Final Report

HYBRID POWER GENERATION BY
SOLAR-WIND
SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by,
THRISHAMOL MOHANAN
MBC21EE013
to
the APJ Abdul Kalam Technology University

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
Accredited By
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
MBCCET,KUTTIKANAM
PEERMADE, IDUKKI -685531
AUGUST 2024
1
DEPT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
MBCCET, KUTTIKANAM PEERMADE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled “HYBRID POWER GENERATION BY SOLAR-WIND” submitted
by THRISHAMOL MOHANAN (MBC21EE013) to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology, in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a bonafide of the seminar carried out by him
under our guidance and supervision. This report in any form has not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for any purpose.
Prof.Resmara Shajahan Prof.Fini Fathima

Head of the Department Associate Professor
Electrical & Electronics Electrical & Electronics
Engineering Engineering
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to our Principal Dr.VI George for giving me his
consent for this seminar.
I am very thankful to Prof. Resmara Shajahan, Head of the Department, Electrical& Electronics
Engineering throughout the seminar by providing timely advices and guidance.
I am extremely thankful to my seminar coordinator Prof. Associate Professor, Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering and my guide Prof. Fini Fathima for their valuable suggestions and support.
We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all the
faculty members of Department of Electrical and Electronics, which helped us in successfully completing the
seminar. I thank my God almighty for all the blessings received during this end over. Last, but not the least I
thank all my friends for the support and encouragement they have given me during the course of my work.
THRISHAMOL MOHANAN
MBC21EE013
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ABSTRACT
The increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources has driven the exploration and
development of hybrid power generation systems that integrate multiple renewable energy technologies.
This abstract presents an overview of a hybrid power generation system combining solar and wind energy
to enhance efficiency, reliability, and overall performance.
The hybrid system leverages the complementary nature of solar and wind resources. Solar energy is
harnessed through photovoltaic panels, while wind energy is captured using wind turbines. By integrating
these two technologies, the system can mitigate the variability and intermittency associated with each
individual source. During sunny days with low wind speeds, solar power can meet the majority of the
energy demand, while wind power can compensate during periods of high wind and low sunlight.
The hybrid system's design incorporates advanced control strategies to optimize the energy output, ensuring
a steady supply of power to the grid or end-users. Key considerations include the sizing and placement of
solar panels and wind turbines, the integration of energy storage solutions to buffer fluctuations, and the
implementation of smart grid technologies for efficient energy management.
Case studies and simulations demonstrate that the hybrid system can significantly increase energy reliability
and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, contributing to a more resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure.
The paper concludes with an analysis of the economic and environmental benefits of the hybrid approach,
highlighting its potential as a viable solution for meeting future energy demands while addressing climate
change.
This research underscores the importance of hybrid power generation in achieving a sustainable energy
future and provides a foundation for further development and optimization of integrated renewable energy
systems.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE.NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF FIGURES 6
ABBREVATIONS 8
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 10
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
CHAPTER 3 CLASSIFICATION OF 25
HRES
CHAPTER 4 HYBRID SOLAR- 27

WIND ENERGY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 5 WORKING PRINCIPLE 35
CHAPTER 6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 39

THE SYSTEM
CHAPTER7 51
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
CHAPTER8 55
OBSERVATION&RESULT
CHAPTER9 55
ADVANTAGES&DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION 64
5
LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE PAGE
3.1 CLASSIFICATIONOF 25
HRES
4.1 P-V CHARA OF PV 27

ARRAY AT
VARIOUS TEMP
4.2 P-V CHARA OF PV 28

ARRAY AT
VARIOUS
IRRADIANCE
4.3 WT POWER CHARA 31

CURVE
6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 39

OF THE SYSTEM
6.2 SOLAR PANEL 42
6.3 DC MOTOR 43
6.4 BOOST 45
CONVERTER
6.5 SOLAR CHARGE 47

CONTROLLER
6.6 LM317-REGULATOR 48
6
6.7 LEAD ACID 49
BATTERY
6.8 INVERTER 50
7.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 51

