fridge. And so, with the fridge no longer destined to be a feature in her life, the books were deemed
redundant.
Perhaps, then, the future of books lies in this. With more and more being bought in the undeniably
handier digital format, the first casualties of the tangible variety are likely to be the beach-read
paperbacks – the ones that, if you invite Abigail Hall around, would be relegated to the garage
anyway. But given the uses to which we put our other tomes – whether they’re deployed to show off,
look pretty, or create an atmosphere – the odds of them hanging around look good. The kudos of
great work is still there, and there’s nothing like being, and being seen to be, in possession of the real
thing.
14. What is the writer’s main aim in the first paragraph?

A. seeking to account for a seemingly illogical perspective.

B. questioning our assumptions about people’s behaviour.
C. drawing our attention to an ongoing process.
D. outlining the reasons for shifts in priorities.
15. It can be implied from the passage that:
A. The appeal of non-digital books is a sound answer to the important roles of them.

B. The number of books displayed on the shelves is a manifestation of the casualness of their owner.
C. A person’s characteristics may be well reflected in the non-digital books he has.

52
D. What is written in the books one possesses may unveil hidden depths of them.
16. The example of what happened after the release of a photo featuring two political figures serves
to illustrate:

A. the revealing quality of photoshoots

B. people’s curiosity about private lives of politicians
C. the attractiveness of unusual features in a photo
D. books’ faculty for grabbing people’s attention
17. Described in the passage is a tendency for people to:
A. forge a relationship with people having the same tastes.

B. reach their own conclusions based on a person’s bookshelf

C. showcase their wealth by displaying unused classic books.
D. take an interest in reading books with paper cover.
18. As can be deduced from the passage, in hotels or cafés, considerable importance is attached to:
A. incentivizing visitors to read books on the shelf .
B. establishing an atmosphere with the aid of well-placed books.

C. charging customers a considerable sum of money for using books.

D. piling books according to categorization of their colours.
19. The phrase “this principle” most probably refers to:
A. the use of books to create a climate without paying much heed to the content of those on show
B. the arrangement of books in order of content to impress visitors right from their arrival at a place
C. the tricks used to magnetize visitors which are usually adopted by hotels and cafés
D. the interactivity of books which can be of assistance to the formation of an ambiance within a
house 20. What can be said about books in the case of Davinia Taylor?
A. They were not regarded as reflections of her taste in reading.
B. Their titles were inappropriately selected for display.
C. Their presence was indispensable to the house she intends to sell.

D. They fell into disuse as there was no longer a need for another item.
21. Given the current situation, the writer suggests that:
A. paperbacks are definitely the most vulnerable to redundancy.
B. technology has raised the number of books purchased.
C. there remains a likelihood that non-digital books are put on display.
D. owning a tangible item is a tantalising thing
53
22. In the passage as a whole, the writer’s primary aim is most probably to:
A. elucidate the arguments in favour of non-digital books.
B. foreshadow the decline of paperbacks.
C. express a sanguine view regarding the future of non-digital books.
D. avert any attempts by other people to defame books.

23. Which of the following adjectives best describe a characteristic of this passage?
A. well-supported B. well-rounded C. well-appointed D. well-turned
Your answers

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Part 5. You are going to read an article. seven paragraphs have been removed from the article.
Choose from the paragraphs (A-H) the one which fits each gap 24-30. There is one extra
paragraph that you do not need to use.
Mobile Phone Etiquette
The term 'etiquette' refers to the set of largely unwritten rules and conventions that govern our
everyday behaviour. Many of these rules are reasonable and logical, and sticking to them makes life
easier for everyone. Other aspects of good etiquette might seem to be somewhat arbitrary, with
origins lost in the mists of time; for the most part, though, we abide by the rules because we don't
wish to appear bad-mannered or disrespectful.
24._______
A prime example of this concerns the use of mobile phones. There can be no doubt that these devices
have a host of advantages and that, over the last twenty years or so, they have revolutionised the way
in which people communicate. On the negative side, though, the fact that mobiles became ubiquitous
almost overnight means that there hasn't been time for society as a whole to develop a set of
commonly accepted guidelines regarding their use.

25.______
Journalist, Anne Perkins, was so infuriated by the lack of respect and consideration shown by some
mobile phone users that she decided to set up MobileManners.web. This website aims to raise
awareness of the issue and to encourage people to follow the Mobile Manners code of conduct when
using their mobile.
26.______
Their conversation was well underway when it was interrupted by the ringing of the celebrity's phone.
Not only did he insist on taking the call, but he then proceeded to carry on a prolonged conversation
while Anne was left twiddling her thumbs. The worst part of this was that he wasn't responding to a
family emergency or even discussing an important business deal. He was simply recounting his
exploits of the previous night at some fashionable nightclub to some sycophantic crony. After
hanging up, he didn't even apologise to Anne, so when his phone rang again, two minutes later, she
cut the interview short and left.
27._______

54
To begin with, the site points out that mobiles are supposed to make your life easier, not more
stressful. You should not feel obliged to answer the phone every time it rings, nor do you have to
respond to text messages immediately. You can, and, most of the time, should give priority to the
people around you.
28._______
These are basic points that most people probably have an opinion on, even if they don't necessarily
agree with the Mobile Manners take on things. However, the code goes on to give Anne's views on a
wide range of issues which many of us may never have thought about before. The topics that should
and shouldn't be discussed on a mobile in public, the types of ringtone that are appropriate for people
with certain jobs, and the times of day when it is inappropriate to send a colleague a text message are
just some of the things that are covered.
29.______
Of course, displaying good manners isn't the only thing that people need to think about in connection
to mobiles. Safety is another very important aspect of mobile phone use. In particular, the issue of
using mobiles while driving has been in the headlines in recent years. A large number of road
accidents are believed to have been caused by drivers who were chatting on the phone or, even worse,
texting while on the road.

