INDIAN HISTORY

EXECUTORS Lord Cornwallis (1786 - 93) Lord Hastings (1813-23)

OF BRITISH  He introduced the policy of In-
tervention and war.
POLICIES  He was made Marques of
Hastings due to his success in
Warren Hastings (1772-85) the Gorkhar war or the Anglo
Nepalis war.
 He abolished the Peshwaship
and annexed his territories to the
 He is known as Father of Civil Bombay presidency after the
Service in India. third Anglo - Maratha war (1818)
 The Police system was intro-
duced in India.
 Cornwallis Code was intro-
duced. It was based on the
 He introduced quinquennial separation of powers.
settlement of land revenue in John Shore (1793 - 1798)
1772.  He introduced a policy in India
 He codified the Hindu and Mus- known as Non Intervent Policy.
lim laws.  Introduced the Ryotwari Sys-
Lord Wellesley (1798 - 1805)
 He founded the Asiatic Society tem in Madras presidency by
of Bengal with the help of Will- Governor Thomas Munroe in
iam Jones in 1784. 1820 under the governor
 The trial of Maharaja generalship of Hastings.
Nandakumar (1775) and his ju-  Mahalwari System of land rev-
dicial murder was during the enue was introduced in North
period of Warren Hastings.  Described himself as Bengal
West Province by James
 He abolished the Dual Govern- Tiger. Thomson.
ment in Bengal in 1772.  He created the Madras presi- William Bentinck (1828- 35)
 After his return to England, he dency.
was impeached there in 1785.  Introduced the system of Sub-
 By the Regulating Act 1773, he sidiary Alliance.
 The first state to sign the Sub-
was appointed the first Gover-
sidiary Alliance system was
nor General.
Hyderabad in 1798.
 First Anglo - Maratha war took  Lord Wellesley fought the sec-
place during his period. ond Maratha war.
 In 1780, James Augustus Hickey  Lord Wellesley is considered as
started a weekly paper called the ‘Akbar of English East In-  First Governor General of India
Bengal Gazette or Calcutta Gen- dia Company’ by Marshman. by the Government of India Act
eral Advertiser during the period of 1833.
of Warren Hastings.
Lord Minto I (1807-1813)  Known as benevolent Governor
General.
 Warren Hastings established a  Signed the treaty of Amritsar
 Banned the practice of Sati in
Muhammedan Madrasa in in 1809 between Ranjith Singh
1829. Suppressed Tughs in
Calcutta. of Punjab and the English.
1830.

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 Banned female infanticide. (known as the Magnacarta of
 Created the province of Agra in English Education in India) pre-
1834. pared by Charles Wood in 1854.
 Made English to be the court  Boosted up the development of
language in higher court but Railways and laid the first Rail-
Persian continued in lower way line in 1853 from Bombay
courts. to Thane and Second from
 Appointed Macaulay as presi- Calcutta to Raniganj.
dent of the committee of Public  Gave a great impetus to Post and
Instruction. Macaulays Minutes Telegraph. Telegraphic lines
 First Afghan war was started
was submitted in 1835. during the Governor Generalship were laid - first from Calcutta to
Agra.
Sir Charles Metcalfe of Lord Auckland.
 Slavery was abolished by Gov-  Shimla was made summer Capi-
(1835-36) tal and Army Head Quarters.
ernor General Lord
Ellenborough.  Hindu Marriage Act was
passed in 1856.
Lord Dalhousie (1849 - 56)  In 1853, Competitive examina-
tion for the recruitment of the
 Introduced the policy of ‘Doc- Covenanted Civil Service was
trine of Lapse’, started.
 Indian states annexed through  A Post Office Act was passed in
the Doctrine of Lapse were 1854. Postage stamps were is-
Satara (1848), Jaipur and sued for the first time.
Sambalpur (1849) Baghatpur  In 1855, the Santhal Uprising
 Abolished restriction on press. (1850), Udaipur (1852) Jhansi took place
 He is called the ‘‘Liberator of (1853) and Nagpur (1854).  Abolished the title ‘ Nawab of
Press’’.  Introduced the Woods Despatch Carnatic.’
India - Pak Wars
 The major cause of the India - Pak wars was the Kashmir issue.
 On September 1, 1965 Pakistan started attack on the border and invaded Chhamb and Dewa regions.
 On September 11, UN Secretary General U-Thant reached to talk on cease fire.
 After the battle, Tashkent agreement was signed under the mediation of Russia.
 Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Sastri and Pakistan President Ayub Khan signed the agreement.
 On December 2, The Border Security Force was formed.
 Lal Bahadur Sastri died at Tashkent on 11 January 1966.
 The diplomacy of Sastri was the major source behind India’s victory in the 1965 Indo-Pak war.
 The Second Indo-Pak war was in 1971. After the war, Bangladesh became an independent country.
 The agreement signed after the 1971 war was the Simla Agreement.
 Simla Agreement was signed by Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistan Prime Minister Sulfiker Ali
Bhuto in 1972.
 The Kargil war in 1999 was against the terrorist usurpation into Kashmir from Pakistan.
 Kargil military operation of India was known as ‘Operation Vijay’.
 Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee conducted the famous Lahore Bus Journey in 1999 February.
 The Kargil war officially ended on 26 July 1999.
 Boundary line between India and Pakistan is Radcliff line.
 The Lahore declaration was signed between A.B. Vajpayee and Nawaz Sherif.
 Military operation conducted by India on Pakistan 1948 was known as Operation Sojila.
 The operation in which Indian army captured Siachin was known as Operation Meghdoot.
 India and Pakistan signed the Indus River Water Agreement in 1960.
 INDIAN HISTORY