OF SOLAR CHARGE
CONTROLLER

OF INVERTER

OF
BOOSTCONVERTER

OF LM317
REGULATOR
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ABBREVATIONS
HRES - HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE
PV - PHOTOVOLTAIC
WT - WIND TURBINE
MPPT – MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
SMPS - SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY
HEV - HYBRIDE ELECTRIC VECHICLE
PSC - PARTIAL SHADING CONDITION
PSF - POWER SIGNAL FEEDBACK
TSR – TIP- SPEED RATIO CONTROL
HSC - HILL CLIMP SEARCH
PMSG – PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
IC – INCREAMENTAL CONDUCTANCE
P&O – PERTUB & OBSERVE
SCC – SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
OCV – OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
ESC – EXTREME SEEKING CONTROL
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the quest for sustainable and reliable energy solutions, the integration of solar and wind power technologies
has emerged as a highly effective approach. Hybrid power generation systems that combine these two
renewable energy sources offer a promising pathway to addressing the intermittency and variability challenge s
inherent in each individual technology.
Solar and wind energy, while both environmentally friendly, have distinct generation profiles. Solar power is
dependent on sunlight, producing energy primarily during the day and peaking in the summer months. Wind
energy, on the other hand, harnesses the power of wind, which can be more unpredictable and varies with
geographic location and seasonal patterns. By integrating these two sources, hybrid systems can achieve a
more stable and consistent energy output, balancing the strengths and weaknesses of each.
The synergy of solar and wind energy in a hybrid system not only enhances energy reliability but also
optimizes the use of available natural resources. During sunny days, solar panels can produce ample electricity,
while wind turbines can compensate for periods of low solar output, and vice versa. This complementary
nature ensures a more continuous power supply, reducing the need for energy storage and backup systems.
Moreover, hybrid power systems can lead to more efficient land use and lower overall costs. By co-locating
solar panels and wind turbines, developers can minimize infrastructure and land requirements, making these
systems more economically viable. Additionally, combining solar and wind technologies ca n facilitate grid
stability and provide a buffer against fluctuations in energy demand.
This introduction delves into the principles of hybrid power generation, exploring the technical, economic,
and environmental benefits of integrating solar and wind energy. By understanding the operational dynamics
and potential advantages of these systems, stakeholders can better appreciate the role of hybrid solutions in
advancing the global transition to sustainable energy.
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The escalating global energy demand coupled with the depletion of fossil fuel reserves has
necessitated a shift towards sustainable energy solutions. Fossil fuels, which have been the backbone
of the world’s energy supply, are not only finite but also a major contributor to environmental
degradation, particularly through greenhouse gas emissions leading to global warming. According to
recent studies, the rapid consumption of these non-renewable resources has accelerated the need for
cleaner, more sustainable energy alternatives. Renewable Energy Sources (RES), including solar,
wind, hydro, and geothermal, have emerged as the most promising candidates to address these
challenges, offering the dual benefits of reducing carbon emissions and ensuring a more sustainable
energy future.
Renewable energy, particularly wind and solar power, has seen exponential growth over the past few decades.
Data from various international energy agencies indicate that from 2017 to 2018 alone, global renewable
electricity capacity grew from 2,181 GW to 2,355 GW, with solar and wind energy accounting for a significant
portion of this increase. By 2018, renewable electricity comprised 20.5% of the global electricity capacity and
contributed 17.6% of the total annual electricity generation in the United States. This trend underscores the
critical role of RES in the global energy landscape and highlights the potential for further growth, especially
in light of increasing investments and favourable government policies.
Despite the rapid adoption of solar and wind energy, these technologies are not without their challenges. The
primary issue lies in the inherent variability of these energy sources. Solar power generation is heavily
dependent on sunlight, which varies with time of day and weather conditions. Similarly, wind energy is subject
to fluctuations in wind speed, which can lead to inconsistent power output. These challenges pose significant
obstacles to the stability and reliability of power supply, particularly in regions where one form of RES
dominates. Consequently, standalone renewable systems often struggle to provide a continuous and reliable
energy supply, especially during periods of low solar irradiance or wind speeds.
To mitigate the limitations of standalone renewable systems, hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) have
been developed. HRES combine two or more renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, to create a
more stable and reliable power generation system. The complementary nature of wind and solar energy—
where solar power is generally more abundant during the day and wind power is often stronger at night or
during different seasons—makes this combination particularly effective. By integrating these two energy
sources, HRES can reduce the variability of power output and enhance the overall efficiency and reliability of
the energy supply.
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The integration of wind and solar energy into a single system has been greatly facilitated by advancements in
technology. Power electronic converters, which are crucial for managing and optimizing the energy flow
between different sources, have seen significant improvements. Modern converter topologies allow for more
efficient energy transfer, better control, and reduced losses, thereby increasing the overall performance of
HRES. Additionally, the development of sophisticated energy storage systems, such as batteries and
supercapacitors, has further enhanced the capability of HRES to store excess energy and supply it during
periods of low generation. These storage systems are critical for ensuring a continuous power supply and are
a key component of modern HRES.rgy supply.
Another critical area of advancement in HRES is the optimization of system design and operation.
Mathematical modelling and simulation tools have been developed to optimize the sizing, configuration, and
operation of HRES. These tools allow for the analysis of various system configurations and the identification
of the most efficient and cost-effective solutions. Moreover, advanced control strategies, including real-time
energy management and predictive algorithms, have been implemented to dynamically balance the supply and
demand, ensuring that the HRES operates at peak efficiency. The combination of these technologies not only
enhances the performance of HRES but also reduces the overall cost of renewable energy systems, making
them more competitive with traditional fossil fuel-based power generation.
The global shift towards renewable energy has been bolstered by strong policy support and investment from
governments and international organizations. In recent years, significant funding has been allocated to the
development and integration of renewable energy technologies. For example, the U.S. government has
committed substantial resources to the research and development of solar and wind energy, with $280 million
earmarked for solar power integration and $110 million for wind power integration in the fiscal year 2021
budget. These investments are expected to drive further advancements in HRES and accelerate their adoption
on a global scale. Additionally, international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, have set ambitious
targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, further incentivizing the adoption of renewable energy
technologies.
Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy Systems are using solar panels and wind turbine generators to generate electricity
power. Renewable Energy experts will explain that a small hybrid system that combines wind power, solar
power technologies offers several advantages to home applications. In future electrical power is most
important in our daily life, without electricity, we can’t imagine the present world. The idea of the combined
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power generation is to get continuous power during day and night for small power applications with storage
battery. This will achieve by SWHES.
SWHES consists of two generating units, solar and wind up to their maximum power operation. Depending
on the load requirement these units gets into operation mode. Remaining period this system to feed the battery
gets charged. Through this battery, the house loads are connected with the help of inverter in case of Ac loads.
The Combine power generation consists of two small units fitted to the house as in convenient places. On the
roof we can place the solar panels. On the top and nearby windows also, we may put the wind models of small
power capacity. The entire system is connected to the battery of energy storage. For effective usage of the
building we can attach the solar panels to the house. It makes good appearance and saving the land cost. In
household applications, we use a single phase power from morning to evening for water heaters, cookers, fans,
lights, etc. This creates the more burdens on the conventional power system. This load may be diverted to the
solar power plant. Every individual household should have SWHES to reduce the load on the conventional
power system.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
BASE PAPER
In this paper, a comprehensive review of existing wind-solar hybrid renewable energy resources is
conducted, in which the system modelling, power converter configurations, and the optimal design
algorithms are reviewed. The basic mathematical modelling of PV and WT, and the degradation model of
batteries and supercapacitors are discussed in this study. A critical review of different HESS topologies is
presented. A comparative study on different power converter configurations employed in the wind-solar
HRES is also reported. Commonly used optimization algorithms in the literature for optimizing the wind-
solar HRES system are analysed and summarized. Although considerable accomplishments have been
achieved over the years on various HRES, a comprehensive review helps to identify and full fill the
technical gaps for improving the future HRES.
PAPER[1]
The provision of electricity is a key component in the development of a country's health care
facilities. This study was performed to estimate the cost of powering a rural primary health
centre, in India with a decentralised renewable energy system. The costs were also
compared between a decentralised renewable energy system and providing electricity from
a grid source. The critical or break-even distance that makes electricity from a decentralised
renewable energy system cost effective over that from a grid source was determined.
PAPER[2]
Three stand-alone photovoltaic power systems using different energy storage technologies a are modelled
and optimized in this paper. The proposed component models facilitate the estimation of the storage
capacity and calculation of the system efficiency. Three cost metrics and three efficiency metrics provide
comprehensive standards of system evaluation. The method of ascertaining the minimal system
configuration lays the foundation for the impartial comparison among the three power systems.
For the PV system, the expensive battery with a short lifetime makes the minimal cost configuration with
a low system efficiency and the maximal system efficiency configuration with a high system cost . The
minimal cost of the PV/FC system is higher than that of the PV/Battery system although the configuration
has almost achieved its maximal system efficiency . The high efficiency of batteries and the low cost of
13
hydrogen tanks help the proposed PV/FC/Battery hybrid system acquire the configuration with a lower
system cost, higher system efficiency and less PV modules as compared with either single storage system.
PAPER[3]
G. Graditi, S. Favuzza, and E. R. Sanseverino, “Technical, environmental and economical aspects of hybrid
system including renewables and fuel cells,” inProc. Int. Symp. Power Electron., Elect. Drives, Automat.
Motion, 2006, pp. 531–536.
In this paper, some configurations including renewables and fuel cells are studied. Technical, environmental
and economical aspects are treated in the frame of the EU regulations concerning the 'emission trading'
issue and the way in which Italy has implemented the relevant EU directive. The study has been carried out
considering some architectures including renewables such as photovoltaic and wind with a back up system
to increase continuity of supply based on the application of fuel cells and of a hydrogen storage system.
Performing several runs with different values of the cost of energy (COE) bought from the network and
produced with traditional fuel, it has been observed that, for some of the considered architectures, the
breakeven point in terms of COE is about twice the actual values. To draw these and other interesting
conclusions, parametric studies, varying the COE bought from the network and considering different
architectures have been carried out by means of the software HOMER 2.1 set up by the National Renewable
Energy Laboratories (NREL), USA.
PAPER[4] J. J. Soon and K.-S. Low, “Optimizing photovoltaic model for different cell technologies using
a generalized multidimension diode model,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 6371–6380,
Oct. 2015
Commercial photovoltaic (PV) modules are made of different PV cell technologies such as monocrystalline,
multi crystalline, amorphous silicon, and copper indium di selenide. Usually, a single or a double-diode PV
model is used to model the output characteristic. However, it is unclear which PV model is optimal for each
PV cell technology as the modelling accuracy is dependent on the PV model used. To fill up this research
gap, a generalized multidimension (n × m) diode PV model is proposed in this paper to determine the
optimal PV model. The proposed PV model allows the diode network to be configured to better fit the
output characteristics of different PV cell technologies. Both simulation and experimental results are
presented to illustrate the advantages of the proposed model. From the results, the optimal PV model that
matches each of the cell technology is established. They can be used as a reference PV model for future
works.
PAPER[5]
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M. C. Cavalcanti, F. Bradaschia, A. J. do Nascimento, G. M. Azevedo, and E. J. Barbosa, “Hybrid maximum
power point tracking technique for PV modules based on a double-diode model,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 8169–8181, Sep. 2020
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are more efficient when operated in its maximum power point (MPP). Even with
the existence of high number of MPP tracking (MPPT) techniques, it is possible to improve the MPPT
efficiency. One way to achieve this improvement is to use model-based MPPT techniques, since they can
estimate the MPP with reasonable accuracy, accelerating the MPP search process. Based on this motivation,
the main objective of this article is to propose an efficient double-diode model-based + perturb and observe
(P&O) heuristic-based hybrid MPPT technique. The proposition has the following three unique features:
the double-diode model used in the MPPT technique has the capability of extrapolating the I-V curves of
the PV modules for any environmental condition, even for temperature and irradiance values not used
during the model building process; a parameter estimation technique that uses a combination of analytical
equations and pattern search optimization algorithm is also presented for this unique model; and an
irradiance estimation algorithm is also proposed, avoiding the irradiance sensor usually needed in model-
based and hybrid MPPT techniques. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of the model, the
irradiance estimator, and reduced step P&O algorithm is an effective hybrid MPPT solution for PV systems
PAPER[6]
H. Patel and V. Agarwal, “Maximum power point tracking scheme for PV systems operating under partially
shaded conditions,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1689–1698, Apr. 2008.
Current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of large photovoltaic (PV) arrays under partially shaded
conditions are characterized by multiple steps and peaks. This makes the tracking of the actual maximum
power point (MPP) [global peak (GP)] a difficult task. In addition, most of the existing schemes are unable
to extract maximum power from the PV array under these conditions. This paper proposes a novel algorithm
to track the global power peak under partially shaded conditions. The formulation of the algorithm is based
on several critical observations made out of an extensive study of the PV characteristics and the behavior
of the global and local peaks under partially shaded conditions. The proposed algorithm works in
conjunction with a DC-DC converter to track the GP. In order to accelerate the tracking speed, a feedforward
control scheme for operating the DC-DC converter is also proposed, which uses the reference voltage
information from the tracking algorithm to shift the operation toward the MPP. The tracking time with this
controller is about one-tenth as compared to a conventional controller. All the observations and conclusions,
including simulation and experimental results, are presented.
PAPER[7]
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F. Jahanbani Ardakani, G. Riahy, and M. Abedi, “Design of an optimum hybrid renewable energy system
considering reliability indices,” in Proc. 18th Iranian Conf. Elect. Eng., 2010, pp. 842–847.
In this paper, a hybrid wind/photovoltaic/battery generation system is designed. The aim of design is to
minimize the annualized cost of the stand-alone system over its 20 years of operation. The optimization
problem is subject to economic and technical constraints. System costs involve investments, replacements,
operation and maintenance as well as loss of load costs. The technical constraint, related to system
reliability, is expressed by the equivalent loss factor. The reliability index is calculated from component's
failure, that includes wind turbine, PV array, battery and inverter failure. In this study, hybrid generation
systems under different design scenarios are designed based on proposed approach. Finally, hybrid system
is selected as the best configuration that has minimum cost and can satisfy the constraints. PSO algorithm
is used for optimal sizing of system's components. As a result, the optimum PV number, wind turbine
number, battery number and inverter capacity are obtained. The characteristics of components are
commercially available and this study is performed for the region in south- west of Iran.
PAPER[8]
M. Yousefi, A. Hajizadeh, and M. N. Soltani, “A comparison study on stochastic modelling methods for
home energy management systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. In format., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 4799–4808, Aug. 2019.
Obtaining an appropriate model is very crucial to develop an efficient energy management system for the
smart home, including photovoltaic (PV) array, plug-in electric vehicle (PEV), home loads, and heat pump
(HP). Stochastic modelling methods of smart homes explain random parameters and uncertainties of the
aforementioned components. In this paper, a concise yet comprehensive analysis and comparison are
presented for these techniques. First, modelling methods are implemented to find appropriate and precise
forecasting models for PV, PEV, HP, and home load demand. Then, the accuracy of each model is validated
by the real measured data. Finally, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and reviewed. The
obtained results show the conditions under which the methods can provide a reliable and accurate
description of smart home dynamics.
PAPER[9]
A. M. Muzathik, “Photovoltaic modules operating temperature estimation using a simple correlation,” Int. J.
Energy Eng., vol. 4, pp. 151–158, Aug. 2014
In this study, an effective new approach for estimating the operating temperature of a photovoltaic module
is presented. The developed model is simple and does not need any complicated calculations. The proposed
approach uses a simple formula to derive the PV cell temperature from the environmental variables such as
ambient temperature, irradiance and wind speed. Effectiveness of the new temperature estimation procedure
16
is investigated through some conducted simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment and its validity is
verified by experiment on a UNI-SOLAR US-64 solar photovoltaic modules. It was found that, in general,
the model tends to give better results of temperature prediction. From the results, the predicted PV cell
temperatures show a good correlation with the measured data. The MBE, NMBE, RMSE, NRMSE and
correlation coefficient of predicted and measured PV cell temperatures are-0.3490 oC,-0.7328%, 1.3571 oC,
2.8492% and 0.9763, respectively. The statistical results show that the model can be used to predict the PV
cell temperatures with an error of less than 3%. As a conclusion, the PV cell temperatures can be estimated
using a new linear model based on the steady state approach prediction
PAPER[10]
J. A. Kratochvil, W. E. Boyson, and D. L. King, “Photovoltaic array performance model,” Sandia Nat.
Laboratories, Tech. Rep. No. SAND2004-3535, 2004.