30._______
All in all, it is clear that it can take some time for us to fully understand the social and legal
ramifications of new technology. This is especially true of a development that changes the culture as
quickly and as radically as the mobile phone has.
Missing Paragraphs
A. Rude behaviour, like that of the so-called 'star', certainly doesn't adhere to the Mobile Manners
code, the first rule of which is 'Show respect to the people affected by your mobile phone use'. The
website stresses that its founder truly believes that mobile phones are wonderful devices but that, in
a civil society, people should be more thoughtful about their impact on others.
B. Anne says that she had long been annoyed by some impolite people's use of mobiles, but that the
final straw came about six months ago when she was interviewing a wellknown public figure for an
article she was writing for a national newspaper.
C. In a number of countries, it is now illegal to use a mobile while you are behind the wheel. In other
places, only hands-free phones are permitted, although this compromise might still endanger road
users, since research has shown that drivers are far more distracted by a phone conversation than
when chatting with another passenger.
D. Problems arise, however, when people disagree about the correct etiquette, or aren't sure about
what the 'done thing' is in a certain situation. This can occur when a significant change in the lifestyle
of people in a community happens too rapidly for social norms to become ingrained.
E. Anne points out that the details aren't crucial, and that she doesn't expect people to memorise the
whole code. The important thing, she says, is that people start thinking about the issue and modifying
their behaviour accordingly. Even if some people start lowering their voices when talking on their
mobiles or switching them to silent mode when in public places, Anne thinks she will have achieved
something and made the world a slightly more pleasant place.
F. The Mobile Manners site is just one of many dealing with this issue that have sprung up in recent
years. There is also a large number of sites dealing with online etiquette (or 'netiquette) and others
55
covering the correct way (at least in the authors' opinion) to behave in relation to other technological
developments. People clearly feel the need for guidance in these matters.
G. Consequently, otherwise polite people can use their phones in ways that irritate those around
them. And places such as museums, restaurants, cinemas and theatres have been forced to introduce
measures that regulate the use of mobile phones, or in some cases ban them outright, because
members of the public could not be relied upon to use their phones in a considerate manner.
H. This means that you shouldn't let a ringing phone interrupt a face-to-face conversation unless you
are expecting an important call and, under those circumstances, it is polite to apologise and say
something along the lines of 'Do you mind if I get that?' before answering the call. Similarly, you
should wait for an appropriate moment to respond to a text, and never try to carry on your
conversation and compose a text message at the same time.
Your answers

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Part 6. The passage below consists of five sections marked A-E. For questions 31-40, read the
passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers (A-E) in the corresponding numbered
boxes provided.
A. Throwaway living took off in the second half of the 20th century. Disposable coffee cups, plastic
stirrers, and plates that could be tossed in the bin 'improved' our lives. Global plastic production
soared from 1.5 million tonnes in 1950 to nearly 200 million tonnes in 2002. Today, it's reached the
300 million tonne mark. Reports of ocean garbage patches suggest that much of that plastic eventually
ends up in our seas. Take a boat out far enough and you'll witness bottles, toy figurines, roller balls
from underarm deodorants and thousands of plastic sandals all floating around in the sea. A project
called The Ocean Cleanup has been testing floating platforms for collecting bigger bits of plastic, but
they cannot deal with microplastics. Microplastics is the technical term for tiny pieces of plastic.
They are so finely shredded by ocean currents that they're impossible to spot from a boat and are
easily mistaken for food by sea creatures.
B. A recent study by Marcus Eriksen, one of the co-founders of 5 Gyres, the organisation that studies
plastic pollution in the seas, suggests that at least five trillion pieces of plastic, altogether weighing
in at over 268,000 tonnes, are floating around near the surface of the sea. An incredible 92 per cent
of the pieces are microplastics. According to Eriksen, we'll have to live with what's already out there.
"It's going to sink, it's going to get buried, it's going to fossilize," he says. "There's no efficient means
to clean up 5km down on the ocean floor." No one really knows what damage all that stranded
microplastic is doing, but the hope is that once it's mixed up with the sediment, it's doing less of it.
Yet the clouds of microplastics swirling in the water column pose a problem. The debris is easy for
marine life to swallow, but the gunk that the plastics collect - such as pollution and bacteria - are also
a threat.
C. In May 2014, chemist Alexandra Ter Halle joined the Seventh Continent Expedition to the north
Atlantic Ocean with the aim of analysing the gunk. She collected samples and is now analysing her
data back at Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse, France, to work out why some plastics attract
pollution as they age. "The difficulty lies in the fact that there are so many plastics, of different
colours, shapes and compositions," she says. "It's difficult to extract a trend from all those pieces."
Ter Halle believes the answer is prevention. She says that switching to biodegradable plastics could
offer part of that solution. While the first generation of biodegradables just broke down into smaller
pieces, the second generation may have some utility. Ter Halle suggests that they could, for instance,
be handy for shopping bags.

56
D. Yet Prof Richard Thompson, a marine biologist at Plymouth University, believes that the very
notion of biodegradable plastic is flawed. "The idea that you could build into a plastic a feature that
would enable it to fulfil its life in service without deteriorating and then, the minute it becomes an
item of litter, it somehow rapidly and harmlessly degrades... it kind of seems like you're aspiring
towards the impossible," he says. He recently attended a workshop in Portugal involving over 50
people from around Europe, including scientists, policymakers and industry types eager to offer ideas
for solving the problem. But there was a shortage of cutting-edge solutions. "From my perspective,
there was nothing new from any of the participants," he says. "A range of solutions are known to us,
but it's more about translating that into action."
E. To dramatically reduce the amount of plastic accumulating in the oceans, the 'loop' of producing
and recycling plastics would have to become a closed one. This means that any material leaving the
system as waste would enter it again as a renewable resource. One option is banning certain types of
plastics for particular applications, such as the plastic microbeads used in facial scrubs and
toothpastes. These tiny particles - often measuring less than I mm - wash straight down the sink and
are too small to be filtered out at the waterworks. All plastic products would need to be designed with
an end-of-life care package. In short, solving the plastic problem in the oceans means solving plastic
pollution, full stop.

Which section mentions the following?

31. The importance of responsible product design
32. Potential improvement of an innovation
33. Contemporary lifestyles eventuating undesirable consequences
34. A popularly held solution to plastic contamination being rejected
35. A lack of new and advanced ideas about dealing with pollution problems
36. Uncertainty about the extent of the harm caused to ocean ecosystems

37. Plastic pollution impinging on aesthetic values

38. The necessity of putting ideas into practice
39. A consequence of plastic pollution that will remain
40. Scientific study of pollution hampered by the variety of plastic
Your answers

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Date : July 14th, 2023 PRACTICE TEST 6
Name:
Part 1 For questions 1-10, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided
Sleep is one of the strangest things we do each day. The (1.)_________ adult will spend 36
percent of his or her life asleep. For one-third of our time on earth, we transition from the vibrant,
thoughtful, active organisms we are during the day and power down into a quiet (2.)_________ of
hibernation.
But what is sleep, exactly? Why is it so important and so restoration for our bodies and minds?
How does it impact our lives when we are (3.)_________ ?