THE VICEROYS OF INDIA

Lord Canning (1856 - 62) Lord Ripon (1880-84)
 Revolt of 1857.  Passing of the first Factory Act in 1881 for the wel-
 Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and passing of the fare of child labour.
Indian Act of 1858.  Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
 Withdrawal of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1859, which  Foundation of the Local Self Government (1882)
was passed by Lord Dalhousie.  Holding of the first decennial and regular census in
 Foundation of the Universities of Calcutta, Bombay 1881 which put the total population at 254 million.
and Madras in 1857.  Appointment of an Education Commission under
 Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60. Sir William Hunter in 1882.
 White Mutiny by the European troops of East In-  The Ilbert bill controversy.
dia Company in 1859.  Famine Code of 1883.
 Bahadurshah II was sent to Rangoon (Burma) Lord Dufferin (1884 - 88)
 Enactment of Indian Penal Code.
 Foundation of Indian National Congress
 Indian Councils Act of 1861.
 Third Anglo Burmese war
 Enactment of Indian Code of Criminal Procedure.
 Commented on the Congress being a microscopic
Lord Elgin (1862 - 63) minority.
 Supressed the Wahabi Movement Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
 Creation of a new province called the North West
Sir John Lawrence (1864 - 69) Frontier Province.
 Famine commission was constituted.  Appointment of Universities Commission in 1902
 Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Af- under Sir Thomas Releigh and passing of Indian
ghanistan called policy of Masterly Inactivity. Universities Act 1904.
 Set up highcourts in Calcutta, Bombay and Ma-  Partition of Bengal
dras (1865).  Passing of Ancient Monuments Protection Act in
1904 for the preservation of India’s Cultural heri-
Lord Mayo (1869-72)
tage. This was followed by the foundation of Ar-
 Wahabi and Kuka movements were active. chaeological Survey of India.
 Mayo was murdered Lord Hardinge (1910-1916)
Lord Lytton (1876-80)  Coronation durbar in 1911 at Delhi in honour of
 Passing of the Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the George V.
assumption of the title empress of India (Kaiser-i-  A separate state of Bihar and Orissa was created
Hind) by Queen Victoria. in 1911.
 Holding of Delhi Durbar in 1877.  India’s capital was decided to shift to Delhi in 1911
 Passing of the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. and shifted in 1912.
 Passing of the Arms Act of 1878.  Komagata Maru incident.
 Lowering of maximum age from 21 years to 19 years  1916, Saddler Committee on Universities appointed.
for the Civil Services Examination, an attempt to Lord Chelmsford (1916 - 21)
prevent Indians from entering Civil Services.  Foundation of Women’s university at Poona.
 Appointment of First Famine Commission under  Hunter Commission on Jallianwala Bagh Mas-
Sir Richard Strachy. sacre.
 Started Statutory Civil Service.  Chamber of Princes established in 1921.
 Second Anglo Afghan war in 1878.  Home Rule League founded by Annie Besant.

