Philippine History reviewer.

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Chapter 1

History – came from the Greek word Historia (learning by inquiry).

Historians – Individuals who write about history.

History-As-Actuality – full history

History-As-Record – Just a part of history

Historical method – critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past

Historiography – practice of historical writing, traditional method in doing historical research.

Verisimilitude – aim of the historians ( the truth , authenticity , and plausibility ) about the past.

Historical analysis – a method of the examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of the past.

Sources of historical data

* Relics or remains – from the deceased

* Testimonies of witnesses – written or oral

Written Sources

* Narrative or literature – ex. Novels, letters

* Diplomatic Sources – ex. Legal Documents

* Social Documents – ex. Municipal (PSA, Birth Cer., Death cer., marriage cer.)
Non Written Sources

* Material evidence – things that have history (ex. Tabo, banyera, banga)

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* Oral evidence – ex. Folk songs, expressions

Historical Criticism – examine the origin of earliest text.

2 parts of historical criticism

Determine the authenticity of the material.

Weigh the testimony to the truth.

- source criticism – which analyzes and studies the sources used by biblical authors.

- form criticism – which seeks to determine a unit’s original form and historical context of the literary
tradition.

- redaction criticism – which regards the author of the text as editor the the source materials.

-Tradition criticism – which attempts to trace the developmental stages of the oral tradition from its
historical emergence to it's literary presentation.

- Canonical criticism – which focuses its interpretation of the bible on the text of biblical canon.

* External criticism – authenticity (context of the source)

-Paleographical {deciphering and dating of historical manuscript}

-Diplomatic criticism {understand how the document came to be}

* Internal criticism – legitimacy (content of the source)(facts contained in the document)

Chapter 2
Lesson 1

First Voyage Around the World

Ferdinand Magellan

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Italian chronicler – Antonio Pigafetta

Goals of the voyage

1. To prove that the world is not flat

2. Travel from east to east, west to west

3. Control spices from Europe

1. Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, sought the support of Spain after being denied by Portugal. He
obtained backing from King Charles I of Spain, who was interested in expanding Spain’s influence and
wealth.

2. Departure (September 20, 1519): Magellan sails from Seville, Spain, with five ships.(The Trinidad
(Magellan’s flagship), San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago)

3. St. Lucar – island of the great Canaria, named Teneriphe

4. Port named Montrose (December 1519)

5. Atlantic ocean

-Santiago – Wrecked in storm at Santa Cruz River, on 22 May 1520

5. Port of San Julian (Captains Mutiny)

6. The San Antonio deserted Magellan’s expedition in April 1520. After leaving the fleet near the Strait of
Magellan, the ship turned back to Spain, arriving there in July 1520.

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7. Strait of Magellan (October 21, 1520): After challenging weather, they navigate the strait, finding a
passage to the Pacific Ocean (Mal Pacifico).

8. Guam (March 6, 1521): The fleet discovers Guam(island of hope), where they encounter local
inhabitants and restock supplies. (Las islas de Esperanza)(Island of thieves).

9. Archipelago of St. Lazarus

10. Philippines (March 16, 1521): Magellan arrives in the Philippines

11. Zamal island (Samar) (March 16, 1521)

12. Humunu island (march 17, 1521)

13. Datu Shione (march 18, 1521)(umai which means rice, cocos, and many others)

14. Caphre (March 22, 1521) – tawny, fat, and painted.

15. (March 25, 1521) Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibuson, and Abarien – island of Leyte
17. March 28, 1521 (Mazzava island) – Enrique Rajah Colambu

- Boloto(small boat)

- Balanghai(Big boat)

- cassi-cassi

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18. They passed through the five isles(Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and Satighan)

19. April 7, 1521 Zzubu (Cebu) – Rajah Humabon

Wife – Donya Juana

- Mactan-Datu Lapu-lapu

20. Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521)

Magellan led approximately 60 Spanish soldiers against Lapu-Lapu, a local chieftain, who commanded
around 1,500 warriors.

21. Magellan is killed in a conflict with local chieftain Lapu-Lapu.

22. The surviving members returned to Cebu to regroup and reassess their situation.

23. Juan Sebastián Elcano: He took command of the expedition after Magellan’s death, focusing on
completing the mission.

24. Cavity and Subanin (cinnamon)

25. The expedition proceeded to the Spice Islands (Moluccas), where they acquired cloves and nutmeg
in late 1521.
26. Return to Spain (September 6, 1522): Juan Sebastián Elcano and the remaining crew return to Spain
aboard the Victoria, completing the first circumnavigation.