This document summarizes the equations and applications associated with the photovoltaic array
performance model developed at Sandia National Laboratories over the last twelve years. Electrical,
thermal, and optical characteristics for photovoltaic modules are included in the model, and the model is
designed to use hourly solar resource and meteorological data. The versatility and accuracy of the model
has been validated for flat-plate modules (all technologies) and for concentrator modules, as well as for
large arrays of modules. Applications include system design and sizing, 'translation' of field performance
measurements to standard reporting conditions, system performance optimization, and real-time
comparison of measured versus expected system performance.
PAPER[11]
P. Gilman, A. Dobos, N. DiOrio, J. Freeman, S. Janzou, and D. Ryberg, “Sam photovoltaic model technical
reference update,” NREL: Golden, CO, USA, Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-6A20-67399, Mar. 2018.
This manual describes the photovoltaic performance model in the System Advisor Model
(SAM). The US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory maintains
and distributes SAM.
PAPER[12]
C. Bueno and J. Carta, “Technical-economic analysis of wind-powered pumped hydro storage systems. Part
I: Model development,” Sol. Energy, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 382–395, 2005.
In this paper a model is presented for the technical and economic sizing of the various comp onents that
make up medium sized wind-powered pumped hydro storage systems. A further aim of this model is the
optimisation of the operation of such systems, thereby making full use of the synergy of the unit as a whole.
A general model is described for use as an analytical tool in implementing such systems in topographically
suitable sites with sufficient wind resources. The general model developed allows for six strategies for the
system operating configuration. Each strategy is based on the hypothesis that there is a centralised operator
17
to control all the system components, except for the load systems. The characteristics and unit energy cost
of each technically feasible combination of components are determined by applying the model. This enables
the selection of the most viable composition for the system from an economic point of view given certain
technical restrictions.
PAPER[13]O. Hocaoglu, N. ÖmerGerek, and M. Kurban, “A novel hybrid˘ (Wind-Photovoltaic) system
sizing procedure,” Sol. Energy, vol. 83, no. 11, pp. 2019–2028, 2009.
Wind-photovoltaic hybrid system (WPHS) utilization is becoming popular due to increasing energy costs
and decreasing prices of turbines and photovoltaic (PV) panels. However, prior to construction of a
renewable generation station, it is necessary to determine the optimum number of PV panels and wind
turbines for minimal cost during continuity of generated energy to meet the desired consumption. In fact,
the traditional sizing procedures find optimum number of the PV modules and wind turbines subject to
minimum cost. However, the optimum battery capacity is either not taken into account, or it is found by a
full search between all probable solution spaces which requires extensive computation. In this study, a novel
description of the production/consumption phenomenon is proposed, and a new sizing procedure is
developed. Using this procedure, optimum battery capacity, together with optimum number of PV modules
and wind turbines subject to minimum cost can be obtained with good accuracy.
PAPER[14] D. M.
Vijay, B. Singh, and G. Bhuvaneswari, “Sensorless SynRG based variable speed wind generator and single-
stage solar PV array integrated grid system with maximum power extraction capability,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 7529–7539, Sep. 2019.
This article presents a grid-integrated hybrid renewable energy sources based system comprising a solar
photovoltaic (PV) array and a wind energy conversion system (WECS). The WECS uses a position-Sensor
less synchronous reluctance generator (SynRG) for the electric power generation from the wind turbine
(WT), where in a sensor less field-oriented control (FOC) is made use of for the maximum power extraction
(MPE). A second-order flux estimation (SFE) method along with frequency-locked loop (FLL) is utilized
for the accurate flux estimation from the SynRG stator voltages and currents. A set of back -to-back
connected three-phase two leg voltage source converter (VSC) topology is selected for the grid integration
of WECS. This system has a common dc link where the solar PV array and the machine-side VSC (MSC)
of the wind generator, are directly connected. The power output from the solar PV array and WECS, is
shared between the grid and the local loads. The maximum power generation from SynRG in the WECS,
is achieved by operating the SynRG at the speed estimated by the MPE algorithm. The maximum power is
drawn from the solar PV array by adjusting the dc-link voltage, which is decided by the algorithm. For the
proper power control and power quality improvement, the grid-side converter (GSC) is adequately
18
controlled by implementing an observer-based control technique. The real-time validation of the system, is
carried out using a developed laboratory prototype.
PAPER[15] S. H. Alalwan and J. W. Kimball, “Optimal sizing of a wind/solar/battery hybrid microgrid
system using the forever power method,” in Proc. 7th Annu. IEEE Green Technol. Conf., 2015, pp. 29–35.
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a very vast area and has villages which are very far from the national power
grid. Although Saudi Arabia has very high energy potentials from renewable energy resources such as solar
and wind energy, diesel generators are still used to supply power for remote villages. However, the concept
of an islanded micro grid (MG) is a new method of generating power which involves integrating renewable
energy sources with appropriate energy storage technologies to supply power to an area. Optimizing the
size of hybrid micro sources for an islanded MG with minimum capital and operational cost while achieving
the targeted availability of power supply, is a challenging task. In this paper, typical meteorological data is
analysed using the forever power method. Many combinations of PV panels and wind turbines are generated
with their all corresponding availabilities. The goal of this study is to allow the designer to select the size
that best fits the targeted availability, cost, environmental benefit, and reliability. This method is applied to
an islanded MG for four houses at a rural area near Yanbu City, Saudi Arabia.
PAPER[16]
B. Ould Bilal, V. Sambou, P. A. Ndiaye, C. M. F. Kébé, and M. Ndongo, “Multi-objective design of PV-
Wind-Batteries hybrid systems by minimizing the annualized cost system and the loss of power supply
probability (LPSP),” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Technol., 2013, pp. 861–868.
This paper deals with a methodology of sizing hybrid systems solar/wind/battery optimized by minimizing
the annualized cost system (ACS) and the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) using multi-objective
genetic algorithm. The developed methodology was applied using the hourly solar, temperature and the
wind speed data collected for one year on the site of Potou located in the northwestern coast of Senegal.
The annual average hourly load profile of a typical remote village located in the northwestern coast of
Senegal which energy is of 94 kWh/day has been used. The obtained results show that the cost of the
optimal configuration strongly depends on the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). For example, the
cost of the optimal configuration decreases by 25 % when the loss of power supply probability (LPSP)
grows to 1% from 0%.
Paper[17]
G. Ofualagba and E. U. Ubeku, “Wind energy conversion system wind turbine modelling,” in Proc. IEEE
Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting - Convers. Del. Elect. Energy 21st Century, 2008, pp. 1–8.
19
In this paper, a functional structure of a wind energy conversion system is introduced, before making a
comparison between the two typical wind turbine operating schemes in operation, namely constant-speed
wind turbine and variable-speed wind turbine. In addition, the modelling and dynamic behaviour of a
variable speed wind turbine with pitch control capability is explained in detail and the turbine performance
curves are simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink.
PAPER[18]
C. N. Bhende, S. Mishra, and S. G. Malla, “Permanent magnet synchronous generator-based standalone
wind energy supply system,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 361–373, Oct. 2011.
In this paper, a novel algorithm, based on dc link voltage, is proposed for effective energy
management of a standalone permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based
variable speed wind energy conversion system consisting of battery, fuel cell, and dump
load (ie, electrolyzer). Moreover, by maintaining the dc link voltage at its reference value, the
output ac voltage of the inverter can be kept constant irrespective of variations in the wind
speed and load.
PAPER[19]
D. Verma, S. Nema, A. Shandilya, and S. K. Dash, “Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques:
Recapitulation in solar photovoltaic systems,” Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 54, pp. 1018–1034,
2016.
Unfilled gap of prolonged energy demand by conventional energy sources and consent of global warming
as its vulnerable outcome provides a vent to search compatible option. Augmentation in use of solar energy
revealed through last 3 decades portrays its heterogeneous rewards in the prevailing energy scenario.
Nevertheless solar PV system arises as viable option in the critical power system era its low efficiency
energy conversion attribute necessitates an efficient power conversion system. The nonlinearity of I–V
(current–voltage) characteristic and its alteration for an assorted insolation and temperature values may
enable the alteration in terminal voltage. This may deviates maximum power point due to which the
available maximum power delivery to load can be differed. Literature of this field reiterated that the uniform
insolation and partial shading condition demands undeniable need of maximum power point tracking.
Nonetheless through investigation in this direction furnishes the availability of a bunch of such techniques;
each of them posses its own pros and cones. This ubiquitous trait of available maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) techniques unfolds the complexity in its precise selection. To diminish such complexity
this paper offers a state of art of various MPPT technique and their comprehensive comparative analysis
based on 110 standard research articles. The focus of this paper is to offer a better commencement and to
furnish valued information for investigators of this field.
20
PAPER[20] M. A. Ramli, S. Twaha, K. Ishaque, and Y. A. Al-Turki, “A review on maximum power point
tracking for photovoltaic systems with and without shading conditions,” Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev.,
vol. 67, pp. 144–159, 2017.
This paper discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods of PV system for normal and partial
shading conditions (PSC). The selected MPPT methods were classified as artificial intelligent, hybrid, and
other MPPT methods. The comparison of researches on MPPT methods under normal condition and PSC
reveals that researchers have concentrated more on shading conditions since the last few years mainly due
to the need of power output and efficiency improvements. It is believed that the information contained in
this piece of work will be of great use for the researchers in the field under consideration.
PAPER[21]
B. Subudhi and R. Pradhan, “A comparative study on maximum power point tracking techniques for
photovoltaic power systems,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 89–98, Jan. 2013.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques
applied to photovoltaic (PV) power system available until January, 2012. A good number of publications
report on different MPPT techniques for a PV system together with implementation. But, confusion lies
while selecting a MPPT as every technique has its own merits and demerits. Hence, a proper review of
these techniques is essential. Unfortunately, very few attempts have been made in this regard, excepting
two latest reviews on MPPT [Salas, 2006], [Esram and Chapman, 2007]. Since, MPPT is an essential part
of a PV system, extensive research has been revealed in recent years in this field and many new techniques
have been reported to the list since then. In this paper, a detailed description and then classification of the
MPPT techniques have made based on features, such as number of control variables involved, types of
control strategies employed, types of circuitry used suitably for PV system and practical/commercial
applications. This paper is intended to serve as a convenient reference for future MPPT users in PV systems.
PAPER[22]
R. Jordehi, “Maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic (PV) systems: A review of different
approaches,” Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 65, pp. 1127–1138, 2016.
The penetration of photovoltaics (PV’s) in electric power generation is continually increasing. Tracking
maximum power point in PV systems is an important task and represents a challenging problem. In
maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the duty cycle of DC-DC converter is adjusted in a way that
maximum achievable power is extracted from PV system. In this paper, the existing MPPT strategies are
classified into two main categories and the strategies of each category are reviewed. Based on the conducted
review, some directions for future research are recommended. The author strongly believes that this paper
will be helpful for researchers and engineers in the field of PV systems.
PAPER[23]
21
R. Reisi, M. H. Moradi, and S. Jamasb, “Classification and comparison of maximum power point
tracking techniques for photovoltaic system: A review,” Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 19, pp. 433–
443, 2013.
In recent years there has been a growing attention towards use of solar energy. The main advantages of
photovoltaic (PV) systems employed for harnessing solar energy are lack of greenhouse gas emission, low
maintenance costs, fewer limitations with regard to site of installation and absence of mechanical noise
arising from moving parts. However, PV systems suffer from relatively low conversion efficiency.
Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar array is essential in a PV system. The
nonlinear behavior of PV systems as well as variations of the maximum power point with solar irradiance
level and temperature complicates the tracking of the maximum power point. A variety of MPPT methods
have been proposed and implemented. This review paper introduces a classification scheme for MPPT
methods based on three categories: offline, online and hybrid methods. This classification, which can
provide a convenient reference for future work in PV power generation, is based on the manner in which
the control signal is generated and the PV power system behavior as it approaches steady state conditions.
Some of the methods from each class are simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment in order to compare
their performance. Furthermore, different MPPT methods are discussed in terms of the dynamic response
of the PV system to variations in temperature and irradiance, attainable efficiency, and implementation
considerations.
PAPER[24]
Y. Li, Y.-D. Song, Z.-X. Gan, and W.-C. Cai, “Fault-tolerant optimal tip-speed-ratio tracking control of
wind turbines subject to actuation failures,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 7513–7523,
Dec. 2015.
In this paper, a maximum-power-point-tracking controller for variable-speed wind turbines (VSWTs) is
developed, which is shown to be able to account for modelling uncertainties, unexpected disturbances,
subsystem failures, and actuation saturation simultaneously. A novel memory-based approach is used to
predict wind speed that is used to generate desired rotor speed accordingly. It is shown that the proposed
algorithm not only is robust against nonlinear aerodynamics and adaptive to unknown and time-varying
inertia/damp/stiffness properties of VSWTs but also is able to accommodate actuator failures under torque
constraints. The benefits of the proposed control method are analytically authenticated and demonstrated
with Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence code and Simulink.
PAPER[25]
K.-H. Kim, T. L. Van, D.-C. Lee, S.-H. Song, and E.-H. Kim, “Maximum output power tracking control in
variable-speed wind turbine systems considering rotor inertial power,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60,
no. 8, pp. 3207–3217, Aug. 2013.
22
This paper proposes a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for variable-speed wind
turbine systems, which takes advantage of the rotor inertia power. In this method, a proportional controller
is added to the power control to effectively reduce the moment of inertia of the wind turbines, which can
improve the fast performance of the MPPT control. The PSIM simulation and experimental results for a
doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine system have proved the validity of the proposed algorithm.
PAPER[26]
S. M. R. Kazmi, H. Goto, H.-J. Guo, and O. Ichinokura “A novel algorithm for fast and efficient speed-
sensor less maximum power point tracking in wind energy conversion systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 29–36, Jan. 2011.
This paper proposes a novel solution to the problems that exist in the conventional hill climb searching (HCS)
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for the wind energy conversion system. The presented
solution not only solves the tracking speed versus control efficiency tradeoff problem of HCS but also makes
sure that the changing wind conditions do not lead HCS in the wrong direction. It intelligently adapts the
variable step size to keep up with the rapid changes in the wind and seizes the perturbation at the maxima to
yield 100% control efficiency. For this purpose, a novel peak detection capability has been devised which,
in contrast with conventional peak detection, can work robustly under changing wind conditions. The
proposed MPPT performs self-tuning to cope with the nonconstant efficiencies of the generator-converter
subsystems-a phenomenon quite rarely discussed in research papers so far. In addition, a smart speed-sensor
less scheme has been developed to avoid the use of mechanical sensors. The experimental results confirm
that the proposed algorithm is remarkably faster and more efficient than the conventional HCS.
PAPER[27]
S. Musunuri and H. Ginn, “Comprehensive review of wind energy maximum power extraction algorithms,”
in Proc. IEEE power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, 2011, pp. 1–8.
With the advancements in the variable speed direct drive design and control of wind energy systems, the
efficiency and energy capture of these systems is also increasing. As such, many maximum power point
tracking methods have been developed and implemented. These MPPT algorithms can be broadly
categorized into three types: Tip-Speed control, Power-Signal feedback, and Hill climb search based.
However, so many variations have been proposed over the last 30 years that it has become difficult to
adequately determine which method, newly proposed or existing, is most appropriate for a given wind
system. Recent papers have shorter literature review and a comprehensive review of all the variations of
algorithms was not done. There is also little agreement in the energy gain results mentioned in various papers
that were using the same or different algorithms. Therefore, a comprehensive review of various maximum
power tracking algorithms proposed has been done by the authors, while further categorizing them into nine
categories based on sensor requirements, speed, effectiveness, memory requirements, etc. Also, merits,
23
demerits and comprehensive comparison of various algorithms are performed. The authors hope this paper
would serve as a single point reference for the work that has been done on this topic and would be helpful
for future researchers.
PAPER[28]
M. A. Abdullah, A. Yatim, C. W. Tan, and R. Saidur, “A review of maximum power point tracking algorithms
for wind energy systems,” Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 3220–3227, 2012.
This paper reviews state of the art maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for
wind energy systems. Due to the instantaneous changing nature of the wind, it is desirable
to determine the one optimal generator speed that ensures maximum energy yield.
Therefore, it is essential to include a controller that can track the maximum peak regardless
of wind speed. The available MPPT algorithms can be classified as either with or without
sensors, as well as according to the techniques used to locate the maximum peak
PAPER[29]
Al-Shamma’a and K. E. Addoweesh, “Optimum sizing of hybrid PV/wind/battery/diesel system considering
wind turbine parameters using genetic algorithm,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Energy, 2012, pp. 121–
126.
This paper proposes an optimum sizing methodology to optimize the configuration of a hybrid energy system
(HES) based on Genetic Algorithm (GA). The proposed methodology considers the effect of wind turbine
parameters such as rated speed and rated power on electricity cost and compares the performance of various
HES. Furthermore, the relationships between renewable energy fraction and the cost of energy are also given.
The proposed method was applied to the analysis of HES which supplies energy for remote village located
in the northern part of Saudi Arabia. The decision variables included in the optimization process are the PV
array capacity, wind turbine number, battery bank number and diesel generator rated power.
24
CHAPTER 3
CLASSIFICATION OF HRES
Fig 3.1 classification of HRES
1)HYBRID WIND-SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