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 Third Afghan war started.  Burma was separated from British Empire in 1935.
 Aligarh Muslim University was founded in 1920.
Lord Linlithgow (1936-43)
Lord Reading (1921-26)
 August Offer by the Viceroy in which he declared
 Foundation of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh
dominion status as the ultimate goal of British
by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.
policy in India.
 Beginning of Indianisation of the officers cadre of
 In 1940, Civil Disobedience Movement was started.
the Indian Army.
 1942 Cripps Mission came.
 Railway Budget was separated from General Bud-
 Congress starts Quit India Movement.
get in 1921.
 Viswa Bharati University started by Rabindra Nath Lord Wavell (1943-47)
Tagore.  Wavell Plan, Shimla conference Congress repre-
 Train Robbery at Kakori. sented by Maulana Azad
Lord Irwin (1926-31)  RIN Mutiny (1946)
 Popularly known as Christian Viceroy.  Interim Government was formed (September 2,
 Simon Commission arrives in Bombay. 1946)
 Meerut conspiracy case.  Prime Minister of Britain Clement Atlee announced
 Gandhi started his Dandi March. to give independence to India by July 1948.
 Chittagong Armoury Raid.  Cabinet Mission 1946.
 First Round Table Conference.
 16th August 1946, Muslim League begins ‘Direct
 Gandhi-Irwin pact.
Action day’.
Lord Willington (1931-36) Lord Mountbatten (1947-48)
 Communal Award in 1932 by Ramsay Mac Donald.
 His plan to make India free on August 15 1947 is
 Third Round Table Conference in 1932.
also known as June 3rd Plan.
 White Paper on Political reforms in India was pub-
 First Governor General of free India
lished in 1933.
 INDIAN HISTORY

Socio-Religious Reform Movements

Rammohan Roy(1772-1883) and Brahma Samaj  ‘Precepts to Jesus’ is a book written by Raja
 Believed in monotheism and opposed idol wor- Ram Mohan Roy.
ship.  Thuhafath ul - Mujahiddin or Gift to Monothe-
 Established the ‘Aatmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta in 1815 ists is also a work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
in order to propagate monotheism and to fight
against the evil customs and practices in Hindu-
Prarthana Samaj
ism.  Founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram
 In 1821, he started a paper called Samvad Pandurang (not by MG Ranade) as an offshoot
Kaumudi. of the Brahma Samaj.
 In 1822, he started Mirat-ul-Akbar, which was  It was later joined by M.G. Ranade and R.G.
the first journal in Persian. Bhandarkar.
 In the same year Ram Mohan and Dwarakanath  It aimed at removing the evil social customs.
Tagore jointly started a newspaper called Arya Samaj
Bangadatta.
 It was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswathi
 In 1825, he started the Vedanta College at
in 1875.
Calcutta.
 In 1828, August he founded the BrahmaSabha  He considered Vedas as eternal and infalliable
Later in 1845 the name Brahmo Samaj was given and said ‘Go back to Vedas’
to it by Devendranath Tagore.  Dayanand Saraswati (1824 - 1883) was a Sanyasi
 Against the Brahmasabha, orthodox Hindus lead from Gujarat.
by Raja Radhakant Deb started Dharmasabha.  Dayanand, was known in his early life as Mula
 In 1829, December 4 ‘Sati’ was abolished by Gov- Shankar.
ernor General William Bentinck.  He is known as the Martin Luther of Hinduism.
 In 1831 he went to England to argue the case of
 He was the first to use the terms - Swarajya,
Akbar II before the Board of Control.
Swabhasha and Swadharma.
 The Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II gave Ram
Mohan the title ‘Raja’.  He was the first to consider Hindi as the na-
tional language.
 After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Brahma
Samaj was divided into several sects.  He started the Suddhi Movement to re-convert
 Adi Brahma Samaj lead by Devendranath to Hinduism those who were converted to other
Tagore and Bharatiya Brahma Samaj led by religions.
Keshav Chandra Sen were started in 1866.  His book Satyartha Prakash is a commentary
 Sadharana Brahma Samaj was started by on Vedas.
Anandmohan Bose in 1878.  He started Dayanand Anglo Vedic College in
 Devendranath Tagore was the founder of 1866.
Tatvabodhinisabha in Calcutta in 1839.  Aryaprakash was the news paper started by
 Keshav Chandra Sen started a paper called In- Dayanand Saraswati.
dian Mirror in 1861.
Ramakrishna Mission
 Surendra Nath Banerjee was the first Indian to
took up his political activity on an all India ba-  Shri Ramakrishna Paramha msa (1836 - 1886)
sis. was born in Bengal.