57
Sleep serves multiple purposes that are essential to your brain and body. Let’s break down some of
the most important ones.
The first purpose of sleep is restoration. Every day, your brain accumulates metabolic waste
as it (4.)_________ its normal neural activities. While this is completely normal, too much
accumulation of these waste products has been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s
disease.
Alright, so how do we get rid of metabolic waste? Recent research has (5.)_________ that sleep plays
a crucial role in cleaning out the brain each night. While these toxins can be flushed out during waking
hours, researchers have found that (6.)_________ during sleep is as much as two-fold faster than
during waking hours.
The way this process occurs is fairly remarkable: (7.)_________ sleep, brain cells actually
shrink (8.)_________ 60 percent, allowing the brain’s waste-removal system- called the glymphatic
system- to essentially “take out the trash” more easily. The result? Your brain is restored during
sleep , and you wake up refreshed and with a clear mind.
The second purpose of sleep is memory consolidation. Sleep is crucial for memory
consolidation, which is the process that maintains and strengthens your long-term memories.
Insufficient or fragmented sleep can hamper your ability to form both concrete memories (facts and
figures) and emotional memories.
Finally, sleep is (9.)_________ .for metabolic health. Studies have shown that when you sleep
5,5 hours per night instead of 8.5 hours per night , a lower proportion of the energy you burn comes
from fat, while more comes from carbohydrate and protein. This can (10.)_________ you to fat gain
and muscle loss. Additionally, insufficient sleep or abnormal sleep cycles can lead to insulin
insensitivity and metabolic syndrome, increasing your risk of diabetes and heart disease.
1. A. normal B. ordinary C. average D. common
2. A. period B. state C. position D. status
3. A. awake B. awoken C. wakened D. waking
4. A. goes about B. sets out C. play through D. comes into
5. A. proposed B. advised C. warned D. suggested
6. A. clearance B. clarity C. clarification D. cleaning
7. A. When B. Throughout C. During D. While
8. A. into B. for C. by D. to
9. A. tantamount B. paramount C. imminent D. inseparable
10. A. predispose B. prompt C. lead D. induce
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Part 2. For questions 1-10, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word
and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Viewed from the outside at least , the Houses of Parliament look impressive. The (1)_____ gives the
place a traditional look, and the buildings are (2)_____ between a busy square and the river, making
them a cross between the country house of an (3)_____ duke .and a Victorian railway station. You
have only to learn that the members refer to each other as ‘The Honorable Member to complete the
picture of a dignified gentlemen's club, with of course a few ladies to (4)_____ up the numbers. Sadly,
over the past few years first radio, and now television, have shown the general public, who are after
all the (5)_____, what in fact goes on when bills are discussed and questions are asked. The first
obvious fact is that the chamber is very rarely full, and there may be only a (6)_____ of members
present, some of whom are quite clearly asleep, telling jokes to their neighbor, or shouting like
(7)_____schoolchildren. There is not (8)_____ room for them all in the chamber in any case , which
is a second worrying point. Of course, television does not follow the work of committees, which are
the small discussions groups that (9)_____ most of the real work of the House. But the overall
impression that voters receive of the workings of government is not a good one. Bluntly, this is

58
presumably why members resisted for so long the (10)_____ of the BBC to broadcast parliamentary
matters on television.
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Part 3. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
Nurturing talent within the family
What do we mean by being 'talented' or 'gifted'? The most obvious way is to look at the work someone
does and if they are capable of significant success, label them as talented. The purely quantitative
route 'percentage definition' — looks not at individuals, but at simple percentages, such as the top
five per cent of the population, and labels them — by definition — as gifted. This definition has fallen
from favour, eclipsed by the advent of IQ tests, favoured by luminaries such as Professor Hans
Eysenck, where a series of written or verbal tests of general intelligence leads to a score of
intelligence.
The IQ test has been eclipsed in turn. Most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new
millennium now prefer a broader definition, using a multifaceted approach where talents in many
areas are recognised rather than purely concentrating on academic achievement. If we are therefore
assuming that talented, creative or gifted individuals may need to be assessed across a range of
abilities, does this mean intelligence can run in families as a genetic or inherited tendency? Mental
dysfunction — such as schizophrenia — can, so is an efficient mental capacity passed on from parent
to child?
Animal experiments throw some light on this question, and on the whole area of whether it is genetics,
the environment or a combination of the two that allows for intelligence and creative ability. Different
strains of rats show great differences in intelligence or 'rat reasoning'. If these are brought up in
normal conditions and then run through a maze to reach a food goal, the 'bright' strain make far fewer
wrong turns that the 'dull' ones. But if the environment is made dull and boring the number of errors
becomes equal. Return the rats to an exciting maze and the discrepancy returns as before — but is
much smaller. In other words, a dull rat in a stimulating environment will almost do as well as a
bright rat who is bored in a normal one. This principle applies to humans too — someone may be
born with innate intelligence, but their environment probably has the final say over whether they
become creative or even a genius.
Evidence now exists that most young children, if given enough opportunities and encouragement, are
able to achieve significant and sustainable levels of academic or sporting prowess. Bright or creative
children are often physically very active at the same time, and so may receive more parental attention
as a result — almost by default — in order to ensure their safety. They may also talk earlier, and this,
in turn, breeds parental interest. This can sometimes cause problems with other siblings who may
feel jealous even though they themselves may be bright. Their creative talents may be undervalued
and so never come to fruition. Two themes seem to run through famously creative families as a result.
The first is that the parents were able to identify the talents of each child, and nurture and encourage
these accordingly but in an even-handed manner. Individual differences were encouraged, and
friendly sibling rivalry was not seen as a particular problem. If the father is, say, a famous actor, there
is no undue pressure for his children to follow him onto the boards, but instead their chosen interests
are encouraged. There need not even be any obvious talent in such a family since there always needs
to be someone who sets the family career in motion, as in the case of the Sheen acting dynasty
Martin Sheen was the seventh of ten children born to a Spanish immigrant father and an Irish mother.
Despite intense parental disapproval he turned his back on entrance exams to university and borrowed
cash from a local priest to start a fledgling acting career. His acting successes in films such as
59
Badlands and Apocalypse Now made him one of the most highly-regarded actors of the 1970s. Three
sons — Emilio Estevez, Ramon Estevez and Charlie Sheen — have followed him into the profession
as a consequence of being inspired by his motivation and enthusiasm.
A stream seems to run through creative families. Such children are not necessarily smothered with
love by their parents. They feel loved and wanted, and are secure in their home, but are often more
surrounded by an atmosphere of work and where following a calling appears to be important. They
see from their parents that it takes time and dedication to be master of a craft, and so are in less of a
hurry to achieve for themselves once they start to work
The generation of creativity is complex: it is a mixture of genetics, the environment, parental teaching
and luck that determines how successful or talented family members are. This last point — luck —
is often not mentioned where talent is concerned but plays an undoubted part. Mozart, considered by
many to be the finest composer of all time, was lucky to be living in an age that encouraged the
writing of music. He was brought up surrounded by it, his father was a musician who encouraged
him to the point of giving up his job to promote his child genius, and he learnt musical composition
with frightening speed — the speed of a genius. Mozart himself simply wanted to create the finest
music ever written but did not necessarily view himself as a genius — he could write sublime music
at will, and so often preferred to lead a hedonistic lifestyle that he found more exciting than writing
music to order.
Albert Einstein and Bill Gates are two more examples of people whose talents have blossomed by
virtue of the times they were living in. Einstein was a solitary, somewhat slow child who had affection
at home but whose phenomenal intelligence emerged without any obvious parental input. This may
have been partly due to the fact that at the start of the 20th Century a lot of the Newtonian laws of
physics were being questioned, leaving a fertile ground for ideas such as his to be developed. Bill
Gates may have had the creative vision to develop Microsoft, but without the new computer age
dawning at the same time he may never have achieved the position on the world stage he now
occupies.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage ?