The hybrid wind-solar energy system incorporates wind and solar energy technologies to produce electrical
energy. Due to the complementary profile of wind and solar energy, the hybrid system offers several
advantages over the solar or wind energy technology operates alone. It is also noticeable that the peak
operating time for wind and solar systems occurs at different times of the day and the year. Therefore, the
hybrid wind-solar energy system has the capability to produce more power than the wind or solar energy
system operates individually [1].
2) HYBRID WIND-SOLAR-DIESEL ENERGY SYSTEM

The hybrid wind-solar-diesel energy system is an attractive option, especially when a system is not directly
connected to electrical distribution or power grid. The diesel generating system, which is powered with
non-conventional fuels, is employed as a backup electricity supply source. Basically, a diesel generating
system is deployed to ensure the continuity of the electricity supply in the HRES scheme. By adding an
engine generator in the HRES framework, the system becomes more complicated. However, modern
controllers have the capability to operate these systems automatically. Moreover, the engine generator
helps to reduce the size of the power electronic converter needed for the system [2].
25
3) HYBRID WIND-SOLAR-BATTERY ENERGY SYSTEM
There are several disadvantages, i.e., expensive, bulky, nonenvironmentally friendly, incorporating a diesel
engine in the HRES framework. A battery energy system can be utilized instead of using a diesel generator
as a backup emergency option. When the power generated by the renewables is higher than the energy
demand, the excess energy can be stored in the battery. Subsequently, it helps to reduce the hybrid system
expenditure.
4) HYBRID WIND-DIESEL ENERGY SYSTEM

The hybrid wind-diesel energy system is an exciting alternative to meet the load demand, especially for
remote locations. When the wind conditions are satisfactory, a wind-diesel hybrid system can provide
enough electricity for such places. The amount of wind power is the deciding factor for designing the
hybrid wind-diesel energy system. When the wind power production is always less than the load, other
power plants constantly remain in line to control grid frequency and voltage.
5) HYBRID SOLAR-DIESEL ENERGY SYSTEM

Since the PV system hardly has any marginal cost, it is treated with priority on the grid. In this scheme,
the diesel generating set is responsible for continuously fill the gap between the load and the actual power
generated by the solar energy system. As the generation capacity of diesel generators is limited to a specific
range and the solar energy is fluctuating, it is always advisable to include the battery storage to optimize
solar energy contribution to the generation of the hybrid system.
6) OTHER HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS

There are several determining factors i.e the cost of hybrid technology, and the availability of natural
resources, which the operator needs to consider while designing a hybrid energy system. It is also possible
to combine different types of systems and to work as a hybrid system. Wind-hydropower system, solar-
hydropower system, solar-wind-geothermal system are some examples of this type of hybrid energy
systems [3].
26
CHAPTER 4
HYBRID SOLAR -WIND ENERGY SYSTEM
MODELLING OF HRES
According to the different parameters and constraints, modelling is the first step in designing a
renewable energy system. In this section, the authors attempt to document the PV, WT, Battery, and SC
mathematical modelling , which will be useful to researchers to understand the characteristics of these
components.
A. MODELING OF PV SYSTEM
In the literature, there are many mathematical models developed to describe the behaviour of the PV [4],
[5]. A PV cell is a nonlinear device that can be represented as a current source model. The V-I characteristic
equation of a PV cell is shown in (1) and (2).
I =
Isc − Id (1)
I =
Isc (2)
where Isc is the light generated current, Ios is the diode reverse saturation current, q is the electronic charge,
k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, V is the terminal voltage of the module, and Rs is the
series resistance.
The output of the PV array depends on two weather conditions: solar irradiation (W/m 2 ) and solar cell
temperature (◦C).
FIGURE 4.1. Power-Voltage characteristics of PV array at various temperatures.
27
FIGURE:4.2. Power-Voltage characteristics of PV array at various irradiance.
The PV array module in Matlab/Simulink provides powervoltage characteristic curves based on user-
input parameters, such as solar cell type, the number of cells in parallel, and the number of cells in series,
under various weather conditions. The power-voltage characteristic curves for 1 MW PV array are shown
in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19. At maximum power point (MPP) operation, the PV arrays’ output power is marked
as a circle of their respective curves. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is generally
employed to extract the maximum power from the PV array. The incremental conductance (IC), perturb
& observe (P&O), short circuit current (SCC), and open circuit voltage (OCV) are commonly MPPT
approaches utilized in the PV system [6]. In general especially for residential PV framework, the PV
array provides power to the unidirectional boost converter, and an MPPT is utilized to control the duty
ratio of the power converter to extract maximum power from the PV array.
The authors in [7] described a simplified technique to calculate the PV output power, which can be
expressed as:
G(t,θpv) = Gv(t) × cos(θpv) + GH (t) × sin(θ pv) (3)
G
Ppv = × Ppv,rated × ηMPPT (4)
1000
where G is perpendicular radiation at the arrays’ surface (W/m2). Ppv,rated is rated power of each PV array
at G equal to 1000 (W/m2) and ηMPPT is the efficiency of PV’s power converter and MPPT.
Another simple model is contemplated in [8] to predict the PV output power as a linear function of
effective irradiance, as shown in (5). This model has the advantage of being parameterized from the PV
panel datasheet and being simple to use, however it is not precise and does not account for environmental
factors such as wind speed and solar cell temperature on PV performance.
Pmp ,array(ρe) Ns Np × Pmp,s (5) e s