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 His early name was Shuddirama Gadhadhar  She started the Home Rule League with the
Chatterjee. Co-operation of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916.
 He was a priest in the Dakshine swar Kali temple.  In 1914, Dr. Annie Besant founded two papers
So he is called the Saint of Dakshineswar. 1. The Common Weal and ii. New India.
 The most famous disciple of Ramakrishna was
Vivekananda (1863 - 1902).
Young Bengal Movement
 Vivekananda was born in a Kayastha family of  Started by Henry Vivian Derozio, who was an
Calcutta. Anglo Indian teacher in the Calcutta Hindu Col-
lege.
 His real name was Narendranath Dutta.
 His followers were known as the Derozians.
 He attended the Parliament of Religions at Chi- They attacked the old traditions and decadant
cago in 1893, September 11. customs.
 He was invited to the Congress of the History  In 1828 he started the Academic Association.
of Religions at Paris in 1900.
 The official journal of Young Bengal Movement
 He founded the Ramakrishna Mission on Ist May was ‘Jnanvesan’.
1897.
 The first ‘math’ (centre) was established at Jyotiba Phule
Baranagar.  Belonging to the low caste of Mali from
 In 1899, the Math or the centre of the mission Maharashtra, struggled against upper caste
was shifted to Belur near Calcutta. domination and Brahaminical supremacy
through his Sathyashodhak Samaj founded in
 He started two papers - the monthly Prabuddha
1873.
Bharata in English and Udbodhana a Bengali
fortnightly.  He pioneered the Widow Remarriage Move-
 He is called the‘patriot saint of India’. ment in Mahara shtra and worked for the edu-
cation of women.
 He was also described as a ‘‘Cyclonic Hindu’’.
 In 1898 Sister Nivedita, (Margaret Elizabeth Deva Samaj
Noble) an Irish lady was initiated to  It was started in 1887 by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri
brahmacharya by Vivekananda. at Lahore.
Theosophical Society  The religious text of this Samaj was Deva Shastra
and the teaching Devadharma.
 The Theosophical Society was founded by Ma-
dame Blavatsky and Col. H.S.Olcott in Newyork N.M Joshi
in 1875.  He founded the Social Service League at
 In 1882, its head quarters was shifted to Adayar Bombay in 1911.
near Madras.  He also founded the All India Trade Union Con-
 Its philosophy was inspired by the Hindu gress in 1920 at Bombay.
Upanishads.  He left AITUC in 1929 and started the Indian
 Dr.Annie Besant came to India in 1893, was its Trades Union Federation.
notable President.
H.N. Kunzru
 In 1898, she started the Central Hindu School at
Benaras, it later became Benaras Hindu Univer-  He founded the Seva Samiti at Allahabad in 1914
sity under Madan Mohan Malavya (1916). with the objective of organising social service
during the natural calamities and promoting edu-
 She was the first woman to become the presi- cation, sanitation, physical culture etc.
dent of INC in 1917.
 INDIAN HISTORY