In boxes 1-6, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. The approach to the definition of ‘talent’ has witnessed several shifts, with the later idea
overshadowing its most recent predecessor.
2. From experimentation, it can be deduced that in some cases, genetics plays the decisive role in
determining whether a person might grow up to be creative or not.
3. The nurture of talent can be adversely affected by the uneven distribution of parents’ care for and
interest in their children.
4. The fairness of parental treatment is stated to be the sure-fire way to ascertain the success of all
children.
5. Children of creative parents are not hasty to become a master of a job solely because they deeply
feel the security omnipresent in their families.

60
6. There exists an irrefutable link between luck and success or talent, though it may not receive much
mention.
Your answers

1 2 3 4 5 6
For questions 7-13, complete the following paragraphs by filling each blank with NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS taken from the passage.
The latest approach to talent has raised the question of what factors are behind the creativity or
success of people. Experimentation on animals suggests that the setting in which people are nurtured
may determine the final outcome regardless of the (7) ____________________ that a person may
have. That is a testament to the importance of how children are brought up within the family.
A notable pattern running through a renownedly creative family includes the (8)
______________________ in which parents treat their children’s personal aptitudes. Another one
involves parents blazing the trails and children attaching importance to (9) ____________________.
It can said that a combination of factors help determine the probability of success in a person, and
luck is among them. The author cites three examples to support the role of luck, namely Mozart,
Albert Einstein, and Bill Gates. In the first case, the composer’s talent was nourished in an
encouraging family. Moreover, Mozart himself opted for (10) _____________________, and he
composed (11) ____________________ of his own accord. The renowned scientist Einstein, despite
apparently receiving little (12) ______________________, probably succeeded partly thanks to the
(13) ____________________ that he had for the development of his ideas. Likewise, Bill Gates
acquired his current position thanks to the age in which he developed Microsoft.
Your answers

7 8 9 10
11 12 13

Part 4. For questions 14-23, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D
that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided. Autobiography
It was true that I read a lot, but by now I had graduated to adult reading. Dickens had my full attention,
for surely in those novels he was telling the same story of travail and triumph. The additional benefit,
apart from the eccentric characters with their eccentric names, was that many of these travails were
undertaken by young men of peerless disposition. This was welcome proof that such life experiences
were universal, and, more important, could be, and usually were, brought about while suffering an
initial handicap – wicked step-parents, or an indigent family – which the hero (for David Copperfield
and Nicholas Nickleby were undoubted heros) could manage with little more than his own
blamelessness to guide him. This struck me as entirely beautiful and convinced me that one must
emulate their efforts, that one must never be discouraged by the unhelpfulness of others. Not that I
had ever experienced such an obstacle at close quarters; what I took for wickedness was in fact
worldliness, as my mother explained to me.
The unapologetic presence of our visitors, their peculiar blend of restlessness and complacency,
which was discordant, was essentially harmless, though it occasionally sought relief in imprecations,
in disapproval of others, principally of my mother and myself. I saw – in Nancy’s hoarse smoker’s
laugh, in Millicent’s delicate hand smoothing her hair – a quality that was alien to our own lives,
faintly undesirable. Sometimes my mother’s eyes had a look of tiredness, and she was obliged to turn
her head away for a brief moment, as suggestions for improvement, or rather self-improvement, came
61
her way. These visits, which I now see were undertaken for more merciful reasons than mere
curiosity, were in essence a form of female solidarity before that condition had been politicised. They
were concerned for any woman, living on her own with only a child for company. At the same time,
they were fearful that such ivory tower isolation might be catching. They wanted my mother to be
reinstated in society for their sakes as much as her own. They genuinely pitied a woman who had no
status, but they also translated this lack of status as failure in the world’s terms.
What distinguished my mother was a form of guilelessness which they had, regretfully, laid aside.
This is what I saw: they had exchanged one position for another, and may not have been entirely
compensated. My mother was their crusade; they also usefully saw her as a pupil. When they rose to
leave, the frowns disappeared from their faces, the concern evaporated, and their embraces were
genuine. They were glad to get back to their own orbit, with its comprehensible distractions, glad to
have done their social duty, even if the results were so sadly lacking. My mother, shaking cushions
after their departure, would be more silent that usual, and I somehow knew I should not intrude on
her thoughts. I reflected that Nancy and Mille were characters, no less and no more, and that any
confrontation – but none had taken place nor would take place – would be unequal: my mother was
bound to succeed, for she was untainted by the world’s corruption and thus qualified for remission. I
comforted myself that even David Copperfield had had moments of downheartedness.
On the whole, I was happy. I liked my school, I liked my friends; I liked the shabby charm of my flat
from which a light shone out in winter to guide me home. I liked our silent streets, the big windows
of the houses in which artists had once lived. I liked its emanations of the nineteenth century. That
we were somewhat on the margin of things did not disturb me, although the girls making the way by
car from Kensington, complained of this distance as if they had been obliged to cross a frontier, or to
go back in time. It is true that our surroundings were a little mournful, perhaps unnaturally so to those
habitual shoppers. I, on the other hand, cherished them as a place of safety. The street lamp that shone
outside my bedroom window I accepted as a benign gesture on behalf of the town council, the man
who swept the leaves in autumn as a guardian of our decency. I was hardly aware of the sound of
cars, for fewer people drove then. Even footfalls sounded discreet and distant.
14. What does the writer suggest about novels written by Dickens?
A. The writer has always found them to be riveting
B. They often featured endeavour and success.