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27. Antonio Pigafetta – cartographer and chronicler, writer of the “first voyage around the world”.

Lesson 2

The customs of the tagalogs

Culture of the Tagalog in Luzon written by Juan de Plasencia

Chief (Datos)- who governed them and were captains in their wars.

- Ruled over hundred houses(barangay)

-when both parents are maharlicas, they will continue to be so forever, if they bacame slaves, it is
through marriage.

-if one is maharlica and the other a slave, whether namamahay or sa guiguilir, the children were divided.

Nobles – maharlika – right hand of datos commoners – aliping namamahay – may master slave-sa
guiguilir – walang sariling bahay – namamaña (in terms of inheritance – hindi pagkaliabayad ng utang

*Dowries are given by the men to the women’s parents.

*Unmarried womencan own no property.

*Simbahan – temple or place of adorations

*Festival – pandot or worship

*Sibi – temporary shed on each side of the house, with a roof.

*Sorihile – small lamps

*Nagaanitos – whole barangay or family, united and joined in the worship.

*Balhala – “All powerful “, “maker of all things”

*Catolonan – officiating priest (male or female)

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*Maca – “paradise” or “village of rest”

*Casanaan – “a place of anguish”

*Sitan – demons

*Vibit – ghost

*Tigbalaang – phantoms

*Patianac – any women died in childbirth, she and the child suffered punishment.

Lesson 3

Works of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo

Historical painting – visual representation of concrete happenings in the life of people in a specific
period.

Juan Luna (1857-1899)- best known for impressive rendition of classical subjects in his academic works.

Works:

*Spoliarium

*The Parisian life

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) – impressionistic technique depicting idyllic county scenes, beautiful
maidens, and colorfully dressed peasants planting or harvesting.

Works:

*Antipolo Fiesta

*Palay Maiden
Lesson 4

The political caricatures

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The understanding of politics – can be known and understood not only through texts but also through
cartoons or caricatures.

Philippine cartoons: political caricatures of the American era, 1900-1941, edited by Alfred W. McCoy and
Alfredo R. Roces

Caricature 1- A New Wrinkle in the Art of Thieving

Caricature 2 – Memories of the Visit

Caricature 3 – Manila:The Corruption of a City

Caricature 4 – Convenient Blindness

Lesson 5

The speech of Corazon C. Aquino (US Congress, Washington DC, on September 18, 1986 size months
after her assumption into office as president of the republic of the Philippines).

*Ferdinand Marcos – the person who is quoted as the president- turned-dictator, traitor to his oath, and
the one who shut down the Congress.

*democratic government or constitutional democracy – the institution where there is protection of the
Bill of Rights, independence of the judiciary, Congress, and the press.

*Philippines – it refers to the “home of democracy” mentioned in Cory Aquino’s speech.

*Edna St. Vincent Millay – American poet mentioned in the speech who described that democracy must
be defended from arms and attacks by lies.
*the head of state – February 7, 1986. It refers to the date mentioned in the speech when an election
was called for by the country’s head of State and government.

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*Salvador Laurel – elected vice President of the Philippines during Corazon Aquino’s administration.

*People Power Revolution 1986 – how absolute power was swept away and democracy rebuilt by full
constitutional restoration.

*Tyranny – refers to the specific and important idea that according to Corazon Aquino the Filipino
people must be free from.

*Corruption – challenge faced by the Filipino people which according to Corazon Aquino is the factor
that feeds on economic deterioration.

*$28 billion – the figure on the export earnings of the country which according to Corazon Aquino went
only to pay the interest on the debt which the Filipinos never benefited from.

Chapter 3

Lesson 1 Site of the First Mass

It has been said that the first catholic mass in the Philippines was held on march 31, 1521 (Limawasa
(Southern Leyte))

*Cebu – the island which has three hundred leagues from the islands of Ladroni according to Pigafetta

-the place where the visitors of Pigafetta on the 18th of march lived

*Tuba – term for a palm wine

*Homonhon – the current name for Humunu island

*Acquada da li buoniSegnialli – Italian term for “the watering-place of good signs”

*Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Mindanao – four islands that were passed across by the

Group of Pigafetta as they had their course towards the west- southwest direction.

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*Balanghai – term used by Pigafetta which refers to small boats.

*Rajahs – refers to the kings of Butuan and Calagan islands.

*Zzubu – term used by Pigafetta which refers to the island of Cebu

*Bohol – the island passed through by the group of Pigafetta where bats are as large as eagles as they
laid their course toward the northwest direction going to Cebu.