of Bengal
The British Conquestse between him and the British as the latter were
flict aro
aj-ud-Daula (1756-57) a con itish, followed by the Black
 During the period of Sir ng al. Th is led to the initial defeat of the Br
interfering in the internal
affair s of Be room by Nawab.
d bec au se of suffocation in a small e
Hole Episode in which 12
3 En gli shm en die the Battle of Plassey on Jun
ar; the Br itis h def eat ed the Nawab of Bengal, in received from Mi r
Mir Jaf t Clive
 Later with the help of Na wa b of Be ng al by the British. In return Rober
de the
23, 1757. Mir Jafar was ma and the right of free trade
in Bengal.
mi nd ari of 24 Par gan as
Jafar the Za .
to office in 1760 by Clive b of Avadh and Shah Alam
 Mir Qasim was raised th the hel p of Shuja-ud-Daulah, Nawa wer.
 Mir Qasim decided to
fight the Br itish wi r Jafar was restored to po
in the Bat tle of Bu xa r on October 22, 1764. Mi
m
II. The British crushed the and the Nawab of Bengal.
con dit ion s we re imposed on the emperor India Company.
Many outra geo us
po int ed the fir st Go ver nor of Bengal by the East
• 17 58 : Robert Clive was ap India.
; end of French power in -daula of Avadh,
• 17 60 : Battle of Wandiwash wa s fou gh t by Mi r Kasim, Nawab Shuja-ud the other side.
Th e bat tle nro on
• 17 64 : Battle of Buxar. sid e an d the British forces led by Ma
jor Mu
and Shah Al am II on on e
s.
The British were victoriou
sys tem of government in Bengal. h.
• 17 64 : Introduction of dual issa to the Britis
: Gr an t of Di wa ni of Bengal, Bihar and Or
• 17 65
• 17 70 : Famine in Bengal.
ysore War.
• 1767-1769 : First Anglo-M
Veerasalingam Pantulu founded at Amritsar. The Akali Movement was
also started for Sikh reform
 Most prominent social reformer of South India
in the second half of the 19th Century.  Kuka Movement was started with the aim of Sikh
reform and restoration of Sikh sovereignty in
 He founded the Rajmundri Social Reform Asso- Punjab by driving the British away. Kuka move-
ciation in 1878 with the principal objective of ment was founded by Bagat Jawaharmal, popu-
promoting widow remarriage. larly known as Sian Sahib in the 19th century.
Sikh Reform Movements  Kukas recognised Guru Govind Singh as the
 In 1873, the Singh Sabha Movement was only true Guru of the Sikhs.

Indo-China War
 Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Chau Enlai established bilateral friendly relation signing the
Panchsheel in 1954.
 But giving asylum to the Dalai Lama of Tibet (1954) provocated China.
 China attacked India by crossing the Mac Mohan line on September 8, 1962.
 On October 19, Chinese made a massive attack.
 On October 26, Government declared Emergency and Defence of India Ordinance.
 Keeping view of the Chinese aggression, the Gold Bond Scheme was declared.
 In November 1962, the National Defence Council was set up.
 On Nov. 10, the Chinese declared a Unilateral withdrawal.
 In 2005, China removed Sikkim from Chinese map and accepted it as Indias part.
 In 2006, Two countries agreed to open the Nathula pass (Sikkim) after a gap of four decades.