C. Their reputation was unrivalled at that time.

D. The main character was invariably a juvenile.
15. According to the passage, Dickens’s novels usually portrayed characters:
A. who were untypical of the society at his time.
B. whose names were unique and not found in other novels.
C. who endured a disadvantage during early years.

D. who pleaded guilty whenever committing wrongdoings.

16. Novels by Dickens, as suggested in the passage, led the writer to feel that:
A. efforts to overcome ordeals by oneself should yield results.
B. demotivation should not spring from the lack of assistance from others.
C. cruelness should be helpfulness in essence.
62
D. people should experience ordeals first-hand.
17. It can be implied that when conversing with visitors, the writer’s mother displayed:
A. fury B. contempt C. joy D. tolerance
18. What does the writer NOT suggest about the visitors?
A. They sometimes used pejorative language.

B. They had a disharmonious combination of attributes.

C. A characteristic of them struck the writer as unusual.
D. The remarks they made were innocuous.
19. The visitors as the author sees them were:
A. unfailingly impolite. B. utterly abominable.
C. extremely sensible. D. fundamentally supportive.

20. At the time the visitors left:

A. they had fulfilled their onus. B. the glee had vanished.
C. the writer’s mother had become nonchalant.
D. they had managed to beguile the writer’s mother.
21. The author possibly felt that:
A. She shouldn’t have interrupted her mother’s stream of thoughts.

B. The visitors bore resemblance to characters in Dickens’s novels.

C. The presence of sadness at some time was ineluctable.
D. Rivalry between her mother and the visitors was harmless.
22. Which of the following adjectives best describe the writer’s surroundings?
A. sequestered B. anonymous C. desolate D. vibrant
23. As described by the author, her neighbourhood is:
A. a refuge from the world outside. B. a go-between for art-lovers and artists.

C. a region teeming with dreary landscapes. D. a place completely isolated from other areas.
Your answers

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Part 5. You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article about camps. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A — H the one which fits each
gap (24 — 30). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
CAMP DOES STAFF A WORLD OF GOOD
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Thousands of young adults work in organised camps each year. Often, directors focus on the good
that going to camps does kids, but a significant component may also be what the staff get out of it.
Although these young people are often idealistic and altruistic, they also expect to gain benefits from
these camp jobs. If directors better understand the positive outcomes sought by young people, they
may be able to recruit more qualified and committed staff for these work experiences.
24.-------
The goal of the study was to understand counsellors' perceptions of the camp staff experience as
expressed in their own words. Therefore, data for this project were obtained from focus groups. This
group technique allowed for group interaction and greater insight into why certain opinions were
held. The results can be used to improve the planning and design of new programmes, evaluate
existing programmes, and provide insights into the development of marketing strategies.
25.--------
The general procedure followed in the interview process was to introduce the question and then let
the group members discuss their opinions until they had expressed all their views. If points were
vague, the interviewer probed further to clarify the statement or to gain further explanations and
discussion of related points.
26.-------
Furthermore, these attachments extended to the campers with whom the staff worked. The staff
interviewed often talked about the importance of the interaction with the campers and having an
opportunity to observe and influence the positive development of a child. Several staff commented
on the challenge of finding a balance between being a friend and being the responsible adult who
needed to set and enforce rules and boundaries.
27.---------
Another theme that was prevalent among the staff members was the value they placed on working
with diverse people. Many of the staff viewed the exposure to different backgrounds of campers and
staff as an immensely valuable experience.

28.--------
Many of the staff talked about the sense of responsibility relative to the lives of their campers and
their own development of judgement. One staff member said, "It is very important that you are good
at what you do because these kids' lives are in your hands. We stand in loco parentis — in other
words, in a temporary parental role —which is very demanding."
29.----------
Apart from this aspect of the job, staff perceived the chance to acquire technical skills, particularly
related to their careers, as a benefit. Some staff interested in careers in the outdoors commented on
the value of learning these activities and gaining expertise while at camp. For several of the
interviewees, the skill development extended to their perceptions of leadership. A counsellor stated,
"I think the most important thing is that you learn how to incorporate all of your abilities and talents."
30.--------
Counsellors in the study emphasised communication and innovative thinking. For example, one staff
member talked about communication as it related to parents: "The parents see you when they drop
their kids off, and you have half an hour to impress them one way or another. What you say and how
you present yourself makes a big difference to how they go home."

64
Missing Paragraphs
A. Based on these findings, a number of recommendations may be offered for camp directors in all
types of camps. First, the positive outcomes of being a summer camp staff employee must be
reinforced by camp directors in recruiting as well as in supervising staff. The transfer-ability of
personal and professional skills gained at camp should be a part of the debriefing of camp staff.
B. The focus groups for this research were conducted primarily on college campuses. A total of fifty-
two individuals were involved in the interview process in ten separate focus groups. No one was older
than twenty-seven or younger than eighteen years. The participants had been staff members at day
and resident agency camps, religiously affiliated camps, and independent camps located in eight
different regions.
C. They commented favourably on having a "large socio-economic draw" among their staff and
campers. One staff member said, "I got a chance to work with all these different people that I would
have never met outside camp." Working with international staff was also an opportunity that gave
some young adults the opportunity "to see a new aspect of different parts of the world".
D. In addition to this self-knowledge, the camp experience also provided a way to enhance recreation
skills that staff perceived they could draw on throughout their lives. One staff member said, "It's
experiencing things that I have never experienced before, like camp-outs, water rafting, rock
climbing. You can be a counsellor and still be learning these things."
E. Since camp staff perceived themselves to be in positions of authority and leadership and were
involved in meaningful personal relationships, they were viewed as role models or mentors for the
campers or other staff. Many of the staff commented on their perceptions and the value they attached
to this role. One counsellor summed it up best when he said, "Every action you take, they see as a
model for them."
F. With these issues in mind, the Association of Independent Camps funded systematic research to
analyse the perceived benefits associated with summer camp staff experiences. The concept of benefit
was not used in an economic sense in this research. Rather, a benefit was defined as, "a change that
is viewed to be advantageous — an improvement in condition or gain to an individual." The purpose
of this research was to see how camp staff, themselves, perceived their camp experiences.
G. For many staff this relationship raised their awareness of social issues that influenced the lives of
their campers. Counsellors commented on the difficult lives led by some of their campers and their
desire to make a difference in the children's lives, even if only for a brief time. One staff member
said, "If you give them half an hour, they will remember you for the rest of their lives."
H. Interestingly, one of the most prominent themes to emerge from the data collected was the
relationships between the individual and other camp staff. Every participant in the study mentioned
the importance of the friendships formed at camp. One counsellor summed up these relationships
best by saying, "Knowing someone at camp for a week is like knowing them for a lifetime."