where Pmp,array is the PV power at the maximum point for PV array, Ns and Np are the number of panels
and number of subarray, respectively, ρe is the effective solar irradiance, ρs is the solar irradiance under
STC (1000 W/m2), and Pmp,s is the PV power at the maximum point for PV module.
28
Normally, the PV cell temperature is much higher than the ambient temperature, and it can decrease the
PV output power as well as its capacity factor. An effective approach for estimating the PV cell
temperature is formulated in [9]:
d (6)
where, a, b, c, and d are system-specific regression coefficients, Ta refers to the ambient temperature
given in (◦C), Ir refers to the solar irradiation given in (W/m2), and Vw refers to the wind speed given in
m/s.
The curve fitting tool is utilized to calculate the regression coefficients a, b, c, and d. Thus, the formula
for prediction of the PV cell temperature can be expressed as:
Sandia National Laboratory proposed another PV cell temperature estimation model known as the
Sandia Model [10]. The PV model estimates the impact of PV cell temperature on PV performance using
data from ambient temperature and wind speed. The public parameter databases as well as additional
information about this model are available in [11]. The Sandia Model is highly accurate and can be
expressed as:
Imp(ρe,Tc) = Imp,ref
Vmp(ρe,Tc) = Vmp,ref +C2nsδ(Tc)ln(pe)
(9)
Pmp ,array = Ns × Np ×Vmp × mp (10)
B. MODELING OF WT SYSTEM
There are several existing models in the literature review to estimate the wind turbine power including
linear, cubic, quadratic, Weibull parameters, and so on [12]–[13]. Generally, the output power of the
wind turbine is a function of aerodynamic power efficiency, wind speed distribution of the selected sites,
mechanical transmission and electrical energy conversion efficiency, and the hub height of the wind
tower.
Sami et al. described a wind turbine model in [14] to calculate the WT power generation output.
⎧
Pr V r −Vc , Vc ≤ V < Vr
PW = ⎨⎪⎪⎪⎩Pr, Vr ≥≤ V < Vf (11)
0, V Vf
29
where PW is the output power of the wind generator, Pr is the rated power of the wind generator, Vc is the
cut in speed of the WT, Vr is the rated speed of the WT, and Vf is the cut-out
speed at which the WT stops rotating.
When the meteorological data recorded is found at a different height from the WT height, (12) is utilized
to calculate the wind speed:
Vh = Vref (12)
where Vh is the wind speed at turbine height (H), Vref is the wind speed recorded by a meteorological
station at height (Href ) and α is the surface roughness factor which is around 1/7 in an open space surface
[15].
The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) coupled wind turbine system (WES) has been
reported in the studies [16], [17]. The PMSG based on WES can associate with the WT without utilizing
a gearbox. The energy conversion in PMSG based on WES takes place through two stages. First, the
kinetic energy is captured by the WT blades as mechanical energy. Second, the mechanical energy is
transferred through the shaft to PMSG, which converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy. The
mechanical output power of a PMSG wind turbine can be expressed as:
Pm ) (13)
where Pm is mechanical output power of the turbine (W), ρ is air density (kg/m3), A is turbine swept area
(m2), vw is wind speed (m/s), Cp is the performance coefficient of the turbine, λ is tip speed ratio of the
rotor blade tip speed to wind speed and β is blade pitch angle (degree).
The mechanical output power Pm depends significantly on the turbine performance coefficient Cp . In this
study, the following generic Cp (λ,β) model is employed:
Cp e c6λ (14)
−+ (15) λi λ + 0.08β β3 1
where, c1 = 0.5176, c2 = 0.116, c3 = 0.4, c4 = 5, c5 = 21, and c6 = 0.0068. The consequent Cp -λ curve is
illustrated in Fig. 12. The Cp -λ curve shows that the maximum value of Cp is achieved for β = 0 and λ =
8.1.
The WT model in MATLAB/Simulink provides the WT power characteristic curve based on user input
parameters such as base wind speed, base rotational speed, blade pitch angle (β), and maximum power
at base wind speed. The WT power characteristics curve is illustrated in Fig. 20. In this power curve, β
is assumed to be zero and wind speed varies from 5 m/s to 11 m/s. The maximum power points for each
wind speed are labelled. The generator rotor speed should track the wind speed changes to extract the
30
maximum power from the wind. In general, the back to back power converters are employed to meet the
power quality criteria while the WES generated power is transferred to the utility.
C. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

The maximum power generated by the PV generators varies with solar irradiance and temperature. Since
the PV exhibits
FIGURE 4.3. WT power characteristics curve.

non-linear current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics, any alteration in solar insolation and
temperature causes a change in terminal voltage, resulting in deviation from maximum power
generation. The MPPT is utilized to adjust the solar operating voltage close to the MPP in response to
changing atmospheric conditions in order to maximize power harvest from the PV array. As a result, it
has become an essential component in evaluating the design performance of PV power systems.
In the literature, approximately 40 different methods are reported to track the maximum power point.
This availability of multiple options as an MPPT makes its unambiguous selection a tougher nut to crack.
The authors in [18] contemplated a summary of 31 different kinds of MPPT techniques, and a
comparative comparison was documented among them based on 12 factors: category, dependency of PV
array, implementation methodology, sensor required, stages of energy conversion, partial shading
enabled, grid integration, analog or digital, tracking efficiency, tracking speed, cost, and product
availability on the market. Furthermore, the authors also classified MPPT techniques into three
categories based on control strategy, such as indirect control methods (mathematical methods based on
empirical data), direct control methods (modulation-based control strategies), and soft computing
technique-based methods (genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and artificial neural network).
A comprehensive review of MPPT techniques for PV systems under normal and partial shading
conditions (PSC) was conducted in [19]. The selected MPPT strategies are classified further into three
categories: artificial intelligence, hybrid, and other MPPT methods. It is reported that researchers have
concentrated more on PSC in recent years in order to increase the power output and efficiency of PV
systems. Another comparative study, which included the detailed classification and description of MPPT
31
strategies for PV systems available until 2012, is summarized in [20]. The available MPPT strategies are
classified based on the number of control variables involved, types of control strategies, circuitry, and
cost of applications, which is useful for selecting an MPPT approach for a certain application.
In [21], the existing MPPT techniques are divided into two main categories: classical MPPT and modern
MPPT, and the tactics of each category are briefly discussed. The modern MPPT category includes fuzzy
logic, artificial neural network, and metaheuristic-based MPPT techniques, whereas the classical MPPT
category includes perturb and observe, hill climbing, fractional open circuit voltage, and fractional short
circuit current. The performance of each MPPT strategy is compared in both uniform and PSC insolation,
and the mataheuristic-based MPPT technique outperformed the other MPPT approaches investigated in
extracting the maximum power from the PV array due to several advantages, including system
independence, effective performance in PSC, and the absence of oscillations around the maximum power
point.
The authors in [22] contemplated another survey on MPPT approaches by categorizing several existing
MPPT techniques into three broad categories: offline, online, and hybrid methods. Offline MPPT
techniques include open circuit voltage (OCV), short circuit current (SCC), and artificial intelligence
(AI) based MPPT methods, which are referred to as modelbased approaches because the physical values
of the PV panel are utilized to generate control signals. On the other hand, the online category
encompassed perturbation and observation (P&O), extremum-seeking control (ESC), and incremental
conductance (IncCond) MPPT techniques, which are referred to as model-free methods where the
relationship between the open circuit voltage and the maximum power point voltage is used to generate
the control signals. Hybrid methods are a combination of online and offline approaches. The control
signal associated with the hybrid method consists of two parts, where the first part is generated based on
model-based techniques and the latter part is generated based on model-free approaches. The MPPT
strategies are compared in terms of the dynamic response of the PV system, achievable efficiency, and
implementation considerations, and hybrid methods outperformed model-based and model-free methods
in extracting the maximum PV power.
Due to the variable nature of the wind, it is desirable in the wind energy conversion system to determine
the optimal generator speed that assures maximum energy production. The MPPT approach is used to
optimize the generator speed in relation to the wind velocity intercepted by the WT, ensuring the
maximum energy is harvested from the available wind at any instance. Many MPPT strategies have been
reported in the literature, and these methods differ in terms of technique employed, complexity, number
of sensors required, convergence speed, memory requirement, range of effectiveness, andso on. These
32
MPPT techniques can be primarily classified as tip-speed ratio control (TSR), power-signal feedback
(PSF), and hill climb search (HCS) based [23].
However, so many variations have been proposed over the last 30 years that it has become difficult to
decide which strategy, newly proposed or existing, is best suited for a particular wind system.
The TSR control method regulates the rotational speed of a wind turbine generator to maintain an
appropriate TSR, and this method requires the estimation of both wind speed and turbine speed, which
is typically derived from turbinegenerator characteristics and varies from system to system. Likewise,
the PSF technique requires the knowledge of a wind turbine’s maximum power curve to estimate the
optimum turbine speed for a specific wind velocity to harvest the maximum available power from a WT
[24].
Because both TSR and PSF control techniques involve substantial turbine knowledge as well as
measurements of generator and wind speed, the practical implementation of the algorithm becomes
highly complicated as the number of sensors and control complexity increase significantly. The HCS-
based MPPT approaches are proposed to tackle these challenges, in which the algorithm continuously
searches for a turbine’s peak output power by altering the generator speed and adjusting the power
direction. However, due to the constraints of deteriorated power quality, as power ripple constantly
persists and the tracking speed is typically slow, its utilization is confined to small-scale wind turbine
systems [25]. While each of these three strategies has advantages and disadvantages, a variety of versions
of these methods have been presented over the years, each employing a different methodology to handle
these concerns. The most significant aspects to consider while selecting a specific MPPT strategy are
contemplated in Table 3 [26], [27].
D. DEGRADATION MODEL OF ESS

