Computer Software

Generations of computers Technology Employed
First Generation Computer (1940-1956) Vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computer (1956-1963) Transistor
Third Generation Computer (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-Present) VLSI
Fifth Generation Computer (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
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Hardware :
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system or any
electronic device. This includes all the tangible parts that you can touch and
see. For a computer, hardware encompasses components like the central
processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drives, motherboards, keyboards,
mice, monitors, printers, and more. In broader terms, hardware also covers
components in other electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and
even household appliances. Essentially, hardware is the physical counterpart to
software, which consists of the programs and data that run on these physical
devices.
Software :
Software refers to the intangible instructions and data that tell hardware what
to do. It includes everything from operating systems and applications to games
and utilities. Unlike hardware, which you can physically touch, software
consists of code and digital files that are executed by the computer’s hardware.
Here are a few key types of software:
1. Operating Systems (OS): These manage the hardware and provide
services for other software. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux,
and Android.
2. Applications: These are programs designed to perform specific tasks for
users, such as word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word), web browsers
(e.g., Google Chrome), and media players (e.g., VLC Media Player).
3. Utilities: These are tools designed to manage and tune computer
hardware and software. Examples include antivirus programs, disk
cleanup tools, and backup software.
4. Development Software: These are tools used by developers to create
other software, such as integrated development environments (IDEs) like
Visual Studio or Eclipse.
5. Firmware: This is a type of software that is permanently programmed
into hardware devices, like the BIOS in a computer or the software in a
router. It provides low-level control for the hardware.

Software and hardware work together to perform a wide range of tasks and
functions, with software providing the instructions that guide the hardware in
executing specific operations.
Operating System (OS)
1. Definition
• Operating System (OS): System software that manages computer
hardware and software resources and provides common services for
computer programs.
2. Functions of an OS
• Resource Management: Manages hardware resources like the CPU,
memory, storage, and input/output devices.
• Process Management: Handles the creation, scheduling, and
termination of processes.
• Memory Management: Allocates and manages the physical and virtual
memory.
• File System Management: Manages files on storage devices, including
file creation, deletion, and access permissions.
• Device Management: Controls and communicates with hardware
devices through drivers.
• User Interface: Provides a user interface, which can be command-line
based (CLI) or graphical (GUI), allowing users to interact with the system.
• Security and Access Control: Implements security measures to protect
data and resources from unauthorized access.
Types of Operating Systems
There are several types of Operating Systems which are mentioned
below.
• Batch Operating System
• Multi-Programming System
• Multi-Processing System
• Multi-Tasking Operating System

• Time-Sharing Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Real-Time Operating System
Batch Operating System
In the 1970s, Batch processing was very popular. In this technique, similar types
of jobs were batched together and executed in time. People were used to having
a single computer which was called a mainframe.
In Batch operating system, access is given to more than one person; they submit
their respective jobs to the system for the execution.
The system put all of the jobs in a queue on the basis of first come first serve
and then executes the jobs one by one. The users collect their respective output
when all the jobs get executed.
Multiprogramming Operating System :

Multiprogramming is an extension to batch processing where the CPU is always
kept busy. Each process needs two types of system time: CPU time and IO time.
In a multiprogramming environment, when a process does its I/O, The CPU can
start the execution of other processes. Therefore, multiprogramming improves
the efficiency of the system.

Multiprocessing Operating System :
In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved. There are more than one
processors present in the system which can execute more than one process at
the same time. This will increase the throughput of the system.
Multitasking Operating System :

The multitasking operating system is a logical extension of a multiprogramming
system that enables multiple programs simultaneously. It allows a user to
perform more than one computer task at the same time.
Network Operating System

An Operating system, which includes software and associated protocols to
communicate with other computers via a network conveniently and cost-
effectively, is called Network Operating System.
Real Time Operating System :
In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline within which the job
is supposed to be completed, otherwise, the huge loss will be there, or even if
the result is produced, it will be completely useless.
The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of military applications,

if you want to drop a missile, then the missile is supposed to be dropped with a
certain precision.
Time-Sharing Operating System :
In the Time Sharing operating system, computer resources are allocated in a
time-dependent fashion to several programs simultaneously. Thus it helps to
provide a large number of user's direct access to the main computer. It is a
logical extension of multiprogramming. In time-sharing, the CPU is switched
among multiple programs given by different users on a scheduled basis.

A time-sharing operating system allows many users to be served
simultaneously, so sophisticated CPU scheduling schemes and Input/output
management are required.
Time-sharing operating systems are very difficult and expensive to build.
Distributed Operating System :
The Distributed Operating system is not installed on a single machine, it is
divided into parts, and these parts are loaded on different machines. A part of
the distributed Operating system is installed on each machine to make their
communication possible. Distributed Operating systems are much more
complex, large, and sophisticated than Network operating systems because
they also have to take care of varying networking protocols.

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Generations of computers Technology Employed

First Generation Computer (1940-1956) Vacuum tubes

Second Generation Computer (1956-1963) Transistor

Third Generation Computer (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation Computer (1971-Present) VLSI

Fifth Generation Computer (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

Batch Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating System :

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

Multitasking Operating System :

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of military applications,

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

BCA @Ritik Saxena-7505770458

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