Your answers

24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Part 6. The passage below consists of five sections marked A-E. For questions 31-40, read the
passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers (A-E) in the corresponding numbered
boxes provided.

Back to Basics for fun at sea

Journalist Tess Jordan joins the crew of the Wincutter for some tall ship sailing.

65
A. I have always been fascinated by tall ships, with their many imposing masts and sails so
reminiscent of times past. Thus, on being given the chance to join the crew for a month-long voyage
on a tall ship, I grabbed it with both hands. At 42, I was one of the oldest of the thirty new crew
members, whose average age was 23. Despite our combined lack of maritime experience, we got off
to a pleasant, confidence-inducing start organized by Captain Cox and the bosun, Ben Murray.
Obviously, being the crew member in charge of the ship’s equipment and the deck hands, the bosun
would be a constant reassuring presence in our midst. Having assembled on the deck, we were given
a friendly pep talk, in which we were briefed about the training we would receive and given a
thorough grounding in everything concerning safety on board.
B. Captain Cox explained that absolutely everything we did would be part of the learning process.
Our names were already on lists for working groups known as 'watches'. Each watch would be on
duty for a certain part of the day or night and these would rotate during our time on board so that we
would get a taste of working each different shift. Clearly, we would be getting to know the other
members of our watch really well. We would also be socialising with the other crew members when
participating in different lessons. These included plenty of rope work, sail-repairing and carpentry.
We spent the first afternoon getting acquainted with each other, finding our way around and learning
the names for everything on the ship, whether it moved or not. We were due to set sail at six in the
morning with the high tide. Until then, we hoped the gentle swell in the harbour was helping us to
'find our sea legs'.
C. One thing that seemed certain from the outset was that we would have little time for idleness or
boredom. On deck, we would be handling lines and sails, keeping lookout and scrubbing the decks.
Sailors have to know a little bit about every aspect of life on board, so we all had turns at taking the
helm to steer the ship. One activity that I was rather anxious about was climbing aloft in the rigging
to trim sails. Fortunately, the harnesses we were equipped with alleviated my concerns somewhat,
and in the end, it wasn't nearly as bad as I had anticipated. In the galley we helped the cook prepare
meals, did the washing-up and put everything away in its designated place after meals. Space on any
ship is at a premium, hence the need for absolute order.
D. In parallel to our hard physical work, we received lessons in navigation - not just involving the
theory, but with plenty of opportunities to put theory into practice, for example by plotting our
position and checking the course we were on. Although much of this is a science, learning about wind
directions and speeds and the vagaries of different currents in the sea seemed to be more like an art
that must be acquired through long experience. We certainly saw some of the different moods of the
weather at sea. Fortunately, everyone had been provided with top quality waterproofs for use on deck.
Actually the weather conditions gave us ample opportunity to acclimatise ourselves to the motion of
a boat at sea, which can induce dizziness and, in one unfortunate case involving Jack, a member of
my watch, a bad bout of seasickness. Luckily, with some tips from the seasoned sailors, Jack learnt
to overcome his nausea.
E. Ultimately, it turned out to be true that sharing work is a great way of bringing people together as
a cohesive unit and of creating friendships. What's more, as we became more adept at our work on
the Wincutter, we developed the ability to function efficiently enough without concentrating hard on
our tasks, so there was a relaxed atmosphere and a feeling of camaraderie. After all, this was an
experience of a lifetime, not a typical nine-to-five job. Of course, we were always aware of the need
to do things properly, especially since the experienced crew members weren't going to cut us any
slack in terms of the quality of our work. Nevertheless, I was seriously impressed by our teamwork
on the Wincutter, and I truly wish my fellow journalists and I could achieve similar standards of work
here at the Congress Courier.
In which section does the writer mention
31.that tidiness is a necessary consequence of the limited space on board ?
66
32.that the trainees would have to learn some woodworking skills ?
33.that there was a high expectation for professional development ?
34. that work characteristics require practitioners to maintain a deep mutual understanding?
35. that more time is invested in giving an insight into issues related to security on deck instead of
providing oceangoing firsthand experience ?
36. that the driving position was often assigned randomly to educate about daily life on ships ?
37. that the balance between theoretical knowledge and frequent real-life applications provoked a
new perspective about an aspect of ship sailing ?
38. that teamwork is a prerequisite for creating a tight-knit working environment ?
39. that the performance of the novices was judged as severely as usual ?
40. that a novice was comforted thanks to the advice of experiencers ?
Your answers

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

IELTS WRITING
GV: TẠ DUY THÔNG
IELTS WRITING 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The graph below shows the number of enquiries received by the Tourist Information Office in
one city over a six-month period in 2011.
Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:

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Some people think that it is more beneficial to take part in sports which are played in teams,
like football, while other people think that taking part in individual sports, like tennis or
swimming, is better. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.
SAMPLE ANSWER IELTS WRITING TEST 1
WRITING TASK 1
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WRITING TASK 2
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 IELTS Writing 2
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The process shows how plants create food

Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 1
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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:

New technologies have changed the way children spend their free time. Do advantages of this
outweigh disadvantages?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 2
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IELTS 3
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some
tourist facilities.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

72
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:

Prison is the common way in most countries to solve the problem of crime. However, a more
effective solution is to provide people a better education. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 1
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IELTS 4
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The table below gives information on average hours and minutes spent by UK
males and females on different daily activities.
Write at least 150 words.