Addoweesh et al. described a simple battery model in [28], where the SOC of the battery is calculated
by a comprehensive analysis of the battery’s charging-discharging modes, load profile, and output
energy of the renewable energy sources.
SOC(t) = SOC(t bat
(16)
where SOC(t) and SOC(t − 1) are the SOC of the battery bank at time t and t-1; σ is hourly self-
discharging rate; EGA(t) is the total energy generated; EL(t) is the load demand; ηinv and ηbat are the
efficiencies of inverter and batte
33
CHAPTER 5
Working principle
Solar working principle
Every device we use in our day-to-day life such as mobile phone, computer, induction cookers, washing
machines, vacuum cleaners, etc., requires electric power supply. Thus, the advancement in technology is
increasing the electrical and electronic appliances usage – which, in turn – is increasing the power demand.
Thus, to meet the load demand, different techniques are used for electric power generation. In the recent
times, to avoid pollution and to conserve non-renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum, etc.,
renewable energy sources like solar, wind, etc., are being preferred for power generation.
The combination of renewable energy sources can also be used for generating power called as hybrid power
system. As a special case, we will discuss about the working of solar-wind hybrid system in this article. Solar
and wind hybrid power systems are designed using solar panels and small wind turbine generators for
generating electricity.
Generally, these solar wind hybrid systems are capable of small capabilities. The typical power generation
capacities of solar wind hybrid systems are in the range from 1kWto10kW. Before discussing in brief about
the solar and wind hybrid power system, we should know about solar power generation systems and wind
power generation systems. To better understand the working of solar wind hybrid system, we must know the
working of solar energy system and wind energy system. Solar power system can be defined as the system
that uses solar energy for power generation with solar panels.
The block diagram of solar wind hybrid system is shown in the figure in which the solar panels and wind
turbine are used for power generation. Solar energy is one of the major renewable energy resources that can
be used for different applications, such as solar power generation, solar water heaters, solar calculators, solar
chargers, solar lamps, and so on. There are various advantages of solar energy usage in electric power
generation including low pollution, cost-effective power generation (neglecting installation cost),
maintenance free power system, etc. Solar power system consists of three major blocks namely solar panels,
solar photovoltaic cells, and batteries for storing energy.
The electrical energy (DC power) generated using solar panels can be stored in batteries or can be used for
supplying DC loads or can be used for inverter to feed AC loads. The solar panel output is electric power and
is measured in terms of Watts or Kilo watts. These solar panels are designed watts, 10 watts, 20 watts, 100
watts etc. So, based on the requirement of output power, we can choose appropriate solar panel. But, in fact,
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the solar panels output is affected by number of factors like climate, panel orientation to the sun, sun light
intensity, the presence of sunlight duration, and so on.
During normal sunlight a 12 volt 15 watts solar panel produces around 1 Ampere current. Generally, solar
panels maintained properly will work for 25 years. It is essential for designing the solar panel arrangement
on the roof top for efficient usage and typically solar panels are arranged such that they face the East at an
angle of 45 degree. The solar panel output is electric power and is measured in terms of Watts or Kilo watts.
These solar panels are designed with different output ratings like 5 watts, 10watts, 20 watts, 100 watts etc.
So, based on the requirement of output power, we can choose appropriate solar panel. But, in fact, the solar
panels output is affected by number of factors like climate, panel orientation to the sun, sun light intensity,
the presence of sunlight duration, and so on. During normal sunlight a 12 volt 15 watts solar panel produces
around 1Ampere current Generally, solar panels maintained properly will work for 25 years. It is essential
for designing the solar panel arrangement on the roof top for efficient usage and typically solar panels are
arranged such that they face the East at an angle of 45 degree.
Solar photovoltaic cells
Solar Photovoltaic Cells Working We must also know the working of the solar cells to understand how the
solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy. Solar cells or solar photovoltaic cells are the devices
that are used for converting solar energy into electrical energy by utilizing the photovoltaic effect. These cells
are used in many real-time applications such as railway signalling systems, street lighting systems, domestic
lighting systems, and remote telecommunication systems.
Solar photovoltaic cell consists of a P-type of silicon layer that is placed in contact with an N-type silicon
layer. The electrons diffuse from the N-type material to the P-type material. The holes in the P-type material
accept the electrons but there are more electrons in the N-type material. So, with the influence of the solar
energy, these electrons in the N-type material moves from N-type to P-type. Thus, these electrons and holes
combine in the P-N junction.
Due, to this combination a charge on either side of the P-N junction is created and this charge creates an
electric field. This formation of electric field results in developing a diode like system that promotes the
charge flow. This is called as drift current and the diffusion of electrons and holes is balanced by drift current.
This drift current occurs in an area where mobile charge carriers are lacking and is called as the depletion
zone or space charge region.
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Thus, during night time or in the darkness, these solar photovoltaic cells behave like reverse bias diodes.
Generally solar panel open circuit voltage (voltage when battery is not connected) is higher than solar panel
rated voltage. For example, consider a 12 volt solar panel giving an output voltage of around 20 volts in bright
sun light- but, whenever a battery is connected to the solar panel, then the voltage drops to 14-15 volts. Solar
cells are made of most frequently used semiconductor materials such as silicon. Solar photovoltaic (SPV)
effect is a process to convert solar energy into DC electricity using an array of solar panels. This, DC electrici ty
can be stored in batteries shown in the figure or can be used to feed DC loads directly or can be used to feed
AC loads using an inverter that turns DC electricity into 120-volt AC electricity
Wind power system
Working of Wind Power System Wind energy is also one of the renewable energy resources that can be used
for generating electrical energy with wind turbines coupled with generators. There are various advantages of
wind energy, such as wind turbines power generation, for mechanical power with windmills, for pumping
water using wind pumps, and so on. Large wind turbines are made to rotate with the blowing wind and
accordingly electricity can be generated. The minimum wind speed required for connecting the generator to
the power grid is called as cut in speed and maximum wind speed required for the generator for disconnecting
the generator from the power grid is called as cut off speed. Generally, wind turbines work in the range of
speed between cut in and cut off speeds
Wind Turbine
Wind turbine can be defined as a fan consisting of 3 blades that rotate due to blowing wind such that the axis
of rotation must be aligned with the direction of blowing wind. A gear box is used for converting energy from
one device to another device using mechanical method; hence, it is termed as a high-precision mechanical
system. There are different types of wind turbines, but the frequently used wind turbines are horizontal axis
turbines and vertical axis turbines. The figure shows different blocks of the wind turbine generator system.
Wind Turbine Generator
An electrical generator is coupled with wind turbine; hence, it is named as wind turbine generator. There are
different types of wind turbine generators and these wind turbine generators can be directly connected to the
power grid or loads or batteries based on different criteria. In general, there are of four types:
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1. Squirrel cage induction generator is directly connected to the power grid or to feed AC loads or DC loads
using appropriate converters.
2. A generator along with an AC to DC to AC converter is connected to power grid.
3. A wound rotor induction generator, which is connected to power grid or batteries whose speed can be
adjusted using rheostats for maintaining required outputs.
4. A double fed induction generator, which is connected to power grid whose speed can be controlled using
back-to-back converters.
Consider DFIG double fed induction generator with 3-phase wound rotor and 3-phasewound stator. An AC
current is induced in the rotor windings due to three phase AC signal fed to rotor windings. Due to mechanical
force produced from wind energy the rotor starts rotation and produces a magnetic field. The speed of the rotor
and frequency of AC signal applied to rotor windings are proportional to each other. This result of constant
magnetic flux passing through stator windings produces AC current in the stator winding.
Due to variation of speed in wind speed there is chance of getting AC signal output with varying frequency.
But, the AC signal with constant frequency is desired. So, by varying the frequency of input AC signal given
to the rotor windings we can obtain AC output signal with constant frequency. Grid side converter can be used
for providing regulated DC voltage to charge batteries. Rotor side converter can be used for providing
controlled AC voltage to the rotor.
Thus, as shown in the above solar wind hybrid system figure the electric power generated from solar energy
system and wind energy system can be used for charging the batteries or for feeding DC loads or we can use
the entire power for feeding AC loads. Hybrid solar wind charger is a practical project in which the electric
power generated from solar energy and wind energy are used for charging the batteries.
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CHAPTER 6
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
The block diagram of the system contains a solar panel, buck converter and battery. The solar panel is used
to convert the solar energy to electrical energy .The normal voltage rating of the solar panel used is 12V.The
principle used is PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT for the conversion of solar energy to electrical energy .When
light is incident upon a material surface; the electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and get
excited. They jump to the conduction band and become free. Some reach a junction wher e they are
accelerated into a different material by a Galvani potential. This generates an electromotive force, and thus
electric energy. Buck converter is a dc-dc converter, which comprises of MOSFET switch (IRF250N),
inductor, capacitor and diode. Buck converter reduces the input voltage
Fig 6.1 block diagram of the system
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PROPOSED SYSTEM HARDWARE AND DESCRIPTION
LIST OF HARDWARE
a) Solar panel
b) Dc motor
c) Boost converter
d) Solar charge controller
e) LM317 Regulator
f) Battery
g) Inverter
h) Ac load
Description of hardware
a)Solar panel
A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting
structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. The solar panel can be
used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial
&residential applications. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an
inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
Photovoltaic cells or panels are only one way of generating electricity from solar energy. They are not the
most efficient, but they are the most convents to use on a small to medium scale. PV cells are made of
silicon, similar to that used in computer "chips". While silicon itself is a very abundant mineral, the
manufacture of solar cells(as with computer chips) has to be in a very clean environment. This causes
production costs to be high. A PV cell is constructed from two types of silicon, which when hit by solar
energy, produce a voltage difference across them, and, if connected to an electrical circuit, a current will
flow. A number of photovoltaic cells will be connected together in a "Module", and usually encapsulated in
glass held a frame which can then be mounted as required. The cells in a module will be wired in series or
39
parallel to produce a specified voltage. What may be referred to as a 12 volt panel may produce around 16
volts in full sun to charge to 12 volt battery.
Here we use Energy company solar panel. The mechanical characteristics made from high efficiency
crystalline silicon solar cells. Cells encapsulated in low iron, high transmission, toughened glass using UV
stable ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets. Premium quality back sheet protect the module from
environmental conditions. Laminate framed with strong anodized aluminium profile with fitted junction
box. Specification of the solar panel:
1. Material : Silicon
2. Wattage : 10W
3. Type : Polycrystalline
4. No of Cells : 64
5. Output Voltage : 21.5V
6. Short circuit current: 0.65A
7. voltage at maximum power: 17.5 V
8. Current at max. Power: 0.58 A
9. Tollerance : 5%
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Fig 6.2 solar panel
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B) Dc motor
Although motor gives 60 RPM at 12V but motor runs smoothly from 4V to 12V and gives wide range of
RPM, and torque, 60RPM Centre Shaft Economy Series DC Motor is high quality low cost DC geared
motor. Specifications of Dc motor:
i. DC supply: 4 to 12V
ii. RPM: 60 at 12V
iii. Total length: 46mm
iv. Motor diameter: 36mm
v. Motor length: 25mm
vi. Brush type: Precious metal
vii. Gear head diameter: 37mm
viii. Gear head length: 21mm
ix. Output shaft: Centered
x. Shaft diameter: 6mm
xi. Shaft length: 22mm
xii. Gear assembly: Spur
xiii. Motor weight: 105gms
Fig 6.3 dc motor
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C) Boost Converter
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while
stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode power
supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy
storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made
of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output
(load-side filter) and input (supply side filter). Battery power systems often stack cells in series to achieve
higher voltage. However, sufficient stacking of cells is not possible in many high voltage applications
due to lack of space. Boost converters can increase the voltage and reduce the number of cells. Two
battery-powered applications that use boost converters are used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and
lighting systems. The NHW20 model Toyota Prius HEV uses a 500 V motor. Without a boost converter,
the Prius would need nearly 417 cells to power the motor. However, a Prius actually uses only 168 cells[
citation needed] and boosts the battery voltage from 202 V to 500 V. Boost converters also power devices
at smaller scale applications, such as portable lighting systems.
A white LED typically requires 3.3 V to emit light, and a boost converter can step up the voltage from a
single 1.5 V alkaline cell to power the lamp. An unregulated boost converter is used as the voltage
increase mechanism in the circuit known as the 'Joule thief'. This circuit topology is used with low power
battery applications, and is aimed at the ability of a boost converter to 'steal' the remaining energy in a
battery. This energy would otherwise be wasted since the low voltage of a nearly depleted battery makes
it unusable for a normal load. This energy would otherwise remain untapped because many applications
do not allow enough current to flow through a load when voltage decreases. This voltage decrease occurs
as batteries become depleted, and is a characteristic of the ubiquitous alkaline battery.
Since the equation for power is R tends to be stable, power available to the load goes down significantly
as voltage decreases Ìt is a dc to dc step-up converter. The simplest way to increase the voltage of a DC
supply is to use a linear regulator (such as a 7805), but linear regulators waste energy as they operate by
dissipating excess power as heat. Boost converters, on the other hand, can be remarkably efficient (95%
or higher for integrated circuits). It utilizes a MOSFET switch (IRFP250N), a diode, inductor and a
capacitor. Few resistors also are used in the circuit for the protection of the main components. When the
MOSFET switch is ‘ON’ current rises Through inductor, capacitor and load. Inductor stores energy.
When switch is ‘OFF’ the energy in the inductor circulates current through inductor, capacitor
freewheeling diode and load. The output voltage will be greater than or equal to the input voltage. Here
43
we use an LM2596 DC-DC buck converter step-down power module with high-precision potentiometer
for adjusting output voltage, capable of driving a load up to 3A with high efficiency.
The specification of the DC-DC boost converter are
1. Module properties : non-isolated constant voltage module
2. Rectification : non-synchronous rectification
3. Input Voltage : 0V-35V
4. Output Current : 3A maximum
5. Output Voltage : 1.3V-30V
6. Conversion efficiency : 92% (maximum)
7. Switching frequency : 150KHz
8. Output ripple : 50mV (maximum) 20M-bandwidth
9. Load regulation : ± 0.5 %
10. Voltage regulation : ± 2.5%
11. Operating temperature : -40 °C to +85 °C
12. Size : 48x23x14 mm
Fig 6.4 boost converter
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D) Solar Charge Controller
A charge controller or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or current regulator to keep batteries
from overcharging. It regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the battery.
Most "12 volt" panels put out about 16 to 20 volts, so if there is no regulation the batteries will be
damaged from overcharging. Most batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully charged. Not always,
but usually.
Generally, there is no need for a charge controller with the small maintenance, or trickle charge panels,
such as the 1 to 5-watt panels. A rough rule is that if the panel puts out about 2 watts or less for each 50
battery amp-hours, then you don't need one. Charge controls come in all shapes, sizes, features, and price
ranges. They range from the small 4.5 amp(SunGard) control, up to the 60 to 80 amp MPPT
programmable controllers with computer interface. Often, if currents over 60 amps are required, two or
more 40 to 80 amp units are wired in parallel. The most common controls used for all battery based
systems are in the 4 to 60 amp range, but some of the new MPPT controls such as the Outback Power
Flex Max go up to 80 amps.
Charge controls come in 3 general types (with some overlap):
Simple 1 or 2 stage controls which rely on relays or shunt transistors to control the voltage in one or two
steps. These essentially just short or disconnect the solar panel when a certain voltage is reached. For all
practical purposes these are dinosaurs, but you still see a few on old systems - and some of the super
cheap ones for sale on the internet. Their only real claim to fame is their reliability - they have so few
components, there is not much to break. 3-stage and/or PWM such Morningstar, Xantrex, Blue Sky,
Steca, and many others. These are pretty much the industry standard now, but you will occasionally still
see some of the older shunt/relay types around, such as in the very cheap systems offered by discounters
and mass marketers. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), such as those made by Midnight Solar,
Xantrex, Outback Power, Morningstar and others. These are the ultimate in controllers, with prices to
match-but with efficiencies in the 94% to 98% range, they can save considerable money on larger
systems since they provide 10 to 30% more power to the battery.
For more information, see our article on MPPT. Most controllers come with some kind of indicator,
either a simple LED, a series of LED's, or digital meters. Many newer ones, such as the Outback Power,
Mid night Classic, Morningstar MPPT, and others now have built in computer interfaces for monitoring
and control. The simplest usually have only a couple of small LED lamps, which show that you have
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power and that you are getting some kind of charge. Most of those with meters will show both voltage
and the current coming from the panels and the battery voltage. Some also show how much current is
being pulled from the LOAD terminals.
Fig 6.5 solar charge controller
E) LM317 Regulator
The LM317T is an adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulator capable of supplying different DC
voltage outputs other than the fixed voltage power supply of +5 or +12 volts, or as a variable output voltage
from a few volts up to some maximum value all with currents of about 1.5 amperes. With the aid of a
small bit of additional circuitry added to the output of the PSU we can have a bench power supply capable
of a range of fixed or variable voltages either positive or negative in nature. In fact this is more simple
than you may think as the transformer, rectification and smoothing has already been done by the PSU
beforehand all we need to do is connect our additional circuit to the +12 volt yellow wire output.
But firstly, lets consider a fixed voltage output. There are a wide variety of 3-terminal voltage regulators
available in a standard TO-220 package with the most popular fixed voltage regulator being the 78xx
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series positive regulators which range from the very common 7805, +5V fixed voltage regulator to the
7824, +24V fixed voltage regulator. There is also a79xx series of fixed negative voltage regulators which
produce a complementary negative voltage from -5 to -24 volts but in this tutorial we will only use the
positive 78xx types.
The fixed 3-terminalregulator is useful in applications were an adjustable output is not required making
the output power supply simple, but very flexible as the voltage it outputs is dependant only upon the
chosen regulator. They are called 3- terminal voltage regulators because they only have three terminals to
connect to and these are the Input, Common and Output respectively. The input voltage to the regulator
will be the +12v yellow wire from the PSU (or separate transformer supply), and is connected between
the input and common terminals. The stabilised +9 volts is taken across the output and common as shown.
Fig 6.6 LM317REGULATOR
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So suppose we want an output voltage of +9 volts from our PSU bench power supply, then all we have
to do is connect a +9v voltage regulator to the +12V yellow wire. As the PSU has already done the
rectification and smoothing to the +12v output, the only additional components required are a capacitor
across the input and another across the output.
These additional capacitors aid in the stability of the regulator and can be anywhere between 100nF and
330nF. The additional 100uF output capacitor helps smooth out the inherent ripple content giving it a
good transient response. This large value capacitor placed across the output of a power supply cir cuit is
commonly called a “Smoothing Capacitor”. These 78xx series regulators give a maximum output current
of about 1.5amps at fixed stabilised voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15,18 and 24V respectively. But what if
wanted an output voltage of +9V but only had a 7805, +5V regulator?. The +5V output of the 7805 is
referenced to the “ground, Gnd” or “0v” terminal.
F) Lead acid Battery
The electrical energy produced by the system is need to be either utilized completely or stored. Complete
utilization of all the energy produced by the system for all the time is not possible. So, it should be store
rather than useless wasting it. Electrical batteries is the most relevant, low cost, maximum efficient
storage of electrical energy in the form of chemical reaction. Hence, batteries are preferred. energy
generated from the proposed project is need to be store. So, two batteries is needed. One is attached to
wind turbine for which a 120AmpH battery will be required, which will be fair enough full fill the storage
capacity for targeted value. The second battery is 80AmpH is preferred for storing solar energy. But, as
per application/ storage and demand battery capacity can be
FIG 6.7 LEAD ACID BATTERY
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G) Inverter
An inverter is a motor control that adjusts the speed of an AC induction motor. It does this by varying the
frequency of the AC power to the motor.
An inverter also adjusts the voltage to the motor. This process takes place by using some intricate
electronic circuitry that controls six separate power devices. They switch on and off to produce a simulated
three phase AC voltage. This switching process is also called inverting DC bus voltage and current into
the AC waveforms that are applied to the motor. This led to the name “inverter”. For the rest of this
discussion, the term “inverter” will be used in place of adjustable speed drive. Most inverters are of the
variable voltage, variable frequency design.
They consist of a converter section, a bus capacitor section and an inverting section. The converter section
uses semiconductor devices to rectify (convert) the incoming fixed voltage, fixed frequency 3-phase AC
power to DC voltage which is stored in the bus capacitor bank. There it becomes a steady source of current
for the power devices which are located in what is known as the inverting section. The inverting section
absorbs power from the DC bus cap bank, inverts it back to simulated 3-Phase AC sinewaves of varying
voltage and varying frequency that are typically used to vary the speed of a 3-phase induction motor.
Fig 6.8 inverter
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CHAPTER 7
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A)SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
Fig 7.1
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B) INVERTER
Fig 7.2
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C)BOOST CONVERTER
Fig 7.3
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D) LM317 Voltage Regulator
Fig7.4
53
CHAPTER 8
Observation and Results