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 FATHER OF OUR NATION
 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, called Mahatma,
is the father of our nation.
 He was born on 2 October 1869, at Porbandar in
Gujarat as the son of Diwan Karamchand and his
fourth wife ‘Putilibai’.
 In 1883, at the age of 14, he married Kasthurba
Later he went to England to study law.
 In 1893, he went to South Africa to practice law.
 He was subjected to racial discrimination and
organised Natal Indian Congress in 1894. There
he started a weekly, Indian opinion 1904.
 Gandhiji experimented the weapon Satyagraha for
the first time in South Africa in September 1906 to
protest against the Asiatic Ordinance issued
against the Indians in Transval.
 Gandhiji’s first imprisonment was in 1908 at  Gandhiji’s first fast was in 1918 in connection with
Johannesberg in South Africa. the strike of mill workers in Ahmedabad.
 In 1899 during the Boer war Gandhiji organised  He started the Satyagrahasrama on the banks of
Indian Ambulance Corps for the British. Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad.
 Gandhiji was humiliated and ousted from Peter  In 1918 he started two weeklies - Young India in
Marits Burg Railway Station in South Africa. English and Navjeevan in Gujarati.
 Gandhiji started the Tolstoy Farm (South Africa)  Gandhiji abandoned his title Kaiser -i-Hind in pro-
in 1910. test against Jallianwalabagh Massacre (1919)
 Gandhiji started the Phoenix Settlement in  Gandhiji’s first National Movement was
Durban. organised against the Rowlatt Act in 1919.
 He returned to India on 9th January 1915, leaving  Gandhiji launched the Non-Co-operation Move-
South Africa for ever. January 9 is observed as
ment on August 1, 1920.
‘Pravasi Bharatiya Divas’ to commemorate this.
 The only Congress session presided over by
 Gandhiji’s first Satyagraha in India was for the
Gandhiji was the one which held at Belgaum in
right of Indigo workers in Champaran in 1917.
1924.
 Gandhiji partcipated in the Second Round Table
Conference in London in 1931 August.
 With the aim of eradicating untouchability,
Gandhiji founded the All India Harijan Samaj in
1932.
 Gandhiji started his journey for Harijan upliftment
from the Wardha Ashram in Maharashtra.
 Gandhiji called low class people as ‘Harijan’
which means ‘sons of God’.
 He started the weekly Harijan in 1933.
 INDIAN HISTORY
 Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on 5 March 1931.  Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas were
 Gandhiji called the Temple Entry Proclamation as Gandhiji’s four sons.
a wonder of the Modern Age.  ‘I Follow Mahatma’ is a book written by
 Gandhiji called Subhash Chandra Bose as ‘Pa- K.M.Munshi.
triot’  ‘Unto This Last’ of John Ruskin greatly influ-
 Winston Churchill, called Gandhiji a ‘‘Half naked enced Gandhiji
Seditious Fakir"  R.K. Narayan wrote ‘Waiting for the Mahatma’.
 The name ‘Gurudev’ was given to Tagore by  ‘A Week with Gandhi, ‘Gandhi and Stalin and
Gandhiji. Life of Mahatma Gandhi are the books written by
 Tagore called Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’. Fischer.
 ‘Wardha’ scheme of education was the basic edu-  Gandhiji’s grandson Thushar Gandhi led the sec-
cation policy formulated by Gandhiji. ond Dandi March from March 12 - April 17, 2005
 In 1940, Gandhiji started Individual Satyagraha on the 75th anniversary of Dandi March.
and selected Vinoba Bhave and Nehru for that.  Gandhiji’s autobiography ‘‘The story of My Ex-
 Gandhiji called the Cripps Mission (1942) ‘‘a post- periments with Truth’ was written in 1922 while he
dated cheque of a drowning bank’’. was in Jail. It describes his life from 1869 to 1921.
 Gandhiji was assassinated by Nadhuram Vinayak  It was translated into English by Mahadev Desai.
Godse on 30 January 1948 at the Birla house in  Leo Tolstoy is considered as the spiritual guru of
Delhi. He died at 5 : 17 pm. Gandhiji.
‘Hey Ram, Hey Ram’ was his last words.  One of the great dreams of Gandhiji was the es-
 Gandhiyum Godseyum is a book written by N.K. tablishment of Grama Swaraj. He said ‘‘India lives
Krishna Warrier. in villages’’. He started Sewa gram Ashram on
30 April 1936.
 ‘Mem Nadhuram Godse Bolthai’ is a play written
by Pradeep Dalvi to humiliate Gandhi.  Gandhiji said ‘‘Non violence is not one form it is
the only form of direct action’’.
 Narayan Dathathrya Apte was hanged to death
along with Godse on the Gandhi Assassination  Gandhiji once sarcastically (humorously) called
case. jail ‘‘His Majesty’s Hotel’’.
 French Novelist who wrote the biography of  ''Generations to come may scarcely believe that
Gandhiji was Romain Rolland. such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked
upon this earth'', Einstein said about Gandhiji.
 Medalim Slaiduin, a British woman became a fol-
lower of Gandhi and came to be known as Meera  ‘‘Truth and Non-violence are my Gods’’ Gandhiji
Ben.  “Untouchability is a crime against God and
 The original autobiography of Gandhiji written in Mankind” - Gandhiji.
Gujarathi language was ‘Sathya na Karogo’.  ‘‘Swaraj for me means freedom for the meanest of
 Liberty or Death written by Patrick French deals our countrymen’’ - Gandhiji
with antogonism in Gandhiji’s life.  ‘‘The light has gone out of our lives and there is
 Gandhiji called his hanging clock my little dicta- darkness everywhere’’ – Nehru on the death of
tor. Gandhiji.
 ‘Ente Gurunathan’ a poem written by Vallathol  ‘‘Non-violence is the law of our species as vio-
Narayana Menon speaks about Gandhiji. lence is the law of the brute’’ – Gandhiji
 ‘That’s my mother’ Gandhiji said these words  ‘‘Indian culture is neither Hindu, Islam, nor any
about Bhagavat Gita. other wholly. It is a fusion of all’ - Gandhiji
 Gandhiji’s political guru was Gopala Krishna  ‘‘Non Co-operation with evil is as much a duty
Gokhale. as co-operation with good’’ - Gandhiji
 Gandhi’s Prisoner is a book written by Uma  ‘‘My only hope lies in prayer and answer to
Dupfeli Mistri , daughter of Gandhi’s son, Manilal. prayer’’ - Gandhiji