75
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:

Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists but not local people. Why is
this the case and what can be done to attract more local people to visit these places?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 1
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IELTS 5
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The graph below presents the employment patterns in the USA between 1930 and 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and report in the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

78
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:

Some people think that children should start school at a very early age, but others believe that
children should go to school until they are older.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 1
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IELTS 6

WRITING TASK 1

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IELTS 7
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The pie chart gives information on UAE government spending in 2000. The total budget was
AED 315 billion. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
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Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:

Schools are no longer necessary because children can get so much information available
through the Internet, and they can study just as well at home.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 1
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IELTS 8
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The bar chart below give information about five countries spending habits of shopping on
consumer goods in 2012. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:

People in many countries are spending less time with their family.
What are the reasons, and effects of this?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 1
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LISTENING PRACTICE
PRACTICE 1
Part 1 (10 pts)
You will hear an interview with Simon Hemmings, who works as a fight director in the
theater. Choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
1. According to Simon, during a fight scene, the audience should
A. feel the actors are really in danger. B. see that the swords are not real.
C. be totally involved in the play itself. D. be aware of the safety measures he adopts.
2. When casting the play, the theater was looking for actors who had

A. previous experience of fighting on stage. B. familiarity with the design of the theater.
C. a willingness to learn a new set of skills.
D. previous training in how to handle a sword.
3. What does Simon say the actors must do during the performance?
A. improvise to cover up their mistakes.
B. adhere closely to the agreed fight text.

C. help colleagues who forget their lines.

D. involve the audience as much as possible.
4. Simon was particularly concerned that the fight scenes in this play might become

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 A. repetitive. B. ridiculous C. inauthentic. D. inelegant.
5. According to Simon, fight scene on stage should not
A. become too violent. B. appear over-practised.
C. be taken too seriously. D. actually upset people.
Part 2 (10 pts)
You are going to hear part of a radio programme. A writer called Peter Watkins is being
interviewed by the programme presenter, Sue Manchester, about his new book, which
discusses the behaviour of animals and birds in relation to the weather.
Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. ………… Sue has little faith in the accuracy of sayings about the weather.
2. ………… Peter says that low-flying birds suffer badly in storms.
3. ………… According to Peter, insects have difficulty in sensing changes in the atmosphere.
4. ………… Peter says that weather saying used to be confined to the farming community.

5. … Peter says that in the past people relied on animals and bird behaviour to predict the weather.
Part 3 (10 pts)
You will hear part of a talk about the invention of a microwave oven. Listen and answer the
following questions.

1. How can radar detect enemy aircraft? ……………………

2. What food was used in Percy Spencer’s first experiment? ……………………
3. Where was the first microwave oven set up in Britain in 1946? ……………………
4. What did the name of the first commercial microwave,
Radarange, come from?
……………………
5. Why did the microwave produced in the 1960s become so popular to consumers?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Part 4 (20 pts)
You will hear a radio report about the discovery of the new seven planets. Complete the
summary, using the word or phrases you hear. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for
each blank.
Scientists have just made a startling revelation about the outer space. By utilising an
(1)…………………. to observe the flickering light emitted by a far-away star, scientists have
confirmed the existence of a potential solar system beyond our own. Being the most recent one in a
(2)…………………., this uncovering could possibly alter our perceptions of the night sky. The seven
newfound planets share many properties with Earth in terms of magnitude, mass and
(3)………………., a temperature that allowed (4)…………………. to exist as well as a moderate
distance from the center star, with 3 of them staying in an area known as the “(5)………………….".
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However, what is so exciting about this finding is the (6)…………………. prospect of life on these
enabled by the favorable conditions that these planets exhibit. Another intriguing aspect of the
discovery is that these (7)…………………. planets orbits an (8)…………………. star, an
unprecedented occurrence despite the multitude of this kind of star in our universe. In the future, it is
expected that further examination of these (9)…………………. afforded by the introductions of more
advanced equipments may shed some light on the (10)…………………. that whether extraterrestrial
life does exist.
PRACTICE 2
Part 1. Holt is talking about the influence of the family on a child's personality. For questions
1-5, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.
1. In Kate's opinion, what accounts for personality differences between siblings?
A. Every person is born with a nature which is unique.
B. Each child is exposed to a unique set of experiences.
C. Children are influenced by people from outside the family.
D. Parents adopt varying approaches to child-rearing over time.
2. Kate says that, compared to younger siblings, the oldest child in a family will often ______
A. be under greater pressure to do well in life.
B. receive more parental love and affection.
C. develop a more cautious personality.
D. become more ambitious in later life.
3. What docs Kate describe as the typical traits of younger siblings?
A. They tend to be less successful in academic subjects.
B. They tend to be closer to their father than their mother.
C. Their main priority is to establish a distinctive identity.
D. Their interests often closely reflect those of their parents.
4. According to Kate, the extent to which a child is affected by the birth of a younger sibling
depends on________
A. the personality of that sibling. B. how closc the children arc in age.
C. the number of children in the family. D. how the parents deal with any problems.
5. In Kate's view, a child will go on to develop successful adult relationships if it ______
A. inherits certain social skills. B. is taught to control its emotions.
C. is cared for by a variety of people. D. has a good model of behaviour to follow.
 Write your answers here.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Part 2. Listen to the radio interview and for questions 6 – 10 and decide which statements are
true (T) or false (F).

6. Roger believes that his work is quite exciting.

7. Roger says that he understands exactly what cats are thinking.

8. If a cat's tail is fluffed up and pointing down, the cat is very angry.

9. When two cats are about to fight, the most aggressive one will have its ears pointing
forwards.

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 10. Cats can understand if you are friendly to them by the way you talk to them.

 Write your answers here.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 3. You will hear people talking in five different situations. For questions 11-15, Listen and
write the answers to each question.
11. Listen to Joan telling Pam about her holiday. Why didn't she and her husband enjoy themselves?
____________________________________________________________________
12. You are at the airport when you hear this conversation between a member of staff and a passenger.
What is the woman's problem?
____________________________________________________________________
13. You overhear a man talking to his friend. Why did the man miss his train?
____________________________________________________________________
14. You are in a hotel when you hear this conversation between a man and the receptionist. What is
the problem?
____________________________________________________________________
15. You hear a woman describing her holiday to a friend. What does she complain about?
____________________________________________________________________
 Write your answers here.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Part 4: Questions 16 – 25. You are going listen to part of a radio programme about 'Impression
Management'. Listen and complete the following sentences with a word or short phrase.