Let the solar and wind current be i1 and i2 respectively, and voltage be V and i be
the internal drop
current in charger controller module
Now,
Total power : -
V (i1+i2-i)
Now, let efficiency of the inverter, ŋ = 0.85
So, hybrid power in the form of the AC of the system, ŋ = 0.85 V (i1+i2-i) The
process has not completed yet, it will be completed soon.
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CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES
Hybrid power generation systems that combine solar and wind energy offer several advantages:
1. Increased Reliability and Consistency:
- Solar and wind resources often peak at different times. For instance, solar energy is abundant during
sunny days, while wind energy might be more reliable during windy periods or seasons. Combining them
can help smooth out energy production and ensure a more consistent supply.
2.Reduced Intermittency:
- Both solar and wind energy are intermittent by nature. By using them together, the overall system can
reduce the variability and intermittency of energy supply, leading to more stable energy output.
3. Higher Efficiency:
- Hybrid systems can operate more efficiently by optimizing the use of available resources. For example,
when wind speeds are low, solar energy can still be harnessed, and vice versa.
4. Lower Energy Storage Costs:
- Because solar and wind resources complement each other, the need for large-scale energy storage
systems can be reduced. This helps lower the overall cost of energy storage and improves the economic
viability of renewable energy projects.
5. Optimized Land Use:
- Combining solar panels and wind turbines on the same site can make more efficient use of available
land. This is particularly beneficial in areas where land is limited or expensive.
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6. Enhanced Energy Security:
- A hybrid system reduces reliance on a single energy source, which can enhance energy security and
resilience. This diversity in energy generation can protect against supply disruptions or fluctuations in any
one source.
7. Economic Benefits:
- The integration of solar and wind power can create more job opportunities in the renewable energy
sector. It can also lead to potential cost savings in the long run due to decreased reliance on fossil fuels.
8. Environmental Impac:
- Both solar and wind energy are clean, renewable sources with minimal environmental impact
compared to fossil fuels. Using them together further reduces greenhouse gas emissions and supports
sustainable energy goals.
9. Grid Support:
- Hybrid systems can provide better support for the electrical grid by offering more stable and
predictable power output, which can help balance supply and demand and reduce the need for backup
power from non-renewable sources.
By leveraging the strengths of both solar and wind energy, hybrid power generation systems can offer a
more balanced, reliable, and efficient approach to renewable energy.
DISADVANTAGE
Hybrid power generation systems that integrate solar and wind energy have their advantages, but there
are also some challenges and disadvantages to consider:
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1. Higher Initial Costs:
- The initial setup costs for hybrid systems can be higher due to the need for multiple types of equipment,
including solar panels, wind turbines, and associated infrastructure. Additionally, integrating these
systems requires careful planning anddesign, which can add to the costs.
2. Complex System Integration:
Combining solar and wind power involves integrating different technologies and managing their
interactions. This can complicate system design, operation, and maintenance, requiring specialized
expertise and potentially increasing operational complexity.
3. Maintenance Challenges:
- Hybrid systems require maintenance for both solar panels and wind turbines. This can be more complex
and costly than maintaining a single type of renewable energy system. Ensuring that both systems are
operating optimally and coordinating their maintenance schedules can be challenging.
4. Space Requirements:
- Although hybrid systems can optimize land use, they still require significant space for both solar panels
and wind turbines. In densely populated or high-value land areas, finding adequate space for both can be
a constraint.
5. Variable Output and Grid Integration:
- While combining solar and wind can smooth out energy production, it doesn't eliminate variability
completely. The intermittent nature of both sources can still present challenges for grid integration,
particularly if the local grid infrastructure is not well-equipped to handle variable inputs.
6. Potential for Aesthetic and Environmental Impact:
- The installation of both solar panels and wind turbines can have aesthetic and environmental impacts,
such as visual intrusion or effects on local wildlife. The cumulative impact of both types of installations
needs to be carefully considered.
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7. Regulatory and Permitting Hurdles:
- Navigating the regulatory landscape for hybrid systems can be more complicated compared to single-
source systems. Permitting processes may be more stringent, requiring approvals from multiple agencies
and compliance with various regulations.
8. Energy Storage and Grid Management:
- While hybrid systems can reduce the need for large-scale storage, energy storage is still important for
balancing supply and demand. Managing the output from both solar and wind sources, particularly when
integrating with the grid, can require sophisticated storage solutions and grid management strategies.
9. Technical Challenges in System Design:
- Designing a hybrid system that optimally integrates both solar and wind components can be technically
challenging. Factors such as site-specific conditions, resource availability, and the need for efficient
energy conversion and storage must be carefully addressed.
Despite these disadvantages, many of these challenges can be mitigated with careful planning,
technological advancements, and ongoing research and development in renewable energy technologies.
APPLICATIONS
Hybrid power generation systems that combine solar and wind energy have a range of practical
applications. Their versatility makes them suitable for various scenarios where balancing energy supply
and maximizing efficiency are important. Here are some key applications:
1. Remote and Off-Grid Areas:
- Remote Communities: Hybrid systems are ideal for providing reliable electricity to remote or isolated
communities that are not connected to the main power grid. Combining solar and wind helps ensure a
more consistent power supply throughout the year.
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- Isolated Facilities: These systems can power remote facilities such as research stations,
telecommunications towers, and military outposts where extending the grid is impractical.
2. Rural Electrification:
- Agricultural Operations: Farms and agricultural operations in rural areas can benefit from hybrid power
systems to reduce reliance on diesel generators and lower energy costs.
- Water Pumping: Solar-wind hybrids can power water pumping systems for irrigation, providing a
reliable water supply in areas where conventional energy sources are limited.
3. Emergency Backup Power:
- Disaster Relief: Hybrid systems can provide emergency power during natural disasters or outages,
supporting relief efforts and ensuring critical infrastructure remains operational.
- Backup for Critical Facilities: Hospitals, emergency services, and data center scan use hybrid systems
as backup power sources to maintain operations during grid failures.
4. Tourism and Recreational Facilities:
- Eco-Resorts: Eco-friendly resorts and tourist destinations can use hybrid systems to minimize their
environmental impact while providing a reliable power supply for guests.
- Remote Tourist Attractions: Places like national parks and remote lodges can use hybrid systems to
power facilities and enhance visitor experiences while preserving natural landscapes.
5. Industrial Applications:
- Manufacturing Plants: Hybrid power systems can reduce energy costs and improve sustainability for
industrial operations, especially those in areas with limited grid access.
- Mining Operations: Mining companies can use hybrid systems to power remote, mining sites, reducing
dependence on diesel fuel and lowering operational costs.
6. Educational and Research Institutions:
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-Research Stations: Hybrid systems are used in research facilities located in remote areas to provide
stable power for experiments and data collection.
- Educational Campuses: Schools and universities in off-grid areas can use hybrid systems to provide
power for campus operations and educational activities.
7.Energy Cost Reduction for Businesses:
- Commercial Buildings: Businesses in areas with favourable solar and wind conditions can reduce their
energy bills and enhance sustainability by integrating solar and wind power.
- Dta Centers: Hybrid systems can provide a reliable and cost-effective energy solution for data centers
, which require continuous power to operate.
8.Grid Support and Stability:
- Distributed Generation: Hybrid systems can contribute to the stability and reliability of the local grid
by providing distributed generation and reducing peak load demand.
- Microgrids: In urban or suburban settings, hybrid systems can be part of microgrid projects that offer
localized power generation and enhance grid resilience.
These applications highlight the flexibility and benefits of hybrid solar-wind power systems, making them
a valuable option in various contexts where sustainability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness are key
considerations.
FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope of hybrid power generation systems that combine solar and wind energy is promising
and continues to evolve with advancements in technology and growing global energy needs. Here are
some key areas of future development and potential:
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Advanced Technology Integration:
Improved Turbine and Panel Efficiency: Ongoing research and development in solar panel and wind
turbine technologies promise higher efficiencies, which will make hybrid systems more effective.
Innovations like bifacial solar panels and advanced wind turbine designs can enhance overall energy
capture.
Smart Grid Integration: Integration with smart grid technologies will enable more sophisticated
management of hybrid systems, improving grid stability, and optimizing energy distribution and storage.
Enhanced Energy Storage Solutions:
Cost-Effective Storage: Advances in energy storage technologies, such as solid-state batteries and flow
batteries, will make it more affordable and practical to store excess energy from hybrid systems,
addressing intermittency issues and enhancing reliability.
Hybrid Storage Systems: Combining different types of storage solutions, such as batteries and pumped
hydro, can further improve the efficiency and flexibility of hybrid power systems.
Artificial Intelligence and Automation:
Predictive Analytics: AI and machine learning can be used to predict energy generation patterns, optimize
the performance of hybrid systems, and facilitate real time adjustments based on weather forecasts and
energy demand.
Automated Maintenance: Drones and robotics could automate inspection and maintenance tasks, reducing
operational costs and increasing the reliability of hybrid systems.
Integration with Other Renewable Sources:
Multi-Source Hybrids: Future hybrid systems may combine solar and wind with other renewable sources
like biomass or hydropower, creating more versatile and resilient energy solutions.
Hybrid Energy Systems: Integrating hybrid solar-wind systems with hydrogen production or other forms
of energy conversion can provide additional storage and flexibility options.
61
Urban and Industrial Applications:
Urban Integration: As cities seek sustainable energy solutions, hybrid systems could be adapted for urban
environments, including rooftops, building-integrated photovoltaics, and small-scale wind turbines.
Industrial Efficiency: Industrial sectors can benefit from hybrid systems by reducing energy costs,
improving sustainability, and integrating renewable energy into their operations.
Policy and Regulatory Support:
Incentives and Regulations: Supportive policies, incentives, and regulations will drive the adoption of
hybrid systems. Governments may introduce measures to promote the deployment of renewable energy
technologies and support research and development.
Cost Reduction and Economic Viability:
Economies of Scale: As the technology matures and becomes more widely adopted,costs for solar panels,
wind turbines, and related infrastructure are expectedto decrease, making hybrid systems more
economically viable.
Innovative Financing Models: New financing models, such as power purchase agreements (PPAs) and
green bonds, will make it easier for businesses and communities to invest in hybrid power systems.
Climate and Environmental Impact:
Climate Adaptation: Hybrid systems will play a crucial role in adapting to climate change by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and supporting efforts to transition toa low-carbon energy future.
Sustainability Goals: Hybrid systems can help meet international sustainability and climate goals,
providing a scalable and effective solution to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Global Expansion and Accessibility:
Developing Regions: Hybrid systems have significant potential in developing regions where grid
infrastructure is limited. They can provide reliable and affordable electricity, supporting economic
development and improving living standards.
62
Remote and Island Communities: These systems are well-suited for remote and island communities,
where traditional energy infrastructure is challenging to deploy.
The future of hybrid power generation by solar and wind is characterized by technological advancements,
increased efficiency, and expanded applications, positioning it as a key component in the transition to a
sustainable and resilient global energy system.
63
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
Reaching the non electrified rural population is currently not possible through the extension of the grid,
since the connection is neither economically feasible, nor encouraged by the main actors. Further, the
increases in oil prices and the unbearable impacts of this energy source on the users and on the environment,
are slowly removing conventional energy solutions, such as fuel genset based systems, from the rural
development agendas. Therefore, infrastructure investments in rural areas have to be approached with cost
competitive, reliable and efficient tools in order to provide a sustainable access to electricity and to stimulate
development.
Renewable energy sources are currently one of the most, if not the only, suitable option to supply electricity
in fragmented areas or at certain distances from the grid. Indeed, renewable are already contributing to the
realization of important economic, environmental and social objectives by the enhancement of security of
energy supply, the reduction of Green house gases and other pollutants and by the creation of local
employment which leads to the improvement of general social welfare and living conditions. Hybrid
systems have proved to be the best option to deliver “high quality” community energy services to rural
areas at the lowest economic cost, and with maximum social and environmental benefits. Indeed, by
choosing renewable energy, developing countries can stabilize their CO2 emissions while increasing
consumption through economic growth.
64
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HYBRID POWER GENERATION BY