DeputyCollectorRankFile
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
 He became the first Prime Minister of India after
independence in 1947.
 Nehru has the largest term as India’s Prime
Minister.
 Important works of Nehru are ‘Glimpses of World
History’,‘The Unity of India’, ‘The Discovery of
India’ ‘Bunch of Old letters’.
 ‘‘An Autobiography’’ is the autobiography of
Nehru.
 ‘‘.......... At the stroke of the mid night hour, when
the world sleeps, India will awake to life and free-
dom........... these are the words of Nehru.
 Nehru’s main contribution to the evolution of
 Jawaharlal Nehru was the son of Motilal Nehru Indias foreign policy was the acceptance of non-
and Swarupa Rani. alignment.
 ‘Jawahar’ means Jewel.  Non-Alignment meant taking independent deci-
 He was born in 1886 November 14. sions on international issues with a sense of neu-
trality.
 Vijayalekshmi Pandit and Krishna Harthising
 Nehru visited China in 1954, both the countries
were the sisters of Nehru.
signed the Panch Sheel.
 He went to London in 1905 and joined the Haro
 ‘I want the cultures of all lands to be brought to
Public School, Then Trinity College in Cambridge
my house as freely as possible’ He said
and finally at the Inner Temple.
 The expression ‘‘Trust with destiny’ was first used
 He returned to India in 1912 and started practice
by Jawaharlal Nehru on the occasion of India at-
at the Allahabad High Court.
taining freedom.
 Nehru attended the Bankipore Congress Session
 “There will be no freedom in this country or in the
in 1912.
world so long as a single human being is unfree”
 He met Gandhi in 1916 at the Lucknow session. - Jawaharlal Nehru.
 Nehru became the General Secretary of INC in  It is not so much the existence of a nation that
1923. counts but what the nation does during various
 Nehru became the president of INC for the first periods of existence Nehru.
time in 1929. Poorna Swaraj Resolution was  Nehru was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1955.
passed at this session (Lahore).
 Nehru got placed in Indian Postal Stamp in 1964.
 Nehru became the President of INC for the larg-
 India government began to distribute Interna-
est number of times Lahore, (1929), Lucknow
(1935), Faizpur (1936), New Delhi (1951), tional Award for International understanding in
Hyderabad (1953) and Kalyan (1954). 1965. U Thant got it for the first time.
 Nehru started a newspaper called ‘National  First
woman to get the award was Mother
Herald’. Theresa (1969)
 Nehru headed the interim ministry formed in 1946  Nehru died on 27 may 1964 at the age of 75.
September.