Impression management is the science of (16) __________ appropriately to another person's

body language.
An open posture involves a speaker standing (17) __________ his audience.
An open posture projects (18) __________ to listeners.
Crossed legs and (19) __________ arms are characteristics of a closed posture.
A closed posture suggests that the person is afraid of (20) __________
(21) __________ when listening indicates that the person is accepting what you are saying, and
that he is ready to (22) __________ affirmatively.

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 When someone stares at (23) __________ , it may be a good idea to (24) __________ for a
little or end the discussion.
Observations of people under (25) __________ have shown that most of us do not understand
the basics of impression management.

 Write your answers here.

16. 17.

18. 19.

20. 21.

22. 23.

24. 25.
PRACTICE 3
Part 1. You will hear the manager of a shop talking to a new employee called Penny. Listen and
write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. (10 pts)
Special staff staff discount of 1. ________ on everything except sale goods.
benefits or perks:
Information on pension: see Personnel Manager, office in 2. ________
Boss’s name: 3. ________
Duties: serve customers
4. ________
check for shoplifters
check the stock
Expected to wear: a 5. ________, a red blouse, and a name badge.

Your answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 2. You will hear a student called Joanna talking to her new supervisor about the research
she has done on psychology and music. (10 pts)
Questions 1-2: Which TWO characteristics were shared by the subjects of Joanna's psychology
study?

A. They had all won prizes for their music B. They had all made music recordings
C. They were all under 27 years old. D. They had all toured internationally
Questions 3-4: Which TWO points does Joanna make about her use of telephone interviews?
A. It meant rich data could be collected B. It led to a stressful atmosphere at times
C. It caused some technical problems D. It allowed the involvement of top performers
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Question 5: Which topic did Joanna originally intend to investigate in her research?
A. changes in performer attitudes to concert dress
B. how choice of dress relates to performer roles
C. audience reactions to the dress of performers D. regulations concerning concert dress
Your answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 3. Listen to the conversation between two friends and decide whether the statements are
True (T) or False (F) (10 pts)
1. Andy is writing an essay about different ancient civilizations. T/F
2. The land where Aztecs used to live is now part of the USA. T/F
3. It was very important for a boy to know how to fight well. T/F
4. Wendy thinks it was a shame not all girls went to school. T/F
5. The king didn’t make important decisions all by himself. T/F
Your answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 4. You will hear a lecturer introducing a case study to a group of finance students. For
questions 1-10, complete the sentences using up to three words. (20 pts)
CASE STUDY: COLLAPSE OF DALTON’S ELECTRICAL GOODS CHAIN
Background
That Dalton’s – a British electric goods chain collapsed came as a 1. ________ to employees,
shareholders and the general public.
Dalton’s had been facing greater competition from some 2. ________ for several years.
Previous attempts to 3. ________ Dalton’s or re-finance the business had failed.
The collapse
Dalton’s was unable to make 4. ________ payments which were due.
Staff were afraid that the 5. ________ that was run by ISQ Insurance would be short of money.
ISQ Insurance stated that the scheme was administered by a 6. ________ who was external to
Dalton’s.
MacDougall Capital
At the time of the collapse, Dalton’s belonged to MacDougall Capital, a 7. ________ firm.
MacDougall believed it was entitled to receive 8. ________ in connection with its purchase of
Dalton’s.
MacDougall found a number of serious 9. “________” in Dalton’s accounts.
MacDougall claimed to have found a total 10. ________ of 3.7 million pounds.
Your answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PRACTICE 4
Part 1 (10 points)(IELTS LISTENING PRACTICE TEST 2017)
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for
each answer. ORANA WILDLIFE PARK
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Facts about Orana
• Orana means “ (1) ……………………..”
• The park has animals from a total of (2) ……………………………
• The animals come from many parts of the world.
Things to do at Orana

• feed the (3) ……………………………………… at 12 or 3 pm.

• touch the animals in the (4) ……………………………….. (good for children)
• watch the cheetahs doing their (5) ………………………………… at 3.40
2. Part 2 (10 points)(IELTS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES)
Listen and choose the correct letters A, B or C.
1. Before giving his presentation, Paul is worried about

A. choosing what to use. B. not what to say. C. organ Sing the projection equipment.
2. Paul's friends advise him not to
A. speak about popular periods B. talk at length about art history.
C. speak too quickly in the presentation.
3. Why Paul like the idea of the timeline?
A. It will be visually pleasing. B. It will save some time. C. It will keep him focused.

4. Paul is going to show famous works of art to

A. show people that he has good taste. B. rnake people think about what counts as art.
C. prove that modern art isn't as good as art.
5. Paul wants his presentation to
A. change personal opinions. B. create a big fight. C. start an exciting debate.
3. Part 3:(10 points) (IELTS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES)
You will listen to a short talk about the entertainment program and decide whether the
following statements are true or false.
1. Sally cannot reveal the name of the band for the first party.
2. There will be a concert in the Cotswold Theatre on Monday.
3. There is an important event on Thursday.

4. There is no formal dress code for the Freshers’ Ball.

5. Students should check the notice board for changes to the announced program.
4. Part 4:(20 points) (FCE PRACTICE TESTS EXTRA)

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The chow chow leapt from a window on the (1) ……………………….
It was frightened of a noisy (2) ………………………………….
A study of dog intelligence looked at (3) ………………………… different breeds of dog.
The chow chow had to be told to do something at least (4) …………. times before it understood.
The least intelligent breed of dog was the (5) …………………………………………
A border collie only needed to be told something (6) ………………………….. times before it
understood the task.
The chances of a colie remembering an instruction was (7) ……………………………
The collie was originally used as (8) ………………………..

Chow chows come from (9) …………………………….

Their name means literally (10) ………………………………….

SPEAKING PRACTICE
1. Some parents think that they can take advantage of modern technology to educate their
children at home. Others agree that learning process can only be facilitated with the
appearances teachers. Which opinion are you in favor of? Why?
2. Some people think that findin a job satisfaction is considered the most important thing for
young generation nowadays? Do you agree with this viewpoint?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of taking an online course?

4. Tell some reasons why teenagers should be encouraged to do household chores.

5. Some people think that the old-aged people should live in nursing homes while others think
it would be better for them to live with their children or grandchildren. What is your opinion
about that?

6. Should tudents be allowed to choose the school they attend? Why?

7. Should young people be encouraged to start up? Why?

8. A growing trend nowadays is that criminals are increasingly being idolized by young
people. What are the causes and implications of this trend? Give specific example(s) to
support your answers.

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