the APJ Abdul Kalam Technology University

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Prof.Resmara Shajahan Prof.Fini Fathima

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13

CHAPTER 4 HYBRID SOLAR- 27

CHAPTER 5 WORKING PRINCIPLE 35

CHAPTER 6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 39

4.1 P-V CHARA OF PV 27

4.2 P-V CHARA OF PV 28

4.3 WT POWER CHARA 31

6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 39

6.2 SOLAR PANEL 42

6.5 SOLAR CHARGE 47

7.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 51

7.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 52

7.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 53

7.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 54

HRES - HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

MPPT – MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

SMPS - SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY

HEV - HYBRIDE ELECTRIC VECHICLE

PSC - PARTIAL SHADING CONDITION

PSF - POWER SIGNAL FEEDBACK

TSR – TIP- SPEED RATIO CONTROL

HSC - HILL CLIMP SEARCH

PMSG – PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

P&O – PERTUB & OBSERVE

SCC – SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

OCV – OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE

ESC – EXTREME SEEKING CONTROL

Fig 3.1 classification of HRES

1)HYBRID WIND-SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

2) HYBRID WIND-SOLAR-DIESEL ENERGY SYSTEM

4) HYBRID WIND-DIESEL ENERGY SYSTEM

5) HYBRID SOLAR-DIESEL ENERGY SYSTEM

6) OTHER HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS

HYBRID SOLAR -WIND ENERGY SYSTEM

FIGURE 4.1. Power-Voltage characteristics of PV array at various temperatures.

Pmp ,array(ρe) Ns Np × Pmp,s (5) e s

C. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

FIGURE 4.3. WT power characteristics curve.

D. DEGRADATION MODEL OF ESS

SOC(t) = SOC(t bat

Solar photovoltaic cells

Wind power system

Wind Turbine Generator

2. A generator along with an AC to DC to AC converter is connected to power grid.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

Fig 6.1 block diagram of the system

d) Solar charge controller

Fig 6.3 dc motor

The specification of the DC-DC boost converter are

1. Module properties : non-isolated constant voltage module

2. Rectification : non-synchronous rectification

3. Input Voltage : 0V-35V

4. Output Current : 3A maximum

5. Output Voltage : 1.3V-30V

6. Conversion efficiency : 92% (maximum)

7. Switching frequency : 150KHz