LITHOSPHERE Reviwer

LITHOSPHERE
Came from the Greek words “Lithos” and “Sphaira” which means stone or rock and sphere
respectively.
Solid and Rigid, extends 100 meters deep.
Divided into large chunks of plates which floats on the asthenosphere.
The one responsible for earthquakes, volcanic activities and mountain forming
TECTONIC PLATES
The tectonic plates can be thought of like pieces of a cracked shell that rest on the hot, molten
rock of Earth’s mantle.
The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates including the North American, Caribbean, South
American, Scotia, Antarctic, Eurasian, Arabian, African, Indian, Philippine, Australian, Pacific, Juan de
Fuca, Cocos, and Nazca.PLATES TECTONIC
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of
Earth's subterranean movements.
TECTONIC ACTIVITY
Tectonic activity describes the interaction of the huge slabs of lithosphere called tectonic plates.
Tectonic activity is responsible for some of Earth's most dramatic geologic events: earthquakes,
volcanoes, orogeny, and deep ocean trenches can all be formed by tectonic activity in the lithosphere.
Lithospheric Processes
EROSION
WEATHERING
TECTONIC PROCESSES
INTERACTION BETWEEN LITHOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE

EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
WEATHERING
AQUAFIERS AND GROUNDWATER
INTERACTION BETWEEN LITHOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERE

VOLCANIC EMISSIONS
WEATHERING AND EROSION
CARBON CYCLES
HUMAN IMPACT
Agriculture is an activity that impacts the lithosphere. Land is used to cultivate crops.
Forestry is a way of planting trees and maintaining forest for needs like paper and wood. Mining
impacts the lithosphere as it requires digging out large areas, increasing the risk for sinkholes and
cave ins.
CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MITIGATIGATING PRACTICES IN THE PHILIPPINESCURRENT
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The Philippines is particularly prone to natural hazards owing to its geographical condition and
climate. Being located within the Pacific Ring of Fire and along the frequent typhoon route, it is
susceptible to a range of diverse natural calamities.
These encompass floods and landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes that are all threats to the
rural and urban populations.
FLOODS
Causes: Heavy rainfall, typhoons, poor urban drainage, deforestation.
Impacts:
~Displacement of communities.
~Loss of life, property, and infrastructure.
~Agricultural damage.
~Typhoon Egay (July 2023)
~Caused severe flooding across Northern Luzon.
~Over 328,000 people were affected, with homes and
farmlands submerged.
LANDSLIDES
Causes: Deforestation, heavy rains, mining, earthquakes, steep slopes.
Impacts:
~Destruction of homes and roads.
~ Loss of life, especially in mountainous areas.
~ Disruption of transportation & access to remote areas. Benguet Landslide (October 2022)
~Triggered by heavy rains during Typhoon Paeng.
~Several houses buried; 6 people died.
EARTHQUAKES
Causes: The Philippines is on the Pacific Ring of Fire, making it prone to frequent seismic activity.
Impacts:
~Ground shaking causes building collapses.
~Landslides and tsunamis may occur.
~Disruption of services like power, water, and transportation. Abra Earthquake
~Magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Abra, Northern Luzon
~Over 11 people were killed, and hundreds of buildings were damaged
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Causes: The Philippines has 24 active volcanoes, with
frequent eruptions due to its location on the Pacific Ring
of Fire.
Impacts:
~Lava flows, ashfall, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.
~Destruction of crops and livestock.
Air quality issues and displacement of residents. Taal Volcano Eruption (January 2020)
~Spewed ash up to 15 km into the sky, causing massive evacuations.
~Over 500,000 people affected, with large areas of farmland destroyed
Earthquake-Resistant Infrastructure
MITIGATING MEASURES IN THE PHILIPPINES

-Volcano Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
-Flood and Landslide Control Programs
-Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Programs
-Tectonic Hazard Mapping
Earthquake-Resistant Infrastructure
National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP): The NBCP sets standards for constructing
earthquake-resistant buildings.
Retrofit Programs: Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
Volcano Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology): PHIVOLCS continuously monitors
active volcanoes.
Evacuation Protocols: Local government units (LGUs)
Flood and Landslide Control Programs
Reforestation Projects: The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) promotes
reforestation and agroforestry to stabilize slopes, which can trigger landslides during heavy rains.
Urban Flood Control Measures: Metro Manila, DPWH and Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA)
Landslide Hazard Mapping and Early Warning: The Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Programs
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC): It is the
primary agency responsible for disaster preparedness and response.
Tectonic Hazard Mapping
Active Fault Mapping: PHIVOLCS provides
detailed maps showing the location of active fault
lines across the country.

LITHOSPHERE Reviwer

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LITHOSPHERE

INTERACTION BETWEEN LITHOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE

INTERACTION BETWEEN LITHOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERE

MITIGATING MEASURES IN THE PHILIPPINES

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